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Learning for Resilience Insights from Cambodia's Rural Communities Edited by Jean-Christophe Diepart

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Learning for Resilience Insights from Cambodia's Rural Communities Edited by Jean-Christophe Diepart Learning for resilience Insights from Cambodia's rural communities Edited by Jean-Christophe Diepart The Learning Institute 2015 Learning for resilience Insights from Cambodia's rural communities Edited by Jean-Christophe Diepart The Learning Institute 2015 The views expressed in the Coordination team: following papers are those of PECH Sithan the authors and are not HOUN Kalyan necessarily reflective of the CHAN Bunnara supporting partners. HENG Chinda KHUT Sreychan Theary Text editor: Ronald W. JONES Dr. Jan TAYLOR [email protected] Suggested citation: Diepart, J.-C., ed. (2015) Learning for resilience: Insights from Cambodia’s rural Design and layout: communities, Phnom Penh: The Learning Institute. LIM Kimsong and HAY Sochet The Learning Institute Funded by: Front and back cover: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) © The Learning Institute Copies available from: The Learning Institute #45, Street 113, Sangkat Boueng Supporting partners: Keng Kong III, Khan Chamkar The Learning Institute (LI) Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) P.O. Box 2509 Tel: +855 (0)23 994 935 Ministry of Environment (MoE) E-mail: [email protected] Fisheries Administration (FiA) Website: www.learninginstitute.org Analyzing Development Issues Centre (ADIC) Cambodian Centre for Study and Development in ISBN Agriculture (CEDAC) 9789996310171 Published by: The Learning Institute Copyright © 2015 The Learning Institute table of contents FOREWORD FROM H.E. Dr. HANG CHUON NARON- - - - - - - - - - - - - - VII LIST OF ACRONYMS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - XII INTRODUCTION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - XIII By HENG Chinda, SREY Marona and Jean-Christophe DIEPART Chapter 1 Learning for social-ecological resilience: conceptual overview and key findings- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 01 By Jean-Christophe DIEPART SECTION A WATER MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE- - - - - - - - - - - 17 Chapter 2 A multi-scale flood vulnerability assessment of agricultural production in the context of environmental change: The case of the Sangkae River watershed, Battambang province- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -19 By DOCH Sotheavin, Jean-Christophe DIEPART and HENG Chinda Chapter 3 Impacts of social-ecological change on farming practices in the Stung Chreybak catchment, Kampong Chhnang province- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -51 By HAM Kimkong and SOMETH Paradis SECTION B AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION AND FOOD SECURITY- - - - -77 Chapter 4 The contribution of multi-purpose farming to the food security of small-scale farmers: An agro-economic analysis in the lowland Mekong alluvial plain- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 By TONG Chantheang and Jean-Christophe DIEPART SECTION C LAND USE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY STRATEGIES IN COMMUNITIES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE-- - - - - - - - -101 Chapter 5 Prosperity and poverty: Livelihood transitions emerging from land use change in two Mondulkiri communes- - - - - - 103 By HAK Sochanny, SO Dane, OEUR Il, and John McANDREW Chapter 6 Differentiation of swidden agriculture in Northeast Cambodia: Kavet swiddeners, the state and the markets in Kok Lak commune- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 By YOU Rithy, Vivien KLEINPETER and Jean-Christophe DIEPART SECTION D ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN FISHING COMMUNITIES- - 177 Chapter 7 Pathways of change in a coastal resource system: Study from Kampong Trach district, Kampot province- - - - - - - - 179 By VOE Pisidh, TOUCH Panha and Jean-Christophe DIEPART Chapter 8 Environmental change and rural livelihoods in coastal Cambodia: Understanding and enhancing adaptive capacities in Peam Krasaop Wildlife Sanctuary, Koh Kong province- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 205 By KIM Nong, KIM Sarin and Katelyn Rae PERFITT Chapter 9 Environmental change and Community Fisheries: Widening the scope of fisheries management to provide better support for vulnerable Cambodians- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 237 By LY Vuthy and HENG Kong Chapter 10 Learning towards resilience- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -259 By Ronald W. JONES and Jean-Christophe DIEPART AUTHOR PROFILES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 266 Learning for resilience: Insights from Cambodia’s rural communities FOREWORD It is a pleasure to introduce this new Learning Institute publication - Learning for resilience: Insights from Cambodia’s rural