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Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a Gastrointestinal Disease Characterized by Acute Or Chronic Diarrhea, Is Caused by Protozoan Parasites in the Genus Giardia
Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease characterized by acute or chronic diarrhea, is caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Giardia. Giardia duodenalis is the major Giardia Enteritis, species found in mammals, and the only species known to cause illness in humans. This Lambliasis, organism is carried in the intestinal tract of many animals and people, with clinical signs Beaver Fever developing in some individuals, but many others remaining asymptomatic. In addition to diarrhea, the presence of G. duodenalis can result in malabsorption; some studies have implicated this organism in decreased growth in some infected children and Last Updated: December 2012 possibly decreased productivity in young livestock. Outbreaks are occasionally reported in people, as the result of mass exposure to contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals (e.g., in child care centers). People are considered to be the most important reservoir hosts for human giardiasis. The predominant genetic types of G. duodenalis usually differ in humans and domesticated animals (livestock and pets), and zoonotic transmission is currently thought to be of minor significance in causing human illness. Nevertheless, there is evidence that certain isolates may sometimes be shared, and some genetic types of G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B) should be considered potentially zoonotic. Etiology The protozoan genus Giardia (Family Giardiidae, order Giardiida) contains at least six species that infect animals and/or humans. In most mammals, giardiasis is caused by Giardia duodenalis, which is also called G. intestinalis. Both names are in current use, although the validity of the name G. intestinalis depends on the interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. -
Review Article Nematodes of Birds of Armenia
Annals of Parasitology 2020, 66(4), 447–455 Copyright© 2020 Polish Parasitological Society doi: 10.17420/ap6604.285 Review article Nematodes of birds of Armenia Sergey O. MOVSESYAN1,2, Egor A. VLASOV3, Manya A. NIKOGHOSIAN2, Rosa A. PETROSIAN2, Mamikon G. GHASABYAN2,4, Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV1,5 1Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RA, P. Sevak 7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia 3V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zapovednyi, Kursk district, Kursk region, 305528, Russia 4Armenian Society for the Protection of Birds (ASPB), G. Njdeh, 27/2, apt.10, Yerevan 0026, Armenia 5All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 28, Moscow 117218, Russia Corresponding Author: Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The review provides data on species composition of nematodes in 50 species of birds from Armenia (South of Lesser Caucasus). Most of the studied birds belong to Passeriformes and Charadriiformes orders. One of the studied species of birds (Larus armenicus) is an endemic. The taxonomy and host-specificity of nematodes reported in original papers are discussed with a regard to current knowledge about this point. In total, 52 nematode species parasitizing birds in Armenia are reported. Most of the reported species of nematodes are quite common in birds outside of Armenia. One species (Desmidocercella incognita from great cormorant) was first identified in Armenia. -
Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma -
Download Vol. 11, No. 3
BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae -
Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
/ Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded. -
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
— THE ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE TONGUE IN BIRDS By Leon L. Gardner, Of the United States Army Medical Corps Since the work of Lucas 1 there has been little systematic investiga- tion on the tongues of birds, and with the exception of an occasional description the subject has been largely neglected. It is in the hope of reopening interest in the subject that this paper is written. As is well known the tongue is an exceptionally variable organ in the Class Aves, as is to be expected from the fact that it is so inti- mately related with the birds' most important problem, that of obtaining food. For this function it must serve as a probe or spear (woodpeckers and nuthatches), a sieve (ducks), a capillary tube (sunbirds and hummers), a brush (Trichoglossidae), a rasp (vul- tures, hawks, and owls), as a barbed organ to hold slippery prey (penguins), as a finger (parrots and sparrows), and perhaps as a tactile organ in long-billed birds, such as sandpipers, herons, and the like. The material upon which this paper is based is the very extensive alcoholic collection of birds in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, for the use of which and for his abundant aid in numberless ways I am very much indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond, associate curator of the Division of Birds. To Dr. Alexander Wetmore, assistant secretary in charge of the United States National Museum, I wish to express my thanks for his kind assistance in reviewing the paper and for his help in its preparation. -
