Florence Edited by Francis Ames-Lewis Frontmatter More Information

Home , Alesso Baldovinetti, Andrea Pisano, Annunciation (Bellini), Atlas Slave, Bargello, Bertoldo di Giovanni

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85162-6 - Artistic Centers of the Italian Renaissance: Florence Edited by Francis Ames-Lewis Frontmatter More information

ARTISTIC CENTERS OF THE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

FLORENCE S

This volume examines works of art in a variety of media produced in Florence from 1300 to 1600. Chronologically organized, each chapter examines works of art and architecture within the context of the major political, social, economic, and cultural events of the period. Patterns of patronage, both secular and religious, that accompanied changes in political authority as power shifted from republican regimes to rule by the Medici family and back are also assessed. The volume follows the movements and trends that were initiated by Florentine artists, beginning with Giotto in the fourteenth century; then followed a century later by Masaccio, Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Michelangelo; and, ﬁnally, the achievements of sixteenth-century artists such as Cellini, Bronzino, and Vasari. The book is lavishly illustrated in both black and white and color.

Francis Ames-Lewis is Emeritus Professor of the History of Art at Birkbeck College, University of London. He has edited or coedited ten volumes of collected essays and conference papers and has contributed numerous articles to scholarly journals and books. He is the author of several books, including Drawing in Early Renaissance Italy, The Draftsman Raphael,andThe Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85162-6 - Artistic Centers of the Italian Renaissance: Florence Edited by Francis Ames-Lewis Frontmatter More information

ARTISTIC CENTERS OF THE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

General Editor Marcia B. Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia

This series serves as a revisionist history of the arts produced in Italy during the early modern period, from 1300 to 1600. Each volume focuses on an important center where the arts ﬂourished during these centuries. Exam- ining artworks within their social, religious, and cultural contexts, volumes will analyze all media – painting, sculpture, architecture, and the decorative arts – and determine how, during the ﬁfteenth century, humanist ideas and classical models were integrated with long-standing artistic traditions. For the sixteenth century, they establish secular and religious patterns of patronage, the development of theory, the crisis of the Reformation and its effect on the arts, and the profound changes in the arts that resulted from the new norms created by the Council of Trent. Richly illustrated, volumes in this series provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of Italian art at a pivotal moment in its history.

Other Books in the Series ROME, edited by Marcia B. Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia

VENICE AND VENETO, edited by Peter Humfrey, University of St. Andrews

THE COURT CITIES OF NORTHERN ITALY, edited by Charles M. Rosenberg, University of Notre Dame

Forthcoming

NAPLES, edited by Thomas Willette, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Marcia B. Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia

ARTISTIC CENTERS OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

FLORENCE S

edited by Francis Ames-Lewis

Birkbeck College, University of London

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521851626

C Cambridge University Press 2012

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2012

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Florence / [edited by] Francis Ames-Lewis. p. cm. – (Artistic centers of the Italian Renaissance) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-85162-6 (hardback) 1. Art, Italian – Italy – Florence. 2. Art, Renaissance – Italy – Florence. I. Ames-Lewis, Francis, 1943– II. Title. III. Series. n6921.f7f49 2011 709.45511 –dc22 2011002721

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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

In memory of Bill Kent (1942–2010)

CONTENTS S

List of Illustrations page xi List of Contributors xxi Acknowledgments xxiii

introduction 1 Francis Ames-Lewis

1 ﬂorence, 1300–1600 7 Francis W. Kent

2 ﬂorence before the black death 35 Janet Robson

3 the arts in ﬂorence after the black death 79 Louise Bourdua

4 republican florence, 1400–1434 119 Adrian W. B. Randolph 5 the florence of cosimo “il vecchio” de’ medici: within and beyond the walls 167 Roger J. Crum 6 art and cultural identity in lorenzo de’ medici’s florence 208 Caroline Elam

