DOCSLIB.ORG

Aquila 23. Évf. 1916

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aquila 23. Évf. 1916 A madarak palaeontologiájának története és irodalma. Irta : DR. Lambrecht Kálmán. Minden ismeret történetének eredete többé-kevésbbé homályba vész. Az els úttörk még maguk is csak tapogatóznak; leírásaik — a kezdet nehézségeivel küzdve — nem szabatosak, több bennük a sej- dít, mint a positiv elem. Fokozottan áll ez a palaeontologiára, amely- nek gyakran bizony igen hiányos anyaga gazdag recens összehasonlító anyagot és alapos morphologiai ismereteket igényel. A palaeontologia legismertebb történetíróinak, MARSH-nak^ és ZiTTEL-nek2 chronologiai beosztásait figyelmen kívül hagyva, ehelyütt Abel3 szellemes beosztását fogadjuk el és megkülönböztetünk a madár- palaeontologia történetében 1. phantasticus, 2. descriptiv és 3. morpho- logiai és phylogenetikai periódust. Nagyon természetes, hogy a fossilis madarak ismerete karöltve haladt a recens madarak osteologiájának megismerésével, 4 mert a palaeon- tologus csakis recens comparativ anyag és vizsgálatok alapján foghat munkához. De viszont igaz az is, hogy a morphologus sem mozdulhat meg az si alakok vázrendszerének ismerete nélkül, nem is szólva arról, hogy a gyakran nagyon töredékes fossilis maradványok mennyi érdekes morphologiai megfigyelésre vezették már a búvárokat. A phantasticus periódus. Ez a periódus, amely — összehasonlítás hiján — túlnyomóan speculativ alapon mvelte a tudományt, a XVIll. századdal, vagyis CuviER felléptével végzdik. Eltekintve Albertus MAGNUS-nak (1193—1280, Marsh szerint 1 Marsh, 0. C, Geschichte und Methode der paläoiitologischen Entdeckungen. — Kosmos VI. 1879. 339-352, 425-445. 2 ZiTTEL, K. A., Geschichte der Geologie und Paläontologie bis Ende des XIX. Jahrhunderts. — München, Leipzig, 1899. 3 Abel, O., Grundzüge der Palaeobiologie der Wirbeltiere. — Stuttgart, 1912. * A madárosteologia történetét 1. Newton, E. : Dictionary of Birds. — London 1893. Introduction. — A MADARAK PALAEONTOLOGIÁJÁNAK TÖRTÉNETE ÉS IRODALMA 197 1205— 1280) egy kövesült faágról, rajta madárfészekrl és benne mada- rakról hírt adó feljegyzésétl, az els tényleg fossilis madárnyomot ScHEUCHZER JÁNOS Jakab (1672— 1733), a «Homo diliivii tristis testis» hires leírója említi «Piscium querelae et vindiciis» cim mvében (1708). Mindössze egy madártoll lenyomata ez az oeningeni márgából, amelyet Fortis (1741 — 1803) késbb Serturalia-nak nézett, amelynek madárvoltát azonban Meyer Hermann is fenntartotta. Meyer H. írta le késbb (1845) az oeningeni márga fossilis madárcsontjait is, amelyekrl eltte Blumenbach (1752—1840), Razoumowsky (1789), Karg (1805) és is LaVATER J. K. (1808) megemlékeztek. A legrégibb fossilis madárleletekrl ma már bajos, de voltaképen fölösleges is részletesen szólani; bajos, mert a leletek jó része elkalló- dott; fölösleges, mert Meyer Hermann (Palaeologica, 1832) és Giebel (Die Vögel und Amphibien der Vorwelt, 1847) részletesen beszámoltak nemcsak a leletekrl, de irodalmukról is. Az európai fossilis madarak alapvet tanulmányait Franciaország palaeontologusainak, illetve a geologiailag és palaeontologiailag oly érdekes és gazdag párisi medencének köszönhetjük. Az els ilyen publi- catio Lamanon dolgozata : «Sur les Ornitholithes de Montmartre» (1782 1783); innen fakadtak Cuvier úttör és Milne-Edwards Alphonse klasszikus palaeo-ornithologiai tanulmányai is. A descriptiv periódus. A palaeontologia és általában a morphologiai zoologia renes- sainceja a genialis Cuvier Georges nevéhez fzdik, aki elsül ismerte föl és mondotta ki, hogy a fossilis csontleleteket a recens fauna osteo- logia! ismerete nélkül nem lehet értelmezni. Alighogy 1795-ben mint az Ecole Centrale tanára Parisban megtelepedett, már megkezdte a Mont- martre fossilis állatmaradványainak feldolgozását comparativ recens csont- gyüjtemény alapján. Amikor Mertrud halála után, 1802-ben a Jardin des Plantes-hoz került, még fokozottabban folytatta vizsgálatait és ezekrl szóló eladásait, amelyeket 1812-ben adott ki «Recherches sur les osse- ment fossiles etc.» cím alatt. Mvében a fossilis madarakat is figyelembe vette, a leleteket azon- ban nem névvel, hanem számmal jelölte meg a rokon alakokra való utalással. A leleteket modern szellemben Gervais és Milne-Edwards A. írták késbb le. Cuvier széleskör érdekldésére jellemz, hogy a tör- téneti idk folyamán (a XVII. században) kihalt dodo (Didus ineptus) is foglalkoztatta. 