Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project – Additional Financing

Home , Jetavanaramaya, Lovamahapaya, Ruwanwelisaya

Initial Environmental Examination

June 2012

North Central Provincial Roads

Prepared by Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 5 June 2012) Currency unit – Sri Lankan rupee (SLR)

SLR1.00 = $0 .0076917160 $1.00 = SLR 130.010000

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADT – average daily traffic AC – asphalt concrete AP – affected person BIQ – basic information questionnaire CEA – Central Environmental Authority CEB – Ceylon Electricity Board CSC – construction supervision consultant DA – Department of Archeology DBST – double bitumen surface treatment DoAS – Department of Agrarian Services DoF – Department of Forestry DoI – Department of Irrigation DS – Divisional Secretary DSD – Divisional Secretariat Division DWLC – Department of Wild Life Conservation EA – Executing Agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMoP – environmental monitoring plan EMS – environment method statement EO – Environment Officer ES – Environment Specialist GN – Grama Niladhari GND – Grama Niladhari Divisions GRC – Grievance Redress Committee GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism GSMB – Geological Survey and Mining Bureau IEE – initial environmental examination LA – local authority MLGPC – Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils MSL – mean sea level NEA – National Environmental Act NRCP (PC) – Northern Road Connectivity Project (Provincial Component) NCP – north central provinc NGO – nongovernment organization PAA – Project approving authority PD – Project Director PHI – Public Health Inspector PIU – Project Implementation Unit PRDA – Provincial Road Development Authority RE – Resident Engineer

REA – rapid environmental assessment ROW – right-of-way RPPF – Road Project Preparatory Facility TOR – terms of reference

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m – meter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Contents

Executive Summary ...... vi

Chapter 1 - Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Project Background and the Justification ...... 1 1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study ...... 2 1.3. Objective of the IEE Report ...... 3 1.4. Structure of IEE Report ...... 3 1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations ...... 4 1.6. Methodology ...... 6

Chapter 2 - Description of the Project ...... 8 2.1. Type of the Project ...... 8 2.2. Category of the Project ...... 8 2.3. Need for the Project ...... 8 2.4. Location ...... 9 2.5. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 12 2.6. Size and the Magnitude of Operation ...... 12 2.7. Cost for the Project ...... 13 2.8. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 13

Chapter 3 - Project Affected Area ...... 14 3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work ...... 14 3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area ...... 20

Chapter 4 - Potential Environmental Impacts Screening and Mitigation Measures ...... 31 4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage...... 31 4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period ...... 42

Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 44 5.1. Institutional Arrangements ...... 44 5.2. Capacity Building ...... 45 5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 46

Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 49 6.1. Environment Management plan ...... 49 6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) ...... 49

Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 51 7.1. Public Consultation ...... 51 7.2. Information Disclosure ...... 53

Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 54

References ...... 56

List of Annexures A. Topographical maps of subprojects B. Environment Management Plan (EMP) C. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) D. Public Consultation

List of Attachments 1. Flora and fauna list

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

1.1. Project Background and the Justification 1. The proposed Review of Feasibility Study and Detail Design of NRCP (PC) includes rehabilitation and upgrading of 75.15km5 C class roads (41.55 km) and 2 D class roads (33.60 km) located within 2 DSDs; (Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa) of Anuradhapura district of NCP of Sri Lanka with the financial assistant of on-going NRCP ADB Loan 2639.The review of the proposed roads is being performed by Egis Bceom International, France in association with the Consulting Engineers and Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka on behalf of the NCP PRDA under the MLGPC of Sri Lanka. 2. The present review study focuses on updating the Environmental Examination of the above 7 roads which were conducted during the feasibility stage of NCP road of Anuradhapura district in 2007. Field work for the former IEE study had been conducted in June 2007 during the civil war period of the country. During that period, villages of this area were named as bordering villages and highly affected due to terrorist attacks. Therefore field data collection of several proposed roads were unable in 2007. Apart from that, there was rapid infrastructure development in the area after the war. Hence the data on Physical, Ecological, Social and Economic background of the individual roads may have been changed by now. Therefore the current review focuses on analysing the gaps of existing reports, update and improve them with the current environmental condition of the project affected area. 3. The former consolidated IEE report had been prepared in accordance with ADB IEE guidelines 2003. Hence the present review focuses on rearranging the report in accordance with ADB SPS 2009 while confirming to the requirements of the “Environmental Framework” established for NRCP and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA of Sri Lanka. 4. The main objectives of the project are to reduce travel time, cost for transportation, improve reliability of access; connectivity of the provincial road network to rural and national highway network thereby enhance the opportunities for economic development of the project area.

1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study 5. The Environmental Assessment was carried out for a total of 75.15m 5 C and 2 D class roads located within Anuradhapura districts. The project comprises a total area of 75.15ha over the project stretch of 75.15 km in an average strip of 10.0 m width. The scope of the study include: collection of field data, conducting public consultation, preparation of BIQs and submission to the CEA, preparation of REAs, assessment of potential environmental impacts and development of mitigation measures for significant impacts, preparation of EMP,EMoP, preparation of institutional requirements, grievance redress mechanism and finally consolidated IEE report.

1.3. Methodology 6. The review study was carried out with the data obtained from former IEE report, field surveys, engineering designs, secondary sources and data from other team of consultants attached to the review study. Field observation and public consultation sessions for the proposed study were carried out during the period from 10thDecember 2011 to January 2012. Public consultation sessions were carried with the affected parties to get their current perception on the project and those views and suggestions were incorporated to the reviewed reports.

2. Description of the Project

2.1. Type and the Category of the Project 7. The project activities will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of identified 7 provincial roads. According to BIQ’s and Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) proposed project roads fall in to un-prescribed category. Based on the REA Checklist of the ADB classification, NCP roads are categorized under environment category B. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.

2.2. Need for the Project 8. Insufficient maintenance and improvements as well as damages occurred during the war period in the past has resulted in highly dilapidated conditions of the proposed roads which lead to disturbance of access and maintaining the social services in the rural areas of the district. Apart from that poor alignments, narrow road sections, structurally damaged culverts, causeways and bridges contributes to high vehicle operation costs, long travel time and high transport costs. Therefore improvement of the provincial road network in these areas is essential for the rural people to directly access to the semi urban and urban area to engage in number of social and economic activities easily through proper road communication.

2.3. Analysis of Alternatives 9. All the roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to the interior parts of Anuradhapura district. Even without proposed rehabilitation and improvement, the roads will continue to be a main transportation link with rural, agricultural and urban areas. The subproject roads are not located through or close proximity to any national parks, sanctuaries or any other protected areas demarcated by the relevant authorities. Further the project will not require any land acquisition from the road side community. Thus, the proposed improvements will be the best option.

2.4. Size and the Magnitude of Operation 10. Road improvement works for provincial roads under NRCP-PC will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial roads. In general road carriageway widths vary between 2.7 and 5.00 m with the majority of the proposed pavement width being 6.50m. Shoulder widths vary between 0.50 m to 1.0 m with the majority being 1.00 m. Road formation width is generally 4.50 m and road RoW between 8.50 m to 11.50 m.

2.5. Cost for the Project 11. The total cost estimated for the major items associated with the proposed subprojects works were established by the application of appropriate unit rates to the estimated work item quantities derived from the results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects. The finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 4 – Cost estimates of Detail Design and Final Report of the project.

2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation 12. Review Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of the proposed project will be completed in July 2012. Once detailed designs and bid documents are completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractors. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Design and for the civil works. Improvement works of the project are scheduled to be completed within two years.

3. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area

3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work 13. Selected roads for the rehabilitation and improvement are restricted to 2 DSDs and 2 PSDs namely Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. All the proposed roads run through rural, residential and agricultural areas of Anuradhapura district. The land use beside the proposed roads include paddy fields, Chena cultivations, scrub lands, small forest patches, mixed home gardens (coconut, banana) and residences. All these roads start from national roads and connected with provincial roads of the area. Apart from that number of rural road sections start from the proposed roads at different locations and runs towards the rural villages and agricultural areas 14. In general the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the transportation. During the dry season, the situation of the roads is fairly good with scattered potholes. However during rainy season it is difficult to travel through these roads due to large numbers of potholes with water stagnated locations and inundation sections. In general the terrain of the roads is flat and the alignment mainly straight with few curves. 15. Although electricity is available beside all the roads, telecommunication facilities are not available in the project area. Several public sensitive locations such as schools, mosque and temples are located beside the roads and people use these roads to reach these locations. Many seasonal tanks can be seen beside the roads (Eg.NCANC122, NCANC126, NCANC127, NCAHC128) while some roads cross the tank bunds (Eg.NCAHC128 and NCAND139)

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3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area

3.2.1. Physical Resources

Topography, Geology and Soil 16. Anuradhapura district is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and bordered by 7 districts. The elevation of the land in the district ranges from 30 m to about 200m MSL. The terrain is undulating nature with the ridges and hills that rise above the base elevation. The geology of the major part of the district is highly crystalline. There are five rock types within district which are generally in the Central and Eastern parts named as Highland series. Reddish Brown Earth – Low Humic Gley association of soil is the most commonly distributed soil in this district and make up the landscape in the district.

Climate 17. The climate of Anuradhapura district is typical to the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. This district receives an annual average rainfall of 1420 mm, mainly by North East monsoons. The annual average temperature of the district is 27.3oC. The relative humidity of the district varies from 70 – 82% within the year. During the South Western monsoons the wind speed accelerates to 12 km/hr or it rises further to 16 km/hr. Evaporation rate is 35 mm/week and varies from place to place.

Water Resources 18. Tanks, streams, and springs are the main sources of surface water in the district. Perennial tanks and seasonal tanks are common in most parts of the district and are mainly use for the purpose of agricultural activities. Throughout the proposed road sections many seasonal tanks could be observed. Ground water in the district is mainly used as a source of drinking water, however at present it is used for agricultural activities in dry season. Ground water refers to both shallow and deep. Shallow ground water fluctuates with rains and its availability is seasonal. The quality of ground water varies with the available compounds and substances of the district.

Air Quality and Noise 19. Number of mettle quarries, crushers and gravel mines are located in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa DS divisions. Therefore ambient air quality of the area may affected due to emissions from above sites and related transport activities. Apart from that, low addition of SO2 has occurred due to the heavy usage of fertilizers and soil conditioners within this district. However atmospheric characteristics such as CO, SO2, dust and other particulate matter of the air in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa areas have not been studied yet.

3.2.2. Ecological Resources 20. The natural vegetation in the Anuradhapura district and the sub-project affected areas is mainly consists with tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest. The forest cover of the district is 24% of the land area in the district. The vertebrate fauna including fresh water fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the district. Out of the 427 bird

species recorded in Sri Lanka, many are reported to be present in this district. There are several Wildlife Parks, Sanctuaries, Strict Nature Reserves and Tropical Wetlands located within the district. However any of the environmental sensitive areas are not located within or close proximity to the project area.

3.2.3. Economic Development

Land Use and the Agriculture 21. Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, covering an area of 738953 ha which is 11% of the whole country’s land surface. The land use beside the project area include, large extents of paddy fields, scrublands, forested areas, mixed cultivations, Chena cultivations, home gardens and residences. The majority of the people in the area is farmers and largely depends on paddy cultivation. Apart from that district economy is predominantly centred on chena and home gardens with vegetable cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in some roads.