Aquila 23. Évf. 1916
A madarak palaeontologiájának története és irodalma. Irta : DR. Lambrecht Kálmán. Minden ismeret történetének eredete többé-kevésbbé homályba vész. Az els úttörk még maguk is csak tapogatóznak; leírásaik — a kezdet nehézségeivel küzdve — nem szabatosak, több bennük a sej- dít, mint a positiv elem. Fokozottan áll ez a palaeontologiára, amely- nek gyakran bizony igen hiányos anyaga gazdag recens összehasonlító anyagot és alapos morphologiai ismereteket igényel. A palaeontologia legismertebb történetíróinak, MARSH-nak^ és ZiTTEL-nek2 chronologiai beosztásait figyelmen kívül hagyva, ehelyütt Abel3 szellemes beosztását fogadjuk el és megkülönböztetünk a madár- palaeontologia történetében 1. phantasticus, 2. descriptiv és 3. morpho- logiai és phylogenetikai periódust. Nagyon természetes, hogy a fossilis madarak ismerete karöltve haladt a recens madarak osteologiájának megismerésével, 4 mert a palaeon- tologus csakis recens comparativ anyag és vizsgálatok alapján foghat munkához. De viszont igaz az is, hogy a morphologus sem mozdulhat meg az si alakok vázrendszerének ismerete nélkül, nem is szólva arról, hogy a gyakran nagyon töredékes fossilis maradványok mennyi érdekes morphologiai megfigyelésre vezették már a búvárokat. A phantasticus periódus. Ez a periódus, amely — összehasonlítás hiján — túlnyomóan speculativ alapon mvelte a tudományt, a XVIll. századdal, vagyis CuviER felléptével végzdik. Eltekintve Albertus MAGNUS-nak (1193—1280, Marsh szerint 1 Marsh, 0. C, Geschichte und Methode der paläoiitologischen Entdeckungen. — Kosmos VI. 1879. -
The Gastornis (Aves, Gastornithidae) from the Late Paleocene of Louvois (Marne, France)
Swiss J Palaeontol (2016) 135:327–341 DOI 10.1007/s13358-015-0097-7 The Gastornis (Aves, Gastornithidae) from the Late Paleocene of Louvois (Marne, France) 1 2 Ce´cile Mourer-Chauvire´ • Estelle Bourdon Received: 26 May 2015 / Accepted: 18 July 2015 / Published online: 26 September 2015 Ó Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT) 2015 Abstract The Late Paleocene locality of Louvois is specimens to a new species of Gastornis and we designate located about 20 km south of Reims, in the department of it as Gastornis sp., owing to the fragmentary nature of the Marne (France). These marly sediments have yielded material. However, the morphological features of the numerous vertebrate remains. The Louvois fauna is coeval Louvois material are sufficiently distinct for us to propose with those of the localities of Cernay-le`s-Reims and Berru that three different forms of Gastornis were present in the and is dated as reference-level MP6, late Thanetian. Here Late Paleocene of North-eastern France. we provide a detailed description of the remains of giant flightless gastornithids that were preliminarily reported in a Keywords Gastornis Á Louvois Á Sexual size study of the vertebrate fauna from Louvois. These frag- dimorphism Á Thanetian Á Third coeval form mentary gastornithid remains mainly include a car- pometacarpus, several tarsometatarsi, and numerous pedal phalanges. These new avian fossils add to the fossil record Introduction of Gastornis, which has been reported from various Early Paleogene localities in the Northern Hemisphere. Tar- The fossiliferous locality of Louvois was discovered by M. sometatarsi and pedal phalanges show large differences in Laurain during the digging of a ditch for a gas pipeline, and size, which may be interpreted as sexual size dimorphism. -
A Giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of The
Downloaded from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on January 11, 2017 The extreme insular adaptation of Garganornis rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org ballmanni Meijer, 2014: a Research giant Anseriformes of the Cite this article: Pavia M, Meijer HJM, Rossi Neogene of the MA, Göhlich UB. 2017 The extreme insular adaptation of Garganornis ballmanni Meijer, 2014: a giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of Mediterranean Basin the Mediterranean Basin. R. Soc. open sci. 1 2 4: 160722. Marco Pavia , Hanneke J. M. Meijer , Maria Adelaide http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160722 Rossi3 and Ursula B. Göhlich4 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy Received: 20 September 2016 2Department of Natural History, University Museum, University of Bergen, Postboks Accepted: 5 December 2016 7800, 5007 Bergen, Norway 3Soprintendenza archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio dell’Abruzzo, Via degli Agostiniani 14, 66100 Chieti, Italy 4Department of Geology and Paleontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Subject Category: Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria Earth science MP, 0000-0002-5188-4155 Subject Areas: palaeontology New skeletal elements of the recently described endemic giant anseriform Garganornis ballmanni Meijer, 2014 are presented, coming from the type-area of the Gargano and from Scontrone, Keywords: southern and central Italy, respectively. The new remains fossil bird, Anseriformes, flightlessness, represent the first bird remains found at Scontrone so far, and insular gigantism, Miocene, Italy another shared element between these two localities, both part of the Apulia-Abruzzi Palaeobioprovince. The presence of a very reduced carpometacarpus confirms its flightlessness, only previously supposed on the basis of the very large size, while Author for correspondence: the morphologies of tarsometatarsus and posterior phalanges Marco Pavia clearly indicate the adaptation of G. -
