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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Related Research

The purpose of this chapter is to compile and organize information about the variables integral to this research. This includes references that link theory to practice and the relevant operative definitions. In this regard, qualifying concepts such as groupthink and turnover as well as to define the main operative definition in order to get better appreciation and understanding.

2.1 Introduction

Battambang is located in the northwest of the Kingdom and it is well known for being the leading rice-producing province. It is the main hub connecting to the northwest region with Phnom Penh and Thailand. According to the results of the 2011 Economic Census, the total number of establishments of indicated 34, 097 while the total number of persons engaged showed 84,790 persons. It accounts for 6.8% of the total number of establishments in (505,134 establishments) and for 5.1% of the total number of person engaged (1,673,390 persons) in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Furthermore, the results of the 2011 Economic Census disclosed that the total amount of annual sales in Battambang presented 576 million US dollars while that of annual expenses in the province indicated 466 million US dollars. The former accounted for 4.5% of the total amount of annual sales while the latter for 4.2% of the total amount of annual expenses in the Kingdom.

2.2 History of

According to the legendary the name “ BATTAMBANG” derived from origin story that a king name Tambang Kranhoung threw his stick toward Jao Phromakil then his stick had lost over this Battambang area. Indeed, this province has a really amuse history. In the 18th century, when the Statue in Battambang province Cambodia was extremely weak, and the invasion of the Thai and Vietnamese soldiers there is one Khmer official named Phyan Ben, who is the governor of Battambang and Siem Reap province had betrayed not listen to Oudong civil servants, and he was supported by Thai King. Thai King liked him and promoted Pyan Ben and his relatives to be the lord which, local people called them “Sir”. At that time, Battambang and

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Siem Reap was dominated by Thailand in the year 1795. In 1907 these two provinces were occupied by Khmer, later on during the second world war (1939-1945) Thailand has seized Battambang and Siem Reap again. Finally, Khmer has occupied those two provinces in 1945 until now due to France colonial. Another documents have described about history of Battambang province as following; After the failure of Langvek building Cambodia was extremely weak and Thai and Vietnamese have often invaded Cambodia. In 1794 Battambang province was dominated by Thailand and one Khmer king name Ang Doung had intention of defense-minded territory from losing then he asked French government for help. In 1759 France has built his own palace then they have set colonial laws on Kampuchea Krom area of Cambodia to be the territory of Vietnam. In 1863 the King Norodom handed Cambodia over to France for protecting in order to avoid invading from neighboring countries. In 1867 Thai king agreed of the France colonial on Cambodia but, Thailand was still dominating Battambang, Siem Reap, Sisoporn, Mluo Prey and Tonle Pouv. French government had planned to demand for Battambang and Siem Reap using force but, in 1886 conflict between France and Thailand had occurred in Laos. French soldier dismissed Thai soldier from northern part of Laos. Battambang province, which was dominated by Thailand and because of the huge ambitious of Chauvea Bean in 1795, This province was occupied again by Cambodia during the duty of king Sisovath and king Chulalong Korn.

2.3 Geography of Battambang Province 2.3.1 Geography

Battambang province in located in the north-west of Cambodia, which border with Pursa Banteaymeanchey provinces, Tonle Sap lake and also Thailand border. This province is located around 291 kilometers from capital city of Phnom Penh. Battambang province, one of the leading rice, sweet orange and natural gems in Pailin province. On the other hand, there are many natural resources in this province such as; forest, fish, and other agriculture crops like, lentils, peanuts,

soybeans, etc. In addition, there are many Map of Battambang province types water animals in Tonle Sap lake namely, crocodiles, snakes, turtles, softshell which is living

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in the flooded forest. In the end of 1940s and 1950s the forest in this province was the home of thousand of wildlife such as; elephants, deer, and feral. The central part of the province wide spread from north to south are the administration areas, countryside, and fields of rice. The necessary rivers which are floating across the province toward Tonle Sap lake are Don Tri, Mong Ruessey, Stueng Songkhae, and Stueng Mongkol Borey rivers. The main roads that is connected from capital city of Phnom Penh to this province is national road number 5 (Phnom Penh – Poipet) railway (Phnom Penh – Poipet), Veal Bekchan airport for domestic flights and water way from Phnom Penh via Tonle Sap lake - Stueng Songkhae river to the city of Battambang during raining season. The province has totally 13 districts, 1 city and 98 communes, and Battambang has its own 11702 square kilometers and 1,1 million of population. Recently, tourism industry is the major source for economic development, so Battambang also play an important role to attract the tourists from over the world to visit his ancient temples and natural resources including agricultural sector, trade, industrial and cultural.