7 republican ﬂorence and the arts, 1494–1513 252 Jill Burke

x CONTENTS

8 ﬂorence under the medici pontiﬁcates, 1513–1537 290 William E. Wallace

9 cosimoiandthearts 330 Elizabeth Pilliod

Bibliography 375 Index 413

ILLUSTRATIONS S

Color Plates XI Andrea di Cione (Orcagna), Tabernacle, Color plates follow pages xxiv, 120, and 208. Orsanmichele, Florence I Giotto, Crucifix, Santa Maria Novella, XII Anonymous, Episodes from the Lives of Florence Diana and Actaeon (obverse side of II Giotto, Trial by Fire, Bardi Chapel, Santa wooden tray). Roscoe and Margaret Croce, Florence Oakes Income Fund, 78.78.M.H.de III Ambrogio Lorenzetti, The Miracle of the Young Memorial Museum, San Resurrected Boy and The Miracle of the Francisco, CA Grain,Uffizi,Florence XIII Spinello Aretino, NiccolodiPietro` IV Taddeo Gaddi, Baroncelli Chapel, Gerini, and Lorenzo di Niccolo,` view of the window wall, Santa Croce, Coronation of the Virgin, Accademia, Florence Florence V Master of the Dominican Effigies, XIV Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation of the Nativity: leaf from the Sant’Agnese Virgin, Uffizi, Florence laudario; Rosenwald Collection XV Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the 1949.5.87, National Gallery of Art, Magi, Uffizi, Florence Washington DC XVI Masaccio (and Brunelleschi?), Trinity VI Bernardo Daddi, Bigallo Triptych,Museo (Throne of Mercy), Santa Maria Novella, del Bigallo, Florence Florence VII Andrea di Cione (Orcagna), Strozzi XVII Masaccio and Masolino, Brancacci Altarpiece, Strozzi Chapel, Santa Maria Chapel, general view, Santa Maria del Novella, Florence Carmine, Florence VIII Andrea di Bonaiuto, The Way to XVIII Master of the Judgment of Paris, The Salvation, detail of center. Judgment of Paris, Bargello, Florence Chapterhouse, Santa Maria Novella, XIX Fra Filippo Lippi, Annunciation, Martelli Florence Chapel, San Lorenzo, Florence IX Agnolo Gaddi, Cappella Maggiore XX Fra Carnevale, Presentation of the Virgin frescoes, general view, Santa Croce, in the Temple,MuseumofFineArts, Florence Boston X Unknown illuminator, Dormition and XXI Alesso Baldovinetti, Nativity, Chiostrino Assumption of the Virgin, Add. MS dei Voti, Santissima Annunziata, 37,955A, British Library, London Florence

xii ILLUSTRATIONS

XXII Maso di Bartolomeo, Reliquary for the XL Rosso Fiorentino, Betrothal of the Virgin, Holy Girdle of the Virgin, Santo San Lorenzo, Florence Stefano, Prato XLI Jacopo Pontormo, Entombment of Christ, XXIII Fra Carnevale, Sleeping Alcove for Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Duke Federico da Montefeltro, Palazzo Florence Ducale, Urbino XLII Jacopo Pontormo and Michelangelo, XXIV Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal, San Venus and Cupid, Accademia, Florence Miniato al Monte, Florence, general XLIII Jacopo Pontormo, cartoon for a portrait view of Margaret of Austria, National XXV Andrea del Verrocchio, Tomb of Piero Museum, Stockholm and Giovanni di Cosimo de’ Medici, XLIV Agnolo Bronzino, Chapel of Eleonora San Lorenzo, Florence da Toledo, general view, Palazzo della XXVI Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sassetti Chapel, Signoria, Florence Santa Trinita, Florence, general view XLV Francesco Salviati, Camillus’s Triumph XXVII Domenico Ghirlandaio, Tornabuoni after Defeating the Etruscan City of Veio, Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Sala dell’Udienza, Palazzo della general view Signoria, Florence XXVIII Filippino Lippi and Benedetto da XLVI Jacopo Pontormo, The Lament of Jacob Maiano, altar wall of Strozzi Chapel, (tapestry), Palazzo Quirinale, Rome Santa Maria Novella, Florence XLVII Agnolo Bronzino, Saint Sebastian, XXIX Sandro Botticelli, Primavera,Uffizi, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid Florence XLVIII Agnolo Bronzino, Cavalcanti Chapel, XXX Leonardo da Vinci, Portrait of Ginevra de’ Santo Spirito, Florence, reconstruction Benci, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC XXXI Sandro Botticelli, Mystic Nativity, National Gallery, London Figures XXXII Michelangelo, Doni Tondo,Uffizi, Florence 1 Attributed to Nardo di Cione, Judas XXXIII Raphael, Portrait of Agnolo Doni, Palazzo Hanged and Pilate in Prison,Badia, Pitti, Florence Florence page 36 XXXIV Raphael, Portrait of Maddalena Strozzi, 2 Anonymous, Judas Hanged, among the Palazzo Pitti, Florence Damned in Hell (mosaic), Baptistery, XXXV Michelangelo, a seated male nude Florence 37 (figure study for the Battle of Cascina), 3 Arnolfo di Cambio, Virgin and Child British Museum, London Enthroned, Museo dell’Opera del XXXVI Fra Bartolommeo, Sala di Gran Consiglio Duomo, Florence 38 Altarpiece,MuseodiSanMarco, 4 Circle of Bernardo Daddi, Misericordia Florence Domini, detail: view of Florence, Museo XXXVII Jacopo Pontormo, Saint Veronica, del Bigallo, Florence 39 Cappella del Papa, Santa Maria Novella, 5 Giotto workshop, Santa Reparata Florence altarpiece, front, Duomo, Florence 40 XXXVIII Andrea del Sarto, Tribute to Caesar,Gran 6 Giotto workshop, Santa Reparata Salone, Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano altarpiece, back, Duomo, Florence 41 XXXIX Jacopo Pontormo, Vertumnus and 7 Reconstruction of the interior of Santa Pomona, Gran Salone lunette, Villa Croce, Florence, with tramezzo (after Medici, Poggio a Caiano drawing by Leon Satkowski) 43