Review of Zoonotic Pathogens in Ambient Waters
EPA 822-R-09-002 REVIEW OF ZOONOTIC PATHOGENS IN AMBIENT WATERS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Health and Ecological Criteria Division February 2009 [this page intentionally left blank] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. February 2009 i [this page intentionally left blank] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to the EPA Work Assignment Manager: John Ravenscroft USEPA Headquarters Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Mail Code: 4304T Washington, DC 20460 Phone: 202-566-1101 Email: [email protected] This literature review was managed under EPA Contract EP-C-07-036 to Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc. The following individuals contributed to the development of the report: Lead writer: Audrey Ichida ICF International Leiran Biton ICF International Alexis Castrovinci ICF International Jennifer Clancy Clancy Environmental Consultants Mary Clark ICF International Elizabeth Dederick ICF International Kelly Hammerle ICF International Walter Jakubowski WaltJay Consulting Margaret McVey ICF International Michelle Moser ICF International Jeffery Rosen Clancy Environmental Consultants Tina Rouse ICF International Jennifer Welham ICF International -
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes Marcel van Tuinen,* Charles G. Sibley,² and S. Blair Hedges* *Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University; and ²Santa Rosa, California The origin of the ¯ightless ratite birds of the southern continents has been debated for over a century. Whether dispersal or vicariance (continental breakup) best explains their origin depends largely on their phylogenetic rela- tionships. No consensus has been reached on this issue despite many morphological and molecular studies. To address this question further we sequenced a 2.8-kb region of mitochondrial DNA containing the ribosomal genes in representative ratites and a tinamou. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Struthio (Africa) is basal and Rhea (South America) clusters with living Australasian ratites. This phylogeny agrees with transferrin and DNA hybrid- ization studies but not with sequence analyses of some protein-coding genes. These results also require reevaluation of the phylogenetic position of the extinct moas of New Zealand. We propose a new hypothesis for the origin of ratites that combines elements of dispersal and vicariance. Introduction The living ratites include two species of ostriches cause a UPGMA tree joined Rhea and Struthio, whereas (Struthio) in Africa and formerly in Asia, the Australian trees constructed with the Fitch-Margoliash (1967) al- emu (Dromaius), three species of cassowaries (Casuar- gorithm joined Rhea with the Australasian clade (Sibley ius) in New Guinea and northeastern Australia, three and Ahlquist 1990). In contrast, mitochondrial DNA se- species of forest-dwelling kiwis (Apteryx) in New Zea- quence data (12S rRNA; 400 bp) supported a basal po- land, and two rheas (Rhea) in South America (Sibley sition for Rhea (Cooper et al. -
An Avian Quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(4):712-719, December 2000 © 2000 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology AN AVIAN QUADRATE FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS LANCE FORMATION OF WYOMING ANDRZEJ ELZANOWSKll, GREGORY S. PAUV, and THOMAS A. STIDHAM3 'Institute of Zoology, University of Wroclaw, Ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50335 Wroclaw, Poland; 23109 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218 U.S.A.; 3Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 U.S.A. ABSTRACT-Based on an extensive survey of quadrate morphology in extant and fossil birds, a complete quadrate from the Maastrichtian Lance Formation has been assigned to a new genus of most probably odontognathous birds. The quadrate shares with that of the Odontognathae a rare configuration of the mandibular condyles and primitive avian traits, and with the Hesperomithidae a unique pterygoid articulation and a poorly defined (if any) division of the head. However, the quadrate differs from that of the Hesperomithidae by a hinge-like temporal articulation, a small size of the orbital process, a well-marked attachment for the medial (deep) layers of the protractor pterygoidei et quadrati muscle, and several other details. These differences, as well as the relatively small size of about 1.5-2.0 kg, suggest a feeding specialization different from that of Hesperomithidae. INTRODUCTION bination of its morphology, size, and both stratigraphic and geo- graphic occurrence effectively precludes its assignment to any The avian quadrate shows great taxonomic differences of a few fossil genera that are based on fragmentary material among the higher taxa of birds in the structure of its mandibular, without the quadrate.