2.3.2 Weather

The weather of this province is medium, not too cold and not too hot. The weather will be changed depends on seasons, dry season starts from November to April, which temperature is around 29 to 32 degree Celsius and raining season starts from May to the end of October and the normal temperature is around 26 degree Celsius. Normally, this province receives 1,300mm rain in 122 days of a year and low rain fall from December to January, which is only 4 or 5 mm then heavy rain fall during June to October with approximately 160 to 240mm.

2.3.3 Topography

Battambang province has east borders with Tole Sap lake, north border with Kampong Trach, south border with Pursat province and the west border with Pailin province and Thailand. This province has totally 1,162,2 hectares and are used as following; - Land for construction is 42.200 hectares - Land for grow rice is 415.200 hectares - Submerges is 145.800 hectares - Public land is 486.700 hectares Battambang province is divided and combined with mountain area, high plateau and big water system; - There are big forest and especially, full of bamboo on the mountain - High limestone plateau and yellowed soil

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- Fertile soil that can grow rice - Water from Tonle Sap lake can be used to supply growing crops Because of Battambang province is full of natural resources so they can attract more tourists both local and international.

2.4 Attract Resources

There are more than 30 tourism places in Battambang province, which have registered and listed on the map and for observation. But we would like to mention only 13 places which are the most popular and in order to make it easy for researching we divided them into 3 parts and they are, 3 places in natural resources, 4 places in cultural resources and historical, and the last 3 places in artificial resources.

2.4.1 Natural Resources

Because of Battambang province is in the shape of highlands area that is full of mountains, forest, and various types of nature, so it is main factor, which attracts more tourists to visit when they are free from work. Natural resources are a major resource to serve the needs of people. In particular, forestry is important in helping to prevent flooding as a shelter for all kinds of wildlife and wild fish. Moreover, they have a role in hiring natural beauty in the magnificent beauty that can help to attract the interest from tourists from everywhere.

2.4.1.1 Natural Resorts and Cultural of Sampouv Mountain

Sampouv mountain is a natural resort which located along the national road number 57 Sompouv district, Srok Battambang and it has around 100 meters height and approximately 12 kilometers from Battambang city. There is an temple on the top of the mountain and many caves such as; Pkarsla cave, Lakhorn cave, Taeng Kloun cave, Khyol cave, Asop cave, Kork Troung cave, etc. We will see these caves as long as we arrived on the top and we even can visit many stages of the mountain. Each cave has a different history and a striking separately as well; Pkarsla cave is a really beautiful cave, which has stone mountain grow like a flower and it had happened since the ancient time because of the shedding of drops of water slowly for thousands of years, and assembly becomes a huge rock so then the local people called them Pkarsla cave. And Khyol cave is a cave that has cold temperature when we stand in front of it and it makes visitors feel relax and refresh. Not only the air in the cave, but when we were going up the hill there is a persistent cold air with a natural green color. Whereas today there are some cave was loaded with

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large skull ghost left since the Pol Pot regime. There is also some pagodas locate on the top of the mountain namely; Tvea Bram Bey temple where incense grandmother Tep. We can see the big structures such as Buddha statues and Buddhist monks lined. Meanwhile, we can also hear Monk Blessing In the evening, visitors can on top until 5 pm because they to take long time to climb down the mountain. In addition, the other in the evening, we could see a flock of bats bats fly into the dark cave that form a great spectacle. When we climb down from the mountain, we can go through Battambang city to see the city view and nightlife of local people in the city like we can sit on the bents alone the Sangkae river, we can even buy fruits such as; orange, coconut, mango and we can eat every dessert, such as fruit juice cocktails.

2.4.1.2 Buddha Mountain

Buddha mountain is located in Buddha village, Beoung Rang district, Srok Kam Reang where tourist can travel via by national toad number 57 and it will go across Pailin city, across Stueng Koy resort, Srueng Kam Reang and continue until arrived in Buddha mountain totally it is 122.57 kilometers from the city of Battambang province. From the ancient there was Buddha died in this mountain and every holy day we can hear the strange sound of Pinpet from it, and usually residents have always celebrated this there. And in this mountain cave into 7 floors with White alligator walk through this tunnel and into the river. Now the government is try to research and develop those areas. For arrangements to improve the re-building that is only beginning in 1999 and this mountain is famous for the people who always came to play a large number of other holidays. The properties of this mountain are: - Shadow looks like a statue of the Buddha on the wall rocks - There is a large rock that beautiful in the mountains, especially the mountain wall - Slot tornado - There are big trees beautiful forests on Mount - Farm crops, corn, potatoes and other crops around the mountain - On the south of the mountain there is a lake with pure water and beautiful green trees

2.4.1.3 Sek Sork Resort

Sek Sork is the natural resort, which has been popular since before the civil war time. Sek Sork stretches along the riverbank full of plant, trees and bamboo-green nature in 500-meter length. Regarding to Sek Sork, tourists can also visit other attractive sites like Pich Chenda Dangtung water bubble amd Laang Spean Andet site.Sek Sak located in Treng commune,