1 ^ V. ö. Flourens : Éloge historique de G. Cuvier. — Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris XIV. Hist. 1834. pp. 67. 198 DR. LAMBRECHT KÁLMÁN CuviER-nek, a descriptiv periódus alapvet úttörjének hatása alatt készü't alkalmasint de la Méthiere (1800) és Faujas de Saint Fond (1803) dolgozata is a Montmartre, illetve a Monte Bolca madárlenyoma- tairól. Ebben a szellemben dolgozták föl Cuvier iskolájának neves mve- li: Croizet és Jobert a Puy-de-Dôme département (1824), Risso, Mar- cell de Serres (1838) és munkatársai: Jean Jean és Dubreuil, valamint Pittore Délfranciaország negyedkori és régebbi faunáinak madármarad- ványait. Bár az egészséges kezdeményezés szellemes úttörit a palaeo-orni- thologia kétségtelenül Franciaország tudósainak köszönheti, már a kez- det kezdetén megjelentek az angol és német irodalomban is az alapvet mvek, úttör tanulmányok. Anglia fossilis, jobbára diluvialis barlangi madármaradványairól elsül Buckland William (1784 — 1856) i adott hírt «Reliquiae Diluvianae» cim hires mvében (1823). Nem tudom, mennyiben csatolható Langguth- nak 1803-ban megjelent doctori értekezése «De mumiis Avium in laby- rintho apud Saccaram repertis» (Wittebergae) tárgykörünkhöz, az azon- ban kétségtelen, hogy a XIX. század els évtizedeiben már Németország- ban is többen foglalkoztak a fossilis madármaradványok tanulmányozá- sával, így LaVATER egy oeningeni «ornitholith»-ot Scolopax gallinago- nak nézett (1808), amelyrl azonban Meyer Hermann késbb (1845) kimutatta, hogy voltaképen békamaradvány (Latlionia Seyfridi). Az oenin- geni molassmárga leletei különben több más szerzt is foglalkoztattak (Blumenbach, Meyer H., Razoumowskv, Schluchzer). Ha még meg- emlékezünk KOENIG E. «Icônes fossilium sectiles» cim, 1825-ben meg- jelent mvérl, valamint Karg (1805) és Keferstein (1820) mködésérl rá is térhetünk Meyer Hermann (1801 — 1869) korszakos jelentség eredményeinek tárgyalására.2 Meyer, aki tulajdonképen nem is volt hivatásos természetvizsgáló, hanem a német Bundeskassenverwaltung ellenre, illetleg pénztárosa, az Amphibiák, Reptiliák, madarak és emlsök palaeontologiájának Német- országban alapvet úttörjeként tette nevét feledhetetlenné. Ami palaeo- ornithologiai mködését illeti, «Palaeologica»-jában (1832) összefoglalta többek között az addig ismert összes fossilis madármaradványokat is, feldolgozta az oeningeni molassmárgának, a svájci halpalának (Protor- 1 V. ö. Gordon: The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D. D., F. R. S., sometime Dean of Westminster, twice President of the Geol. Soc, First Presi- dent of the Brit. Assoc. - by his daughter. — London, 1894. pp. XVH 288. 2 — V. Ö. ZiTTEL, K. : Denkschrift auf Christ Erich Hermann von Meyer. München, 1870. Akad. d. Wiss. A MADARAK PALAEONTOLOGIÁJÁNAK TÖRTÉNETE ÉS IRODALMA 199 nis glaronensis) és a horvátországi Radoboynak madárkövületeit. Leg- nevezetesebb, a palaeontologiában és általában a késbbi származástan- ban korszakos jelentség felfedezése : a legrégibb eddig ismert i madár- nak, az Archaeopteiyx lithogmpliica-mk felismerése és publikálása, ami- ben osztoznia kellet OwEN-nal. Az Archaeopteryx tollának lenyomatát tartalmazó els, solenhofeni jurakori paladarabot 1861-ben találták meg és Meyer H. írta le a «Jahr- buch für Mineralogie»-ban (1861. 