ILLUSTRATIONS xiii

8 Cimabue, Crucifix, Museo dell’Opera di Head to Herodias; the Entombment of the Santa Croce, Florence 45 Baptist (mosaics), Baptistery, Florence 69 9 Duccio, Laudesi Madonna,Uffizi, 26 Andrea Arditi, Reliquary Bust of Saint Florence 46 Zenobius, Duomo, Florence 70 10 Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna,Uffizi, 27 Giovanni di Balduccio, Crucifix Florence 47 (polychromed wood), Museo 11 Ugolino di Nerio, Santa Croce polyptych, dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 71 reconstruction 49 28 Florence, Campanile, view of west face 12 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, San Procolo with reproductions of Andrea Pisano’s triptych, Uffizi, Florence 50 Genesis cycle hexagonal reliefs 72 13 Bernardo Daddi, San Pancrazio polyptych 29 Andrea Pisano, Creation of Adam,Museo (so-called), Uffizi, Florence 51 dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 73 14 Giotto, The Raising of Drusiana, Peruzzi 30 Andrea Pisano, Weaving,Museo Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence 53 dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 74 15 Giotto, Bardi Chapel, view of the 31 Andrea Pisano, Sculptor,Museo left-hand wall, Santa Croce, Florence 54 dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 75 16 Giotto, Stigmatization of Saint Francis, 32 Nardo di Cione, Giovanni del Biondo Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence 55 and Orcagna, Paradise, Strozzi Chapel, 17 Bardi family tombs, Bardi di Vernio Santa Maria Novella, Florence 81 Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence 56 33 Nardo di Cione, Giovanni del Biondo 18 Taddeo Gaddi, Entombment, Bardi di and Orcagna, Paradise,viewofcentral Vernio Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence 57 lower section, Strozzi Chapel, Santa 19 Giotto, Banquet of Herod, Peruzzi Maria Novella, Florence 82 Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence 59 34 Anonymous, The Plague as Arrows and 20 Taddeo Gaddi, Presentation of the Virgin Corruption (Chronicle of Giovanni into the Temple and Marriage of the Virgin, Sercambi) 82 Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, 35 Giovanni del Biondo, Saint Sebastian Florence 61 triptych, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, 21 Maso di Banco, Saint Sylvester and the Florence 83 Bull and Saint Sylvester and the Dragon, 36 Giovanni del Biondo, Saint Sebastian Bardi di Vernio Chapel, Santa Croce, triptych, detail of lower scene on left Florence 62 wing, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, 22 Biadaiolo Master, Distribution of Grain in Florence 84 a Time of Famine (from Domenico 37 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Maesta`,detailof Lenzi’s Biadaiolo Codex), Biblioteca angel punch, Duomo, Massa Marittima 85 Laurenziana, Florence 63 38 House in Piazza Sant’ Elizabetta 23 Pacino di Bonaguida, Chiarito Tabernacle, showing jetty projecting into alley 87 J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles 67 39 Giotto, Andrea Pisano, and Francesco 24 Andrea Pisano, The Banquet of Herod; the Talenti, Campanile, Duomo, Florence 88 Beheading of Saint John the Baptist; Salome 40 Aerial view of Duomo, Florence 89 Presenting the Baptist’s Head to Herod; 41 Loggia dei Lanzi, general view, Piazza Salome Presenting the Baptist’s Head to della Signoria, Florence 90 Herodias; the Carrying of the Baptist’s 42 Jacopo di Piero Guidi and Piero di Body; the Entombment of the Baptist,detail Giovanni Tedesco, Charity,Loggiadei of south doors, Baptistery, Florence 68 Lanzi, Piazza della Signoria, Florence 91 25 Anonymous, The Beheading of Saint John 43 Strozzi chapel, general view from nave, the Baptist; Salome Presenting the Baptist’s Santa Maria Novella, Florence 93

