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The Creation of the PLA Strategic Support Force and Its Implications for Chinese Military Space Operations

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The Creation of the PLA Strategic Support Force and Its Implications for Chinese Military Space Operations C O R P O R A T I O N The Creation of the PLA Strategic Support Force and Its Implications for Chinese Military Space Operations Kevin L. Pollpeter, Michael S. Chase, Eric Heginbotham For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2058 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9872-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report is based on RAND Project AIR FORCE Strategy and Doctrine Program research that was presented at the second China Aerospace Studies Institute conference, sponsored by Headquarters, U.S. Air Force. It was held at RAND’s Arlington, Va., office and took place on May 2, 2016. Experts on airpower, military operations, and Chinese military modernization participated in the conference and provided valuable feedback to the report authors. The resulting reports assess notable developments and implications of China’s emerging aerospace expeditionary and power projection capabilities. As China’s economic, diplomatic, and security interests continue to expand, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and, in particular, its aerospace forces—including Air Force, Naval Aviation, and space capabilities—will require more robust power projection and expeditionary capabilities on a par with China’s expanding global footprint. In addition to traditional security concerns like Taiwan and maritime territorial disputes, such issues as countering terrorism, humanitarian assistance/disaster relief, and sea-lane protection have now become factors in the PLA’s training, doctrine, and modernization efforts. In addition, command of space, including the military use of outer space, is of increasing interest to the PLA as it seeks to develop new capabilities and operating concepts to support its growing range of military missions. This report focuses on the establishment of the PLA’s Strategic Support Force (SSF), which was announced on December 31, 2015. The SSF is charged with overseeing Chinese military space, cyber, and electronic warfare capabilities, and its development will have important implications for China’s emerging aerospace expeditionary and power projection capabilities. RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future air, space, and cyber forces. Research is conducted in four programs: Force Modernization and Employment; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine. The research reported here was prepared under contract FA7014-16-D-1000. Additional information about PAF is available on our website: www.rand.org/paf This report documents work originally shared with the U.S. Air Force in May 2016. The draft report, issued on March 1, 2017, was reviewed by formal peer reviewers and U.S. Air Force subject-matter experts. iii iv Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vii Summary ........................................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Why Space Is Important to the PLA ........................................................................................... 3 3. The Role of Outer Space in PLA Operations .............................................................................. 7 China’s Space-Based C4ISR Capabilities .................................................................................................8 Counterspace Capabilities .........................................................................................................................9 4. The Strategic Support Force ..................................................................................................... 13 Organization and Leadership ...................................................................................................................16 Understanding the SSF’s Role and Composition ....................................................................................21 5. The SSF’s Organizational Structure for the Space Mission ..................................................... 25 China’s Pre-Reform Space Enterprise .....................................................................................................25 China’s Post-Reform Space Enterprise ...................................................................................................27 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 31 References ..................................................................................................................................... 37 v vi Tables 3.1. Chinese Remote Sensing Satellites Launched Since 2000 ...................................................... 9 3.2. Chinese Counterspace Operations and Tests, Including Tests with Counterspace Implications ........................................................................................................................... 11 4.1. SSF Leadership ...................................................................................................................... 18 4.2. Some Identified SSF Officers ................................................................................................ 21 vii viii Summary This report explores the missions and organization of China’s military space enterprise. It focuses on the organizational structure of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force (SSF). Created on December 31, 2015, as part of a major reorganization of China’s military, the SSF is charged with developing and employing most of the PLA’s space capabilities. Tasked with integrating space more closely into operations, the creation of the SSF signifies an important shift in the PLA’s prioritization of space and portends an increased role for PLA space capabilities. Indeed, Chinese military strategists see military space capabilities and operations as vital in at least three different ways. First, they are a key component of strategic deterrence. Second, they are critical to enabling the PLA to fight informatized local wars and counter U.S. military intervention in the region. Third, they are essential when it comes to supporting operations aimed at protecting China’s emerging interests in more-distant parts of the world. Although little official information exists on the SSF, it does not appear to be a service, nor does it appear to be equivalent to a PLA theater command or a U.S.-style unified command. The SSF appears to be composed of former General Staff Department (GSD) and General Armament Department (GAD) units. Sources indicate that it is composed of a Space Systems Department responsible for the launch and operation of satellites and a Network Systems Department responsible for cyber and electronic warfare (EW). The main function of the SSF’s space component appears to be the launch and operation of satellites to provide the PLA with command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities. This includes space-based reconnaissance, communications, and navigation capabilities. Less certain, however, is the scope of the force’s counterspace mission. Based on its launch and satellite-operations functions, the SSF’s Space Systems Department appears to be responsible at least for the co-orbital counterspace mission. The SSF’s Network
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