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BB)) FFOONNTTAAIIINNEEBBLLEEAAUU ::: LLEE CCRREEPPUUSSCCUULLEE DDEESS DDIIIEEUUXX... 4 5 Lorsque Louis Napoléon Bonaparte devient Empereur des Français le 2 Décembre 1851, il bénéficie d’un large soutien populaire et de la connivence d’un certain nombre de forces politiques modérées et conservatrices qui ne veulent plus revivre les journées sanglantes de Juin 1848. Las des expériences politiques qui s’achèvent dans le désordre et la banqueroute, beaucoup de français voient en Louis Napoléon, l’homme providentiel qui va rétablir l’ordre et la confiance dans le pays. Louis Napoléon a lui même été assez habile pour justifier son coup d’Etat au nom de la défense du suffrage universel, dont les conservateurs orléanistes de l’Assemblée avait voulu exclure un tiers des électeurs en aggravant les exigences de conditions de résidence pour pouvoir voter. Napoléon va donc légitimer sa prise du pouvoir, par le rétablissement –au moins formellement- du principe de Souveraineté du Peuple. Par ailleurs, Louis Napoléon bénéficie également des 17 années de règne de Louis-Philippe entre 1830 et 1848, au cours desquelles la monarchie d’Orléans n’a cessé de magnifier l’œuvre de l’Empereur ( épopée sur les champs de batailles européens, Code Civil, réalisations architecturales…). Le « 2 Décembre » a donc en partie réussi, parce que les français étaient prêts à accueillir à nouveau un Bonaparte comme Chef. Dans un premier mouvement de notre réflexion, nous allons voir qu’au lendemain des journées insurrectionnelles des 27, 28 et 29 Juillet 1830, la jeune monarchie de Juillet s’est retrouvée totalement isolée sur la scène politique française et qu’en se positionnant sur la voie du « Juste Milieu », l’orléanisme s’est aliéné à la fois les forces progressistes républicaines se réclamant de la « Souveraineté du Peuple » et les tenants du « principe monarchique » qui rassemblaient les éléments conservateurs de la société dont Louis-Philippe aurait pourtant eu besoin au départ pour asseoir son autorité. Dans la seconde partie de nos propos, nous verrons comment la monarchie de Juillet s’est appropriée la période napoléonienne, n’en retenant que la « gloire », pour asseoir sa légitimité. Nous constaterons que les politiques gouvernementales, parlementaires et des services de la Liste Civile du Roi Louis-Philippe, ont en pleine connaissance de cause, favorisé l’émergence d’un climat favorable au bonapartisme, croyant en cela assurer la survie de la jeune 6 monarchie orléaniste. « Tel est pris qui croyait prendre » est probablement l’adage qui illustrerait le mieux cette faute politique majeure de la monarchie de Juillet. I) L’obsédante recherche de la légitimité par la monarchie de Juillet Dès le 9 Août 1830, date à laquelle Louis Philippe prête serment sur la Charte de Juillet 1830 devant les Chambres, se pose pour la jeune monarchie de Juillet le problème de sa légitimité à gouverner. A) La monarchie de Juillet, un régime hybride qui se réclame à la fois du principe monarchique et de la Souveraineté populaire. Face aux Bourbons qu’il a renversés et devant l’hostilité des républicains qu’il a privés de leur victoire après les « Trois Glorieuses », Louis-Philippe d’Orléans doit absolument légitimer son pouvoir naissant. Son régime revendique certes un caractère monarchique, car la famille d’Orléans, en tant que branche cadette des Bourbons, a toujours pu faire prévaloir des droits à régner, mais il se réclame aussi des idéaux de la Révolution Française, puisque le « Roi des Français » a combattu dans les armées républicaines à Valmy et à Jemmapes à la fin de 1792. Cet aspect consensuel, qui devrait faire sa force, constitue en fait la très grande faiblesse de ce régime. 1) Une royauté issue d’une Révolution. En France, le terme de « monarchie » est synonyme de conservatisme. Or, le nouveau régime monarchique qui naît le 9 Août 1830, est le fruit d’émeutes. A propos de Louis- Philippe, les Légitimistes parleront de « roi des barricades » et ils moqueront l’accolade entre Lafayette et Louis –Philippe d’Orléans, le 30 Juillet 1830, sur le balcon de l’hôtel de ville, en la qualifiant de « sacre populaire ». 7 a) Les journées insurrectionnelles de Juillet 1830. Les « Trois Glorieuses », 27, 28 et 29 Juillet 1830, sont des journées insurrectionnelles parisiennes, qui entraînent la chute de Charles X, dernier roi Bourbon et l’arrivée sur le Trône de France de la dynastie d’Orléans. Le peuple de Paris, aidé des élèves des Grandes Ecoles et dirigé militairement par des anciens sous-officiers en demie solde de l’Empire, s’est révolté contre le régime de Charles X qui avait publié dans le Moniteur du 25 Juillet 1830 des ordonnances liberticides, supprimant de fait la liberté de la presse, suspendant l’exercice des libertés constitutionnelles et restreignant le droit de suffrage. Suscitées par les ouvriers typographes, directement victimes des atteintes à la liberté de la presse et organisées en sous main par les orléanistes favorables à Adolphe Thiers et le journal « Le National », ces émeutes mettent fin à la période dite de la « Restauration
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