DOCSLIB.ORG

Chia and the Chumash: a Reconsideration of Sage Seeds in Southern California

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chia and the Chumash: a Reconsideration of Sage Seeds in Southern California UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Chia and the Chumash: A Reconsideration of Sage Seeds in Southern California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d33504g Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 8(1) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Timbrook, Jan Publication Date 1986-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 50-64 (1986) Chia and the Chumash: A Reconsideration of Sage Seeds in Southern California JAN TIMBROOK, Dept. of Anthropology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105. A-IURING several years of research on Chu­ by a brief comparative summary of sage seed mash ethnobotany, I have sought information use among other southern California peoples. from a wide variety of sources. The most It is then suggested that the prevailing fruitful of these have been John P. Harring­ views in the archaeological literature have ton's unpublished ethnographic and linguistic been derived from incorrect interpretations field notes, ^ the extant plant specimens in of ethnohistorical data and from errors in the Harrington collection at the National historical documents. Finally, I comment on Anthropological Archives, and historical resource availability and food preferences as documents written by early observers of they relate to the question of sage seed Chumash culture. exploitation. When the available data were compiled on This problem is important because it Chumash use of sages (the genus Salvia), it affects our assumptions that settlement loca­ became apparent that information collected tion depends on accessibility to critical by Harrington did not agree with the picture resources such as water and food supplies. presented in most published writings on the The identification of these food resources is Chumash. On the one hand, the archaeolog­ a key to interpreting the archaeological re­ ical literature generally asserts that the cord and, in turn, to developing an under­ Chumash and their ancestors ate seeds of all standing of subsistence and settlement pat­ four of the most abundant local sage species: terns in prehistoric southern California. one annual herb (commonly known as chia CHIA AND THE CHUMASH [Salvia columbariae]), and three perennial shrubs (black, white and purple sages [Salvia Chumash methods of preparing food from mellifera, S. apiana, and 5. leucophylla], chia seeds are described repeatedly through­ respectively). Archaeologists have begun to out Harrington's notes: the seeds were apply the vernacular term "chia" to the toasted in soapstone oUas or with hot coals seeds of all these species of sage plants. in a basket, then pounded before being eaten But, according to Harrington's consultants, either mixed with water into a thin gruel or the Chumash ate the seeds of only one sage molded into dry cakes. According to species, the annual Salvia columbariae, and Harrington's Chumash consultants, the that was the only one to which they applied pounding was done in a mortar, not in a me- the name "chia." In this paper the term tate or on a shallow milling stone. Both "chia" refers only to that species, following Fernando Librado of Ventura and Maria So- the usage of Harrington's consultants and lares of Santa Ynez said that chia meal or most botanical reference works. drink was consumed a little at a time, be­ The available information on Chumash tween bites of other foods, to vary the taste use of sage seeds is presented first, followed and cleanse the palate (Harrington MS). [50] CHL\ AND THE CHUMASH 51 Harrington's notes offer little evidence to as itepesh, "chia" or "chia fina" ["fine" or support the use of seeds from the three lo­ "delicate chia"], and paj, "chia gruesa" cal sage species which are large, woody ["coarse chia"]. Harrington's Kitanemuk shrubs. The plant from which chia seeds consultants also spoke of "chia" and were collected was described by Fernando "another kind of chia," the latter being less Librado: "The chia is low and never grows preferred. This "other kind" has been over two feet high." Several consuUants identified from a specimen as thistle sage discussed methods of harvesting chia seeds (Salvia carduacea). (Harrington MS): Chia may be considered an item of high They just put a basket under it and hit it cultural significance, according to linguistic with a seedbeater. It is easy to pick. clues. Most of Harrington's consultants provided names for chia in one or more They beat it into a basket 1 ft. in diam­ Chumashan languages (Table 1), but few eter and 6-8" high. Empty this mto a larger basket... knew names for any of the other species. Lucrecia Garcia, the Barbareiio consultant They would pile chia and thrash chia with who collected the specimens, was the only the seedbeater. one who provided names for Salvia leuco­ The use of a hooked pole to pull the seed phylla and S. mellifera. These appear to be heads over the basket was confirmed by descriptive terms rather than true names, as some consultants and denied by others. one component of the binomial ['olkopkop Some described holding the gathering basket "herb"] was also applied to several kinds of between the knees, or "beating the bush" grasses. If no true names existed for the with the seedbeater, which might indicate a woody perennial sage species, or if the relatively large plant. names could not be recalled by Harrington's Nonetheless, most of the evidence favors consultants, it might indicate these plants chia being a low, herbaceous plant. The