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Rotanak Mondul District in 50-kilometer distance southwest of the provincial town of Battambang along the National Road No 57, the former National Road No 10. Sek Sork, Battambang is one of the beautiful places that a nature-loving traveler will like to explore. This is a natural resort, which has remained a popular tourist spot for a long time. It is popularly known as the Sek Sak Resort and the area lies on the banks of a river. The area is filled with lots of trees and green vegetation making it a scenic paradise. Sek Sork, Battambang is a well-known place, which became famous especially during the time of Civil War. During the Trip to Battambang, you will find Sek Sork is located at Treng commune that lies in Mondul District. This place is located at a distance of 50 kilometer away from the provincial town of Battambang and you are to take the National Road No 57 in order to reach the Sek Sak Resort. This road was previously known as the National Road No 10. The journey through this road is going to be beautiful and for this reason, it is expected that the whole trip is going to be enjoyable and filled with lots of fun and excitement. In the region of Sek Sork in Battambang, you will find large number of vegetation, which consists of herbs, shrubs, trees of different species and bamboo trees. The bamboo trees that are available in the area are of 500 meters of height grabbing the tourists' attention. The place is one of the popular excursion destinations where adventure-loving enthusiasts love to come and enjoy their expedition.

2.4.2 Cultural Resources and Historical 2.4.2.1 Domrey Sar Pagoda

Wat Tahm-rai-saw (White Elephant Pagoda), Battambang is one of the frequently accessed tourist spots that is situated in the city center area. This famous temple is located in one of the busy districts of the city, which can be convenient to access making this temple one of the prime Battambang attractions. Wat Tahm-rai-saw (White Elephant Pagoda), Battambang is a temple that is known for its elaborate architectural structure. If you are to visit this popular tourism destination, you are to take one of the roads known to be Road 2 or Road 3. Road 2 is comparatively busier than Road 3. There are roadside shops and eateries that you will be getting as you take one of the two roads. Also, being located close to the city center area, there are many hotels and lodging destinations that you will be getting in this part of the city. So, it is quite easy for the tourists staying in this region to pay a visit to this temple. The best time to visit the White Elephant Pagoda in Battambang is during the time of Khmer New Year festival. It is during this time that the temple and the adjacent streets are particularly decorated with various colorful accessories making it more beautiful. You will like to take part in this important festival of the place as well as enjoy the gorgeous artistic sculptures and brilliant architectural designs. These elaborate designs make it one of the really worth visiting

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sites in Cambodia. Wat Tahm-rai-saw in Battambang is considered to be one of the important sightseeing places since apart from being a famous architectural landmark, it is also a place known for its abundant entertainment options. Some of the specialties that are included in the amusement options are classical dancing accompanied with traditional music. Particularly at the time of Khmer New Year festival there are lots of jubilations and celebrations that are organized in the streets close to the temple premises. One compulsory thing that is marks the rituals of the festival is that people throw plenty of water mixed with colored powder at the gathered masses as a good luck wish and blessed them with fun and prosperity. Conclusively, tourists should come to this place especially during the time of Khmer New Year festival in order to enjoy a tour to this White Elephant Pagoda in Battambang as well as take an active participation in the festival.

2.4.2.2 Banon Temple

Banon temple is a natural and cultural resort where located on the top of Banon mountain. This resort located around 20.20 kilometers in the south of the province. Tourist can travel through car, or motorcycle from the city of Battambang road number P 1571 and national road number 800 along Sangkae river, this resort is in Banon village, Kanti pi district, srok Banon. Banon temple had been build in the mid of 11th centaury until the end of 12th centaury. The king, who is the first to build this temple, is Eu Yuan Sotitya Suryavarman 2nd (1050-1066) later on it was finished by the king Jayavarman 7th (1181-1219). The style of this temple is similar to Angkorwat temple, which was built from mountain stones. A French historian who has found Angkorwat name Mr. HENRY MOUHOT has reported about this temple for 140 years that when people drank water inside the cave they will remember their previous lives, future lives and recently lives. The name of the cave at that time was Preah Kun Terk. This resort has ancient on the top, and along the hill has rampart and there are 2 main cave is a cave named Angkor Bet Meas which means walls are covered by gold, even if we cannot see the real gold but water drops shed the golden light and another cave named Chhung cave. Pure fresh air and lie down in a cool cave, in the courtyard entrance, restaurant and shops selling local fruits with good security. Moreover, visitors can go along the staircase made of laterite, what is most important, in a cave in the mountains with beautiful forests and animal species.