561, 678) Archaeopteiyx lithograpliica néven, mint a legrégibb eddig ismert madármaradványt. Alig néhány érdekesebb leletet muta- hétre rá Wagner J. A. (1797—1861) egy még tott be a müncheni Akadémia 1861 november 9-iki ülésén, egy jó meg- tartású csontvázlenyomatot, Grypliosaums problematicus néven és a következ címen: «Ein neues, angeblich mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil». A két felfedezés, különösen azonban a második, rövid id alatt világszerte óriási feltnést keltett a tudományos körökben, a British Museum 14.000 márkáért sietett meg is vásárolni az utóbbit. A búvárok túlnyomó része azonnal felismerte a lelet fontosságát; a nevesebbek közül egyedül Giebel minsítette eleinte falsumnak («Der lithographierte lithographische Vogelsaurier», Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. XXL, 1863, 526), de csakhamar is elismerte Meyer és Owen igazát. Angliában elsül maga Owen vizsgálta meg a csontváz lenyomatát (1862, 1863), aki Archaeopteiyx macrura névvel jelölte meg, azután Parker W. K. (1823— 1890), Darwin és Wallace tanának az ornitholo- giában els hirdetje, majd Voqt Károly (1879), Dollo L. (1881) és mások. A németek önérzetét nagyon sértette, hogy a palaeontologiának ez a sokat ünnepelt lelete kikerült hazájukból, szerencséjükre azonban az els lelet lelhelyének közvetlen közelében, Eichstätt mellett, Blumen- bergen még egy a londoninál jobb megtartású lenyomatot találtak, amelyet Dames W. Archaeopteryx Siemenst néven írt le (1884), Siemens tiszteletére, aki a második, 20.000 márka értékre becsült leletet a berlini palaeontologiai museumnak biztosította. Az Archaeopteryx morphologiai viszonyait az említett búvárokon kívül Gerstäcker (1887), legújabban Abel (1911), Heilmann (1915) és Stellwaag (1916) fejtegették behatóan; szárnykörmeinek az Opísthocomus eristatus fiókáira emlékeztet, st azzal megegyez voltára Headley, Pycraft és Lucas mutattak rá (1890—1895). 1 1902-ben Vidal L. hírt adott még egy jurakori (Kimmeridge emelet) madár- maradványról (Spanyolország), amely azonban az ásatások közben elveszett. A német- keletafrikai
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Folklore & History of the Heritage Highway
    Folklore & History of the Heritage Highway Keep an eye out between Tunbridge and Kemton for sixteen silhouettes. Some are quite close to road, some are high on the hilltops. What stories can they tell us about the history of this intriguing region. Page 2 Two hundred years on there’s still plenty of ways to get held up on the Heritage Highway The Silhouette sculpture trail along the Southern half of the Midland Highway is completed, nine years after it was started by locals Folko Kooper and Maureen Craig. The trail between Tunbridge and Kempton, has become an enjoyable feature of the journey along the highway. Installation of four coaching-related sculptures at Kempton earlier this year marked completion of a trail which now has 16 pieces. Page 3 Leaving Oatlands towards the North, on the right side of the Heritage Highway. Troop Of Soldiers—St Peters Pass Van Diemen’s Land was first and foremost a British military outpost. Soldiers accompanied the convicts on the transport ships, supervised the rationing of supplies, and guarded the chain gangs, They also supervised construction of bridges public and private buildings– as well as watching out for the French! Most didn’t stay long. There were other British interests around the world to defend. Many of the convicts they guarded had also been soldiers, but were reduced to committing crime once the wars they were fighting ended and they were out of a job. Chain Gang—North off York Plains Turn-off There was a lot to do to build the colony of Van Diemen’s Land.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey
    The Cretaceous Birds of New Jersey <^' STORRS L. OLSON and DAVID C. PARRIS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 63 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge' was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discovenes In science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series; Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the f^arine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for senes publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscnpts are given substantive review.