xiv ILLUSTRATIONS

44 NardodiCione,Hell, Strozzi Chapel, of the Bigallo by Peter of Verona to the Santa Maria Novella, Florence 94 Captains, Museo del Bigallo, Florence 111 45 Andrea di Bonaiuto, chapterhouse 58 Palazzo Cavalcanti, Florence, general frescoes, general view, Santa Maria view of exterior 111 Novella, Florence 95 59 Hall of the Impannate, general view, 46 Andrea di Bonaiuto, The Way to Palazzo Davanzati, Florence 112 Salvation, chapterhouse, Santa Maria 60 Maestro di Carlo II di Durazzo, Cassone Novella, Florence 96 with the story of Lucrezia.Formerly 47 Spinello Aretino, Sacristy frescoes, Castello di Vincigliata 113 detail, San Miniato al Monte, Florence 97 61 Anonymous, allegorical figure of Justice 48 Agnolo Gaddi, Madonna and Child (reverse side of wooden tray). Roscoe Enthroned with Twelve Angels and Saints and Margaret Oakes Income Fund, Andrew, Benedict, Bernard and Catherine, 78.78. M. H. de Young Memorial National Gallery of Art, Washington Museum, San Francisco, CA 115 DC 99 62 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac, 49 Agnolo Gaddi, King Chosroes steals the Bargello, Florence 123 Cross during the Fall of Jerusalem,detailof 63 Filippo Brunelleschi, Sacrifice of Isaac, Legend of the True Cross fresco cycle, Bargello, Florence 125 Cappella Maggiore, Santa Croce, 64 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Scenes from the Life of Florence 100 Christ, north doors, Baptistery, Florence 126 50 Anonymous, Reliquary Bust of Beata 65 Nanni di Banco, Saint Luke,Museo Humiliana de’Cerchi, Museo dell’Opera dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 127 di Santa Croce, Florence 101 66 NiccoloLamberti,` Saint Mark,Museo 51 Resurrection and The Three Marys at the dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 128 Tomb in an initial R. Present 67 Donatello, Saint John the Evangelist, whereabouts unknown (formerly Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 128 Breslauer Collection, New York) 104 68 Donatello, Jeremiah, detail of head, 52 Spinello Aretino, nave vault frescoes, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence 129 Oratory of Santa Caterina, Antella, near 69 Orsanmichele, Florence, northwestern Florence 105 corner 130 53 Andrea di Cione (Orcagna) and Jacopo 70 Donatello, Saint Mark, Orsanmichele, di Cione, Saint Matthew triptych,Uffizi, Florence 131 Florence 107 71 Nanni di Banco, Quattro Santi Coronati, 54 Giovanni del Biondo, Saint John the Orsanmichele, Florence 132 Evangelist (formerly in Orsanmichele, 72 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Saint John the Baptist, Florence), Accademia, Florence 108 Orsanmichele, Florence 133 55 Master of Santa Verdiana, Altarpiece 73 Donatello, Saint Louis of Toulouse, (formerly in Lupi hospital, Florence), Museo dell’Opera di Santa Croce, Musee´ du Petit Palais, Avignon 109 Florence 135 56 Niccolo` di Pietro Gerini and Ambrogio 74 Donatello, David (marble), Bargello, di Baldese, The Reunification of Florence 137 Abandoned and Lost Children,Museodel 75 Filippo Brunelleschi, Cupola (showing Bigallo, Florence 110 ballatoio by Baccio d’Agnolo), Duomo, 57 Attributed to Andrea di Bonaiuti or Florence 138 Andrea di Cione (Orcagna), The 76 Donatello, Madonna of the Clouds, Consignment of the Processional Standards Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 139

ILLUSTRATIONS xv

77 Nanni di Banco, Assumption of the 93 Baptistery, Florence, east face, Virgin,detailofgable,PortadeiServi, including the east doors, the Gates of Duomo, Florence 141 Paradise 171 78 Lorenzo Ghiberti and NiccolodiPietro` 94 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacob and Esau, east Te d e s c o, Assumption (stained-glass doors, Baptistery, Florence 172 window), west façade, Duomo, 95 Palazzo Medici, Florence, southeast Florence 143 corner 173 79 Donatello, Marzocco, Bargello, Florence 144 96 Donatello, Ascension of Saint John the 80 Bicci di Lorenzo, Celebrations following Evangelist, Old Sacristy, San Lorenzo, the Reconsecration of Sant’Egidio in 1420, Florence 175 Ospedale di Santa Maria Nuova, 97 Paolo Uccello, The Flood, Chiostro Florence 145 Verde, Santa Maria Novella, Florence 176 81 Donatello, San Rossore,MuseodiSan 98 Donatello, Lamentation, detail of north Matteo, Pisa 146 Pulpit, San Lorenzo, Florence 176 82 Donatello and Michelozzo, and 99 Donatello, David (bronze), Bargello, workshop, Tomb of Cardinal Baldassare Florence 177 Coscia (antipope John XXIII), 100 Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Hercules and the Baptistery, Florence 147 Hydra, Uffizi, Florence 178 83 Gentile da Fabriano, Nativity,Uffizi, 101 Bernardo Rossellino, Tomb of Florence 149 Leonardo Bruni, Santa Croce, Florence 178 84 Filippo Brunelleschi, Old Sacristy, 102 Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, façade 179 general view, San Lorenzo, Florence 151 103 Neri di Bicci, Tobias and the Three 85 Filippo Brunelleschi, Old Sacristy, detail Archangels altarpiece. City of Detroit of “folding” and “buried” pilasters, San Purchase, Detroit Institute of Arts, Lorenzo, Florence 152 Detroit 182 86 Donatello, Crucifix (polychromed 104 Michelozzo, Tabernacle of the wood), Santa Croce, Florence 155 Annunciation, Santissima Annunziata, 87 Masaccio and Masolino, Temptation, Florence 183 Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del 105 Mino da Fiesole, Piero di Cosimo de’ Carmine, Florence 156 Medici, Bargello, Florence 184 88 Masaccio and Masolino, Expulsion, 106 Fra Filippo Lippi, Double Portrait, Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Marquand Collection, Gift of Carmine, Florence 157 Henry G. Marquand 1889 89 Masaccio and Masolino, Saint Peter (89.15.19), The Metropolitan Healing with His Shadow, Brancacci Museum of Art, New York 185 Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, 107 Andrea del Castagno, Last Supper, Florence 158 Crucifixion, Entombment,and 90 Workshop of Giovanni della Robbia, Resurrection, Sant’Apollonia, Florence 187 Dovizia (glazed terracotta). The William 108 Shrine of the Madonna of Impruneta, Hood Dunwoody Fund, Minneapolis Impruneta 188 Institute of Arts, Minneapolis 161 109 Convent of San Francesco, Bosco ai 91 Giovanni di Consalvo, The Miraculous Frati, aerial view 189 Feeding of the Monks, Chiostro degli 110 Palazzo Comunale, Montepulciano 190 Aranci, Badia, Florence 169 111 Piero della Francesca, The Meeting of 92 SanLorenzo,Florence,viewofnave Solomon and Sheba, San Francesco, toward the high altar 170 Arezzo 191