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2.4.2.3 Ek Phnom Pagoda

Situated about 10 km north of the Cobra Bridge are the ruins of Ek Phnom. It was built during the Bayon period and unfortunately is much worse for the wear than Phnom Banan.It?s an interesting place, however, because there is a freshly constructed working temple right in front of the ruins. This temple, along with the temple ruins, is the center of holiday festivities for the people of the nearby village. They dress up in their Sunday best and have a celebration between the old and the new temples and climb all around the ruins with their families. The ruins are on a very small hill so there is no workout involved in viewing them much of the temple is in shambles and was heavily looted. There are still some sitting Buddha images intact higher up on the walls. On the inside is a carving of a tug-of-war with participants tugging away on a serpent. The participants on the left have lost their heads to looters (they lost face), with the guys on the right still having their heads intact. Ek Phnom is also easy to get to-just head north on the River Road (Road 1) a bit over 10 km (the road north of the Cobra Bridge snakes around a bit, but goes back to the river). As you are getting close to the temple, you will pass over a small concrete bridge. The road beyond will veer off to the right, but the modern temple is there to the left. Enter the new temple grounds and the ruins are located to the rear. Again, a round-trip moto-taxi is about 120 baht from Battambang. Wat Ek Phnom is 11km from Battambang?s ferry landing by the shortest route and 21km if you go via the Pepsi plant and Pheam Ek. Combining both makes for a nice 32km circuit. Wat Ek Phnom an atmospheric, partly collapsed, 11th-century temple situated 11km north of Battambang, measures 52m by 49m and is surrounded by the remains of a laterite wall and an ancient baray (reservoir). A lintel showing the Churning of the Ocean of Milk can be seen above the east entrance to the central temple, whose upper flanks hold some fine bas-reliefs. The government has stopped construction of the giant Buddha statue next door because, they say, it mars the site's timeless beauty. This is a very popular picnic and pilgrimage destination for Khmers at festival times. 13km north of Battambang is Wat Ek Phnom, an impressive but extremely dilapidated temple situated next to a large pond and is behind a contemporary 28m high Buddha statue. Built during the 11th century, supposedly in 1029 under the reign of King Sorayak Varman II (1002-1050), today it has been mostly reduced to ruins and visitors have to climb over fallen masonry and huge blocks of stone in order to traverse the grounds. Because of this, and its tranquil setting, Wat Ek Phnom is a must for anyone visiting the Battambang area as it actually gives you the impression that you are discovering a forgotten temple.

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2.4.2.4 Cultural Village Cultural village is a model village with the most ancient residence built of wood, which is nice and the building is showing traditions of locals. This village is located in Wat Kor village, Wat Kor district, Battambang city it is alone Sangkae river which distances around 2 kilometers to the south of Battambang province. This Wat Kor village is a village with a residential population is Khmer and remained from ancient ancestors; some houses were build in the early of 20th centaury. Until now the locals always adhered to a tradition from ancient. Travelling to this cultural village, is a such tours unforgettable history since ancient. Visitors will see ancient houses, which were built with Khmer style and architecture and have been remaining for agriculture sector, crafting textile, decoration installation with Khmer style. Moreover, the village is rich in crops and various fruit plantations and residents lot depending on subsistence agriculture and crafting textiles.

2.4.3 Artificial Resources 2.4.3.1 Arng Kamping Pouy Resort

Kamping Pouy Bassin is located between two mountains Phnom Ku or Phnom Ta Ngen and Phnom Kamping Pouy - in Ta Nget Village, Srok commune, about 35 kilometers west of the provincial town.This gigantic civil-engineering project was central to the Khmer Rouge?s plan to irrigate the countryside around Battambang. Tragically, the construction of the Kamping Puoy Reservoir resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people. Unlike the victims of S21 and Choeung Ek most of the deaths on the Kamping Puoy project were caused by malnutrition, disease, overwork or mistreatment. The deaths were in short, preventable.

A gripping, visceral and painfully honest account of life in Battambang under the Khmer Rouge was written by Haing S. Ngor, the Cambodian doctor, actor and community worker who won an oscar for the film The Killing Fields. His book Survival in Cambodia's Killing Fields is perhaps the most eloquent account of day-to-day life during the Pol Pot period. It is laced with insights into the Khmer psyche and is ultimately a heartbreaking read. Kamping Pouy Bassin is 6meters long and 1,900 meters wide. During the rainy season the basin can hold 110 million cubic metere of water, which is used primarily for agriculture. Kamping Pouy basin is vital to this area. It is now a popular picnic site for residents of Pailin and Battambang because of its fresh air. Lotus flowers grow in the water and nearby you can buy lotus seeds to eat (they are delicious and taste a bit like sweet, uncooked peas). Takream Commune in Banan District is the nearest settlement.