communities. The idea and proposal for this comprehensive project were initiated while I was Chairman of the Learning Institute’s Board of Directors and I am delighted to see the results of what has been a long and complex process. These chapters will not only provide essential guidance for the Cambodians who are tackling the challenges of a changing climate, but also supply evidence to help with government policy- making and implementation. It is also my profound hope that this will focus more attention on the factors that support resilience, and lead to more research and ultimately the evidence that is crucial for interventions that are efficient and effective. This book is also timely. Cambodians throughout the country have been facing greater instances of flooding, with changing patterns of precipitation. Even in the cities this has caused major upheaval. But for rural farmers, these changes have often challenged the viability of established cropping calendars and crop varieties with catastrophic consequences leading to acute anxiety for the country’s most vulnerable people. Even so, as some of these reports show, government interventions in, for instance, encouraging the uptake of new rice varieties and in guiding the people to adopt new agricultural practices, have been having a positive effect. This is particularly heartening for the government in its plans to increase rice exports: there is a growing international demand for our country’s high quality rice, and this is already starting to attract much-needed export income. Clearly there is a convergence of interest, supporting the notion that climate adaptation should be mainstreamed within agricultural development. But, as other chapters show, resilience is being built not just from external intervention, but through the initiative of the farmers themselves. Many have been finding their own ways to cope with a changing climate - through, for instance, different forms of labor and livelihood diversification. The lessons learnt from many of the locations studied will be of benefit to others: in recording these innovative practices, this book can help to inspire people throughout the country to consider and perhaps even adopt new crops, new practices and even new livelihood activities. There is clearly much to celebrate. But this book also draws attention to problems that persist or have emerged: there is still much to be done. As some chapters reveal, households are not equally equipped to cope with the challenges presented by a changing climate. Indeed, social-economic differentiation has been increasing in some locations. New crop varieties can help with adaptation to new rainfall patterns, but adopting these often requires initial outlay that is beyond the means of the country’s poorest people. Without this remedy, they are often forced into wage labor, much of it requiring migration with the consequent threats of family break-down and a lack of cohesion within communities. As another negative response, the need to draw too heavily on natural resources to compensate for diminished agricultural output often depletes forests and fish stocks to an extent that threatens their sustainability. The modernization of farming practices is clearly desirable, but this needs to Learning for resilience: Insights from Cambodia’s rural communities vii take place with due regard to the needs of all community members, as well as the future welfare of the country’s agriculture as a whole. Within this process, attention must remain focused on the long-term: the future health of the soil, forests and so on must not be sacrificed for the attractive but short-term financial gains of some business enterprise initiatives. Research conducted for this project shows that there are alternatives to rice mono-cropping intensification that avoid many of these problems: the multi-purpose farming system, for instance, is shown to be environmentally sound, economically beneficial and socially equitable. As such, its wider adoption could greatly support the government’s green growth policy. As another factor, the need to manage water resources in a climate that now presents more floods and droughts than before, is crucial. The evidence presented here shows that arrangements, specifically the Farmer Water User Communities, have great potential to play a positive role in managing water resources, but that they are not yet functioning as well as they might. This publication highlights their difficulties and presents approaches that can help to improve their usefulness and thereby achieve their potential. In their 2009 seminal study, Yusuf and Francisco showed that Cambodia was particularly vulnerable to climate change and the reports here provide further evidence that unpredictable floods and droughts are threats to people who already struggle to feed themselves and their families. At the same time, in a wider perspective, Cambodia is already challenged
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