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MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS SALVIA L. (LAMIACEAE) IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA, TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AHMET KAHRAMAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY JULY 2011 Approval of the thesis MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS SALVIA L. (LAMIACEAE) IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA, TURKEY submitted by AHMET KAHRAMAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen ___________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan ___________________ Head of Department, Biology, METU Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan ___________________ Supervisor, Dept. of Biology, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. N. Münevver Pınar ___________________ Dept. of Biology, Ankara University Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan ___________________ Dept. of Biology, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde ___________________ Dept. of Biological Sciences, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can BĠLGĠN ___________________ Dept. of Biology, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Nurhan Büyükkartal ___________________ Dept. of Biology, Ankara University Date: 11.07.2011 ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: AHMET KAHRAMAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS SALVIA L. (LAMIACEAE) IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA, TURKEY Kahraman, Ahmet Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan July 2011, 336 pages This study aims to revise the genus Salvia L. in East and Southeast Anatolia in Turkey on the basis of macromorphological, anatomical, palynological, mericarp micro-morphological, ecological and numerical analysis. Towards achieving this goal, about 2500 specimens of Salvia were collected and examined during extensive field studies between July 2005 and June 2009. The materials collected by other researchers either from Turkey or abroad were also investigated. The results of the taxonomic revision show that the study area includes 59 taxa, 24 (40.7%) of which are endemic and the remaining 35 (59.3%) are non-endemic. Salvia siiirtica is described as new to science. S. macrosiphon is described as a new record for Turkey and S. cerino-pruinosa and S. pseudeuphratica are re-evaluated as valid species as well as S. ballsiana is rediscovered. Macromorphological characters that were considered to have taxonomically diagnostic value are investigated and their possible variations are discussed. Habit, iv stem, leaf, inflorescence, bract, calyx, corolla and stamen properties are compared at infrageneric and species level. The first comprehensive evaluation of the systematic value of anatomy, palynology and mericarp micromorphology of Salvia are presented. Some characters, such as row numbers of ray cells in the root, type of the leaf blade structure, shape of cross section of the petiole, shape and number of median vascular bundles, pollen size, size of mericarps and diameter of abscission scars, are useful for infrageneric delimitation. Variation in some anatomical characters, such as number of cell layers of collenchyma and cortex, number of cell layers of palisade parenchyma, size of petiole, number of lateral vascular bundles, exine ornamentation type of pollen, presence of large lumina in the middle of the primary lumen, the muri thickness, mericarp shape, mericarp length/width ratio and surface ornamentation type, can be used for separating species within the sections. Based on the updated geographical and ecological distribution, conservation status of the taxa is reassessed at regional, national and global levels. At the regional scale, the distribution is CR for 6 taxa EN for 9 taxa, VU for 5 taxa, NT for 10 taxa and LC for 29 taxa. At the national scale, the distribution is CR for 5 taxa, EN for 5 taxa, VU for 7 taxa, NT for 10 taxa and LC for 32 taxa. At the global scale, the distribution is CR for 5 taxa, EN for 3 taxa, VU for 6 taxa, NT for 10 taxa NT and LC for 35 taxa. The main threats in the study area are overgrazing, constructions, land clearing, fire, urbanization and tourism. The infrageneric delimitation is performed using multivariate analysis. Identification keys to sections and species are given. Synonymy, updated descriptions, phenology, distribution and habitats in Turkey, general distribution outside Turkey, distribution maps, phytogeography, specimen citations, some notes on taxonomy and photographs showing general appearance of the taxa are also provided. Keywords: Lamiaceae, Salvia, systematics, morphology, anatomy, palynology, East and Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. v ÖZ TÜRKĠYE’NĠN DOĞU VE GÜNEY DOĞU ANADOLU BÖLGELERĠ’NDE BULUNAN SALVIA L. (LAMIACEAE) CĠNSĠNĠN MORFOLOJĠSĠ, ANATOMĠSĠ VE SĠSTEMATĠĞĠ Kahraman, Ahmet Doktora, Biyolojik Bilimler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan Temmuz 2011, 336 sayfa Bu çalışma makromorfolojik, anatomik, palinolojik, merikarp mikromorfolijisi, ekolojik ve numerik analizler kullanılarak Türkiye’nin Doğu ve Güneydoğu bölgerinde bulunan Salvia cinsinin revizyonunu gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlar. Bunun için, Salvia taksonlarının yaklaşık 2500 örneği Temmuz 2005 ve Haziran 2009 arasındaki yoğun arazi çalışmaları boyunca toplanmış ve incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, yerli ve yabancı araştırmacılar tarafından toplanmış materyaller de incelenmiştir. Taksonomik revizyonun sonuçları çalışma alanında 59 taksonun bulunduğunu, bunların 24 (40.7%)’ünün endemik geriye kalan 35 (59.3%) taksonun ise endemik olmadığını gösterir. Salvia siirtica bilim dünyası için yeni bir tür olarak tanımlanmıştır. S. macrosiphon Türkiye için yeni kayıt olarak