Siam University CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Related Research The purpose of this chapter is to compile and organize information about the variables integral to this research. This includes references that link theory to practice and the relevant operative definitions. In this regard, qualifying concepts such as groupthink and turnover as well as to define the main operative definition in order to get better appreciation and understanding. 2.1 Introduction Battambang is located in the northwest of the Kingdom and it is well known for being the leading rice-producing province. It is the main hub connecting to the northwest region with Phnom Penh and Thailand. According to the results of the 2011 Economic Census, the total number of establishments of Battambang indicated 34, 097 while the total number of persons engaged showed 84,790 persons. It accounts for 6.8% of the total number of establishments in Cambodia (505,134 establishments) and for 5.1% of the total number of person engaged (1,673,390 persons) in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Furthermore, the results of the 2011 Economic Census disclosed that the total amount of annual sales in Battambang presented 576 million US dollars while that of annual expenses in the province indicated 466 million US dollars. The former accounted for 4.5% of the total amount of annual sales while the latter for 4.2% of the total amount of annual expenses in the Kingdom. 2.2 History of Battambang Province According to the legendary the name “ BATTAMBANG” derived from origin story that a king name Tambang Kranhoung threw his stick toward Jao Phromakil then his stick had lost over this Battambang area. Indeed, this province has a really amuse history. In the 18th century, when the Statue in Battambang province Cambodia was extremely weak, and the invasion of the Thai and Vietnamese soldiers there is one Khmer official named Phyan Ben, who is the governor of Battambang and Siem Reap province had betrayed not listen to Oudong civil servants, and he was supported by Thai King. Thai King liked him and promoted Pyan Ben and his relatives to be the lord which, local people called them “Sir”. At that time, Battambang and -1- Siam University Siem Reap was dominated by Thailand in the year 1795. In 1907 these two provinces were occupied by Khmer, later on during the second world war (1939-1945) Thailand has seized Battambang and Siem Reap again. Finally, Khmer has occupied those two provinces in 1945 until now due to France colonial. Another documents have described about history of Battambang province as following; After the failure of Langvek building Cambodia was extremely weak and Thai and Vietnamese have often invaded Cambodia. In 1794 Battambang province was dominated by Thailand and one Khmer king name Ang Doung had intention of defense-minded territory from losing then he asked French government for help. In 1759 France has built his own palace then they have set colonial laws on Kampuchea Krom area of Cambodia to be the territory of Vietnam. In 1863 the King Norodom handed Cambodia over to France for protecting in order to avoid invading from neighboring countries. In 1867 Thai king agreed of the France colonial on Cambodia but, Thailand was still dominating Battambang, Siem Reap, Sisoporn, Mluo Prey and Tonle Pouv. French government had planned to demand for Battambang and Siem Reap using force but, in 1886 conflict between France and Thailand had occurred in Laos. French soldier dismissed Thai soldier from northern part of Laos. Battambang province, which was dominated by Thailand and because of the huge ambitious of Chauvea Bean in 1795, This province was occupied again by Cambodia during the duty of king Sisovath and king Chulalong Korn. 2.3 Geography of Battambang Province 2.3.1 Geography Battambang province in located in the north-west of Cambodia, which border with Pursa Banteaymeanchey provinces, Tonle Sap lake and also Thailand border. This province is located around 291 kilometers from capital city of Phnom Penh. Battambang province, one of the leading rice, sweet orange and natural gems in Pailin province. On the other hand, there are many natural resources in this province such as; forest, fish, and other agriculture crops like, lentils, peanuts, soybeans, etc. In addition, there are many Map of Battambang province types water animals in Tonle Sap lake namely, crocodiles, snakes, turtles, softshell which is living -2- Siam University in the flooded forest. In the end of 1940s and 1950s the forest in this province was the home of thousand of wildlife such as; elephants, deer, and feral. The central part of the province wide spread from north to south are the administration