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2.4.3.2 Battambang Province Museum

Battambang province museum is located by the west side of Sangkae river and it is in Kampong Krobey village, district, srok Battambang within 300 meters from Battambang provincial. Tourists can visit there by walking. This museum was built in 1968 with Khmer architecture and the King Samdech Norodom Sihanouk inaugurated it. The museum was chosen to built by Sangkae river along the national road number 1 and faced to the east. Battambang Museum courtyard is big enough and has a spacious parking and a beautiful garden, inside the building there are many artifacts on display, which are related to religious architecture. Most of those artifacts are, images, statues and the ruin stones from the ancient temples, beside there are also some artifacts from prehistory. On the cornerstones there are many paintings on display. In addition, there is a fishpond where visitors can stroll sat and reading books there with a cool and calm atmosphere.

2.4.3.3 Vineyard Grape

Vineyard grape is a private fruit plantation unique in Battambang province. This vineyard is located along the national road to a temple within 11.95 kilometers from Battambang provincial. Visitors can travel to there by car or motorcycle from Battambang city to road number P1571 and road number 800 along the Sangkae river until arrived in that vineyard. It is in Bot Sala village, Chuuer Teal district, srok Banon. As the history of this vineyard grape, it was opened in 1999 and they first had only 10 vines, which was imported from France. By knowing some skill that related to agriculture, the owner began to grow more vines from the first 10 vines. Until now, he is having totally 8000 vines in his 3 hectares vineyard. And on 11th November 2011, he can produce grapes wine. Moreover, he can harvest from his vineyard between 2 to 3 times a year. Special properties are: - Unique vineyard grape in Battambang province - Good taste and good quality - Do not use chemical - The process of producing grapes wine (handmade, and used other technical equipment)

2.5 Infrastructure and Tourism Services 2.5.1 Infrastructure

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The tourism infrastructures are the bunch of buildings like post office, telecom, tourism industry associations (companies that provide accommodation, food and transportation, intermediaries tourism industry, information center, tourism equipment manufacturers, shopping mall, tourism management organization, and culture entertainment resorts, etc.) that provide general ability to tourists for visiting tourism resorts, let them using resource inside the resort in the purpose of tourism improvement and allowed all NGOs that related to tourism industry to stay alive and active. These are types of the road in Battamabang province namely, national road, trial, normal dirty land. Railway, railway station, airport and system reform street mainland totally with airway, water way (sea, river, lake, canal) port support system and hot and cold water system, electricity, mobile phone, post office, waste management and sewage water drainage. The improvement of tourism infrastructure is the important stage of the planned use of resources and tourist attractions, even if tourism resources are very attractive, but if it does not easy to visit (less development of infrastructure) so tourists cannot travel to those places and tourism sector cannot function well, that is why we need to develop the infrastructure first.

2.5.2 Transportation

Transportation sector is a sector that helps to economic progress and growing well, normally we can say communication sector is the artery of economy because transportation connects from one place to other places inside and outside the country. Transportation was significant focus in development because it is the main road to open the economy to make one area to another is relatively and it is also the sector that serves many thing on tourism industry especially, on shipping service. Travelling to one resort depends on transportation so it is necessary for economic and tourism. On the other hand, the main road, which can be used to travel in Battambang province, tourists can travel with national road number 5 started from Phnom Penh city across Kandal province, Kampong Chnang province and Pursat province with 291 kilometers.

Table 2.5.2: Modes of Tourist Arrivals to Cambodia by Destination 2011-2015

Year/Arrivals

Airway 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

PP Int’l Airport 527,745 591,628 645,235 716,584 836,377

SR Int’l Airport 583,984 712,672 835,172 1,005,499 1,181,281

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Land 855,697 1,016,584 1,320,311 1,785,726 2,192,504

Waterway 78,309 78,165 81,144 76,498 75,053

Total 2,045,735 2,398,899 2,881,862 3,584,307 4,210,165

Source: Cambodia, Tourism Statistic Report

2.5.3 Telecommunication

Telecommunication factor is an essential factor for spreading news and it helps local people to communicate with each other from one place to another and from one country to other countries in the purpose of business, or greeting. Recently, telecommunication connects people even faster due to high development of world technology, they have used scientific tools which, lead to connecting people everywhere and every time. In Battambang province as we can see there are all telecom companies available including Mobitel, Camshin, Samart, Camintel, Tango, Qb, Beeline, Metfone, Smart, and Internet that play an important role for local residence to have fast communication inside the province and also outside.