    [Show full text]
  • Annualreportofdi72fiel.Pdf
    mmmmm , THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY SOT CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. Theft/ mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAR 9 1991 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. VII, Plate XXI ERNEST R. GRAHAM Trustee of the Museum and member of the Building Committee Field Museum of Natural History Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Publication 248 Report Series Vol. VII, No. 2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1927 nf -"^ THE imm JUL 3 1323 Of 'LUNOIS UNlVWSltY Chicago, U. S. A. January, 1928 OF THE tiW^ViiuSHY Of ILimOlS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS ^ i V BEQUESTS Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may be made in securities, money, books or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to the memory of a person or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum, the following form is suggested: FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to Field Museum of Natural History of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, Cash contributions made within the taxable year to Field Museum of Natural History to an amount not in excess of 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income are allowable as deduc- tions in computing net income under Article 251 of Regula- tion 69 relating to the income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Vol. 11, No. 3
    BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae
    [Show full text]
  • Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
    / Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Extinction of Birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) Boundary
    Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary Nicholas R. Longricha,1, Tim Tokarykb, and Daniel J. Fielda aDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109; and bRoyal Saskatchewan Museum Fossil Research Station, Eastend, SK, Canada S0N 0T0 Edited by David Jablonski, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved August 10, 2011 (received for review June 30, 2011) The effect of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) (formerly Creta- conflicting signals. Many studies imply “mass survival” among ceous–Tertiary, K–T) mass extinction on avian evolution is de- birds, with numerous Neornithine lineages crossing the K–Pg bated, primarily because of the poor fossil record of Late boundary (18, 19), although one study found evidence for limited Cretaceous birds. In particular, it remains unclear whether archaic Cretaceous diversification followed by explosive diversification in birds became extinct gradually over the course of the Cretaceous the Paleogene (20). Regardless, molecular studies cannot de- or whether they remained diverse up to the end of the Cretaceous termine whether archaic lineages persisted until the end of the and perished in the K–Pg mass extinction. Here, we describe a di- Cretaceous; only the fossil record can provide data on the timing verse avifauna from the latest Maastrichtian of western North of their extinction. America, which provides definitive evidence for the persistence of The only diverse avian assemblage that can be confidently a range of archaic birds to within 300,000 y of the K–Pg boundary. dated to the end of the Maastrichtian, and which can therefore A total of 17 species are identified, including 7 species of archaic be brought to bear on this question (SI Appendix), is from the bird, representing Enantiornithes, Ichthyornithes, Hesperornithes, late Maastrichtian (Lancian land vertebrate age) beds of the and an Apsaravis-like bird.
    [Show full text]
  • Sistemática Y Filogenia De Las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae)
    SISTEMÁTICA Y FILOGENIA DE LAS AVES FORORRACOIDEAS (GRUIFORMES, CARIAMAE) Federico Agnolín1, 2 1Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Av. Ángel Gallardo, 470 (1405), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. fedeagnolí[email protected] 2Área Paleontología. Fundación de Historia Natural “Félix de Azara”. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropolo- gía. CEBBAD - Universidad Maimónides. Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB), Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae). Federico Agnolín. Primera edición: septiembre de 2009. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología CEBBAD - Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Universidad Maimónides Valentín Virasoro 732 (C1405BDB) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, República Argentina. Teléfono: 011-4905-1100 (int. 1228). E-mail: [email protected] Página web: www.fundacionazara.org.ar Diseño: Claudia Di Leva. Agnolín, Federico Sistemática y filogenia de las aves fororracoideas : gruiformes, cariamae / Federico Agnolín ; dirigido por Adrián Giacchino. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, 2009. 79 p. : il. ; 30x21 cm. - (Monografías Fundación Azara / Adrián Giacchino) ISBN 978-987-25346-1-5 © Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Sistemática y Filogenia de las aves fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) Resumen. En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión sistemática de las aves fororracoideas y se propone por primera vez una filogenia cladística para los Phororhacoidea y grupos relacionados. Se acuña el nuevo nombre Notogrues para el clado que incluye entre otros taxones a Psophia, Cariamidae y Phororhacoidea. Dentro de los Notogrues se observa una paulatina tendencia hacia la pérdida del vuelo y la carnivoría.
