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An Ethnographic Exploration of Mass Graves in Cambodia

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An Ethnographic Exploration of Mass Graves in Cambodia Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Bennett, Caroline (2015) To Live Amongst the Dead: an Ethnographic Exploration of Mass Graves in Cambodia. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53561/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html To live amongst the dead: an ethnographic exploration of mass graves in Cambodia Caroline Bennett PhD in Social Anthropology September 2015 94,989 words School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury Kent, UK 1 Abstract This thesis uses mass graves as a lens through which to examine how people in contemporary Cambodia use the Khmer Rouge period (1975 – 1979) to reconstitute and re-imagine the world they live in. Based on sixteen months of multisited ethnographic fieldwork, this thesis will argue that the Khmer Rouge regime was a critical event (Das 1997) in Cambodian life, and as such has triggered a re-shaping of relationships between local and the national, and the national and the global, leading to new forms of social and community life and action in post Khmer Rouge Cambodia. As physical markers of violence and political instability, mass graves are inherently political and articulate these re-imaginations on the state, community, and individual level. The Cambodian state exercises and legitimates its authority by constructing modern history in reference to a narrative of liberation from the Khmer Rouge, and the ‘innocent suffering’ of Cambodia and its people, while local communities use Buddhism and animism to narrate and conceptualise the period, bringing it into expected and understandable events within Khmer Buddhist cosmology. These approaches are not necessarily in opposition to one another, but rather represent the overlapping plurality of connections with mass graves. This thesis provides a unique exploration of social relationships to mass graves in Cambodia contributing to debates within the anthropology of politics, violence and collective memory by examining how moments of national mass violence re- shape the state and relationships within it, and how destructive periods of violence nonetheless create new fields for the imagination of the political, the religious, and the social. It also contributes to the emerging field of Cambodian ethnography that combines local considerations with wider national and geo- political discourses and how these are played out at the local level. All work in this thesis, and all photographs presented, are my own, except where otherwise stated. 2 Acknowledgements This PhD was supported by funding from the Economic and Social Research Council Southeast Doctoral Training Centre (grant number ES/J500148/1), for which I am very grateful. Thank you to my supervisors Glenn Bowman and Mike Poltorak, to my third panel member Judith Bovensiepen, and to those in the School of Anthropology and Conservation at the University of Kent who took extra time out of their enormously busy schedules to help and support me throughout this process, in particular David Henig, but also Daniela Peluso and Miguel Alexiades. To all the Khmer communities I visited, worked and lived in, in particular the people of Choeung Ek Genocidal Center, Koh Sop, and Phnom Grahom - by giving generously of your time and stories you gave me this thesis for which I cannot express enough gratitude. And for those who helped make it possible, in particular Mina Bui Jones and Jean Luc and Serena Temman, thank you. I am eternally grateful to my research assistants - Um Sompoah, Res Phasy, Sann Kalyan, Buth Sereibunnwath, and Toem Savorn; without you I could never have navigated Khmer life. And thank you to the many Cambodian scholars who took interest in my work and gave valuable input along the way, most especially Professor David Chandler, Henri Locard, Helen Jarvis, Ian Harris, Erik Davis, the Venerable Khy Sovanratana, Craig Etcheson, and James Tyner. Thank you also to the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies at the University of Copenhagen, and DORISEA at Department for Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Göttingen for their support. My PhD colleagues in the UK and Cambodia deserve a special acknowledgement for keeping me on track, sharing ideas, and for the ongoing fun we have together. Paul Christensen, Tallyn Gray, Colleen McGinn, Maria Paz Peirano, Natalia Garcia Bonet, and Carin Tunåker; thanks for helping me survive. I look forward to our future work together. To my family: my parents, brothers and sisters, their husbands and wives, and all the little Bennetts and Tokgözs: thanks for being there, making me take breaks, and listening to my rants. And finally to my partner, Steve Hull. You got me through this. Thank you. Bennett (2015): To live amongst the dead 3 Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................3 List of Figures......................................................................................................7 List of Abbreviations...........................................................................................8 Terminology .......................................................................................................9 Cambodian Maps..............................................................................................10 Section One: Setting the Scene .........................................................................11 Introduction .....................................................................................................11 The Khmer Rouge and their dead...........................................................................................................14 Motivations ....................................................................................................................................................17 Literature review..........................................................................................................................................19 Theoretical framework...............................................................................................................................33 What is a mass grave? ................................................................................................................................37 Thesis outline.................................................................................................................................................41 Section one: setting the scene............................................................................................................... 41 Section two: digging up the dead ........................................................................................................ 42 Section three: grave concerns................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter one: Fields of death, sites of life - fieldsites and methods ....................46 Choeung Ek.....................................................................................................................................................46 Making the killing field............................................................................................................................. 49 After Democratic Kampuchea ............................................................................................................... 54 Choeung Ek today....................................................................................................................................... 60 Researching at Choeung Ek .................................................................................................................... 61 Koh Sop............................................................................................................................................................66 During Democratic Kampuchea............................................................................................................ 68 After 1979...................................................................................................................................................... 70 Koh Sop today.............................................................................................................................................. 73 Researching at Koh Sop...........................................................................................................................
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