Table 2.5.3: List of Mobile Networks in Cambodia 2015

Network Company Mobitel CamGSM Co., Ltd CooTel Xinwei (Cambodia) Telecom Co., Ltd SEATEL South East Asia Telecom (Cambodia) Co., Ltd Metfone Viettel (Cambodia) Pte., Ltd qb Cambodia Advance Communication Co., Ltd (CADCOMMS) Smart Smart Axiata Co., Ltd Source: Wikipedia

2.5.4 Electricity

In Battambang province there is a medium electric generator for serving the electricity to local people for 24 hours. Beside this, electricity is not available in some other areas outside the city or rural areas so the electricity supplying is insufficient, so people from some parts in Battambang province are still using battery to console the lights at night. On the other hand, people in the rural area use only lantern.

2.5.6 Water Supply

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Water is the most essential element for life and the daily lives of people, animals and plants. For Battambang people water supply is available for 24 hours. But, in the rural areas is similar to electricity, there is no water or insufficient water supply especially, in dry season. Moreover, the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology of clean water project to set up water station.

2.5.7 Employment Information

Information office in Battambang province has ability to process the daily duty in Battambang province because of inadequate office equipment.

2.5.8 Tourism Services in Battambang Province

Depends on the data in the end of 2009 from Tourism Ministry in Battambang province have shown as following: A. There are 26 hotels and totally 1,216 rooms including - 350 rooms of one single bed - 866 rooms of two beds - 8 meeting rooms B. There are 26 guesthouses and totally 538 rooms including - 306 rooms of one single bed - 232 rooms of two beds C. There are 46 restaurants - Sufficient for visitor but quality of service is still in lower standard D. There are 5 bars and pubs E. There are 3 beauty salons F. There 16 Karaoke bars G. There are 2 branches of tourism agency - Capitol company - Asian Travel company H. There are 3 branches of waterway transportation company - Chan Na Express company - Angkor Express company - Tan Kay company In the accommodation service we have interested in one accommodation service called Homestay that has just created in Battambang province Wat kor district, Wat kor village, along the Sangkae River.

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Homestay is a kind of guesthouse for visitors to stay and learn more details about the culture, tradition and language of local citizen. One tourists will have to stay with the owner (local people) in homestay and they will be provided with room, food and other entertainment services including getting to know each other by learning both of their languages, cultures, and styles of living. We have seen that homestay is the new topic and idea in Cambodia although; there is an amazing service in Battambang province.

Table 2.5.8: Accommodation, Restaurant and other Categories in Battambang

Details No.- Capacity Hotel 26 hotels 1,216 rooms Guesthouse 26 guesthouses 538 rooms Restaurant 46 restaurants - Bar and pub 5 bars and pubs - Karaoke bar 16 karaoke bars -

We have met one owner of homestay named Mr. Yi Sarith who is the local people from Wat Kor village; he has decided to decorate his ancient home to be homestay since 2006. This ancient home named Ptas Khow Sorng, which was built in the year 1907 and as of 2015, it is 108 years old. His ancestor named Loung Sneha Nipon, who was the officials, had built this house. Depends on the result from our interviewing with Mr. Yi Sarith, we knew that the idea of transforming the ancient home to be homestay was the opiniona and advices from some tourists and some tour guides. So he thought that it was a great idea and also provides him many benefits later on, he decided to decorate this home to be homestay; at first it has only 4 rooms but nowadays he is planning to create more rooms for tourists. There are 1890 visitors including Khmer and foreigners, who have visited his homestay since 2009, but most of them are foreigners. For other types of tourists that only came to visit and took photos but not stay, he will not charge any money and they can contribute some of their money to contribution box because those money will supply to repair and fix this ancient home to remain stronger. Moreover, the tourists not even can visit the front and back yard of the homestay but they can eat their meals there for free. Mr. Yi Sarith has limited the rate for visitors (foreigner) for 15 USD for one night including breakfast for 1 or 2 people. And his famous food is Amok and Bread Curry. In addition, he provides many other tourism services such as; rent a cart for 3 people with 8 USD, rent a boat, and rent a lorry, etc. He said that, there were many tourism companies contacting to him in order to find homestay for their guests to learn about Khmer people lives. So we knew that, this idea

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has offered many benefits to owner and others who live in the same village for better job and better life, then this is the model for others to preserve legacy left behind for long time to remain intact to be an asset for foreigners to know about our long civilizations and also the source of income for people.