    [Show full text]
  • 3966 Tour Op 4Col
    The Tasmanian Advantage natural and cultural features of Tasmania a resource manual aimed at developing knowledge and interpretive skills specific to Tasmania Contents 1 INTRODUCTION The aim of the manual Notesheets & how to use them Interpretation tips & useful references Minimal impact tourism 2 TASMANIA IN BRIEF Location Size Climate Population National parks Tasmania’s Wilderness World Heritage Area (WHA) Marine reserves Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) 4 INTERPRETATION AND TIPS Background What is interpretation? What is the aim of your operation? Principles of interpretation Planning to interpret Conducting your tour Research your content Manage the potential risks Evaluate your tour Commercial operators information 5 NATURAL ADVANTAGE Antarctic connection Geodiversity Marine environment Plant communities Threatened fauna species Mammals Birds Reptiles Freshwater fishes Invertebrates Fire Threats 6 HERITAGE Tasmanian Aboriginal heritage European history Convicts Whaling Pining Mining Coastal fishing Inland fishing History of the parks service History of forestry History of hydro electric power Gordon below Franklin dam controversy 6 WHAT AND WHERE: EAST & NORTHEAST National parks Reserved areas Great short walks Tasmanian trail Snippets of history What’s in a name? 7 WHAT AND WHERE: SOUTH & CENTRAL PLATEAU 8 WHAT AND WHERE: WEST & NORTHWEST 9 REFERENCES Useful references List of notesheets 10 NOTESHEETS: FAUNA Wildlife, Living with wildlife, Caring for nature, Threatened species, Threats 11 NOTESHEETS: PARKS & PLACES Parks & places,
    [Show full text]
  • Titanis Walleri: Bones of Contention
    Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 201-229 201 TITANIS WALLERI: BONES OF CONTENTION Gina C. Gould1 and Irvy R. Quitmyer2 Titanis walleri, one of the largest and possibly the last surviving member of the otherwise South American Phorusrhacidae is re- considered in light of all available data. The only verified phorusrhacid recovered in North America, Titanis was believed to exhibit a forward-extending arm with a flexible claw instead of a traditional bird wing like the other members of this extinct group. Our review of the already described and undescribed Titanis material housed at the Florida Museum of Natural History suggest that Titanis: (1) was like other phorusrhacids in sporting small, ineffectual ratite-like wings; (2) was among the tallest of the known phorusrhacids; and (3) is the last known member of its lineage. Hypotheses of its range extending into the Pleistocene of Texas are challenged, and herein Titanis is presumed to have suffered the same fate of many other Pliocene migrants of the Great American Interchange: extinction prior to the Pleistocene. Key Words: Phorusrhacidae; Great American Biotic Interchange; Florida; Pliocene; Titanis INTRODUCTION men on the tarsometatarsus, these specimens were as- Titanis walleri (Brodkorb 1963), more commonly known signed to the Family Phorusrhacidae (Brodkorb 1963) as the North American ‘Terror Bird’, is one of the larg- and named after both a Titan Goddess from Greek my- est known phorusrhacids, an extinct group of flightless thology and Benjamin Waller, the discoverer of the fos- carnivorous birds from the Tertiary of South America, sils (Zimmer 1997). Since then, isolated Titanis mate- and most likely, the last known member of its lineage rial has been recovered from three other localities in (Brodkorb 1967; Tonni 1980; Marshall 1994; Alvarenga Florida (Table 1; Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • BY ORDER of the SECRETARY of the AIR FORCE AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36-2803 18 DECEMBER 2013 Personnel the AIR FORCE MILITARY AWAR
    BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36-2803 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 18 DECEMBER 2013 Personnel THE AIR FORCE MILITARY AWARDS AND DECORATIONS PROGRAM COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY ACCESSIBILITY: Publication and forms are available for downloading or ordering on e-Publishing website at: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil. RELEASABILITY: There are no releasibility restrictions on this publication. OPR: AFPC/DPSIDR Certified by: AF/A1S (Col Patrick J. Doherty) Supersedes: AFI36-2803, 15 June 2001 Pages: 235 This instruction implements the requirements of Department of Defense (DoD) Instruction (DoDI) 1348.33, Military Awards Program, and Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 36-28, Awards and Decorations Program. It provides Department of the Air Force policy, criteria, and administrative instructions