two were less important to the Chumash. local sage species which best fit this When California Indian people began to description are Salvia columbariae, commonly speak Spanish, a second set of vernacular called "chia," and S. carduacea, thistle sage names was introduced. People seem to have (Fig. 1). A third herbaceous species, 5. applied these new names to the indigenous spathacea, hummingbird sage, has a sticky categories. Harrington's Chumash consul­ involucre which would prevent harvesting of tants used the Spanish common name "chia," seeds with a seedbeater. like the Chumash word 'itepesh, to refer to At least two Chumash consultants men­ both the seeds and the plant itself. I have tioned that there were two kinds of chia, not found any indication in Harrington's although no labeled specimens are extant to field notes or plant specimens that the Chu­ confirm this. A Ventureno consultant said mash people themselves applied the term that "there are two kinds of chia, a coarser "chia" to the seeds of more than one kind and a finer kind. The finer kind is pre­ of sage. While the Chumash did eat the ferred" (Harrington MS). In addition to his young shoots of woody perennial sages and own notes, Harrington's collection contains used the leaves and shoots in medicine and some notebooks written by Ventureiio Juan offerings, Harrington's notes do not indicate Estevan Pico, who worked with Henshaw in that the seeds of these plants were ever the 1880s. Pico listed the two kinds of chia collected. 52 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Chia (Salvia columbariae) Fig. 1. The "two kinds of chia" described by Chumash and Kitanemuk consultants (3/8 natural size). CHIA AND THE CHUMASH 53 Table 1 CHUMASH NAMES FOR SALVIA SPECIES Species BarbareAo Ventureno Ineseno Spanish 5. ap(an<i* (white sage) xapcix salvia real S. carduacea (thistle sage) pax chia gruesa S. columbariae (chia) 'ilepesh 'itepesh 'i'lepesh chia S. leucophylla* (purple sage) 'olkopkop lunepepez salvia [ ='herb'~'gray"] S. mellifera* (black sage) 'alastaxcuy, salvia verde 'olkopkopjilxulapcan [ = 'heib' 'green'] S. spathacea* qimc diocita (hummingbird sage) no name recorded identified from specimen collected and labeled by Harrington's consultant Lucrecia Garcia, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Harrington (MS) went through Jepson's All of the southern CaUfornia groups for 1925 manual and noted that the sage family whom information is available ate the seeds included the following plants: "chia, white of at least one to as many as all four of sage, black sage, yerba buena." He equated these species. Cahuilla and Luiseiio ate all chia with Salvia columbariae and the four kinds (Bean and Saubel 1972:136; Spark- Barbareiio Chumash name 'ilepesh, but did man 1908:196). The Tubatulabal and Kitane­ not give Spanish or Chumash names for the muk ate seeds of two species, chia sage and other species. He, too, apparently was thistle sage (Voegelin 1938; Harrington MS); certain that the category "chia" did not the Costanoan ate only chia (Levy 1978:491; include the other sage species listed. Bocek 1984:253). None of the groups sur­ veyed seem to have eaten seeds of purple SAGE SEEDS sage (5. leucophylla). IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Most southern California peoples made Is the Chumash information gleaned from distinctions between one kind of sage seeds Harrington's notes consistent with patterns and another. Preference was usually ex­ among other southern California Indian peo­ pressed for chia, S. columbariae. For ex­ ples? A survey of the ethnographic litera­ ample, species of sages were used for seed ture turned up fairly good data for six flour by the Diegueiio, "especially Salvia groups (Cahuilla, Luiseiio, Diegueiio, Tiibatu- columbariae, chia" (Luomala 1978:600); and labal, Costanoan, and Kitanemuk), and less among the Luiseiio the seeds of chia were adequate for four more (Salinan, Fernan- "much more esteemed than any other" deiio, Gabrielino, and Serrano). (Sparkman 1908:196). Kitanemuk consultants Both the seeds and green parts of various Magdalena Olivas and Eugenia Mendez said sage species were employed in food, medicine that the "other kind of chia," thistle sage, and ceremony by Indian peoples throughout was "not very good-tasting but [they] used much of California.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Géneros De Lamiaceae De México, Diversidad Y Endemismo
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Martínez-Gordillo, Martha; Fragoso-Martínez, Itzi; García-Peña, María del Rosario; Montiel, Oscar Géneros de Lamiaceae de México, diversidad y endemismo Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 84, núm. 1, marzo, 2013, pp. 30-86 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42526150034 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 30-86, 2013 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30158 Géneros de Lamiaceae de México, diversidad y endemismo Genera of Lamiaceae from Mexico, diversity and endemism Martha Martínez-Gordillo1, Itzi Fragoso-Martínez1, María del Rosario García-Peña2 y Oscar Montiel1 1Herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. partado postal 70-399, 04510 México, D.F., México. 2Herbario Nacional de México, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-367, 04510 México, D.F., México. [email protected] Resumen. La familia Lamiaceae es muy diversa en México y se distribuye con preferencia en las zonas templadas, aunque es posible encontrar géneros como Hyptis y Asterohyptis, que habitan en zonas secas y calientes; es una de las familias más diversas en el país, de la cual no se tenían datos actualizados sobre su diversidad y endemismo.