2.6 Population Factor 2.6.1 The Condition of the Population

Battambang province is one of the biggest provinces among all provinces in Cambodia. Depends on the reports of Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Plan in 2009 have shown as following: - Total population is 1,025,174 people - There are 201,853 families - There are 13 district and 1 city - There are 98 communes - Total of land area is 11,702 sq. km - And population density is 99 people/sq. km Table 2.6.1 shows the statistics of citizens in Battambang province The name of Number of Number of Number of Number of No districts or city communes families Men women

1 Battambang 10 28,468 69,824 74,489 province 2 Tmor Kol 10 23,605 55,631 57,812 3 Bannon 8 19,665 45,095 47,043 4 Bor Vel 6 21,189 49,566 59,434 5 Ek Phnom 7 14,067 32,970 35,306 6 Mong Reussey 9 22,900 55,114 57,590 7 Ratanak Mondol 4 8,472 20,778 20,392 8 Sangkae 10 22,711 54,158 57,505 9 Som Lout 7 8,071 20,714 18,987 10 Som Pouv Loon 6 7,483 17,942 17,306 11 Phnom Pruek 5 10,630 25,366 24,356 12 Kom Reang 6 10,556 25,968 25,085

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13 Kaos Kro Lor 6 5,243 13,050 12,716 14 Rok Kha Kiri 2 7,793 20,165 19,802 Total 14 98 210,853 506,351 518,823

2.6.2 The Jobs of People

Battambang province is a region rich in nutrients that are favorable to the cultivation of crops, particularly the farming. As the matter of fact, many of Battambang people are farmers. On the other hand, some of the people are fishers, who normally live on the rivers and especially, they are living in floating houses in Prey Toul village. Although, we have seen many of Khmer- Chinese, who are doing business as vendors of food, beverage and some medium business at home and this type of business is a good source of income to support family life.

2.7 Tourism Market in Battambang Province 2.7.1 The Market Condition of Tourism in Battambang Province

Battambang province is rich in inherited culture, history and natural resource especially, many ancient temples, which were built during 10-12th centaury, so these are the most valuable resources for tourist attraction both national and international to visit this province and increase over the year. After repairing roads for transportation sector, the tourism condition in the province has improving dramatically. Moreover, under the world economic crisis and the border conflict between Thailand and Cambodia about Preahvihear Temple, the number of local and international visitors has a slightly decrease if we compare to 2008, and rely on the reports from tourism statistics of Battambang province have shown as follow: - Total of tourists are 223,340 people and it decrease 8% if compared to the year 2008, which had 245,137 people. - International tourists are 26,810 people and raise to 5% if compared to the year 2008 that had 28,433 people - Totally there are 250,150 people and drop about 8% if compared to 2008, which had 273,570 people. (See figure 2.7.1)

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Figure 2.7.1 Top Ten Market Arrivals to Cambodia 2015

Australia, 3.1 France, 3.1 Japan, 4.9 Others, 24.6 Korea, 10.3

Laos, 9.8

Vietnam, Mailand 20.3 China, 11

USA, 4.4 Russia, 3.1 Thailand, 5.3

Source: Statistic and ICT Department, MOT, JLL

2.7.2 Status Tourist Arrivals

According to the statistics in 2013 of the Tourism Department in Battambang province have shown that, most of international tourists were from: Japan 1,123 people, China 1,106 people, South Korea 974 people, Vietnam 1,967 people, Thailand 915 people, France 3,498 people, United Kingdom 1,967 people, Italy 1,065 people, Germany 1,264 people, The Netherlands 1,001 people, Australia 2,075 people, Spain 1,149 people, USA 3,155 people, Canada 951 people, and other nationalities are 6,531 people.

Figure 2.7.2: Chart of Top Market Arrivals to Cambodia 2009-2013

Source: Statistics and ICT Department, MOT, Statistic Report 2009-2013

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Table 2.7.2 shows the number of tourist arrivals in famous destinations 2014

Tourism Locations Number of arrivals

Phnom Penh 1,090,327

Battambang 836,377

Siem Reap 1,487,213

Source: Statistic from Tourism Ministry

2.8 Projects and Development of Tourism in Battambang Province

According to the implementation of the 2010 target of Tourism Department in Battambang province has underlined that; in order to join the advertising campaign “Cambodia Kingdom of Wonder” and the contest of “Clean City, Clean Resort, Good Service” the Tourism Department has planned as following; - Promote, advertise and push to practicing the tourism laws - Enlarge the tourism potential by motivation to have investment on natural resorts, cultural resorts, and the improvement of infrastructure. - Increase in all forms of media to express area destinations including: + Tourism book, providing tourist information via websites, and educate people to join the scenic beauty and hygiene. - Educate and train to tourism service providers and to local people who are living surrounding the area to understand about the advantages of tourism, and even to give the warm welcome to all of visitors by improving the quality of their food, hygiene and waste management. - Give recommendation to promote the accommodation service, food service and in some of the natural resorts to follow the national and international standard.

2.9 The Effect of Tourism Development in Battambang Province

Tourism is one of the best industry in the world and it provided jobs to million of people who are living in a country with a thriving tourism. Similarly, Battambang province has received many positive effects to economic, society, environment and culture from this tourism industry.