xvi ILLUSTRATIONS

112 Delli brothers, Christ at the Column with 126 Benedetto da Maiano, marble doorway Two Donors, Metropolitan Museum of of the Sala dei Gigli, with wooden Art, New York, Rogers Fund, 2004 intarsia leaves by Francione and (2004.137) 192 Giuliano da Maiano after designs by 113 Filippo Lippi, Design for the Altarpiece for Sandro Botticelli and Filippino Lippi, Alfonso V of Naples 193 Palazzo della Signoria, Florence 217 114 Benozzo Gozzoli, Journey of the Magi, 127 Andrea del Verrocchio, Davidwiththe detail of the south wall with the Head of Goliath, Bargello, Florence 218 supposed portrait of the Byzantine 128 Domenico Ghirlandaio, Saint Zenobius Emperor, Palazzo Medici Chapel, and Ancient Roman Heroes, east wall of Florence 197 the Sala dei Gigli, Palazzo della 115 Desiderio da Settignano, Tomb of Carlo Signoria, Florence 219 Marsuppini, Santa Croce, Florence 199 129 Filippino Lippi, Madonna and Child with 116 Fra Angelico, San Marco Altarpiece, Saints John the Baptist, Victor, Bernard and MuseodiSanMarco,Florence 200 Zenobius,Uffizi,Florence 220 117 Paolo Uccello, Sir John Hawkwood, 130 Antonio and Piero del Pollaiuolo, Duomo, Florence 201 Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, National 118 Tomb of Patriarch Joseph of Gallery, London 221 Constantinople, Santa Maria Novella, 131 Leonardo da Vinci, Adoration of the Florence 203 Magi, Uffizi, Florence 223 119 Leon Battista Alberti, Holy Sepulchre 132 Giuliano da Sangallo (attributed to), monument, Cappella Rucellai, San Palazzo Cocchi, Piazza Santa Croce, Pancrazio, Florence 205 Florence 227 120 Piero del Massaio, Bird’s Eye Plan of 133 Bertoldo di Giovanni (attributed to), Florence with Its Principal Monuments Praelium, stucco relief, courtyard of (from Ptolemy’s Cosmographia,ca. Palazzo Scala, Borgo Pinti, Florence 228 1475–1480), Bibliotheque` Nationale, 134 Giuliano da Sangallo, wooden model Paris 210 for Palazzo Strozzi, Fondazione Palazzo 121 Andrea del Verrocchio (perhaps with Strozzi, Florence 229 Leonardo da Vinci), Venus and Cupid 135 Giuliano da Sangallo, Palazzo Gondi, (metalpoint and black chalk drawing), façade, Piazza San Firenze, Florence 231 Uffizi, Florence 211 136 Anonymous, after design perhaps by 122 Plan of Florence to show Lorenzo’s Bartolommeo di Giovanni, Manonthe planned urban interventions. 1: Piazza Point of Death (from Girolamo del Duomo; 2: San Lorenzo; 3:San Savonarola, Predica dell’arte del ben morire, Marco; 4: Santissima Annunziata; 5: Florence, 1494). Woodcut 232 Innocenti hospital; 6: Rotonda degli 137 Filippino Lippi, Story of Lucretia, Palazzo Angeli; 7: Scala oratory, Cestello; 8: Pitti, Florence 233 Lorenzo’s sculpture garden 212 138 Piero di Cosimo, The Finding of Vulcan 123 Andrea del Verrocchio, Putto with on Lemnos, Wadsworth Atheneum, dolphin, Palazzo della Signoria, Florence 213 Hartford, CT 234 124 Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Hercules and 139 Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus,Uffizi, Antaeus, Bargello, Florence 214 Florence 235 125 Bertoldo di Giovanni, cast by Andrea 140 Sandro Botticelli, Ginevra Gianfigliazzi Guacialoti, medal commemorating the Greeted by Venus and the Three Graces Pazzi conspiracy, British Museum, (fresco from Villa Lemmi), Louvre, London 215 Paris 236

ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

141 Sandro Botticelli, Portrait of a Young 157 Sandro Botticelli, Lamentation,Alte Man Holding a Medallion of Cosimo “il Pinakotek, Munich 261 Vecchio” de’ Medici,Uffizi, 158 Fra Bartolommeo and Mariotto Florence 237 Albertinelli, Last Judgment,Museodi 142 Benedetto da Maiano, Portrait Bust of San Marco, Florence 262 Filippo Strozzi (terracotta), 159 Leonardo da Vinci, Virgin and Child Skulpturensammlungen, Berlin 237 with Saint Anne cartoon, National 143 Domenico Ghirlandaio, Portrait of an Gallery, London 263 Old Man and His Grandson, Louvre, 160 Michelangelo, Taddei Tondo,Royal Paris 239 Academy of Arts, London 265 144 Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Profile Portrait 161 Raphael, Madonna del Cardellino,Uffizi, of a Lady, Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Florence 265 Milan 239 162 Fra Bartolommeo, Holy Family with 145 Simone del Pollaiuolo, “Il Cronaca,” Saint John (Madonna Doni), Palazzo interior view of San Salvatore al Monte, Barberini, Rome 266 Florence 241 163 Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, Louvre, 146 Giuliano da Sangallo, interior of sacristy, Paris 267 Santo Spirito, Florence 242 164 Raphael, Portrait Study of a Lady, after 147 Giustus Utens, View of Villa Medici at Mona Lisa, Louvre, Paris 267 Poggio a Caiano, Museo topografico 165 Master of Serumido, The Flood,reverse ‘Firenze com’era,’ Florence 243 of portrait of Agnolo Doni, Palazzo 148 Bertoldo di Giovanni (design) and della Pitti, Florence 268 Robbia workshop, The Passage from 166 Master of Serumido, Deucalion and Night to Day. Glazed terracotta relief, Pyrrha, reverse of portrait of Maddalena detail of frieze, Villa Medici, Poggio a Strozzi, Palazzo Pitti, Florence 269 Caiano 245 167 Michelangelo, David, Accademia, 149 Michelangelo, Battle of the Centaurs, Florence 271 Bargello, Florence 247 168 Michelangelo, study for the bronze 150 Fra Bartolommeo, Portrait of Girolamo David,Louvre,Paris 272 Savonarola,MuseodiSanMarco, 169 Michelangelo, Saint Matthew, Florence 253 Accademia, Florence 272 151 Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio, Portrait of Piero 170 Andrea Sansovino, Baptism of Christ, Soderini,Musee´ des Beaux-Arts, Baptistery, Florence 273 Chambery´ 253 171 Giovanfrancesco Rustici, Preaching of 152 Anonymous Florentine, Execution of John the Baptist, Baptistery, Florence 274 Savonarola on Piazza della Signoria, 172 Reconstruction of the Sala di Gran MuseodiSanMarco,Florence 255 Consiglio in the Palazzo della Signoria, 153 Filippino Lippi, Saint John the Baptist, Florence 275 Accademia, Florence 258 173 Peter Paul Rubens, study after 154 Filippino Lippi, Crucifixion with Virgin Leonardo’s Battle of Anghiari, Louvre, Mary and Saint Francis,formerly Paris 278 Berlin, Kaiser Friedrichs Museum 259 174 Leonardo da Vinci, study of the head of 155 Filippino Lippi, Saint Mary Magdalen, a man shouting, and of a profile, Accademia, Florence 259 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest 279 156 Master of the Legend of Saint Ursula 175 Leonardo da Vinci, study for the Battle and Filippino Lippi, Tr iptyc h,Pinacoteca of Anghiari, Royal Library, Windsor Manfrediana, Venice 260 Castle, RL 12339 279