    [Show full text]
  • Malosma Laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. Ex Abrams
    I. SPECIES Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams NRCS CODE: Family: Anacardiaceae MALA6 Subfamily: Anacardiodeae Order: Sapindales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida Immature fruits are green to red in mid-summer. Plants tend to flower in May to June. A. Subspecific taxa none B. Synonyms Rhus laurina Nutt. (USDA PLANTS 2017) C. Common name laurel sumac (McMinn 1939, Calflora 2016) There is only one species of Malosma. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data and a combination of D. Taxonomic relationships molecular and structural data place Malosma as distinct but related to both Toxicodendron and Rhus (Miller et al. 2001, Yi et al. 2004, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). E. Related taxa in region Rhus ovata and Rhus integrifolia may be the closest relatives and laurel sumac co-occurs with both species. Very early, Malosma was separated out of the genus Rhus in part because it has smaller fruits and lacks the following traits possessed by all species of Rhus : red-glandular hairs on the fruits and axis of the inflorescence, hairs on sepal margins, and glands on the leaf blades (Barkley 1937, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). F. Taxonomic issues none G. Other The name Malosma refers to the strong odor of the plant (Miller & Wilken 2017). The odor of the crushed leaves has been described as apple-like, but some think the smell is more like bitter almonds (Allen & Roberts 2013). The leaves are similar to those of the laurel tree and many others in family Lauraceae, hence the specific epithet "laurina." Montgomery & Cheo (1971) found time to ignition for dried leaf blades of laurel sumac to be intermediate and similar to scrub oak, Prunus ilicifolia, and Rhamnus crocea; faster than Heteromeles arbutifolia, Arctostaphylos densiflora, and Rhus ovata; and slower than Salvia mellifera.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded on 12 March 2021, Was Applied to Evaluate the Extent of Species Other Than Chia in RNA-Seq Assemblies
    plants Article Proteomic Identification and Meta-Analysis in Salvia hispanica RNA-Seq de novo Assemblies Ashwil Klein 1 , Lizex H. H. Husselmann 1 , Achmat Williams 1, Liam Bell 2 , Bret Cooper 3 , Brent Ragar 4 and David L. Tabb 1,5,6,* 1 Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (L.H.H.H.); [email protected] (A.W.) 2 Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; [email protected] 3 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; [email protected] 4 Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02150, USA; [email protected] 5 Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa 6 Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-82-431-2839 Abstract: While proteomics has demonstrated its value for model organisms and for organisms with mature genome sequence annotations, proteomics has been of less value in nonmodel organisms that are unaccompanied by genome sequence annotations. This project sought to determine the value of RNA-Seq experiments as a basis for establishing a set of protein sequences to represent a nonmodel organism, in this case, the pseudocereal chia. Assembling four publicly available chia RNA-Seq datasets produced transcript sequence sets with a high BUSCO completeness, though the Citation: Klein, A.; Husselmann, number of transcript sequences and Trinity “genes” varied considerably among them.