areas, countryside, and fields of rice. The necessary rivers which are floating across the province toward Tonle Sap lake are Don Tri, Mong Ruessey, Stueng Songkhae, and Stueng Mongkol Borey rivers. The main roads that is connected from capital city of Phnom Penh to this province is national road number 5 (Phnom Penh – Poipet) railway (Phnom Penh – Poipet), Veal Bekchan airport for domestic flights and water way from Phnom Penh via Tonle Sap lake - Stueng Songkhae river to the city of Battambang during raining season. The province has totally 13 districts, 1 city and 98 communes, and Battambang has its own 11702 square kilometers and 1,1 million of population. Recently, tourism industry is the major source for economic development, so Battambang also play an important role to attract the tourists from over the world to visit his ancient temples and natural resources including agricultural sector, trade, industrial and cultural. 2.3.2 Weather The weather of this province is medium, not too cold and not too hot. The weather will be changed depends on seasons, dry season starts from November to April, which temperature is around 29 to 32 degree Celsius and raining season starts from May to the end of October and the normal temperature is around 26 degree Celsius. Normally, this province receives 1,300mm rain in 122 days of a year and low rain fall from December to January, which is only 4 or 5 mm then heavy rain fall during June to October with approximately 160 to 240mm. 2.3.3 Topography Battambang province has east borders with Tole Sap lake, north border with Kampong Trach, south border with Pursat province and the west border with Pailin province and Thailand. This province has totally 1,162,2 hectares and are used as following; - Land for construction is 42.200 hectares - Land for grow rice is 415.200 hectares - Submerges is 145.800 hectares - Public land is 486.700 hectares Battambang province is divided and combined with mountain area, high plateau and big water system; - There are big forest and especially, full of bamboo on the mountain - High limestone plateau and yellowed soil -3- Siam University - Fertile soil that can grow rice - Water from Tonle Sap lake can be used to supply growing crops Because of Battambang province is full of natural resources so they can attract more tourists both local and international. 2.4 Attract Resources There are more than 30 tourism places in Battambang province, which have registered and listed on the map and for observation. But we would like to mention only 13 places which are the most popular and in order to make it easy for researching we divided them into 3 parts and they are, 3 places in natural resources, 4 places in cultural resources and historical, and the last 3 places in artificial resources. 2.4.1 Natural Resources Because of Battambang province is in the shape of highlands area that is full of mountains, forest, and various types of nature, so it is main factor, which attracts more tourists to visit when they are free from work. Natural resources are a major resource to serve the needs of people. In particular, forestry is important in helping to prevent flooding as a shelter for all kinds of wildlife and wild fish. Moreover, they have a role in hiring natural beauty in the magnificent beauty that can help to attract the interest from tourists from everywhere. 2.4.1.1 Natural Resorts and Cultural of Sampouv Mountain Sampouv mountain is a natural resort which located along the national road number 57 Sompouv district, Srok Battambang and it has around 100 meters height and approximately 12 kilometers from Battambang city. There is an temple on the top of the mountain and many caves such as; Pkarsla cave, Lakhorn cave, Taeng Kloun cave, Khyol cave, Asop cave, Kork Troung cave, etc. We will see these caves as long as we arrived on the top and we even can visit many stages of the mountain. Each cave has a different history and a striking separately as well; Pkarsla cave is a really beautiful cave, which has stone mountain grow like a flower and it had happened since the ancient time because of the shedding of drops of water slowly for thousands of years, and assembly becomes a huge rock so then the local people called them Pkarsla cave. And Khyol cave is a cave that has cold temperature when we stand in front of it and it makes visitors feel relax and refresh. Not only the air in the cave, but when we were going up the hill there is a persistent cold air with a natural green color. Whereas today there are some cave was loaded with -4- Siam University large skull ghost left since the Pol Pot regime. There is also some pagodas locate on the top of the mountain namely; Tvea Bram Bey temple where incense grandmother Tep.