xviii ILLUSTRATIONS

176 Leonardo da Vinci, Two Skirmishes 195 Jacopo Pontormo, Deposition, Certosa di between Cavalry and Foot-Soldiers, Galluzzo, Florence 314 Accademia, Venice 280 196 Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, 177 Aristotile da Sangallo, after Florence, general view 315 Michelangelo, Battle of Cascina,Earlof 197 Francesco da Sangallo, Madonna and Leicester collection, Holkham Hall, Child with Saint Anne, Orsanmichele, Norfolk 281 Florence 317 178 Raphael, Portrait of Leo X with Cardinals, 198 Giuliano Bugiardini, Madonna and Child Uffizi, Florence 291 with Saint John, Uffizi, Florence 318 179 Cappella dei Priori, Palazzo della 199 Michelangelo, Cappella Medici (New Signoria, Florence, general view of the Sacristy), San Lorenzo, Florence, interior 293 interior view 319 180 Palazzo Medici, Florence, detail of 200 Michelangelo, Night, Cappella Medici “kneeling window” 295 (New Sacristy), San Lorenzo, Florence 320 181 Michelangelo, wooden model for the 201 Vestibule, Biblioteca Laurenziana, San façade of San Lorenzo, Casa Buonarroti, Lorenzo, Florence 321 Florence 297 202 Michelangelo, Design for a Fortification, 182 Baccio d’Agnolo, Palazzo Casa Buonarroti, Florence 323 Bartolini-Salimbeni, Piazza Santa 203 Michelangelo, reliquary tribune Trinita, Florence 298 balcony, interior façade, San Lorenzo, 183 Jacopo Sansovino, Saint James, Duomo, Florence 324 Florence 299 204 Michelangelo, Resurrection of Christ, 184 Fra Bartolommeo, Saint Mark, Palazzo Royal Library, Windsor Castle, RL Pitti, Florence 301 12767. 325 185 Fra Bartolommeo, Salvator Mundi, 205 Michelangelo, Blockhead or Atlas Slave, Palazzo Pitti, Florence 302 Accademia, Florence 326 186 Andrea del Sarto, Birth of the Virgin, 206 Michelangelo, Victory,SaladiGran Chiostrino dei Voti, Santissima Consiglio, Palazzo della Signoria, Annunziata, Florence 304 Florence 326 187 Jacopo Pontormo, Visitation, Chiostrino 207 Baccio Bandinelli, Hercules and Cacus, dei Voti, Santissima Annunziata, Piazza della Signoria, Florence 327 Florence 305 208 Battista Franco, Allegory of the Battle of 188 Rosso Fiorentino, Assumption of the Montemurlo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence 331 Virgin, Chiostrino dei Voti, Santissima 209 Jacopo Pontormo, preparatory sketch Annunziata, Florence 306 for the portrait of Margaret of Austria, 189 Andrea del Sarto, Preaching of the Baptist, Uffizi, Florence 333 Chiostro dello Scalzo, Florence 308 210 Giambologna, after a design by Niccolo` 190 Andrea del Sarto, Madonna of the Tribolo, Venus fountain, formerly in the Harpies, Uffizi, Florence 309 garden of the Villa Medici, Castello, 191 Andrea del Sarto, Disputation on the now at Villa Medici, Petraia 335 Trinity, Palazzo Pitti, Florence 309 211 Niccolo` Tribolo and Bartolommeo 192 Franciabigio, Triumph of Cicero,Gran Ammannati, Hercules and Antaeus Salone, Villa Medici at Poggio a Caiano 310 fountain, Villa Medici, Castello 336 193 Jacopo Pontormo, Joseph in Egypt, 212 Giorgio Vasari, Cosimo I de’ Medici with National Gallery, London 312 His Architects, Engineers and Sculptors, 194 Andrea del Sarto, Saint John the Baptist, Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo della Signoria, Palazzo Pitti, Florence 313 Florence 337

ILLUSTRATIONS xix

213 Giambattista del Tasso, Mercato Nuovo, 225 Pierfrancesco Foschi, Allegory of the Florence 339 Immaculate Conception, Santo Spirito, 214 Giambattista del Tasso, Mercato Nuovo, Florence 356 Florence, detail of calyx 340 226 Giovanni Angelo da Montorsoli, Bust of 215 Agnolo Bronzino, Portrait of Eleonora da Tommaso Cavalcanti, Cavalcanti Chapel, Toledo with Her Son Giovanni,Uffizi, Santo Spirito, Florence 357 Florence 341 227 Giovanni Angelo da Montorsoli, 216 Agnolo Bronzino, Lamentation,Musee´ central gravestone, Chapel of the des Beaux-Arts, Besançon 343 Artists, Santissima Annunziata, 217 Benvenuto Cellini, Bust of Cosimo I, Florence 359 Bargello, Florence 344 228 Giorgio Vasari, The Foundation of 218 Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the Head Florence, Vault of Sala di Gran Consiglio, of Medusa, Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della Palazzo della Signoria, Florence 360 Signoria, Florence 345 229 Giorgio Vasari, The Building of the Terzo 219 Salone dei Duecento, Palazzo dei Cerchio, Vault of Sala di Gran Consiglio, Duecento della Signoria, Florence, Palazzo della Signoria, Florence 361 general view with tapestries 348 230 Alessandro Allori, Christ among the 220 Jacopo Pontormo, study for Sacrifice of Doctors, side wall of Montauto Cain and the Death of Abel,Uffizi, Chapel, Santissima Annunziata, Florence 349 Florence 363 221 General view of the Choir, San 231 Alessandro Allori, Original Sin and Lorenzo, Florence 351 Inscription, vault of Montauto Chapel, 222 Jacopo Pontormo, study for Souls Santissima Annunziata, Florence 364 Ascending, Accademia, Venice 352 232 General view of nave, Santa Croce, 223 C. Giglio, View of the Cathedral of Santa Florence (engraving) 365 Maria del Fiore, engraving (early 233 Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccaro, nineteenth century), detail 353 cupola frescoes, detail, Duomo, 224 Baccio Bandinelli, Dead Christ, Florence 366 formerly Duomo, Florence, now Santa 234 General view of testata, Uffizi, Croce, Florence 355 Florence 367