    [Show full text]
  • California Indian Garden – Plant List and Plant Uses
    California Indian Garden Plant List Spring 2018 Common name Scientific name Indian Uses Bladderpod Isomeris arborea Seeds and flowers eaten Black sage Salvia mellifera Seeds ground into a meal for baking; tea made from leaves and stem Blue elderberry Sambucus nigra Berries used as food and sauce, plant also used for medicine, dyes for basketry, arrow shafts, flute, whistles, clapper sticks, and folk medicine Bush monkey flower Mimulus aurantiacus Young stems and leaves eaten as greens; used to treat burns, wounds, colds, cough, flu, stomach disorders and heart ailments CA buckwheat Eriogonum fasciculatum Leaf tea used for headache and stomach pain, root tea for colds and laryngitis; root poultice applied to wounds Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Infusion of bark and leaves used to cure syphilis; oils used to treat skin infections; scale insect on plant used as a binding agent; branches used to make arrow shafts and points Coast cholla Cylindropuntia prolifera Flowers and fruits for food Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia Acorns used as an important food staple Coast prickly pear Opuntia littoralis Fruit used for food, syrup, juice, candy and gum; young, green nopales (stems) also eaten; used to treat wounds, rheumatism, mumps, and reduce swelling; spines for needles and juice for dye Coast sunflower Encelia californica No known uses Coastal sagebrush Artemisia californica Leaves used for a variety of medicinal treatments: toothaches, wounds, asthma, colds, coughs, rheumatism, menstrual problems, to ease childbirth, menopausal symptoms,
    [Show full text]
  • Verdura® Native Planting
    Abronia maritime Abronia maritima is a species of sand verbena known by the common name red (Coastal) sand verbena. This is a beach-adapted perennial plant native to the coastlines of southern California, including the Channel Islands, and northern Baja California. Abronia villosa Abronia villosa is a species of sand-verbena known by the common name desert (Inland) sand-verbena. It is native to the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico and the southern California and Baja coast. Adenostoma Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise or greasewood) is a flowering plant native to fasciculatum California and northern Baja California. This shrub is one of the most widespread (Coastal/Inland) plants of the chaparral biome. Adenostoma fasciculatum is an evergreen shrub growing to 4m tall, with dry-looking stick-like branches. The leaves are small, 4– 10 mm long and 1mm broad with a pointed apex, and sprout in clusters from the branches. Arctostaphylos Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is a plant species of the genus Arctostaphylos (manzanita). uva-ursi Its common names include kinnikinnick and pinemat manzanita, and it is one of (Coastal/Inland) several related species referred to as bearberry. Arctostaphylos Arctostaphylos edmundsii, with the common name Little Sur manzanita, is a edmundsii species of manzanita. This shrub is endemic to California where it grows on the (Coastal/Inland) coastal bluffs of Monterey County. Arctostaphylos Arctostaphylos hookeri is a species of manzanita known by the common name hookeri Hooker's manzanita. Arctostaphylos hookeri is a low shrub which is variable in (Coastal/Inland) appearance and has several subspecies. The Arctostaphylos hookeri shrub is endemic to California where its native range extends from the coastal San Francisco Bay Area to the Central Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvia Mellifera Greene NRCS CODE: Family: Lamiaceae SAME3 Order: Lamiales Subclass: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida
    SPECIES Salvia mellifera Greene NRCS CODE: Family: Lamiaceae SAME3 Order: Lamiales Subclass: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida seedling juvenile plant fruiting inflorescence with mature shrub, A. Montalvo , Riverside Co. flowers and inflorescences Subspecific taxa None. Two taxa previously recognized as part of S. mellifera have been elevated to species status (USDA Plants). S. munzii includes what was known as S. mellifera subsp. jonesii Abrams or S. m. var. jonesii Munz; and S. brandegeei Munz includes what was known as S. m. Greene ssp. revoluta (Brandegee) Abrams. Synonyms Audibertia stachyoides Benth., Audobertiella s. Briq. (noted in Munz & Keck 1968) Common name black sage (other names have been used less often such as California black sage and coastal black sage (JepsonOnline, Painter 2010)). There are currently 22 taxa of Salvia recognized in California (JepsonOnline) and about 900 species Taxonomic relationships recognized worldwide (JepsonOnline). Related taxa in region Salvia apiana Jeps., S. brandegeei Munz (in Channel Islands), S. munzii Epling (in San Diego Co. and Baja California), S. clevelandii (A. Gray) Greene (Los Angeles Co. s. into Baja California in s South Coast and s Peninsular Ranges of San Diego Co.), S. leucophylla Greene (coastal foothills from the Chino Hills of Orange Co. north to San Luis Obispo Co. and where it has been planted out of range in restoration projects such as in coastal San Diego Co.) Taxonomic issues None. Other The specific epithet “mellifera” means “honey producing” and refers to its use by nectar foraging bees. The widest ranging species of shrubby Salvia (Sawyer et al. 2009). GENERAL Map Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria represent 578 records with coordinate data out of 1112 records retrieved; data accessed 9/11/10.
