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California Ecological Zones A.L CALIFORNIA ECOLOGICAL ZONES A.L. KROEBER, ISHI, NATIVE CULTURE AREAS & FOODS “Ishi” the “last wild Indian” from Deer Creek Oroville, CA (1911) College of the Canyons • ANTH 210 • Indians of California Angela R. Kirwin, M.A. • February 2015 1 TOPICS • REVIEW: Non-Metric Cranial Attributions of Ancestry (Week 2 PPT, AnthroMama.com) – Cranial characteristics – Mandibular characteristics – Dental characteristics • A.L. Kroeber • “Ishi” The Last Wild Indian of the Yari/South Yana • A.L. Kroeber’s 6 Main Ecological Types/Zones • A.L. Kroeber’s 5 California Indian “Culture Areas” • Culture Areas & Native Foods • California Indian Research Project – Due Dates & Topics – Collaborative Class Research Groups (5 Culture Areas) – Individual Papers: Topic/RQ/Hypothesis for Individual Papers 2 A.L. KROEBER (1876-1960) • 1876 – Born in New Jersey and went to Columbia University • Student of Franz Boas • Studied Arapahoe Indians and awarded PhD. • 1901 –Founded the Anthropology Department at UC Berkeley • Did not believe in long term fieldwork • “Salvage Anthropology”: Record disappearing Indian cultures • Published in all 4 fields of anthropology • 1911 – Meets “Ishi” a survivor of American Period genocide (Oroville) • 1925 – Handbook of Indians of California • Five Native American “Culture Areas” in California • A “Boasian”: “Cultural Relatavist” and a “Cultural Particularist” theoretical perspective A.L. KROEBER (1876-1960) A. L. Kroeber’s mentor at Columbia University: Franz Boas (1858–1942) the “Father of Anthropology” A.L. KROEBER (1876-1960) • 1901 – Founded the Department of Anthropology, UC Berkeley • Did not believe in long term fieldwork • Practiced “Salvage Anthropology” • All 4 fields of anthropology • 1911 – Met “Ishi” the “Last Wild Indian” of Yari/South Yana tribe (Oroville, CA) Pictured left to right: Sam Batwi (Northern/Central Yana Indian), Dr. A.L. Kroeber, and Ishi (Yahi/ Southern Yana Indian), 1911. Ishi (?-1916) • 1916–“Ishi” the “Last Wild Indian” of Yari/South Yana tribe • Deer Creek by Oroville, CA • Ishi means “man” in South Yana Lived at University of California, Museum of Anthropology in San Francisco for 5 years (until death) • “living exhibit” • Symbolized: • Exploitation of Native Americans • Survivor of the genocide against Ishi at Indian exhibit at the museum. 1916 Indians in N. California A.L. KROEBER (1876-1960) • 1925 – Handbook of Indians of California published • Five Native American “Culture Areas” in California • Rejected 19th Century evolutionists as a “Boasian” • Theoretical perspective: • “Cultural Relativism” • “Historical Particularism” • Anthropology is a Humanity • 1960 – Passed away • Daughter: Sci-Fi writer Ursula Le Guin 6 MAJOR ECOLOGICAL TYPES ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER Type 1A: Coastal Tidelands Gatherers • Tolowa, Yrok, Mattole, Wiyot, Sinkyone, Yuki, Pomo, Miwok, Costanoan, Esselen, Salinan Type 1B: Hunters and Fishers • Chumash. Costal Gabrilieño/Tongva, Coastal Mono 8 6 MAJOR ECOLOGICAL TYPES ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER (cont.) Type III: Lake • Pomo, Yokut Type IV: Valley • River Wintun, Valley Patwin, Valley Maidu, Valley Nisenan, Valley Miwok, Valley Yokuts 9 6 MAJOR ECOLOGICAL TYPES ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER (cont.) Type V: Foothill • Foothill Miwok, Foohill Yokuts, Tubatulabal, Western Mono, Kitanemuk, Alliklik, Kawaiisu, Nomlaki, Pomo (except Lake and Coast), Athabascan, Inland Esselen, Inland Salinan, Inland Gabrieliño/Tongva, Inland Diegueño, Cupeño, Foothill Nisenan, Foothill Maidu, Ya, Wintu, Shasta, Fernandeño, Serrano, Hill Patwin, Uki, Inland Costanoan, Pass and Mountain Cahuilla, Inland Chumash, Inland Luisenõ, Juaneõ 10 6 MAJOR ECOLOGICAL TYPES ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER (cont.) Type VIA: Desert – Hunters and Gatherers • Desert Shoshoni, Northern Paiute, Southern Paiute, Washo, Vanyume Serrano, Desert Cahuilla Type VIB: Desert – Farmers • Yuma, Mojave, Kamia (Eastern Farming Diegueño), Chemehuevi 11 PRIMARY FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #1 Food Staple: Acorns Coast Live Oak Quercus agrifolia Black Oak Quercus kelloggii San Ygnacio women grinding acorns near San Diego in 1911. 