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Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De Montpellier Supagro

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Thèse Pour Obtenir Le Grade De Docteur De Montpellier Supagro THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO En Écologie Fonctionnelle et Sciences Agronomiques École doctorale GAIA – Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre, Eau Portée par l’Université de Montpellier Unité de recherche UR 115 - AIDA-Agroécologie et Intensification Durable des Cultures Annuelles LANDSCAPES AND LIVELIHOODS CHANGES IN THE NORTH-WESTERN UPLANDS OF CAMBODIA: OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUILDING RESILIENT FARMING SYSTEMS Présentée par M. Rada KONG Le 7 novembre 2019 Sous la direction de Jean Christophe CASTELLA Devant le jury composé de M. Jean -Pierre SARTHOU, Professeur, INP-ENSAT Président du jury - Rapporteur M. Ole MERTZ, Professeur, Université de Copenhagen Rapporteur Mme Agnès BEGUE, Chercheuse, CIRAD Examinatrice M. Philippe MERAL, Directeur de Recherche, IRD Examinateur Mme Malyne NEANG, Maître de Conférence, Royal University of Agriculture Cambodia Examinatrice M. Florent TIVET, Chercheur, CIRAD Examinateur M. Jean-Christophe CASTELLA, Directeur de Recherche, IRD Directeur de thèse 1 Acknowledgements This PhD dissertation is the result of my personal trajectory as a long time observer of the agricultural changes in the uplands of Cambodia and neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. A number of persons has guided me all along that discovery process. During my master thesis research in Pailin Province, Cambodia in 2007, I witnessed the agricultural colonization of forestlands by successive waves of poor migrants who risked their life to clear land from the forest despite the landmines and the malaria. Like the local farmers, I was happy to see their fertile soils and high yields. At that time, they produced up to 10t/ha maize grain without fertilizers in newly reclaimed land. I seriously considered investing myself in farming because it was so easy to get rich with two harvests per year with low inputs. Based on my agronomic knowledge, I knew for sure that these cropping systems would not last long. Stéphane Boulakia, who was my field advisor from CIRAD during MSc internship, showed me at Boskhnor research station how conservation agriculture (CA) could reverse the degradation process and make the cropping system sustainable. I was totally convinced thanks to empirical evidences from the CA experiments. At that time, I believed that the farmers would just adopt CA practices because they would see their interest in doing so, especially as the mechanization was saving labor and the cover crops were preserving the soil fertility. Then, I received an Erasmus Mundus scholarship and did a second master research in Vietnam. In 2010, Damien Hauswirth from CIRAD supervised my field research in Son La Province. I discovered unbelievable landscapes, with steep slopes that I did not think could be cultivated. Hybrid maize was everywhere like in Pailin Province. The system was intensive as farmers put 400-500kg/ha NPK, but almost all practices were manual as mechanization was difficult with such rough terrain and steep slopes. The soil erosion and degradation was worse than in Pailin, my upland reference in Cambodia. I was thinking (and still today) that appropriate scale mechanization could help promoting CA there. First, I had to try with ‘my’ farmers in Pailin and Battambang Provinces. In 2011, I resumed my work in the northwestern uplands of Cambodia with the PADAC project, led by Stéphane Boulakia. It was really challenging to codesign CA-based systems that would provide comparable economic benefits as conventional intensive practices (non-CA). We put many efforts in connecting different actors, i.e. farmers, input suppliers, traders, microfinance institution, around the promotion of CA practices. Our i results were a little deceiving because we were in the middle of the maize boom, when all actors are happy with their productivity and don’t see why they should change. We introduced a subsidy package to buffer economic risks for the innovators, hoping that the profit would compensate the initial investment, and farmers would learn on the way. Unfortunately, the maize bust stage started around that time and most of CA plots generated lower economic benefit per hectare than non-CA. Farmers switched from maize to cassava but our CA-machinery was not adapted to this new crop. We were once again lagging behind farmers who were changing their practices faster than we could propose innovative practices based on our research results. We had only two planters imported from Brazil. Our efforts to copy the Brazilian no-till planter in Thailand did not succeed, as it was heavier and still too expensive for the local service providers. Under the guidance of Florent Tivet from CIRAD, we continued to provide no-till service to farmers with our two planters and kept discussing among team members how to bring CA practices to scale through innovative research methods. Thanks to the support of Florent Tivet and Jean-Christophe Castella (IRD), I was awarded a research grant from the ACTAE project (Agence