    [Show full text]
  • Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice
    Steele/Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Research Center University of California, Irvine UCI – NATURE and UC Natural Reserve System California State Parks – Colorado Desert District Anza-Borrego Desert State Park & Anza-Borrego Foundation Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice (revised 1/31/2019) A gaggle of geneticists in Borrego Palm Canyon – 1975. (L-R, Dr. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Dr. Steve Bryant, Dr. Richard Lewontin, Dr. Steve Jones, Dr. TimEDITOR’S Prout. Photo NOTE by Dr. John Moore, courtesy of Steve Jones) Editor’s Note The publications cited in this volume specifically mention and/or discuss Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, locations and/or features known to occur within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, biological, geological, paleontological or anthropological specimens collected from localities within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, or events that have occurred within those same boundaries. This compendium is not now, nor will it ever be complete (barring, of course, the end of the Earth or the Park). Many, many people have helped to corral the references contained herein (see below). Any errors of omission and comission are the fault of the editor – who would be grateful to have such errors and omissions pointed out! [[email protected]] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As mentioned above, many many people have contributed to building this database of knowledge about Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. A quantum leap was taken somewhere in 2016-17 when Kevin Browne introduced me to Google Scholar – and we were off to the races. Elaine Tulving deserves a special mention for her assistance in dealing with formatting issues, keeping printers working, filing hard copies, ignoring occasional foul language – occasionally falling prey to it herself, and occasionally livening things up with an exclamation of “oh come on now, you just made that word up!” Bob Theriault assisted in many ways and now has a lifetime job, if he wants it, entering these references into Zotero.
    [Show full text]
  • TERPENES and FLAVONOIDS from SALVIA APIANA and THEIR AFFINITIES to CANNABINOID and OPIOID RECEPTORS By: Taylor Hayes a Thesis Su
    TERPENES AND FLAVONOIDS FROM SALVIA APIANA AND THEIR AFFINITIES TO CANNABINOID AND OPIOID RECEPTORS By: Taylor Hayes A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Oxford, MS May 2016 Approved by _________________________ Advisor: Dr. Samir A. Ross _________________________ Reader: Dr. Stephen J. Cutler _________________________ Reader: Dr. John M. Rimoldi © 2016 Taylor Josephine Hayes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first want to thank my advisor, Dr. Samir A. Ross, and Dr. Sri Vedavyasa Sri Radhakrishnan for their guidance and encouragement. I am very thankful for Dr. Ross allowing me to work with in his lab in order to complete this process. I am extremely thankful for Dr. Radhakrishnan for the countless hours he has devoted to teaching me about the process of research and scientific writing. I would not have been able to finish this project without their support. Thank you to Dr. Stephen J. Cutler and Dr. John M. Rimoldi for serving as readers for this thesis. It would not have been possible without their input and willingness to help out. All of this Research was made possible by the Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Grant Number P20GM104932 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) and the Center of Research Excellence in Natural Products Neuroscience at the University of Mississippi. I would also like to thank the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College for giving me the opportunity and the push that I needed take on a thesis. Dr. John Samonds was very helpful in answering all of my questions and concerns through this process.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvia Apiana Jepson NRCS CODE: Family: Lamiaceae Order: Lamiales in Fruit, Persistent SAAP2 Calyx, Sept
    SPECIES Salvia apiana Jepson NRCS CODE: Family: Lamiaceae Order: Lamiales in fruit, persistent SAAP2 calyx, Sept. 2010 Subclass: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida 1st season seedlings, mid April 2009, western Riverside Co. flowers with exerted stigmas mature plants, A. Montalvo, Riverside Co. Subspecific taxa 1. SAAPA 1. S. apiana Jeps. var. apiana 2. SAAPC 2. S. apiana Jeps. var. compacta Munz [recognized by USDA PLANTS 2010] Synonyms 1. Audibertia polystachya Benth., Ramona polystachya Briq., Audibertiella polystachya Briq., Salvia (numbered as above) californica Jeps., but not the S. californica Brand. described by Brandegee (Epling 1938). Common name 1. white sage; also called bee sage (Keator 1994) (numbered as above) 2. compact white sage Salvia is a large genus of nearly 1000 species distributed over most continents. White sage belongs to section Audibertia which is restricted to the California Floristic Province and adjacent deserts (Walker & Sytsma 2007). The alignment of white sage with species traditionally classified in Salvia section Audibertia has been Taxonomic relationships supported by a combined analysis of DNA molecular data and stamen morphology (Walker & Sytsma 2007). Their data supported a monophyletic group of 20 species in Audibertia and that the most closely aligned group of species is in the subgenus Calosphace. Related taxa in region S. apiana overlaps with a number of other Salvia species in Section Audibertia in southern California, primarily the subshrubs: S. clevelandii (A. Gray) Greene, S. eremostachya Epling ex Munz, S. leucophylla Greene, S. mellifera Greene, S. munzii Epling, S. pachyphylla Epling, and S. vaseyi Parish; and the annual herbs S. columbariae Benth and S. caduacea Benth.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornithophily in the Genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae)