Industries 22. Apart from agriculture, economy of the Anuradhapura district is predominantly revolves around tourism industry, inland fisheries, small scale industries and some large scale industries. However compare to the other districts, industrial contribution in the district is poor. At present, most of the population in the district depends on tourism industry because of ancient Sri Lankan culture mainly concentrated to the NCP. Eco-tourism is another popularizing area based on the eco-cultural history of the Ancient kingdom.

Infrastructure Facilities 23. Except in some rural villages, electricity and telecommunication is available for most parts of the district. Pipe borne water supply, pit latrines, sewage canal systems and proper garbage dumping sites are restricted to the urban sector of this district. Telecommunication facility is mainly obtained through wireless telecommunication services. Common wells have been constructed mainly for the domestic and agricultural purposes.

3.2.4. Social and Cultural Development

Population and Community 24. A total of 22 DSDs and 19 PSDs are located within the Anuradhapura district and selected roads for the improvement run through 2 out of 22 DS divisions. The population of the Anuradhapura district by 2008 was 886,945 and represent all ethnic and religious groups in the country. Sinhala Buddhist is the commonest ethnic group in the district and this also applies to subproject areas.

Health and Educational Facilities 25. A total of 60 hospitals distributed in different locations of the district. These include Provincial general hospital, Base hospitals, District hospitals, Peripheral units, Prison hospital, rural hospitals, Central dispensary, Maternity homes and Dispensaries. Apart from that Indigenous Medical Services is also common in the district. Generally the education level of the district is fairly good and the literacy rate is 90.5%. There are 11 government schools located along the proposed subproject roads.

3.2.5. Sites of the Cultural, Archaeological and Historical Significance 26. From the 4th century BC, Anuradhapura was the capital city of Sri Lanka and until the beginning of the 11th century it remained one of the most stable and durable centres of political power and urban life in South Asia. Today it is recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. There are many important religious, historical, cultural and archaeological sites located within the district. However none of the above significant sites are located close proximity to the proposed subproject roads except few locally important Buddhist temples and mosque.

4. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 27. Proposed construction activities of the subproject roads can cause several impacts to the existing environment of the project areas. The potential environmental impacts and feasible mitigation measures for those impacts are discussed below.

4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage

Resources mobilization 28. Mobilization of resources for the project construction activities such as space, human capital and physical resources is a major task carryout at an early stage of the project. The space need for various activities of the project includes construction of material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, offices and other accommodations. Adequate provision should be made to mobilize the space, construction equipment’s, vehicles and other construction materials.

Selection of lands for temporally use 29. Selection of lands for various project activities such as materials processing plants, storage yards, labour camps etc. should be undertaken by the contractors carefully, away from environmental and public sensitive areas in accordance with local laws, regulations and in close consultation with villages and LAs. Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers can reduce the requirement of land for labour camps in large scale.

Acquisition of lands 30. Availability of lands according to the detailed design of the subprojects is important for the construction activities. Since construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the selected subproject rods, land acquisition will not be required for the proposed activities.

Removal of public utilities 31. Road improvement work may generally impact on electricity facilities which are located within the existing RoW. Since most of the electrical posts of the proposed projects are located away from the existing carriage ways, impact will be less due to removal. Recruitment of well trained and experienced employees, proper coordination with CEB during the removal, advance notice to the public about the time and duration of the utility disruption will reduce the accidental damage to the utilities, people and public inconvenience.

Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials 32. Extraction of construction materials can induce noise, air & water pollution, social disturbances, health problems, reduction of scenic beauty and damage to ecosystems. Extraction sites provide breeding sites for vectors and cause accidental damage to people and wild animals. Transportation and storage of construction materials can disturb the general public, increase dust and noise nuisance and damage to minor roads. Adhering to environmental requirements and guidelines issued by the CEA, GSMB and LAs with respect to extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials will minimize the above impacts.

Effect on local road net work 33. Since the construction materials required for the project have to be transported from other areas to the project sites, the local road network can be damaged during transportation of construction materials. Obtaining permits from LAs to use local road network prior to construction, avoid transportation of construction materials exceeding the carrying capacity of the local road network, making provision for repair and restoration If public roads get damaged are the major steps that can be taken to avoid effect on local road network.

Solid waste disposal and sanitation 34. Solid waste associated with construction and other related works may impose several negative environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected area including impact on soil, water, public health and scenic beauty. Selection of the disposal site away from public and environment sensitive areas, provision of proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewerage facilities to all sites, adhering to the guidelines/recommendations issued by CEA and LAs will avoid or minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. Selection of majority of skilled and unskilled workers from the project influence area will avoid waste generation and sanitation problems from labour camps. This will also avoid conflict situations between workers and settlers as well as spreading of communal diseases.

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Effect on water resources 35. Construction activities close to the water bodies, poor sanitation at work sites and disposal of solid waste from labour camps may affect the surface and groundwater of the project affected area. Excessive use of water for construction activities during dry season may impact the water supply of the local communities. Awareness of employees about water conservation, pollution and minimization of water usage, undertaking construction works affecting water bodies during the dry season, taking necessary steps to avoid entering wastewater directly in to the water bodies, maintaining smooth water flow by proper drainage facilities, preventing disruption of water sources used by the community due to construction work are the major steps that will avoid the effect on water resources.

Soil erosion sedimentation and siltation 36. The project affected area of NCP receives a considerable amount of water during rainy season. Thus soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation can take place any time during rainy seasons due to construction activities. Placement of erosion control measures to erodible areas, undertaking construction activities in erodible sections during dry season, treatment of clearing and filling areas against flow acceleration are the measures that should be considered to mitigate soil erosion during the construction stage.

Temporary floods 37. During the rainy season, water stagnation can be observed within the RoW of subproject roads situated in low elevation, between paddy fields and close to spills of seasonal tanks. Increasing of embankment height of the inundation sections, minimization of blockage of drainage paths and construction of cross drainages with sufficient capacity will avoid location specific temporary floods

Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats 38. Construction activities related to soil erosion, surface runoff, noise and air pollution, vibration at the project site will potentially disturb the habitats, change the usual behaviour of wild animals and can affect the natural ecology of the project area. Removal of trees from the existing RoW and other excavation works has the potential to destroy or injure wildlife. Conducting awareness of workforce regarding important of fauna, flora and their habitats, prevent workforce from fishing, hunting animals and gathering fire wood from soundings, organizing tree planting program in appropriate locations are the major steps that has to be taken to reduce Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats.

Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management 39. Since the proposed project activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the subproject roads, loss of habitats, changes in the land use pattern, modification of existing habitats, threat to existing biodiversity or introduction of invasive species will not be expected through the subproject activities. However careful attention should be taken during the construction phase to avoid/minimize clearing of natural habitats, effect on native species, introduction of alien species, making awareness of all stakeholders regarding biodiversity

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conservation and periodic assessment to check the introduction of invasive alien species will be essential for biodiversity conservation.

Protection of archaeological, cultural and religious places 40. None of the proposed subproject roads are not located close proximity to the important archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations. However construction activities may impact to the unidentified significant locations in the subproject affected areas. If any such important archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered during project activities, work should be stopped and immediately inform to the Engineer and Department of Archaeology.

Disruption of traffic 41. Construction activities close to cross drainages, and public sensitive locations may lead to increase traffic congestion, accidental risk, delays in travel time, increase noise and disturbance to the public. Advance notice to the road users and roadside communities about the schedule of construction activities, provision of safe and convenient passage to the vehicles and passengers during construction of cross drainages, implement traffic management plans in construction areas according to the traffic rules and regulations, usage of flagmen and/or temporary traffic signs for construction sites or temporally diversion, are the measures that have to be undertaken during construction period.

Personal safety of workers and general public 42. Construction related activities both within and outside of the subproject affected areas could create accidental harm to general public and work force. Organizing awareness programs about personal safety of the workers and general public, comply with legal requirements of Sri Lanka for the safety of the workmen, arranging regular safety checks for vehicles and equipment’s, allocation of responsibility to the trained personnel, arrangement of proper first aid and transport facilities for injured people, installation of warning signs, speed limits and signals to particular locations of the road are the major steps that can be taken to reduce accidental risk.

Impact on socio – economic condition of the area 43. The project will not cause any resettlement issues, damages to the houses, buildings and other structure, high traffic congestion problems, disturbance or loss of income generating activities. In overall, the project will cause many socio-economic benefits to the people in the area such as, provision of connectivity to different economic and cultural importance institutions, reduction of travel time and cost, and facilitating on-going development initiatives of the area. However minor negative impacts such as delays and inconvenience while travelling, increase of dust, noise can be expected during construction phase. However these can be mitigated by adhering to the EMP of this project.

Effect on existing drainage 44. Land clearing, cut and fill operations, storage of construction materials and other construction related activities may effect on existing drainage of the project area. Restoration

of water bodies to its original status after diversion, avoiding storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around irrigation canals, natural flow paths and cross drainage, replacing structurally damage structures and maintaining drainage paths and drains clear at all times are the major steps that can be taken to reduce effect on existing drainage.

Impact from dust, noise and vibration 45. Dust, noise and vibrations generated from the project activities will impact to the roadside communities and people who inhabit around material extraction sites. Implementation of National Emission Standards and Noise Control Regulations of CEA for project activities, regular maintenance of machineries, equipment’s and vehicles in a good condition, placement of crushers and hot mixed plants away from public and environmental sensitive areas and spraying of water to minimize dust emission will reduce the above impacts.

Road side landscape and road furniture 46. Clearing of all debris and unwanted construction material from construction sites and other work places, plantation of road side trees, registration of road embankments, edge treatment of water bodies, provision of road furniture will enhance the scenic beauty beside the road corridor and public safety during the operation stage.

4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period

Air quality and noise 47. Reduction of existing dust and vehicular emissions, sound pollution due to widening and surfacing of the road will positively impact to the air quality and the human health in the area. The tree plantation programmes will also help to compensate any impacts arising from air pollution due to vehicular emissions.

Drainage congestion 48. The improvement of side and cross drainages will facilitate better water flow and cause higher speed flow during the rainy season. However PRDA needs to undertake regular maintenance of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions and control improper disposal of debris during maintenance activities to avoid local floods.

Road safety 49. Improvement of the selected roads will provide easy access, increase number of vehicles and their speed. Therefore enforcement of the speed limits, traffic rules and regulations, installation of warning signs, marking of centre lines, pedestrian crossings, bus halts etc. should be incorporated to minimize road accidents and enhance the safety of the vehicles and road users.

Encroachment of the Right of Way 50. Encroachment of road reservation can be taken place any time after the completion of construction works. Encroachment activities can impact to the road users, vehicles, pavements and road side drains. Therefore routine checking from PRDA to remove unauthorized structures from RoW is necessary.

5. Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism

5.1. Institutional Arrangements 51. The MLGPC is the Executing Agency for the project and has the responsibility of implementing the overall EMP. The PIU will be established by PRDA of NCP and is responsible for overall contract administration and the supervision of the contractor regarding the implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental Provisions included in the Contract Document. The contractors will responsible for implementing the EMP under the day to day supervision of the Construction Supervision Consultant. The CSCs (Environment Specialist - ES) will also responsible for reporting the implementation of EMP of project to PIU on monthly basis. The PIU that will be assisted by an Environmental Consultant intermittently will review the CSCs’ reports on implementation of EMP. The PIU will report the implementation of EMP of each sub-project to the PD at the MLGPC. The PIU will follow up by preparing an annual report on implementing EMP to the relevant parties such as CEA and ADB. CEA is responsible for overall environmental management in the country and will periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by the PIU and provide guidance and advice if and when required.

5.2. Capacity Building 52. The public consultations sessions conducted with PRDA of the project revealed that it is required to strengthen the institutional capacity of PRDA to implement the proposed project effectively. The relevant staff of PRDA should be made aware of the existing environmental conditions of the project affected areas together with the policies and legal regulations concerning construction, operations and the associated potential environmental impacts and related mitigation measures by the MLGPC before commencing the construction.

5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism 53. Grievance Redress Mechanism provides an effective approach to resolve issues made by the affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project cycle. This mechanism will be established by the project proponent; PRDA to address any grievances presented by Affected Persons. This mechanism will be executed through a Grievance Redress Committee. However, grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project by careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding the project.

6. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

6.1. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 54. To ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on the environment, the EMP has been prepared. This was developed based on best practices for environmental management. The EMP includes the potential impact as a result of project activities, proposed mitigation measures, the responsible party to implement and supervise those impacts and the feasible cost measures to be taken to reduce the potential significant adverse impacts in an acceptable level.

6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 55. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate any negative impact to the overall environment quality, the Environmental Monitoring Plan has been prepared. This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, location, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject on which the monitoring should be conducted. The EMoP will be a useful tool to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures included to the EMP.

7. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 56. Public consultation for the proposed road sections was carried out during the period from December 2011 to January 2012. Participants generally expressed their views about the current environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas. In general, the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the transportation with large numbers of pot holes, erodible edges, collapsed causeways, culverts and bridges. Therefore transportation especially during the rainy season is very difficult. However under these conditions, people of the project influence areas heavily use these roads for their day to day activities. Apart from that, all these roads link with national and provincial roads and number of rural, agricultural villages. Therefore, rehabilitation and improvement of the roads is highly requested by the road side communities.

8. Conclusions and Recommendations 57. The construction activities associated with proposed project not expected to cause significant environmental impacts to the project affected areas. The potential environmental impacts that have been identified during the study will be temporary, manageable and will occur only during pre-construction and construction periods. Therefore the proposed rehabilitation of the project roads is environmentally acceptable. 58. The proposed project is important to achieve several targets with rural sector development of Anuradhapura district. This will directly contribute to poverty elevation in respect to income generation, employment, local/forging investments and enhancement of other social services in the area. Additionally the proposed project will enhance the other development activities in Anuradhapura district as well as adjacent villagers of Northern, Eastern, North Western and Central provinces.

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The appropriate category for the roads based on REA checklists of the ADB is category B. According to BIQs of CEA in Sri Lanka subproject roads categorised under un-prescribed category. Thus a full EIA for these roads is not required according to the ADB and CEA Guidelines.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1. Project Background and the Justification 1. The proposed Review of Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Northern Road Connectivity Project (Provincial Component) – NRCP (PC) includes rehabilitation and upgrading of 75.15 km 5 C class roads (41.55 km) and 2 D class roads (33.6 km) located within Anuradhapura districts of North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka. The Government of Sri Lanka has received a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Road Project Preparatory Facility (RPPF ADB Loan 2080) and intends to apply a portion to undertake preparatory activities for additional financing of the on-going Northern Road Connectivity Project (NRCP ADB Loan 2639). 2. The present review study focuses on updating the Environmental Examination of 7 C & D class roads which were conducted during the feasibility stage of North Central Provincial road of Anuradhapura district in 2007. The former study was conducted by Cardno International Pty Ltd in Australia with SMEC International Pty Ltd, Engineering Consultants Ltd and MG Consultants (Pvt) Ltd, in Sri Lanka behalf of the Provincial Road Development Authority (PRDA) under Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils of Sri Lanka (MLGPC). This was conducted according to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the ADB (ADB guidelines, 2003) while confirming the CEA guide lines. 3. The review of the proposed roads is being performed by Egis Bceom International, France in association with the Consulting Engineers and Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka on behalf of the North Central Provincial Road Development Authority (NCPRDA) under the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils (MLGPC) of Sri Lanka. 4. Field work for the former IEE study had been conducted in June 2007 during the civil war period of the country. During that period, villages of this area were named as bordering villages and highly affected due to terrorist attacks. Also field data collection of several proposed roads were unable due to above situation for the consultants. Apart from that, there was rapid infrastructure development in the area after the war. Therefore the data on Physical, Ecological, Social and Economic background of the individual roads may have been changed by now. Thus the main objective of the proposed review is to analyse the gaps of existing reports, update and improve them with the current environmental condition of the project affected area in accordance with required policies and Guidelines. The previous consolidated IEE report had been prepared in accordance with the ADB IEE guidelines 2003. Therefore the current review focus on rearranging the IEE reports in accordance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 while confirming to the requirements of the “Environmental Framework” established for NRCP and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri Lanka). 5. The selected roads for the improvement are located in 2 Divisional Secretaries Divisions (DSD) ; Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa of Anuradhapura district which provide access for the rural people to agricultural areas, adjacent villages, nearest towns, government 2

offices, hospitals, market places and schools. The dilapidated condition, poor alignments, narrow road sections structurally damaged culverts, bridges and causeways of the subproject roads contributes high vehicular operation cost, long travel time and high transport cost. Therefore the main objectives of the project are to reduce cost for transportation, reduce travel time, improve reliability of access and improve connectivity of the provincial road network to rural road network and national highway network. 6. Thus improvement of the provincial road network is mainly seen as a tool for poverty alleviation, allowing rural people to directly access the semi urban and urban areas to engage in a number of social and economic activities. Hence the proposed project is intended to enhance the opportunities for education, economic growth, income generation and new job opportunities for the people in the rural agricultural area of the district. 7. Under the proposed project following roads are proposed for the Environmental Assessment. Table 1 Details of the proposed provincial roads

No Road Number Road Name Length

D Class roads

1 NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa - Bandaraulpatha – Kapugollewa 20.30

2 NCAND139 Yakawewa – Mahakoongaskada 13.30

Length 33.60

C Class roads

3 NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa – Hendagala 12.90

4 NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala 6.80

5 NCANC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa 4.70

6 NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya 5.65

7 NCANC128 Kirigollewa – Hirallugama 11.50

Length 41.55

Total Length 75.15

1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study 8. The Environmental Assessment was carried out as a requirement of the Feasibility Study for a total of 75.15km 5 C and 2 D class roads located within 2 DSD of Anuradhapura districts in North Central Province. The project comprises a total area of 75.15ha over the project stretch of 75.15 km in an average strip of 10.0 m width. 9. The scope of the study was determined by the stipulations given in the ADB, IEE outline This include:  Field data collection regarding physical, social, economic and environment background  Public consultation with affected people and other relevant authorities

 Preparation of Basic Information Questioners (BIQs) and submission to the CEA (Central Environmental Authority) for environment clearance  Preparation of REA (Rapid Environment Assessment) checklists for ADB categorization  Assessment of potential environmental impacts and development of preventive and/or mitigation measures for significant impacts,  Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMoP),  Preparation of institutional requirements and grievance redress mechanism  Preparation of review consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report.  The improvement works are generally envisaged to involve:  Widening to substandard 2 lane status  Minor realignment to alleviate small radius curves.  Upgrading the existing condition of the road with proper surfacing associated with Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST), Asphalt Concrete (AC) or Concrete Pavements (CP).  Provisions to road side drainage, improvement of culverts, bridges and other hydrological structures where necessary.  Installation of traffic warning signs, provision of pedestrian crossings, bus bays and parking where necessary.

1.3. Objective of the IEE Report 10. The main objective of this IEE report is preparation of comprehensive account on current environment condition of the project area. Accordingly a single consolidated IEE report will be submitted for the proposed seven subprojects and submit ADB to facilitate their decision making. 11. In detail, the consolidated IEE report will address the current Physical, Ecological, Economic and Social background of the subprojects, anticipated environmental impacts that will arise due to the project activities, necessary measures that have to be adopted to mitigate them and public views and suggestions regarding the project etc. Furthermore this IEE report includes suitable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) with recommend institutional arrangements for monitoring the identified environmental impacts throughout the project cycle.

1.4. Structure of IEE Report 12. In order to fully meet all requirements, the IEE report generally follows the ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003. The structure of the IEE report is organized as follows:  Introduction: Provides an identification of the project and the project proponent, NCPRDA and an explanation of the purpose of the IEE. It also presents the

organization of the IEE, applicable environmental regulations and an explanation of the extent of the IEE study.  Description of the Project: In accordance with the ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003, this section provides the detailed description of the project, need of the project, project location, and magnitude of operation, environmental category of the project and implementation schedule.  Description of the Environment: Provides a description of the potentially affected environment. The description is based on reviews of available documentation, statistical data, and meetings with government authorities, AP, field surveys and investigations.  Screening of the Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: Provides an assessment of potential impacts of the proposed road development in light of the existing conditions, together with recommended actions to prevent and/or otherwise mitigate unavoidable impacts expected to be incorporated as integral parts of the Project.  Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism: Provides a description on responsible parties to implement, administration and supervision of the project, address concerns, complaints and grievances of affected population regarding environmental performance of the project  Environmental Management Plan: Provides a plan for implementing the recommended mitigation measures for addressing environmental issues and specifies the responsible agencies, location and timing for implementing the mitigation measures  Public Consultation and Information Disclosure: Information on public participatory workshops and consultations with experts and local administration is presented in this section.  Conclusions and Recommendations: Ultimate conclusions and recommendations which are finalized by the consultant are stated here with the analysis of currently available data.

1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations 13. A large number of recurrent and non-recurrent activities under road and rail development are presently not covered by the National Environmental Act (NEA)1. However rehabilitation of existing provincial roads do not fall within the category of “Prescribed Projects” listed in Gazette Extra-ordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and subsequent amendments, which needs to go through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and subsequent conditional approval from the CEA of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource (MENR). These may, however be subjected to an environmental review, if the

1Central Environmental Authority, 2003.National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation.

Project Approving Agency (PAA); CEA deem it necessary. National laws and regulations that can be relevant to the project are briefly described in the Table below.

Table 2 Applicable national laws and regulations relevant to the project

Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content

National Environmental Act The NEA is a framework environmental statue that makes provision for the No.47 of 1980, Amendment protection, management and enhancement of the environment, for the regulation, No.56 of 1988, and other maintenance and control of the quality of the environment, and for the prevention Amendments and control of pollution by implementing the proposed project.