Française de développement - AFD) and the DESIRE and IPERCA projects (Agropolis Foundation). After a one-year struggle to find the required financial support, I could finally enroll in a PhD program at the GAÏA Graduate School in Montpellier. The enrolment would not have been possible without the support of my two host institutions, led by Eric Scopel the director of AIDA research unit of CIRAD, and Malyne Neang, the director of Ecoland Center of Royal University of Agriculture in Cambodia. The distinghished members of my thesis committee, including Agnès Bégué (referent of the graduate school) and Guillaume Lestrelin (CIRAD-TETIS), Jean Christophe Diepart (Université de Liège), Malyne Neang (RUA), and Florent Tivet and Stéphane Boulakia (CIRAD-AIDA) provided a great support along the journey of my PhD. Agnès Bégué coordinated the exchanges between the graduate school and committee members. Christine Casino provided wonderful logistics at AIDA office. Financial support through CIRAD AI (Actions Incitatives) allowed me to comfortably stay in Montpellier to take the PhD courses and work under the supervision of the AIDA team. I also benefited from a 10-month mobility grant from ALFABET Erasmus Mundus that I was granted thanks to the support of Didier Pillot and Cecile Durand from Montpellier SupAgro. My objectives with this PhD research were (i) to learn how to use participatory approaches to engage with stakeholders, (ii) to develop methods to keep agronomic studies relevant in the face of the rapid changes I had witnessed over the recent years; (iii) to produce empirical evidences that would convince donors and government agencies to support sustainable intensification of agriculture in Rotonak Monol district; and (iv) to build-up my own scientific competence and credibility about CA practices in Cambodia. Such research required to combine three approaches: i.e. land use and land cover change, farming systems, ii and simulation game. To be able to conduct the fieldwork, I had to learn remote sensing, GIS-based analysis and simulation game. Elisa Belmain, a MSc student in geography from Montpellier University, conducted her internship research in my PhD study site and trained me both in the field in Battambang and in the lab of TETIS in Montpellier, where I also got advised by Agnès Bégué and Audrey Jolivot. I joined a one-week training on participatory land use planning supported by the EFICAS project in Luang Prabang and I also took part in the one-week training on Commod approach “La modélisation d’accompagnement: mettre des acteurs en situation pour partager des représentations et simuler des dynamiques” organized by Lisode in Avignon. In addition, I attended a short training on simulation game organized with the support of the ACTAE project and facilitated by Patrick d’Aquino. Thanks to these initial trainings, I could gain an initial understanding about the approach that I actually learnt on the job during the fieldwork supervised by Jean-Christophe Castella. The Conservation Agriculture Services Center (CASC) of Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management (DALRM) of General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA) (Suos Vuthy, Leng Vira, Sar Veng, Seng Raksmey, and Lay Vichet) and GRET (Pat Sovann) provided support to field activities. I was assisted the three young enthusiastic interns (Oum Somaly, Ek Sreykhouch, and Kaing Kong Seng) from the Royal University of Agriculture for the household interview. The local authorities and farmers contributed a lot of their time to my participatory research. My stay in Montpellier was enjoyable also because of the presence and support from Cambodian students (Kimchhin, Kimlong, Siv Mey, Sophea, Sothy, Veng, Sengly, etc.) and families (Bong Kim, Bong Soth, etc.) who were studying and living in Montpellier, respectively. With you, I had joyful gatherings and chitchat, which could release my stress and pressure from time to time. I would like to tell you how helpful it was and it created unforgotten memories of my stay in Montpellier. The three articles that make up my PhD dissertation have highly benefitted from the endless help from Jean-Christophe Castella, Florent Tivet, Jean Christophe Diepart and Guillaume Lestelin. A long series of revisions taught me how to become a multi-faceted researcher with a large range of competences. These competences will definitely expand my professional opportunities in the field of sustainable development. In conclusion, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to all of the persons mentioned here above, for their important contributions to my PhD research. I would also like to apologize with those who I forgot to mention. Last but not least, I would like to thank my lovely wife (Sotheary) who did not only bare all the burdens to take care of the kids (Methea and Mony), but also encouraged me to stand up and carry on, up to the end of this journey. I often tell my wife that this PhD study is for two students, you and me. I deeply thank you for making this journey possible! iii Abstract In Southeast Asia, the shift from a subsistence-based to a commodity-based agriculture is associated with the opening of the region to the market economy.
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