bulunmuş, S. cerino- pruinosa ve S. pseudeuphratica yeniden tür olarak değerlendirilmiş ayrıca S. ballsiana yeniden keşfedilmiştir. vi Taksonomik olarak ayırt edici değeri olduğu düşünülen makromorfolojik karakterler araştırılmış ve bunların olası varyasyonları tartışılmıştır. Habit, gövde, yaprak, çiçek durumu, brakte, çanak yaprak, taç yaprak ve stamen özellikleri cins içi ve tür seviyesinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Salvia’nın anatomisi, palinolojisi ve merikarp mikromorfolojisinin sistematik önemi üzerine ilk kapsamlı değerlendirme sunulmuştur. Bazı karakterler cins içi sınıflandırmada faydalı bulunmuştur örneğin; kökteki ışın hücrelerinin sıra sayısı, yaprak ayası tipi, yaprak sapının enine kesitinin şekli, ortadaki iletim demetlerinin şekli ve sayısı, polen büyüklüğü, merikarpın büyüklüğü ve hilumun çapı. Bazı anatomik karekterlerdeki varyasyon türlerin ayırt edilmesinde kullanılabilir; korteks ve kollenkima hüclerinin tabaka sayısı, palizat parenkima hücrelerinin tabaka sayısı, yaprak sapının büyüklüğü, yandaki iletim demetlerinin sayısı, polen eksin ornamentasyonunun tipi, primer luminanın ortasında geniş sekonder luminanın varlığı, merikarp şekli, uzunluk/genişlik oranı ve yüzey ornamentasyon tipi gibi. Güncellenen coğrafik ve ekolojik dağılımlar dikkate alınarak, taksonların koruma statüleri bölgesel, ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte tekrar değerlendirilmiştir. Bölgesel ölçekte 6 takson CR, 9 takson EN, 5 takson VU, 10 takson NT ve 29 takson LC; ulusal ölçekte 5 takson CR, 5 takson EN, 7 takson VU, 10 takson NT ve 32 takson LC; uluslararası ölçekte 5 takson CR, 3 takson EN, 6 takson VU, 10 takson NT ve 35 takson LC kategorisindedir. Çalışma alanındaki en önemli tehtitler; aşırı otlatma, inşaat çalışmaları, arazi açma, yangınlar, kentleşme ve turizmdir. Cins içi sınıflandırma çoklu varyasyon analizi yardımı ile yapılmıştır. Seksiyon ve tür anahtarları verilmiştir. Ayrıca, taksonların sinonimi, tip örnekleri, güncellenmiş betimleri, fenolojisi, Türkiye’deki dağılımları ve habitatları, Türkiye dışındaki dağılımları, dağılım haritaları, fitocoğrafyası, incelenen örnekler, taksonomisi üzerine bazı notlar ve genel görünümlerini gösteren fotoğraflar verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Lamiaceae, Salvia, sistematik, morfoloji, anatomi, palinoloji, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu, Türkiye. vii To my wife and family viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan for his valuable guidance, advice, criticism, encouragement and insight throughout the research. I would like to thank to the examining committee members of my thesis Prof. Dr. N. Münevver Pınar, Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde and Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Nurhan Büyükkartal for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticsm to the thesis. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr. Sevil Pehlivan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra Martin, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Galip Akaydın, Dr. Greg G. Guerin, Assist. Prof. Dr. Hülya Özler, Assist. Prof. Dr. Hatice Çölgeçen, Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakan Mete Doğan and Assist. Prof. Dr. Birol Başer for their help and collaboration. I wish to thank my wife Hilal Kahraman and parents for their patience, encouragement and endless moral support. I give my special thanks to my father Süleyman Kahraman for his valuable assistance and support in field studies. I am grateful for the help of the members of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Laboratory of Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering in METU. I also thank to
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    ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN FAKÜLTESİ HERBARYUM’UNDAKİ (ANK) SALVIA (LAMIACEAE) CİNSİNİN REVİZYONU Hüseyin Onur İPEK BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2018 Her Hakkı Saklıdır ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN FAKÜLTESĠ HERBARYUM’UNDAKĠ (ANK) SALVIA (LAMIACEAE) CĠNSĠNĠN REVĠZYONU Hüseyin Onur Ġpek Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı DanıĢman: Prof. Dr. Osman KETENOĞLU ANK Herbaryumu’nda bulunan Lamiaceae (Labiateae) familyası üyesi Salvia cinsine ait 1177 örnek incelenmiĢ ve 68 tür ile 14 alttürün mevcudiyeti tespit edilmiĢtir. Bu örneklerin 6 tanesi isotip, bir tanesi holotip’dir ve 51 tane tür endemiktir. Ocak 2018, 163 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Revizyon, Labiateae, Salvia sp, ANK, Veritabanı, Herbaryum. ii ABSTRACT Master Thesis THE REVĠSĠON OF THE GENUS SALVIA (LAMIACEAE) AT HERBARIUM OF FACULTY OF SCĠENCE (ANK) Hüseyin Onur ĠPEK Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Osman KETENOĞLU 1177 plant specimens belonging to the genus Salvia stored in the ANK herbarium were examined and 68 species and 14 subspecies were determined. Six of these are isotypes and one is holotypes. The 51 species stored in ANK are endemic for Turkey. January 2018, 163 pages Key Words: Revision, Labiateae, Salvia sp, ANK, Database, Herbarium. iii TEŞEKKÜR Yüksek lisans çalıĢmalarım boyunca beni yönlendiren, her türlü bilgi, deneyim ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen, bu konuda sürekli bana destek olan, karĢılaĢtığım her güçlükte çözüm bulan danıĢman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Osman KETENOĞLU’na (Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı); çalıĢmalarım esnasında karĢılaĢtığım sorunlarda bana yardımcı olan ve bilgilerini paylaĢan Sayın Prof. Dr. Latif KURT’a (Ankara Üniversitesi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı); tez çalıĢmalarım sırasında bana yardımcı olacak araĢtırma materyali sağlayan, destek, bilgi ve görüĢlerini esirgemeyen, herbaryum çalıĢmalarımda bana yol gösteren ve yardımcı olan Uzman Biyolog S.