National Environmental Regulates maximum allowable noise levels for construction activities during (Noise Control) Regulations proposed project activities No. 01 of 1996

National Environmental Provides standards for discharging effluents into inland surface water during (Protection & Quality) proposed project activities. Regulations, No. 01 of 1990

Fauna and Flora Protection An act to amend the fauna and flora protection ordinance (Chapter 469) of 1938, Act (1993) which provide for the protection and conservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and their habitats; for the prevention of commercial and other misuse of such fauna and flora and their habitats, for the conservation of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka; and to provide for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.

Felling of Trees Control Act This Act sought to prohibit and control the felling of specified trees (mainly intended No. 09 of 1951 as Amended to stop indiscriminate felling of specified trees) in the country. through Act No. 30 of 1953

Water Resources Board Act Control, regulation and development (including the conservation and utilization) of No. 29 of 1964, Amendment the water resources; the prevention of the pollution of rivers, streams and other No.42 of 1999 water resources; the formulation of national policies relating to the control and use of the water resources.

The Soil Conservation Act, An act to make provisions for the enhancement and substances of productive No. 25 of 1951 Amended in capacity of the soil, to restore degraded land for the prevention and mitigation of soil 24 of 1996 erosion, for the conservation of soil resources and protection of land against damage by floods, salinity, alkalinity and drought and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

Explosive Act No. 36 of 1976 To provide the control of explosions and regulations of matters connected with explosive activities.

Fisheries and Aquatic The Act addresses the management, regulation, conservation and development of Resources Act 1996 fisheries and aquatic resources during proposed project activities.

Flood Protection Ordinance An ordinance for the protection of areas subjected to damage from floods. This No. 04 of 1924 includes declaration of flood areas, preparation of schemes for flood protection and other rules and regulations regarding flood in the country.

Geological Survey and Regulates the exploration for minerals, mining, transportation, processing, trading in Mines Bureau (GSMB) Act export of mineral products and usage of quarries and sand mines in the country. No. 33 of 1992

Motor Traffic Act, No 14, Provision of laws relating to Motor Vehicles and their use on highways including 1995, Amended by Act No. provisions relating to insurance against third party risk

Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content 05 of 1998

Crown Land Ordinance Act The act dealing with allocation and control of Crown lands In Sri Lanka for private No. 1947 and government activities.

Irrigation Act No. 23 of 1983 An act to formulate policies and programmes in regard to the subjects of irrigation, reservoirs, water resources management and prevention of pollution of rivers, streams and other water recourses. Promotion, construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes, drainage and flood control in the country.

Regulations of Local Regulates and control actions and methods taken place within the command area Authorities relevant to the government laws and regulations.

Source: Compiled by the Consultant 14. The following table indicates the key clearance and permits that should be obtained for the proposed project: Table 3 Key clearance and permits required for the proposed project activities

Relevance Project stage Clearance and permits Activity Agency

Environment Clearance Implementation of the project CEA Pre-construction Industrial Mining License Operation of quarries, borrow areas stage(Although the GS&MB clearances and (IML) (material extraction sites) approval should be Operation of quarries, crushers, Environmental Protection obtained during borrow areas (material extraction CEA License (EPL) the pre- sites) construction stage it should valid Explosive Permits Blasting activities MoD throughout the Operation of metal quarries, Local Government project cycle. crushers, borrow areas, dispersal LAs Authorities Trade License However this sites, labour camps should be renewed Approval for removal of DS, DoF, before expiry date) Widening of the CW trees DWLC, CEA

Consent from relevant Construction of bridges, culverts DoI, DoAS, Construction stage government agencies and other drainage systems PDoI

1.6. Methodology 15. The review study was carried out with the data on previously conducted IEE report, data collected during the field surveys, data on engineering designs, data from secondary sources and from other team of consultants attached to the review study. 16. The Environmental Assessment of the project has been performed in accordance with the following policies and guidelines:

 Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual (ESCM) of RDA,  ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003,  Policy and Legal Framework of the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and  Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997). 17. Field observation for the proposed study was carried out during the period from 10 December 2011 to January 2012. A line transect survey was carried out along all the proposed roads which is 25 m either side from the centreline and direct observations were made to identify road side trees, important flora, fauna, environmental sensitive areas, wild life parks, sanctuaries, and protected forests. However this specified area of investigation was expanded beyond 25m, when the impacts considered as special and significant. The detailed floral and faunal survey was not carried out during the previous study therefore it has been included to the current report. . 18. Further information was collected from villages and respective authorities to understand the general social and environmental background of the project affected areas including existing social and environmental problems. Public consultation meetings were carried out for each and every road with the affected parties to get their current perception on the project and those views and suggestions are incorporated to review reports. This information is also used to address the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). 19. The secondary information for the report was gathered from printed materials and other sources of Government Departments, Authorities, Ministries, Non-Government Agencies (NGOs) and relevant websites etc. 20. Common EMP (Annex B) and EMoP (Annex C) were prepared for the project and were included to the reviewed consolidated IEE report and also for the Bid documents.

Chapter 2 - Description of the Project

2. Description of the Project

2.1. Type of the Project 21. A total of 5 C class roads and 2 D class roads including 75.15 km have been identified within 2 DSD of Anuradhapura districts in NCP for the proposed review study. The existing provincial roads will be widened and improved to substandard two lane status with 4.50 m carriageway, shoulders on both sides and earth or line drains where required. The project activities will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of these provincial roads.

2.2. Category of the Project 22. According to Basic Information Questionnaires (BIQ) and Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) proposed project roads fall in to un- prescribed category. 23. Based on the REA Checklist of the ADB classification, NCP roads are categorized under environment category B. Therefore potential environment impacts associated with the proposed project are less adverse than category A. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project. 24. The conditional approval for rehabilitation and upgrading of the proposed sub roads were granted openly by CEA in October, 2008 without mentioning exact time period. Therefore BIQs for the proposed 7 subproject roads have been prepared and submitted to the Client to obtain the environmental clearance if the approval gets expired.

2.3. Need for the Project 25. The proposed C and D class roads belong to the Provincial Road Development Authority (PRDA) of North Central Provincial council of the country. Since large numbers of C and D class roads located within the province, it is extremely difficult to rehabilitate or improve all these roads with the financial assistance of the provincial council. Also the proposed project area was located within or closed to the war zone, It was unable to do maintenance and improvement activities as per the requirement. Therefore only location specific maintenance activities and limited surface maintenance activities are carried out by the PRDA. However after the war in December 2009, some sections of the project roads properly improved with DBST or gravel prime layer. Also all the dilapidated subproject roads overlaid with gravels by the PRDA during last two years. 26. Insufficient maintenance or improvements of the roads, damages occurred during the war period in the past has resulted in highly dilapidated conditions which lead to disturbance of access and maintaining the social services in the rural areas of the district. Apart from that poor alignments, narrow road sections, structurally damaged culverts, causeways and bridges contributes to high vehicle operation costs, long travel time and high transport costs. In NCP more than 90 % of people living in rural areas and majority of them engage in agriculture mainly paddy, chena cultivations, vegetables, fruits and home gardens species. Therefore

improvement of the provincial road network in these areas is essential for the rural people to directly access to the semi urban and urban area to engage in number of social and economic activities easily through proper road communication. Apart from that rehabilitation of these roads is essential to increased road safety, transport efficiency and access to the other infrastructure facilities. In addition improvement of the road network in the area will positively impact the living standards of the people with economic, social and cultural values.

2.4. Location 27. The 7 subproject roads identified for the improvement and rehabilitation are located in Anuradhapura districts of the NCP of Sri Lanka. The list of roads with starting and end points are indicated in Table 4. The general locations of the Anuradhapura district and the location map with all subproject roads of the districts are shown in Figure 1 and 2 respectively. The location maps at 1:50,000 scales are provided for each road section separately as Annexure A. Table 4 List of the C & D class roads located within Anuradhapura district

Length Road no Road name Starting point End point (km)

Kebithigollewa opposite Hendagala NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala 12,90 to the DS office junction

Ethakada - Etambagaskada - NCAHC122 Puhudivula Tonigala 6.80 Tonigala

Dachchidamana - NCAHC126 Mahakumbukgollewa Paranahalmillewa 4.70 Paranahalmillewa

NCAHC127 Thekkawatha - Pulleliya Walpola junction Pulleliya 5.65

Hirallugama NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Unagaswewa junction 11.50 junction

Kiriketuwewa - Kapugollewa NCAHD083 Bandaraulpatha - Kiriketuwewa junction 20.30 Kapugollewa Junction

Yakawewa - Nagadaranawa NCAHD139 Yakawewa junction 13.30 Mahakoongaskada Rd junction

Total length 75.15

Figure 1 General Project Location Map of Anuradhapura District

Figure 2 Subproject Roads with Land use Pattern in Anuradhapura District

2.5. Analysis of Alternatives 28. All the roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to the interior parts of Anuradhapura district. In general rehabilitation and improvement of the proposed roads are necessary due to existing severely dilapidated condition of the roads and the economic development in future. Even without proposed rehabilitation and improvement, the roads will continue to be a main transportation link with rural, agricultural and urban areas without significant social and environment impacts. Further the existing subproject roads are not located through or close proximity to any national parks, sanctuaries or any other protected areas demarcated by the relevant authorities. Also these subproject roads runs through the residential and agricultural areas representing numbers of rural villages. Apart from that the project will not require any land acquisition from the road side community. Thus, the proposed improvements can be considered as the better option in the area.

2.6. Size and the Magnitude of Operation 29. Road improvement works for provincial roads under NRCP-PC will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial roads. 30. The proposed road formation width standards and Rights of Way (RoW) are discussed in detail in the section of Engineering Assessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. It is proposed that on most of the roads horizontal alignments will follow the existing road centrelines. Where the irrigation canals exist along the roads in either LHS/ RHS the centreline should be shifted accordingly. In general road carriageway widths vary between 2.7 and 5.00 m with the majority of the proposed pavement width being 6.50m. Shoulder widths vary between 0.50 m to 1.0 with the majority being 1.00 m. Road formation width is generally 4.50 m and road RoW between 8.5 m and 11.50 m. 31. For the roads, or sections of roads where lined or dished drains are proposed it is also proposed to form and seal the pavement right up to the drain lining thereby providing both additional road width and pedestrian way, while at the same time reduce shoulder erosion problems and consequent high maintenance costs. 32. The general scope of work for the Provincial roads comprises:  Initial repairs to the existing road surface to prepare it for resurfacing or overlay: these repairs may include bituminous patching, crack sealing, carriageway edges and shoulder repairs where traffic damage or erosion has occurred, cleaning of side drains and road culverts.  In all cases the recommended improvements entail overlaying the existing pavement with a base or levelling course, designed for the projected number of Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA’s) over the design life of the road, and resurfacing. Where a pavement is found to be severely deteriorated, broken or uneven, the existing surface would first be scarified and reshaped before applying the pavement surface. Work will also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture.  In some cases provincial roads will have pavement widening varying between 1.00 m and 3.00 m and/or shoulder widening varying between 0.50 m and 1.50 m.

Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of 400 kms Roads Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts Detailed Design and Final Report - Volume 5 Contract Variation Additional Finance NRCP and NHSP Roads April 2012 - Page 12

These widening activities will in most cases involve earthworks, pavement construction, overlaying of the existing pavement and bitumen surfacing. Work will also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture (Culvert Schedule: Refer Detail design Report, Volume 2, Section 3, Appendix 1-7).  Improvements will be carried out to roadside drains, culverts and bridges. Where existing structures are sound then culverts will be lengthened and bridges widened to suit the new road width. Where the condition of culverts and/or bridges is poor, the structure will be replaced.  Minor realignment may be made to alleviate small radius curves. Widening will be carried out on the insides of curves for most roads. Known black spots will be alleviated and in some cases minor adjustments may be made to the vertical alignment if visibility is considered a problem. This will include approaches to bridges and railway crossings on embankments.  The improvement works will include where technically appropriate the correction of irregularities in the road cross-section and severe undulations in the longitudinal profile.  Bridge repairs, re-decking, widening and in some cases replacement of the structure of a bridge are the main rehabilitation activities with respect to structures. More than two-thirds of the structural work entails repair to existing bridge structures. This work includes structural renovation of substructure and superstructure elements together with installation/repair of guardrails and improvement of causeways and vented drifts.

2.7. Cost for the Project 33. The total cost estimated for the major items associated with the proposed subprojects works (including earth work, pavement, drainage structures and ancillary work) were established by the application of appropriate unit rates to the estimated work item quantities derived from the results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects. The finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 4 – Cost estimates of: Detail Design and Final Report of the project.

2.8. Proposed Schedule for Implementation 34. Review Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of the proposed project will be completed in July 2012. Once detailed designs and bid documents are completed, tenders will be awarded to the successful contractors. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering Design and for the civil works. Improvement works are scheduled to be completed within two years.

Chapter 3 - Project Affected Area

3. Description of the Existing Environment 35. A total of 7 subproject roads (05 class C roads and 2 Class D road) including 75.15 km has been identified within the Anuradhapura district of the North Central Province. Anuradhapura district is divided in to 22 Divisional Secretary (DS) divisions and 19PradeshiyaSabha (PS) divisions. Selected roads for the rehabilitation and improvement are restricted to the 2 DSs and 2 Pradeshiya Sabha divisions (PSDs) namely Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa (Table 5). Table 5 List of the roads located within different DS & PS divisions of the district.

Road no Road name Length (km) DS division PS division

NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala 12,90 Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa

NCAHC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala 6.80 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya

NCAHC126 Dachchidamana - Paranahalmillewa 4.70 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya

NCAHC127 Tekkawatha – Puleliya 5.65 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya

NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama 11.50 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya

NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandaraulpatha - Kapugollewa 20.30 Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa

NCAHD139 Yakawewa - Mahakoongaskada Rd 13.00 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya

3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work

NCAHC095: Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Road (12.90 km) 36. A total of 12.90 km length road starts from B 283 Medawachchiya – Kebithigollewa road and is opposite to the DS office of Kebithigollewa within the Kebithigollewa town boundary. The road from starting point up to 9.00 km mainly runs through residential areas of Hendagama, Thibbiri-wewa, Kirimetiyawa and Ambagaha-wewa including paddy fields, home gardens and mixed cultivations. Rest of the section beside the road includes scattered residences with large extent of paddy fields, scrublands, small forest patches with small rocky outcrops and chena cultivations of Ambagas-handiya, Kokatigollewa and Handagala. The Ovilbendi-wewa tank and two tanks of Ambagaha-wewa are located 5.1, 7.9 and 8.8 kms RHS of the road. Large extent of paddy fields is mainly concentrated to 4.00, 5.3 to 5.9, 12.3 and 12.7 kms beside the road. This road terminates at Hendagala junction of Kebithigollewa,Ratmalgahawewa-Kivulekade road (B 538). 37. The terrain of the road is flat and the alignment mainly straight with few curves. The current situation of the road in several sections up to 9.00 km is fairly good during the dry season. During the rainy season it is difficult to travel due to water stagnation in pot holes. The road gets inundated at

Road side vegetation and surface condition 15

4.79-5.16, 5.50-6.10 km locations. The end section of the road is highly dilapidated with large numbers of potholes with water stagnated locations. Electricity is available beside the road and all most all the houses and government buildings attain electricity from this existing transmission line. Three government schools of Timbiri-wewa (3.7 km), Hadagala (6.5 km: L) and Ambagaha-wewa (9.4 km: L) are located beside the road. Additionally Montessori school of Timbiri-wewa (3.1 km) and Kokatigollewa (12.7 km), cooperative shop of Kirimetiyawa ( 6.2 km) and Buddhist temple: Upulviharaya at Ambagaswewa (9.3 km: L) are also located beside the road. 38. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.5 m width. Existing RoW of the road varies from 9.0 to 12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 396 vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub- standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either side, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a RoW varies from 8.5 m to 11.5 m and proposed average carriageway is 4.5 m.

NCANC122: Ethakada - Etambagaskada - Tonigala Road (6.8km) 39. A total of 6.8 km section from Ethakada – Etambagaskada - Tonigala road starts opposite to the Metal quarry of Puhudivula. The initial section of the road runs through paddy fields, scrub lands, chena cultivations and home gardens with residences of Puhudivula, Divulgaskada, and Atambagaskada up to Tonigala junction. In general, the existing condition of the road is in unsatisfactory level for transportation. The 4 way junction of Atambagaskada is located around 2.8 km and residences are mainly concentrated to the Atambagaskada. Two seasonal tanks of Divulgaskada and Atambakaskada are located beside the road at 1.9 and 3.1 kms respectively. The rest of the section after 3.2 km up to Tonigala is covered with scrub lands, forested area, water stagnated areas, few residences and chena cultivations. The proposed road section terminates at Tonigala from AA029: Vavuniya – Horowopotanaroad. 40. The terrain is flat thought the road and the alignment mainly straight with few curves. The 1st6.00 km from Ethakada junction up to Puhudivula was already rehabilitated by the PRDA. The rest of the section from Puhudivula up to Tonigala junction is a gravel section (old tar road section) and is highly dilapidated with large numbers of pot holes, erodible edges with water stagnated areas, unusable culverts and other cross drainages. During Rural residential area of Atambagaskada the rainy season transportation through this section is very difficult due to stagnated water within the RoW. The road gets inundated at 6.00 – 6.24, 9.40 - 12.00 km locations. The significant places located along the road include temple (2.45 km: L), government school (2.5 km: L) and sub post office (2.6 km: L) of Atambagaskada with residential area. 41. The existing RoW of the road varies from 9 - 12 m and the carriageway is 2.7 – 4.2 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 443 vehicles per day. The project aims to

Chena cultivation located close to the road 16

rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub-standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either sides, earth or line drains (1.0 m widths) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 9.0 to 11.5 m throughout.

NCANC126: Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa Road (4.70 km) 42. The proposed road section starts at Maha-kumbukgollewa junction from A009: Kandy – Jaffna road close to the 102.00 km post. This road runs through rural agricultural area of Maha-kumbukgollewa, Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa up to Paranahalmillewa. The land use beside the road includes scrub lands, paddy fields, chena cultivations, home gardens and residence. Most of the residences are concentrated from 0.00 km up to 1.00 km. A tank of Kudagama is located 2.8 km LHS to the proposed road. The proposed 4.7 km road terminates at Paranahalmillewa junction opposite to the Paranahalmillewa government school. 43. The terrain of the road is flat and alignment is mainly straight. The existing surface of the road is fairly good with the motarable condition in dry season. However during the rainy season, water stagnated pot holes can be seen in several locations. The road gets inundated at 1.30 – 1.45, 1.70-1.90, 2.50 – 3.70 km locations. The electricity is available along the road and most of the residences beside the road obtained electricity. No significant government buildings or other important places Dilapilated condition and road side vegetation located beside the road. 44. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.2 – 4.5 m width. Existing RoW of the road varies between 9 - 12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 438 vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from Maha-kumbukgollewa junction up to Paranahalmillewa junction to sub-standard double lane with shoulders of 1.0 m width on either side, earth or line drain (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW ranging from 8.5m to 11.5m and average carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.

45.

NCANC127: Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road (5.65 km) 46. The proposed road section from Thekkawatha – Pulleliya road starts 2.00 km away from Thekkawatha junction of Medawachchya – Mannar road (AA014) at Walpola junction. The 1st 2.00 km has already improved with DBST by the PRDA of NCP. The rest of the proposed section runs through several rural agricultural villages including Walpola, Kulikkada, Viralmurippu, Kudagama up to Pulleliya junction. Land use beside the road includes paddy fields, scrublands, chena, teak cultivations, mixed home gardens and residences. The road crosses Colombo - Jaffna railway line around 1.1 km point. Several seasonal tanks

Viralmurippu (1.5 km: L), Kudagama (3.45 km: R) and Puleliya (4.4 km: R) are located beside the road. The proposed 5.65 km section terminates at Pulleliya junction. 47. The terrain of the existing gravel section is flat thought and the alignment mainly straight with few curves. The present situation of the road is highly dilapidated with large numbers of pot holes, broken edges, water stagnated areas, inundation sections (2.10 – 2.20, 3.54 – 3.93, 5.30 -5.45, 6.45 – 6.55, 6.85 -7.08, 7. 32 -7.55), damaged culverts and bridges. Thus transportation along some section is very difficult especially the end section Teak plantation at LHS close to the railway crossing after the Pulley tank. The electricity is available in the area; both high-tension as well as house supply lines run parallel to the road. A single Government school Viralmurrippu (1.4 km: L) two temples Viralmurippu (2.1 km: L) and Puleliya (5.3 km: R) are located beside the road. 48. The existing carriageway of the road varies between 3.5-4.5 m. Existing RoW of the road varies between 9-11m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 389 vehicles per Viralmurippuwa Government School adjacent to the road day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub-standard double lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either sides, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 8.5 m to 11.5 m and carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.

NCAHC128: Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road (11.50 km) 49. A total of 11.50 km gravel road starts from Unagaswewa junction of Medawachchiya – Horowpathana road. The road runs through rural residential and agricultural areas of Unagas- wewa, Moragoda, Tharanagollewa and Hirallugama. The land use beside the road includes large number of paddy fields, scrub lands, chena cultivation, mixed home gardens (coconut, banana) and residences. Four main seasonal tanks Unagas-wewa (2.5 to 4.2 kms), Large extent of paddy fields and mixed home gardens besid the road Moragoda (5.4 to 5.6 kms), Tharanagollewa (6.75 to 7.4 kms), Hirrallugama (9.3 to 10.2 kms), are located beside the road and road runs over these tank bunds. The spills of above tanks cross the road at 4.2, 5.6, 7.4 and 10.2 kms respectively. The proposed road terminates at

Road runs over the tank bund 18

B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road at Hirallugama junction. 50. The terrain of the existing gravel road is flat and the alignment includes number of curves. The existing carriage way of tank bunds is narrow compare to the rest of the section. Number of rural road sections start from the proposed road at different locations and runs towards the other rural villages and agricultural areas. The current situation of the road is suitable for transportation and day to day activities of the people in the area. However several locations of the road include pot holes with water stagnated areas. Electricity is available from starting point up to end point and majority of the residences and government buildings obtained electricity supply from the existing line. Two government schools Unagaswewa (4.2 km: L) and Hirallugama (8.2 km: R) as well as single Buddhist temple of Sri Sugathawardanaramaya at Moragoda (5.3 km: R) are located beside the road.

51. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.0 m and the existing RoW of the road varies from 10.0 m to 11.0m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 378 vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub-standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either side, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoWvaries from 8.5 m to 11.5m and carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.

NCAHD083: Kiriketuwewa – Bandara-ulpatha - Kapugollewa Road (20.30 km) 52. The sub-project road starts from Kiriketuwewa junction from Vavuniya – Horowpothana Road (AA029) about 6.00 km away from Kebithigollewa town towards the Horowpothana. The starting point up to 5.00 km includes gravel prime layer. The rest of the section from Bandaraulpothato Kapugollewa junction is overlaid with gravel. Large numbers of rural agricultural villages are located along the road including Kiriketuwewa, Lunuathulewa, Sinhala- Ataweeragollewa,Water stagnated location Bandaraulpota, within the road Kurulugama, Muslim- Ataweeragollewa, Anaolandewa, Pathtewa, Weerasole and Kapugollewa. 53. The land use beside the road includes large extents of paddy fields, scrublands, forested areas, mixed cultivations, home gardens and residences. The majority of the people in the area is farmers and largely depends on paddy cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in Anaolandewa, Muslim-Ataweeragollewa and Weerasole. Number of tanks including Sinhala -Ataweeragollews (3.8, 4.4 kms: L), Pathtewa (13.2, 14.5 kms: L), Punchikulam (15.9 km: L) and Weerasole (16.8 km: L) are located close to the road. The end section beside the road includes forest patches, scrub lands and rocky areas. The proposed road ends at Kapugollewa junction around 20.3 km from Kapugollewa- Horowpothana Road. 54. The terrain of the initial section about 12 km is flat and the alignment mainly straight with few curves. The rest of the section includes number of bends with slightly undulating

terrain. The current situation of the gravel prime laid section is fairly good with scattered potholes. The surface of section after 15.00 km is an unsatisfactory level due to large numbers of pot holes, dilapidated road edges, erodible sections and stagnated pot holes during the rainy season. Electricity is available along the road. The significant places located beside the road include Buddhist temple of Lunuatulewa (2.1 km: L), Bodhi tree (4.00 km: L), government school of BandaraUlpotha (7.2 km), Montessori school (14.00 km: L), government Muslin school Pathtewa (14.1 km: R), mosque of Weerasole (16.7 km: L) and Jayasumanaramaya temple Kapugollewaat end section. 55. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.0m width. Existing RoW of the road varies from 9-12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 237vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from Kiriketuwewa up to Kapugollewa to sub-standard double lane with solders of 1.0 m on either side, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 8.5 to 11.5 m and average carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.

NCAND139: Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada Road (13.30 km) 56. A total of 13.30 km road starts at Yakawewa junction from Medawachchiya – Mannar road (AA014). This road mainly runs through rural agricultural areas of Yakawewa, Periyakulam, Galkandegama, Katukeliyawa, Mahakongaskada, Muslim Halmillewa, and Aneketiya up to Nagadaranawa. The land use beside the subproject road includes home gardens and residences, paddy fields, teak cultivations, small forested areas, scrub lands, mixed cultivations and chena cultivations. Scrublands located beside the road Number of seasonal tanks including Periyakulam (2.5 km: L), Galkandegama (3.7 km: L), Katukeliyawa (5.1 km) are located close to the road and road runs through Katukeliyawa tank bund from 5.1 km up to 5.4 km. The road terminates at Nagadaranawa junction from Punewa – Palugollewa road. 57. The terrain of the road is flat and most of the alignment is straight with few curves. The road is fairly good with motarable condition. The proposed road gets inundated at 6.52 – 6.75, 8.15 – 8.90, 9.55 – 10.20, 14.05 – 14.32, 15.70 – 16.10, 16.33 – 16.72, 17.40 – 8.00, 19.00 – 19.70 km points. The electricity is available throughout the road and majority of the houses obtained electricity. The significant places located along the road include Gaminiwewa government school and temple of Periyakulam (2.4 km: L&R), government school of Muslim Halmillewa A tank with water birds located close to the road (10.3 km: L) and Sri Aanandarama temple of Aneketiya (12 km, L).

58. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 5.0 m width and the existing RoWvaries from 10 m to 12.0 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 768 vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from Yakawewa to Mahakoongaskada to sub-standard double lane with solders of 1.0 m width on either side, earth or line drain (1.0 m width) where required. The developed road will have a new average RoW of 8.5 m to 11.5 m and carriageway of 4.5m throughout.

3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area 59. This section provides current situation of physical, ecological, economic and social background of the sub-project affected areas including Anuradhapura district in brief.

3.2.1. Physical Resources

Topography, Geology and Soil 60. The district is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and bordered by 7 districts namely Vauniya, Trincomalle, Polonnaruwa, Matale, Kurunegala, Puttalam and Mannar. The base elevation of the land in the district gradually increases from about 30 m above mean sea level in the North Western and Northern fringes of the district to about 200m above sea level at the Southern and South Eastern boundary from where it rises south of the district to the hill country. The most characteristic topographic feature of this district is undulating nature of the terrain, which is presence of ridges and hills that rise distinctly above the base elevation. The geology of the major part of the district is highly crystalline, formed by metamorphosis of well- bedded sediments in an old geosyncline. 61. The geology of the district belongs to ancient continent, Gondwanaland. Geology of North Western boundary area of the district is overlain by geology of Pleistocene and Miocene. Within district there are five rock types which are generally in the Central and Eastern parts of the district named as Highland series. Western part of the district consists with Vijayan series rocks of the Precambrian and the Palaeozoic eras. West of the Vijayan series rocks lie Pleistocene and post Pleistocene sand and gravel of coastal nature. Appetite mine in Eppawala, Mica mine in Kebithigollewa and limestone deposits in Palagala to Horowpathana are the major mineral resources in the district. 62. Reddish Brown Earth – Low Humic Gley association of soil is the most commonly distributed soil in this district. The Reddish Brown Earth component of this association is better drained and occupies the upper parts of the undulations that almost exclusively make up the landscape in the district. Poorly drained Low Humic Gley soil covers the lower parts of the same undulations.

Climate 63. The climate of Anuradhapura district is typical to the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. This district receives an annual average rainfall of 1420 mm, mainly by North East monsoonal component. High temperature receives from inter monsoons during October to December. Extremely heavy rains bought in by cyclones and depressions are responsible for high rainfall in some years.

64. The rainfall generally follows bimodal pattern of distribution. The major one of the two rainfall peaks is spread over a period of months commencing between late September to February and are called Maha rains which falls during North-East monsoons. Due to this relatively longer rainy period, there is a potential for filling up the tanks and sometimes it causes floods even. As the Maha rains fade away, a dry season sets where there is little or no rain. During this period decline the water reserves within the district soil dries up, forest become less lush and the season turns less tranquil. 65. The second rainy season for the year begins any time from mid-March to mid-April and lasts till May or even June, which is called Yala rain corresponding to Yala season. This is shorter compared to Maha rain. This rain replenishes the depleted tanks and ground water reserves to a substantial level. When the short wet season is over, dry weather sets in again from May or June. In August the condition of climate is really arid and tanks get dried up and mud gets lined cracked. 66. The annual average temperature of the district is 27.30C. Unlike rainfall the temperature, which is warm throughout the year, shows little variation over the year and between places in the district. The warmest period is March, May, August and September. The relative humidity of the district varies in 70 – 82% within the year. During the South Western monsoons the wind speed accelerates to 12 km/hr or it rises further to 16 km/hr. Evaporation rate of water from a free water surface is 35 mm/week and varies from place to place. Water Resources (Ground and surface water) 67. Tanks, streams, and springs are the main sources of surface water in the district and are the main storages of rain water during whole year. There are 14 large scale tanks, 19 medium scale tanks and2600small scale tanks are located in the district. Major irrigation tanks found in the district are the Kala wewa, Basawakkulama wewa, Nuwara wewa and Tisawewa which were built during ancient times. Many other rulers constructed a number of large tanks such as Padaviya, Nachchaduva, Rajanganaya, Mahavilacchiyawewa which further expanding the irrigation network. Other than the mentioned reservoirs many ponds which fed by a network of subterranean channels were constructed to supply water to the district. Egg: Kala Oya and Kalankuttiya Oya supply water to Southern boundary of the district. The Eastern boundary runs along the right bank watershed boundary of Nelu Oya along Yan Oya. In Western, ModaragamAru and KalAru nourish the Western region of the district. Other than the above mentioned perennial tanks, seasonal tanks are common in most parts of the district. These are small tanks commonly known as village tanks; store water during the rainy season and are mainly use for the purpose of agricultural activities. Throughout the proposed road sections many seasonal tanks could be observed. Following table (table 6) shows the seasonal tanks observed along the proposed subproject roads during the field survey.

Table 6 Small scale tanks located besides the sub –project affected areas

Road name Chainage (km Name

5.1 (R ) Ovilbendiwewa NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Road 7.9 and 8.8 (R ) Ambagahawewa tanks

NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada - Tonigala 1.9 (R) Divulgaskada tank Road 3.1 (R) Atambakaskada tank

NCANC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa 2.8 (L) Kudagama tank Road

2.5 to 4.2 (R) Unagaswewa

5.4 to 5.6 (R) Moragodawewa NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road 6.75 to 7.4 (R) Tharanagollewawewa

9.3 to 10.2 (R) Hirrallugamawewa

3.8, 4.4 (L), Sinhala Ataweeragollewawewa

NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandara-ulpatha - 13.2, 14.5 (L) Pathtewawewa Kapugollewa Road 15.9 (L) Punchikulam tank

16.8 (L) Weerasolewewa

1.5 (L) Viralmurippu tank NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road 3.45 (R) Kudagamatank

4.4 (R) Puleliyatank

2.5 (L) Periyakulamtank

NCAND139 Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada Road 3.7 (L) Galkandegama tank

5.1 – 5.4 (L) Katukeliyawa tank 68. Ground water in the Anuradhapura district is being mainly use as a source of drinking water. However at present it has expanded for agricultural activities to support cropping in dry season. Ground water refers to both shallow and deep. Shallow ground water fluctuates with rains, more in the well-drained upper slopes of the catena than the poorly drained lower slope. Shallow ground water resource has been found to be better where the rock is quartzitic/ highly weathered/ moderately and fractured compared to sites with un-weathered rocks. Large number of surface water resource located within Anuradhapura district helps stabilize the ground water resource. 69. The availability of shallow ground water is seasonal. It is abundant during and after the Maha rains up to about the end of February, moderate from March up to about June and scare thereafter till the commencement of the Maha rains. Within the district the geology beneath the unconsolidated overburden is composed of crystalline rocks, which are hard and nonporous. Hence the availability of deep ground water is very limited. The quality of ground water is varying with the available compounds and substances of the district. Fluoride and Iron contents in ground water have been found to be in high. Hardness due to elements such as Calcium, Magnesium and salinity due to Chloride are other properties that lower the quality of ground water.