12 PRIMARY FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS 1. #1 Food Staple: Acorns 2. Fish and other marine life 3. Large game 13 FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #1 Food Staple: Acorns Distribution of preferred species of oak trees: Coast Live Oak Quercus agrifolia Black Oak Quercus kelloggii 14 FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #2 - Fish and other marine foods • NORTHWESTERN & SOUTHERN • Salmon species: • King or Chinhook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha • Silver or Coho Oncorhynchus kisutch • Shell fish • Sea mammals Chinook or King salmon is the largest • SOUTHERN ONLY specious of the Pacific Salmon genus Tuna, Bonito, Yellowtail (“pelagic”) 15 FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #2 - Fish and other marine foods • NORTHWESTERN & SOUTHERN Salmon = Andromous Fish: • Born in fresh water, live in sea and return to fresh water to spawn • Salmon, smelt, shad, striped bass, and sturgeon Rivers with andromous fish in California 16 FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #2 - Fish and other marine foods CENTRAL COAST & SOUTHERN Accessible beaches in Santa Barbara Channel and south Shell fish: • Pismo Clams • Abalone • Mussels • Scallops Easily accessible sandy beaches with shell fish like giant Pismo Clams 17 FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS #3 – Large mammals NORTHWESTERN Elk & Antelope • Roosevelt Elk Cervus canadensis roosevelti • Tule Elk Cervus nannodes • Pronghorn antelope Antilocapra americana • SOUTHERN & CENTRAL • Mule Deer Roosevelt Elk in Ocoileus hemionus Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, CA 18 SECONDARY FOOD STAPLES OF CALIFORNIA INDIANS Chia seeds • Salvia columbariae • 1 womens hat =5 hats acorns • 1 cup (100 grams) = 450 calories • Protein: 22% & Fat: 20% Buckeye seeds • Aesculus californica Yampa Root • Perideridia gaidneri • aka “epos” root • Tastes: water chestnuts/carrots California native chia: Salvia columbariae (not Salvia hispanica which is grown commercially) 19 5 CULTURE AREAS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER 1. Northwestern California 2. Central California 3. Southern California 4. Colorado River 5. Northeastern California 20 5 CULTURE AREAS & FOODS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA Yuruk, Coastal Pomo, Coastal Miwok, Karok, Shasta… FOOD: • Salmon, shell fish • Acorns, buckeye, manzanita, sugar pine • Elk, antelope, deer, and small game • Trout & migrating water fowl 21 5 CULTURE AREAS & FOODS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Washo, Pomo, Miwok, Nisenan, Yana and South Yana FOOD: • Acorns, buckeye, sugar pine, pine nuts, sunflower seeds • Elk, deer, antelope and small game • Yampah root (Perideridia gairdneri) • Trout & migrating water fowl • Insects (grasshoppers, locusts) 22 5 CULTURE AREAS & FOODS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Chumash, Gabrieliño/Tongva, Cahuilla FOOD: • Acorns • Tuna, bonito, yellowtail • Shell fish (Pismo clams, abalone, mussels) • Sea mammals (Sea lion, sea otter) • Deer and small game • Chia and other seeds • Trout & migrating water fowl • Insects (grasshoppers, locusts) 23 5 CULTURE AREAS & FOODS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER COLORADO RIVER Yuma, Mojave, Quechan, Yuman, Yaqui FOOD: • “Three Sisters”: • Maize • Beans • Squash (melons, pumpkins) • Mesquite fruit and grass seeds • Small game (rabbits, sometimes deer) • Trout & migrating water fowl • Insects (grasshoppers, locusts) 24 5 CULTURE AREAS & FOODS ACCORDING TO A.L. KROEBER GREAT BASIN/LOCAL SANTA CLARITA Southern Paiute, Western Shoshone, Tataviam FOOD: • Yucca plant buds • Acorns, chia seeds, piñon nuts • Juniper berries, manzanita berries, prickly pear cactus (nopales) • Deer and antelope • Small game (rabbits, squirrels) • Migrating waterfowl 25 ECOLOGICAL ZONESà 5 CULTURE AREAS 26 THE END 27 CULTURE AREAS à COUNTIES OF CALIFORNIA 28 .
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