concerning individual military decorations, service and campaign medals, and unit decorations. It prescribes the policies and procedures concerning United States Air Force awards to foreign military personnel and foreign decorations to United States Air Force personnel. This instruction applies to all Active Duty Air Force, Air Force Reserve (AFR), and Air National Guard (ANG) personnel and units. In collaboration with the Chief of Air Force Reserve (HQ USAF/RE) and the Director of the Air National Guard (NGB/CF), the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower, Personnel, and Services (HQ USAF/A1) develops policy for the Military Awards and Decorations Program. The use of Reserve Component noted in certain chapters of this Air Force Instruction (AFI) refers to the ANG and AFR personnel. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Form 847s from the field through the Major Command (MAJCOM) publications/forms managers.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes
    Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ratite Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes Marcel van Tuinen,* Charles G. Sibley,² and S. Blair Hedges* *Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University; and ²Santa Rosa, California The origin of the ¯ightless ratite birds of the southern continents has been debated for over a century. Whether dispersal or vicariance (continental breakup) best explains their origin depends largely on their phylogenetic rela- tionships. No consensus has been reached on this issue despite many morphological and molecular studies. To address this question further we sequenced a 2.8-kb region of mitochondrial DNA containing the ribosomal genes in representative ratites and a tinamou. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Struthio (Africa) is basal and Rhea (South America) clusters with living Australasian ratites. This phylogeny agrees with transferrin and DNA hybrid- ization studies but not with sequence analyses of some protein-coding genes. These results also require reevaluation of the phylogenetic position of the extinct moas of New Zealand. We propose a new hypothesis for the origin of ratites that combines elements of dispersal and vicariance. Introduction The living ratites include two species of ostriches cause a UPGMA tree joined Rhea and Struthio, whereas (Struthio) in Africa and formerly in Asia, the Australian trees constructed with the Fitch-Margoliash (1967) al- emu (Dromaius), three species of cassowaries (Casuar- gorithm joined Rhea with the Australasian clade (Sibley ius) in New Guinea and northeastern Australia, three and Ahlquist 1990). In contrast, mitochondrial DNA se- species of forest-dwelling kiwis (Apteryx) in New Zea- quence data (12S rRNA; 400 bp) supported a basal po- land, and two rheas (Rhea) in South America (Sibley sition for Rhea (Cooper et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Kharuk IJWF 2007.Pdf
    CSIRO PUBLISHING International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2007, 16, 556–562 www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ijwf The spatial and temporal distribution of fires on Sakhalin Island, Russia V. I. KharukA, E. S. KasischkeB,D and O. E. YakubailikC AInstitute of Forestry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. BUniversity of Maryland, Department of Geography, 2181 Lefrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA. CInstitute of Computer Modeling, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. In the 1990s, catastrophic fires affected ∼8 million ha of forest lands in the Russian Far East, including forests of Sakhalin Island.A study that correlated the spatial distribution of burned area and topographic features (elevation, slope, aspect) was carried out for Sakhalin Island. Burned area information derived from forest inventory maps (1935 to 1990) and satellite imagery (1998) was digitised and entered into a Geographic Information System. The burned area locations were correlated with topographic information; the normalisation procedure allows for analysis of the dependence of the fire scars on landscape features. The analyses show that fires occur primarily on the eastern, south- and north-eastern facing areas; >90% of fires occur at elevations lower than 300 m, and >95% occur on slopes <10 degrees. For the period 1935 to 1998, ∼54% of the Sakhalin Island forest land territory was burned. From the total area of fire scars, formed from 1935 to 1998, 90.5% occurred owing to single fires, 8.6% of fire scars were the result of burning by two fires, 0.9% of fire scars were from three fires, and 0.03% from four fires.
    [Show full text]