Air Quality and Noise 70. According to the information available at the National Building Research Organization

(NBRO), the concentration of the particulate matters (PM10) in the ambient air at Anuradhapura in 1999 shows that the measured values are well below the NAAQS (Table 03). However recent data for air quality is not available. Since number of mettle quarries, crushers and gravel mines are located in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa DS divisions ambient air quality of the area may affected due to emissions from above sites and related transport activities. Apart from that, low addition of SO2 has occurred due to the heavy usage of fertilizers and soil conditioners within this district. However atmospheric characteristics such as

CO, SO2, dust and other particulate matter of the air in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa areas have not been studied yet. Table 7.Air quality at Anuradhapura in May 1999

PM10 Maximum permissible Date Start time (hrs) Ruin time (hrs) Concentration level (µg/m3) (µg/m3) 25/05/99 18.00 24 30 100 26/05/99 19.00 24 29 - 27/05/99 19.00 24 37 - 28/05/99 18.40 24 20 - 29/05/99 19.20 24 16 - 30/05/99 19.10 24 33 - 31/05/99 19.15 24 45 - 02/06/99 17.10 24 39 - 03/06/99 17.15 24 37 - 04/06/99 18.45 24 37 -

Source: NBRO

3.2.2. Ecological Resources 71. The natural vegetation in the Anuradhapura district and the sub-project affected areas is mainly consists of tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest. Natural forests in various states of disturbance found in the district are the remnants of lush and sprawling natural vegetation. The forest cover of the district is 24% from the total land area of the district. The forest type in the district is belong to 3 main categories namely less disturbed natural forest, moderately disturbed natural forest and highly disturbed natural forests. However due to human interference over thousands of years, the vegetation in the district has under gone drastic changes. 72. According to the moisture content available in the rain and soil, there are two types of forest in the district namely dry and moist. The dry forest type, which is widespread in the district, consists of the species such as Manilkarahexandra (Palu), Chloroxylonswetenia (Buruta), Brideliaretusa (Ketakala), Syzigiumcumini(Madan), Vitexpinnata (Mille) and Beryacordifolia (Halmille) etc. The moist type is found some DS divisions, which are closer to the rivers, near water holes and in the uplands adjacent to tanks. Alseodaphnesemicarpifolia (Wewarana), Berryacordifolia (Halmilla), Diosyrosmalabarica (Thimbiri), Terminaliaarjuna

(Kubuk), Madhucalongifolia (Mee) and Schleiereraoleosa (Kone) are the more common trees in wet and moist areas. Termineliaarjuna (Kubuk) is the most common tree along river banks, all over the district. 73. When considering the vertebrates fauna, fresh water fish species such as Anguilla bicolorbicolor (Anda), Mystusvittatus (Ankutta), Channastriata (Lula), Plotosuscanius (Magura), and Puntiustitteya (Tittaya) are common in this district. Kelaarts toad, Hourglass tree frog, Common branded caecilian and Small eared toad are the amphibian species recorded in Anuradhapura district. The serpent reptiles and Tetrapod reptiles recorded in this area include Earth snake, Bronzeback, Common whip snake, Russell’s viper, Saw scaled viper, Common wolf snake and Merrem’s hump noses etc,. Out of the 427 bird species recorded in Sri Lanka, many are reported to be present in this district because of availability of food resources, favourable condition during migration season and bird favoured habitats such as riverine forests, tanks and the villus in Wilpattu area. Among mammals Spotted deer, Palm squirrel, Porcupines, Hare and Indian gerbil are the commonest mammals in the district. Endemic species such as Red faced Malkoha, Purple faced leaf monkey are abundant species in this area. 74. During the field observation period a total of 102 floral and 142 faunal species were recorded. From the total recorded fauna 3 species, 1 reptile (Python molurus - Indian Python) and 2 mammals (Felis chaus - Jungle cat and Lutra lutra - Indian otter) belong to the threatened category. The summary of floral and faunal species as well as total recorded species during the survey is included to the table 7, 8&Attachment 1 respectively. Table 8 Summary of the floral species recorded during the field survey

Category Number

Number of Family 41

Number of Species 102

Endemic Species 1

Nationally Threatened -

Globally Threatened -

Introduce Species 37

Table 9 Summary of the faunal species recorded during the field survey

Animal Group Total no of species recorded Endemic Threatened Exotic/Migrants

Dragonflies 2 - - -

Butterflies 18 - - -

Mollusks 2 - - 1

Freshwater fish 5 1 - 3

Amphibians 6 1 - -

Reptiles 14 - 1 -

Birds 74 4 - 5/2

Mammals 21 3 2 4

75. There are several Wildlife Parks, Sanctuaries, Strict Nature Reserves and Tropical Wetlands are located with this district. Mihinthale Sanctuary, Ritigala Strict Nature Reserve, Hurulu Forest Reserve, Kahalle Forest Reserve and Padaviya Sanctuary provide proper habitats to fauna and flora within the Anuradhapura district. Some of these forests harbour favourable habitats for large mammals’ such as elephant. 76. However any of these above mentioned environmental sensitive areas (Wild Life Park, declared forest or nature reserves) or their wild fauna or flora is not located within or close proximity to the project area. Therefore they will not be affected by proposed road development activities in Anuradhapura district.

3.2.3. Economic Development

Land Use and the Agriculture 77. Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, and covering an area of 7179 km2 that covers 10.9 % of the whole country’s land surface. The forest cover in the district is 59.2% while the extent of paddy cultivation is 18.6%. Altogether 515 km3 inland water bodies distributed within the district. Pattern of human settlements around the roads vary mostly from rural to semi- urban. The district economy is predominantly centred on paddy, coconut and home gardens including vegetable cultivation. Cultivation heavily depends on the irrigation tanks such as Nuwarawewa, Kala wewa, Basawakkulama, Nachchaduwa tank and Thisawewa built by ancient kings. Apart from that irrigation system of Mahaweli Scheme provides considerable amount of water for irrigation activities in the area. 78. In the year 2008 alone, 812,554 hectares were cultivated in the district and the paddy harvest accrued amounted to 12,357 metric tons. 31,092 main irrigation schemes helped in this regard. In addition to paddy cultivation, a land area of 6,324 hectares was cultivated with vegetable, 23793 hectares with additional crops and pulses. As per the land utilization in the district in the year 2008, 128,719.79 ha and 59,084.05 ha were used for paddy and chena cultivation respectively (Table 7).

Table 10 Land use pattern of subproject affected DSDs in Anuradhapura district -2008

Area

Abandonedtanks (ha) Marshlands(ha) Chena(ha) Forest(ha) Residential(ha) (ha) Paddy Coconut(ha) Tanks(ha) lands Scrub (ha) Streams(ha) Reservoirs(ha) Other

Kebithigollewa

456.84 135.16 1686.4 37357.78 2528.97 6914.65 0.07 0.28 9328.37 383.84 2222.13 149.57

Medawachchiy

197.54 6.28 6562.6 10548.84 3964.65 9908.09 6.45 0.03 14169.52 111.03 3550.74 219.93

Anuradhapura

district

5256.56 1479.51 59084.1 233284.2 69207.1 128720 948.89 3.99 164682.56 4502.07 49166.05 5825.9

79. The government of Sri Lanka has taken several actions to promote the agricultural economy of the district. Under the Mahinda Chinthanaya programme, plant seedlings are distributed for cultivators. Under the Construction of Agro wells project, assistance has been provided for construction of thousands of agricultural wells in the district. Steps have also been taken to improve the agri industry utilizing new technologies. Millions of money was allocated for the establishment of Young Farmer Organizations and Youth Farmer Societies on a village level basis at the aim of inter-change knowledge, experience and to establish Young Farmer Settlements. Under the Home Gardening project in 2009, cultivators are provided with coconut seedlings, bee hive boxes, and flower vases. 80. Under the implementation of commercial crop cultivation programme which was started in 2007, millions of money has been spent on cultivation of Betel, Pepper, Kilo Gova, jack and other commercial crops such as maize, cowpea, kurakkan, green gram, groundnut, manioc, sweet potatoes, chilly, and onion. In 2009 Rs. 0.647. Millions of money has been allocated for the programme of encouraging the production of organic fertilizer and is carried out by the Provincial Agricultural Department. In the same year a sum of Rs. 2.55 million has been spent for the purpose of Agricultural systems, soil conservation, educating school children on agricultural technology, and to implement various programmes beneficial to the farming community.

81. The land use beside the project area include, large extents of paddy fields, scrublands, forested areas, mixed cultivations, chena cultivations, home gardens and residences. The majority of the people in the area is farmers and largely depends on paddy cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in some roads. Following table shows the contribution of animal husbandry in project affected DSDs and Anuradhapura district.

Table 11 Animal husbandry in project affected DSDs and Anuradhapura district in 2006

(l)

Area

No of No Cows Annualmilk production(l) of No Buffalos Annualmilk production of No goats of No pigs of No Chicken

Kebithigollewa 5760 514650 5082 612470 503 137 3392 Medawachchiya 8256 1949830 1923 352225 2914 212 20440 Anuradhapura district 142320 21456935 58721 9601690 39434 8118 588468

Industries 82. Apart from agriculture, economy of the Anuradhapura district is predominantly revolves around tourism industry, inland fisheries, small scale industries and some large scale industries. According to recent estimates 24,592 of the population are employed in various industries. Out of them 7632 persons are employed in 3453 small scale industries, while 9710 persons are employed in 53 large scale industries. However compare to the other districts, industrial contribution in the district is poor. 83. The Anuradhapura district Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture (ADCCIA) is the foremost business representative body in the district and functioning to promote, develop and safeguard the agriculture, trade, manufactures, commerce, industries in the district. According to ADCCIA Anuradhapura is growing at a rapid speed, therefore has great potential for investors to start their businesses, particularly in agriculture, agro based industries and livestock sectors. 84. At present, most of the population in the district depends on tourism industry. The reason behind popularity of tourism industry within the district is ancient Sri Lankan culture. Irrigation tanks, ruins of castles of several emperors, ancient temples, monastic sites, statures of load Buddha are the main places, where local and foreign visitors attract towards this district. Traditional items such as kitchenette appliances, cultural foods, Sinhala clothes, ornaments etc are sold by the local people around these places. Eco-tourism is another popularizing this area based on the eco-cultural history of the Ancient kingdom and traditional day today activities around the cultivations.

Infrastructure Facilities 85. Except in some rural villages, electricity is available for most parts of the district. The Village Electrification Development Programme currently is being operating to supply electricity for the people who are not covered by the National Electricity Network. In the year 2009 the government has spent Rs. 19,577,456 on rural electrification projects.

86. Other than electricity, tele-communication facility is available in most of the areas mainly through wireless services. Pipe borne water facility is available to limited areas and pit latrines, sewage canal systems and proper garbage dumping sites are restricted to the urban sector of this district. PRDA is engaged in construction and maintaining many roads in the district and helping the people to solve their transport problems and improve their living standards. Many road development projects are currently undergoing to improve the transport facility. Common wells have been constructed mainly for the domestic and agricultural purposes and water is obtained through pipelines.