2.9.1 Benefits to Economic in Battambang Province

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Nowadays, tourism industry is providing jobs to local people both direct and indirect and also shares the burden of the government difficulties, cut off the unemployment rate, which is the most complicated crisis in the country. (see figure 2.9.1)

Figure 2.9.1 A: Economic and GDP growth rate of Cambodia

Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance (2011)

According to the open of economic system and stable politic, tourism sector in Battambang province is being boosted dramatically that these factors are giving back so many benefits: - The source of income for people and creating people’s lives that relies on selling food, beverage, and service in the tourism areas, working as tourism companies, tour guides, taxi drivers, and motor taxi drivers. - Stimulate the development of economic sector such as; infrastructure (Transportation, Telecommunication, Electricity, Supplying), agriculture, crafting and industry. - Establish direct business in tourism enterprises and indirectly in the supply section. - Contribution to the incomes of citizens from visa and other services and tourism business to other historical sites and those based on each resort has contributed enormously in development. - Brought back the foreign currency via international tourists and investors. - Make progress on both the quantity and quality of tourism services. - To promote and expand domestic product. - Essential marketing to sell home products. - Promote scientific progress and modern technology. - Responsible for the infrastructure used by the whole community. - Stimulate the economy, such as agriculture, fisheries and manufacturing businesses. - Improving the standard of living of the society.

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- Regression and help pay for the restoration and preservation of the resort of rock temples such Phnom Banon temple.

Figure 2.9.1 B: Cambodia GDP per Capita Growth Rate 2006-2014

Source: World Bank

2.9.2 Benefits to Society in Battambang Province

- Improving the standard of living in the community - Involvement in developing community and society - Contribute to reduce the unemployment rate - Stimulating the study; strengthening the public order, political stable and social security - Strengthening international cooperation - Providing experiences or understanding the situation and the style of living of local people in the society - Tourism sector created the foundation materials for relaxing in order to relieve anxiety, boredom and establishing the excitement - Tourism sector is enhancing respect and friendship and even giving chances to learn how to forgive, communicating to each other with different nations - Forcing to develop the human resource especially, international languages, management skill, tourism service arrangement, and other services

2.9.3 Benefits to Environment in Battambang Province

- Improving the quality of environment - Creating the knowledge about environment - Increasing conscience of internal environment

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- Developing awareness, learn about culture, and environment legacy including strengthen the meaning of identity - Enhancing waste management - Contributing in preserving and protecting the natural environment namely; plants, wildlife, waterfall, lake, river, sea, island, etc. - Involving with protecting and preserving the social environment namely; community arrangement to be in order and safe - Exchanging the experience between visitors and local people about styles of living with hygiene - Stimulating the tourism management to be in high standard including, hotels, guesthouses and restaurants

2.9.4 Benefits to Culture in Battambang province

- Tourism sector has been involving simultaneously in preserving the cultural building, and historical wealth in the province - Motivating the performing of opera, traditional dancing, and national concert - Make people to maintain a national identity such as characteristic, behavior, style of living and tradition. - Giving chance to exchange the cultures between foreign tourists and local people in order to learn and respect each other cultures

2.10 Government’s Tourism Development Policies

Following the identification of tourism as one of the foremost instruments of the country’s development and a prime economic activity, the MOT is being assisted in its tourism development strategy, and it recognizes the importance attached to tourism initiative. These policies will need to embrace all aspects of the industry. Tourism is shared responsibility and other sectors are also responsible for the success of tourism development. It is expected that the elaboration of a Tourism Development Plan incorporation an integrated tourism development and management strategy for Cambodia will be completed by June 199, to be immediately followed by a strategy implementation program. Here below statements is detail described in the following mentions: - Develop tourism to identify national unit - Develop tourism for economic advantage, aiming at better living conditions for the citizens

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- Develop commercial tourism for employment opportunities leading to foreign exchange, regional development and bringing income into the country - Develop tourism to connect with other economic sectors - Develop tourism in accordance with socio-economic development - Develop various tourism frameworks and accelerate nationwide tourism development on the basis of the historical heritage and national resources of the country. - Provide opportunity on property right, facilities and services for domestic visitors, including with local employment in the tourism sector - Seek overseas investment the benefits tourism - Use tourism as a method to strengthen culture, religion, belief, ancient sites and national heritage. Promote cultural values and stimulate the development of cultural facilities. - Use tourism to strengthen desired forms of art and culture - Use tourism to conserve the national environment and protect wildlife areas and ecology - Develop tourism in appropriate areas, according to a well-develop plan - Develop tourism in accordance with the type and number victors - Develop and organize tourist attractions, service facilities and accessible infrastructure for the benefit of employment and to improve living conditions of Cambodian people and visitors. - Develop facilities and provide training for good quality tourist services, and maximize opportunity for local employment - Provide partnership among and between concerned governmental institutions and private organizations to ensure the goal of tourism development - Cooperate and mange tourism development in order to balance components of tourism products, tourist attractions, service facilities and infrastructure

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