    Ornithophily in the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Petra Wester geb. in Linz/Rhein Mainz, 2007 Kapitel 2 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht beim Springer Verlag unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2006): Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257: 133-146. Kapitel 3 dieser Arbeit wurde veröffentlicht bei Elsevier unter: Wester, P. & Claßen- Bockhoff, R. (2006): Bird pollination in South African Salvia species. Flora 201: 396- 406. Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit ist im Druck bei Oxford University Press (Annals of Botany) unter: Wester, P. & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2007): Floral diversity and pollen transfer mechanisms in bird-pollinated Salvia species. Meinen Eltern gewidmet Contents SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................................................. 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG....................................................................................................................................... 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 3 2 HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION IN SALVIA HAENKEI (LAMIACEAE) LACKING THE TYPICAL LEVER MECHANISM .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes
    National Plant Data Team August 2012 Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes and the Klamath Tribe of Oregon in the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology Collections, University of California, Berkeley August 2012 Cover photos: Left: Maidu woman harvesting tarweed seeds. Courtesy, The Field Museum, CSA1835 Right: Thick patch of elegant madia (Madia elegans) in a blue oak woodland in the Sierra foothills The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its pro- grams and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sex- ual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Acknowledgments This report was authored by M. Kat Anderson, ethnoecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Jim Effenberger, Don Joley, and Deborah J. Lionakis Meyer, senior seed bota- nists, California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Center. Special thanks to the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum staff, especially Joan Knudsen, Natasha Johnson, Ira Jacknis, and Thusa Chu for approving the project, helping to locate catalogue cards, and lending us seed samples from their collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Drought-Tolerant and Native Plants for Goleta and Santa Barbara County’S Mediterranean Climate
    Drought-Tolerant and Native Plants for Goleta and Santa Barbara County’s Mediterranean Climate Drought tolerant plants for the Santa Barbara and Goleta area. In the 1500's California went through an 80 year drought. During the winter there were blizzards in Central California, the Salinas River froze solid where it flowed into the Monterey Bay. During the summer there was no humidity, no rain, and temperatures in the hundreds for many months. During one year in the 1840's there was no measurable rain in Santa Barbara. (The highest measured rainfall in an hour also was in Southern California, 11 inches in an hour) The same native plants that lived through that are still on the hillsides of California. California native plants that do not normally live in the creeks and ponds are very drought tolerant. The best way to find your plant is to check www.mynativeplants.com and do not water at all. But if you want a simple list of drought tolerant plants that can work for your garden here are some. Adenostoma fasciculatum, Chamise. Adenostoma sparsifolium, Red Shanks Agave deserti, Desert Agave Agave shawii, Coastal Agave Agave utahensis, Century Plant Antirrhinum multiflorum, Multiflowered Snapdragon Arctostaphylos La Panza, Grey Manzanita Arctostaphylos densiflora Sentinel Manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa adamsii, Laguna Manzanita. Arctostaphylos crustacea eastwoodiana, Harris Grade manzanita. Arctostaphylos glandulosa zacaensis, San Marcos Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca, Big Berry Manzanita. Arctostaphylos glauca, Ramona Manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca-glandulosa, Weird Manzanita. 1 | Page Arctostaphylos pungens, Mexican Manzanita Arctostaphylos refugioensis Refugio Manzanita Aristida purpurea, Purple 3-awn Artemisia californica, California Sagebrush Artemisia douglasiana, Mugwort Artemisia ludoviciana, White Sagebrush Asclepias fascicularis, Narrowleaf Milkweed Astragalus trichopodus, Southern California Locoweed Atriplex lentiformis Breweri, Brewers Salt Bush.
    [Show full text]