CONTRIBUTORS S

Francis Ames-Lewis is Emeritus Professor of the is the author of Lorenzo de’ Medici and the Art of History of Art at Birkbeck College, University of Magniﬁcence (2004). He died in August 2010. London. His most recent book is The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist (2000). Elizabeth Pilliod, formerly Associate Profes- sor of Art History at Oregon State University, is Louise Bourdua is Reader in the History of Art at Adjunct Lecturer at Rutgers University–Camden. the University of Warwick. Her book The Franciscans She is the author of Pontormo, Bronzino, Allori: A and Art Patronage in Late Medieval Italy was published Genealogy of Florentine Art (2001) and coauthor of by Cambridge University Press in 2004. Italian Drawings: Florence, Siena, Modena, Bologna (2002). Jill Burke is Senior Lecturer in the History of Art at the University of Edinburgh. She is the author of Adrian W. B. Randolph is Professor of Art His- Changing Patrons: Social Identity and the Visual Arts in tory and Director of the Leslie Center for the Renaissance Florence (2004). Humanities at Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH). He is the author of Engaging Symbols: Gender, Politics, Roger J. Crum is Professor of Art History at the and Public Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence (2002). University of Dayton (Dayton, OH). A past president of the Italian Art Society, he has published a number Janet Robson is an independent scholar of of studies on ﬁfteenth-century Florentine art and is Italian late medieval art. She is currently complet- coeditor (with John Paoletti) of Renaissance Florence: ing a book (coauthored with Donal Cooper) on the A Social History (Cambridge, 2006). Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi, and its decorative program. Caroline Elam is former Editor of the Burlington Magazine and is currently an independent scholar William E. Wallace is Professor of the History of who has published numerous studies on Florentine Art at Washington University in St. Louis (St. Louis, Renaissance art and, especially, architecture. MO). His books Michelangelo at San Lorenzo: The Genius as Entrepreneur and Michelangelo: The Artist, the Francis W. Kent was Professor of History and Aus- Man, and His Times were published by Cambridge tralian Professorial Fellow at Monash University. He University Press in 1994 and 2010, respectively.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS S

Editing a book such as this one, which required coor- required the employment of two picture researchers, dinating the input of nine contributors, has been a Lisa Swyers and Lin Barton. I am grateful to them complex task. Often in this process, I have suggested both for their labors on our behalf and, in particu- to myself that it would have been easier if I had writ- lar, to Lin Barton for taking up the challenge (and ten the whole book alone. But I would, of course, often encountering requests from contributors for not be capable of this: I lack the speciﬁc period particular photographs that have not in all cases been expertise of the contributors that bring a research- easy to provide) as the project quickened in pace based richness and depth of knowledge to the histor- toward the end. Series editor Marcia Hall has also ical interpretation of their material. Moreover, one been extremely patient; she was called on for more single writer would inevitably lack the considerable guidance and support than a general editor should range of approach and critical method to be found be expected to provide. I am profoundly grateful for in this type of multiauthored book that also adds to the faith that she put in me when she invited me to the freshness and originality of the book as a whole. take on the editing of this book and for the advice For this outcome, I am indebted ﬁrst and foremost and encouragement that she has given me through- to my contributors, who all responded with enthusi- out. Finally, I acknowledge with many thanks the asm to the challenge of writing their chapters, coped work of Eleanor Umali, Rebecca McCary, and the bravely and uncomplainingly with the necessary lim- editorial team at Aptara, Inc., of Falls Church, VA. itations of the numbers of words and illustrations They have dealt with the problems associated with that could be allowed them, and have waited with typesetting a complex volume, and with numerous tolerance and patience for me to complete the edit- corrections and additions to both text and bibliog- ing and submission of the typescript. The somewhat raphy as production proceeded, with much patience extended time scale of the book’s preparation has and forbearance. Francis Ames-Lewis

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