  • The Diversity of Plants Used for the Traditional Dish Sarma in Turkey: Nature, Garden and Traditional Cuisine in the Modern Era

    The Diversity of Plants Used for the Traditional Dish Sarma in Turkey: Nature, Garden and Traditional Cuisine in the Modern Era

    Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2017. 29(6): 429-440 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1238 http://www.ejfa.me/ REGULAR ARTICLE The diversity of plants used for the traditional dish sarma in Turkey: nature, garden and traditional cuisine in the modern era Yunus Dogan1, Anely Nedelcheva2*, Andrea Pieroni3 1Buca Faculty of Education, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, Izmir, Turkey, 2Department of Botany, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, 3University of Gastronomic Sciences, Bra, Pollenzo, Italy ABSTRACT The selection of leaves for the traditional dish sarma is the result of human experience and observation, and the transfer of traditional knowledge in regions differing in the richness of their species. The purpose of this study is to update the list of leaf vegetable plants that are used to prepare the traditional dish sarma and to analyse the biodiversity of the species used and their status in the Turkish flora. Seventy-three taxa whose leaves are used to prepare sarma in Turkey are reported. The prevalent species are those of Rumex (11), Salvia (5), Beta and Malva (4), Alcea, Arum, Brassica, Morus, and Plantago (3). Wild herbaceous plants (69.5%) dominate. Trees (8) and shrubs (2) mostly belong to the Rosaceae, Moraceae, Betulaceae and Malvaceae. Grapevine and cabbage predominate, together with beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, European lime tree, bean, and spinach. The use of leaves of three endemics was recorded: Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and Rumex olympicus. Some toxic plants are used following preliminary treatment, including those of Arum, Convolvulus, Tussilago and Smilax species. Colocasia esculenta is a novel sarma plant that has been used in cuisine in the last decade, following its introduction to Turkey.
  • A GLANCE at the WILD FLORA of MOUNT HERMON LEBANON - Beirut Arab University - Research Center for Environment and Development

    A GLANCE at the WILD FLORA of MOUNT HERMON LEBANON - Beirut Arab University - Research Center for Environment and Development

    Beirut Arab University Digital Commons @ BAU University Books Book Gallery 2017 A GLANCE AT THE WILD FLORA OF MOUNT HERMON LEBANON - Beirut Arab University - Research Center for Environment and Development Safaa Baydoun Beirut Arab University, Lebanon, [email protected] Nelly Apostolides Arnold Beirut Arab University, Holy Spirit of Kaslik, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/university_books Part of the Biosecurity Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Baydoun, Safaa and Arnold, Nelly Apostolides, "A GLANCE AT THE WILD FLORA OF MOUNT HERMON LEBANON - Beirut Arab University - Research Center for Environment and Development" (2017). University Books. 2. https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/university_books/2 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Book Gallery at Digital Commons @ BAU. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Books by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ BAU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A GLANCE AT THE Authors Nelly Arnold Safaa Baydoun WILD FLORA Editing and Organizing OF Technical Office Research Center for Environment and Development MOUNT Designing Meralda M. Hamdan HERMON Publisher LEBANON Beirut Arab University, 2017 www.bau.edu.lb TABLE OF CONTENTS Forward 9 Authors 11 Acknowledgment 13 Mount Hermon 15 Lithology 15 Vegetation 17 Ecosystem Services 19 Epigraphy, Archaeology and Religious Heritage 19 Abbreviations 19 Floristic Species