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Home , Andamanese languages, Dardic languages, Dravidian languages, Singh

Name The Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.

It belongs to the Altaic family, Turkic group, and is spoken by nearly 60 million people. It is also an important immigrant language in . To various degrees, Turkish is intelligible with other major of .

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Name The Language

Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.

Dutch belongs to the Indo- European family, Germanic group and is spoken by 20 million people, (nearly 14 million in the ). Flemish is the name given to the language spoken in Belgium and .

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language)  In 1961 according to Indian census people are talking to 1652 languages.  After this period 97% Indian people are talking mainly 23 languages.  At present 91% people in only 18s main languages are talking.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Language Groups of India

They are four category – A. Indo-European -Arya B. Dravidian Family - Dravida C. Austric Family – Nishad D. Sino-Tibetan Family - kirata

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Rank Language family Population (2018) 1 Indo-Aryan language family 1,045,000,000 (78.05%)

2 Dravidian language family 265,000,000 (19.64%)

3 Austroasiatic language family Unknown

4 Sino-Tibetan language family Unknown

5 Tai–Kadai language family Unknown

6 languages Unknown Total 1,340,000,000

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language  S.K. Chatterjee and S.M.Katre have observed: “Among the four language groups which were established in India in very early times, the Aryan speech family was the last to come…….There has been a good measure of interaction among these languages. The Aryan has been profoundly modified by the Dravidian and vice-versa; and that applies to there languages as well.’’

 Accordingly the old Indo-Aryan Vedic developed into Sanskrit, Pali, and Apbhramsa during 1500BC – 1000A.D and Modern Sanskrit.  The regionally based Apbhramas furnished the base of modern Aryan languages: , Sindhi, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.  In the Dardic branch of the Indo-European family, Kashmiri is the main language.

 Arya is a most important language in India.  More then 75% Indian population are talking this Languages.  This languages are farther divided into two categories – a. The Dardic Aryan Language. b. The Indo-Aryan Language.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language a. The Dardic Aryan Language.

 This languages are formed by some local language.  This languages are talk by some Kashmir hill areas peoples and the boundary region of and .  Three branch of Dardic languages are – i. Sina (likely Kashmiri, Sina, and Kohisthani) ii. Khoyay or Chatari or Chaitali and iii. Afghanistan sublanguages.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language It is second most important language of Indo-European family.  Hindi, Bengali, Panjabi, Rajasthani, Gugrathi, Sindhi, Marathi, Oria, Sanskrit, asomia, and Urdhu. Also classified – i. Northern Aryan Language: In Northern India (Nepali, Mid-Hilly and Paschim Hilly languages) ii. North-Western Aryan Language: N-W India (Khanda, Kachahi and Sindhi) iii. Southern Aryan Languages: Marathi and Khankani iv. Eastern Aryan Language: (Behari, Oriha, Bengali, Asomia etc.) V. East-Central Aryan Language: Meddle Indian people (Hindi, Panjabi, Rajasthani, Alowari language) Vi. East Central Aryan Language: Abadh, Bundhal khanda, region peoples (Bughali, Chattisgari etc.)

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language B. Dravidian Language

 The Dravidians come to India from the west and belong to the Mediterranean racial stock.  The Indus valley civilization is credited to the Dravidian people who were defeated by the Indo-Aryans and were pushed to East, Central and .  Spoken about 188.95 million people in India.  It is a oldest languages from his family Aryan. a. North : Telegu, Gondi, Orao, Malar, Kou, Pargi, Kurukh-Oraon etc. This languages also found in – Mayanmer, Indo-, and etc. This language are commonly affected by Sanskrit. b. South Dravidian Languages: Tamil, kanada, and languages are included in the languages.  Kanada language is the main language in the state.  Kanada language are developed by the three way likely –  Old Kanada language (up to 13 A.D)  Middle Kanada language ( up to 16 A.D)  Hosa Kanada language ( It is the present language in Kanada state)

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language  Austric language in India is a included the family of Austra-Asiatic language.  The austric people (Austreloids) come to India after the and occupied most of the land.  Nearly 9.5 million people speak this languages.  This language farther divided into two category likely -  1. Munda or Kol Languages:  2. Mon-Khamer Languages

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language 1. Munda or Kol Languages:

Munda language is the more usable language of all Austric language in India.  It is formed by 14 tribal language  Eastern Indian’s Kherwari language is the main language group.  This language are custom in some part of Chatanugpur, Chattisgarh, Orissa and West state in India.  Santhali, Munda, Ho, Kharwar, Berohad, Bhumiej, Koroya, Kurku etc. are included in Munda language.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language 2. Mon-Khamer Languages

1. This language are also divided in two sub categories likely – 2. Khasi - Jaintia: Khasi tribal people are speaks in this languages of Meghalaya and Nagaland state in India. 3. Nicobari: In Nicobar island’s people are speaks into this language.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language D. Sino-Tibetan Languages  In different groups of people are speaks into Sino-Tibetan language.  These languages are spoken by about 8 million people.  This family are also divided into three category likely - a. Tibet – Himalayan: b. North-Assamese c. Assamese-Myanmari (Burmese) Except above languages – Manipuri, Garo, Tripuri, Sikkim and Lushai language are included in this Sino-Tibetan family.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language  This language included into middle Himalayan type and Bhutan type.  In this languages included into some languages likely – Chamba, Lahuali, Kinnauri, Tibetan, Bhotia, and Lapcha.  Maximum people are spick into Kannauri languages.  70 languages spoken in this region and N.E state.

 Miri, Adi, Mishi, Aka, Dafla and Abor languages  Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

 Bodo, Garo, Kabha, Mikir, Tripuri, Angami, Sema, Manipuri, Lushai and Konyak language etc.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language “Official” Languages of India Table of Schedule Eight Languages in Descending Order of Number of Persons Who Returned the Language as their (Census of India, 2001) Rank Language Number Percentage of Population

1 Hindi 422,048,642 41.03 2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.11 3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19 4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99 5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91 6 51,536,111 5.01 7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48 8 37,924,011 3.69 9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21 10 Oriya 33,017,446 3.21 11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.83 12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.28 13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.18 14 Santali 6,469,600 0.63 15 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54 16 Nepali 2,871,749 0.28 17 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.25 18 Konkani 2,489,015 0.24 19 Dogri 2,282,589 0.22 20 Manipuri* 1,466,705 0.14 21 Bodo 1,350,478 0.13 22 Sanskrit 14,135 Negligible

*Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language

Review

1. Define language. 2. What are the misconceptions about a language? 3. Write an essay on the status of Hindi or Bengali-language in present day India? 4. Write a note on the functions of language in human life. 5. Discuss the impact of English on Hindi language? 6. Briefly state the future of Bengali in India?

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language  Husain, M., (2009), Human Geography, Rawat publication, New , ISBN 81- 7033-724-0, pp.188 -203.  Singh, L.R., (2009), Fundamentals of Human Geography, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad, pp.247 - 256.  Sen, J., (2016), AText Book of Social and Cultural Geography, Kalyani Publication, , ISBN 978-93-272-5910-0, pp. I.86-I.103.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India  https://www.fluentin3months.com/most-spoken-languages/

Geography (U.G), SEM- II, Paper – C3T: Human Geography (Cultural Region: Language)