3.2.4. Social and Cultural Development

Population and Community 87. A total of 22 DSDs and 18PSDs are located within the Anuradhapura district. Selected roads for the improvement run through 2 out of 22 DS divisions of the district. The population of the Anuradhapura district by 2010 was 886945 and represent all ethnic and religious groups in the country. On a community basis there are 808,859 Sinhalese, 72,289 Muslims and 4,502 Tamils. A minority of 1,295 persons belong to other ethnic groups. Mainly five religious groups represented in the district as follows: 90% Buddhist, 0.5 % Hindus, 8.4% Muslims, 0.8 % Roman Catholics and 0.3 % other Christians. Table 7 indicates population sizes of the 2 DS divisions of the district. Table 12 Population sizes of the project affected DS divisions Anuradhapura district

DS divisions Sinhalese Tamil Muslims Population

Medawachchiya 47303 195 2643 50141

Kebithigollewa 21,057 31 2170 23258

3.2.5. Health and Educational Facilities

Health Facilities 88. A total of 60 hospitals distributed in different locations of the district. These include a single Provincial general hospital, 10 Base hospitals, 4 District hospitals, 4 Peripheral units, a single Prison hospital, 23 Rural hospitals, 19 Central dispensary and Maternity homes and 4 Ayurveda hospitals. Out of these, 3 Base hospitals and 6 Central dispensary units are located at Medawachchiya, Kebithigollewa and Padaviya. 89. During the last four years, the health sector received unprecedented boost in the Anuradhapura district. From 2006 to 2009 the P.S.D.G institution, World Bank and other funding institutions have provided a total of Rs. 833 million for assistance of health development activities of the Anuradhapura district. These funds were allocated for construction and renovation of hospitals, improve provision of health facilities, procure modern equipment and upgrade technology, improve standards and facilities at centres dealing with prevention of communicable diseases and for improvement of transport facilities. Accordingly one surgery hospital, 3 base hospitals, 4 district hospitals, 7 central hospitals, 24 rural hospitals and 20 clinics, were established in the district. At the same time, district was

provided with 474 doctors, 504 nurses, and 423 health service personnel. Hospital bedding capacity was increased to cater for 2987 patients. Apart from that certain amount of money was spent for the development of Indigenous Medical Services.

Educational Facilities 90. Generally the education level of the district is fairly good. The literacy rate of the district is 90.5%. The educational level of the people within the district is shown in Table 8.

Table 13 Educational level of the people distributed in Anuradhapura district

5 10

- -

acyrate

Liter No schooling Attending grade 1 Passed grade 1 Passed grade 6 Passed GCE(O/L)N CGE/SSC Passed GCE(A/L) HNCE/HSC Degree and above stared Not

90.5 5.7 1.5 24 43.6 14.2 5.9 0.6 2.5

91. Within the district altogether 585 schools including 549 government schools, a single special education unit and 35 piriven as are distributed. Out of them 11 government schools are located beside the proposed subproject roads and are illustrated in table 9. The student population in the district amounts 174,359with9228 teachers serving in these schools. Out of them 594 teachers are in Medawachchiya DSD and 290 teachers are in Kebithigollewa DSD. Table 14 Government schools located beside the proposed subproject roads

Road name Chainage (km) Name

3.7 Timbiriwewa government school NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala 6.5 (L) Hadagala government school Road 9.4 (L) Ambagahawewa government school

NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada - 2.5 (L) Atambagaskada government school, Tonigala Road

4.2 (L) Unagaswewa government school NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road 8.2 (R) Hirallugama government school

NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandara - 7.2 BandaraUlpotha government school Ulpatha - Kapugollewa Road 14.1 (R) Pathtewa government muslim school

NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road 1.4 (L) Viralmurrippu government school

NCAND139 Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada 2.4 (L), Gaminiwewa government school Road 10.3 (L) Muslim Halmillewa government school

3.2.6. Sites of the Cultural, Archaeological and Historical Significance 92. Anuradhapura is the first historical capital of Sri Lanka and today recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, From the 4th century BC, Anuradhapura was the capital

city of Sri Lanka and until the beginning of the 11th century it remained one of the most stable and durable centres of political power and urban life in South Asia. Although according to historical records the city was founded in the 4th century BC, the archaeological data put the date as far back as the 10th century BC. 93. Primary Buddhist attractions in Anuradhapura are the Atamasthana or the 8 main places of worship located within Anuradhapura town boundary. These eight places include Sri MahaBodhiya, Lovamahapaya, Ruwanwelisaya, Thuparamaya, Abayagiriya, Jetavanaramaya, Mirisavetiya and Lankaramaya. In addition to the Atamasthana Mihinthalawa was a thick jungle area inhibited by wild animals and was a hunting ground reserved for the royals. All this changed in 250 BC when the son of the Indian Emperor Asoka, Mahinda Maha Thero arrived at the Missaka Pauwa. Initially it was the Mahinda Maha Thero’s residence, but later Mihinthale became a main centre for Theravada Buddhism. Sigiriya is rock fortress located away from the Anuradhapura town. King Kassaypa was made his kingdom in the top of the “Sigiriya”. It is a culturally significant place that is because it was suggested for eighth wonder of the world. Another important location is Isurumuniya built by King Devanampiyatissa. The carving of Isurumuniya lovers on the slab has been brought from another place and placed it there. Thantirimale, Avukana, Vijithapura and ThalaguluViharaya are also very important religious, historical, cultural and archaeological sites located within the district. 94. However none of the above mentioned Cultural, Archaeological and Historical Significance sites are not located close proximity to the proposed subproject roads. But several locally important Buddhist temples are located left & right hand side beyond the proposed ROW and any impacts will not expect from the project to these locally important religious sites (Table 15). Table 15 Locally important religious places located beside the subproject roads

Road name Chainage (km) Name

NCAHC095 9.3 (L) Upulviharaya at Ambagaswewa

NCANC122 2.45 (L) Temple at Atambagaskada

NCAHC128 5.3 (R) Sri Sugathawardanaramaya, Moragoda

NCAHD083 2.1 (L) Temple at Lunuatulewa

16.7 (L) Mosque at Weerasole

19.3 Jayasumanaramaya temple, Kapugollewa

NCANC127 2.1 (L) Viralmurippu Temple

5.3 (R) Puleliya Temple

NCAND139 2.4 (R) Temple of Periyakulam

12.0 (L) Sri Aanandarama temple of Aneketiya

Chapter 4 - Potential Environmental Impacts Screening and Mitigation Measures

4. Introduction 95. Proposed construction activities of the subproject roads involve widening of single lane to substandard two lanes with pavements, improvement of road surface, construction of side drains & embankments, widening or replacement of culverts, and cause ways etc. During the construction, several activities have to be implemented including removal and re-establishment of public utilities, removal of road side trees, mining of gravel and sand, quarrying of metal, transportation of construction materials, disposal of construction waste, establishment of construction material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, vehicles and equipment service yards and other facilities. These activities can cause several impacts to the existing environment of the project area. Feasible mitigation measures for anticipated impacts have been suggested to avoid or minimize significant environmental impacts associated with construction activities while enhancing the positive environmental impacts. Since construction activities of the all the seven subprojects are similar, environmental impacts and mitigation measures associated with pre construction, construction and operation stages of the project describe in general through the following section. These measures need to be included to the contract conditions and specification of the project.

4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage

Resources mobilization 96. Mobilization of resources for the project construction activities such as space, human capital and physical resources is a major task carryout at an early stage of the project. The space need for the various activities of the project include construction of material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, offices and other accommodations. Adequate provision should be made to mobilize the construction equipment’s, vehicles and other construction materials.

Selection of lands for temporally use  Outline and impacts 97. Materials processing plants, storage yards, vehicle parks, disposal sites and labour camps should be established within the subproject affected areas in accordance with local laws, regulations and in close consultation with villages and LAs. This will avoid/ minimize social and environmental impacts such as complicit situation b/w workforce and surrounding communities, soil erosion, removal of green cover vegetation ad trees etc…that can be aroused during the construction stage.

 Mitigation measures 98. Selection of lands for above activities should be undertaken by the contractors carefully; away from environmental and public sensitive areas. Recruitment of local un-skilled and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities can reduce the requirement of land for labour camps in large scale. Provision of adequate compensation/rent for consuming the selected sites and obtaining official permits from the relevant authorities, if any public utilities will be used are also essential.

Acquisition of lands 99. Availability of lands according to the detailed design of the subprojects is important for the construction activities. Since construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the selected subproject rods, land acquisition will not be required.

Removal of public utilities  Outline and impacts 100. Road improvement work may generally impact on the public utilities such as electricity, pipe born water supply and telecommunication facilities which are located within the existing RoW. The electricity is available all the subproject roads except few sections. However, there are no telecommunication and pipe born water supply facilities in any of the proposed subproject roads. 101. Since most of the electrical posts are located away from the existing carriage ways, impact will be less due to removal. If the removal of utilities undertake during pre-construction sage, responsibility for that should be handled by the PIU. If it is undertaken, during the construction stage it should handle by the contractor under the supervision of PIU.  Mitigation measures 102. Recruitment of well trained and experienced machinery operators, technical officers & labours, proper coordination with Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) during the removal of electric posts will reduce the accidental damage to the utilities, workers and general public. These activities will also ensure re-establishment of utilities rapidly. Advance notice to the public about the time and duration of the utility disruption will reduce public inconvenient and provide adequate time to obtain alternative power sources during the disruption.

Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials  Outline and impacts 103. All the construction materials for the project activities are available within the project affected area of Mihintale, Medawachchiya, Ethakada and Kebithigollewa areas of Anuradhapura district. In general large-scale extraction of construction materials can have negative impact such as noise, air, water, soil pollution and reduction of scenic beauty with damage to ecosystems. 104. Soil erosion, lowering of the river beds, destruction of river banks, reduction of sand replenishment of coastal beaches, coastal erosion and salt water intrusion during the dry

season are main consequences due to sand mining. Nuisance from dust, noise and vibrations will create health and social disturbance to the people around metal extraction sites. Stagnation of water in borrow pits, material storage yards and mettle quarries provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and may cause accidental damage to people and wild animals. The transportation and storage of construction materials can potentially cause disturbance to the general public, increase dust and noise nuisance and damage to minor roads.  Mitigation measures. 105. Extraction of construction materials should be undertaken only from the approved mines and quarries by GS&MB. If new material extraction sites need to be located, they should exclude places which are close to the public (schools, religious places, hospitals) and environment sensitive areas. Environmental requirements and guidelines issued by the CEA, GSMB and LAs should be followed with respect of locating material extraction sites and other operations including rehabilitation of the extraction sites at the end of their use. 106. Transport, loading and unloading of construction materials should not cause nuisance to the people by way of noise, vibration and dust. All drivers should obtained license for the category of vehicles they drive. They should follow the speed limits on roads based on the traffic rules and regulations. Construction materials should not exceed the carrying capacity of the trucks. 107. When storage of construction materials all stock piles should be located sufficiently away from environment and public sensitive locations. Sand, rubble, metal bitumen and cement should be covered to ensure protection from dust and avoid emissions. Construction materials should not store around irrigation canals, tank bunds, cross drainage and natural flow paths. All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and handled on an impervious surface above ground level (e.g. concrete slab) and should be enclosed ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structure. Adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful.

Effect on local road net work  Outline and impacts 108. In general, sources of construction materials such as borrow pits, quarries and mines as well as construction material processing plants cannot establish adjacent to proposed subproject roads. Therefore construction materials should be transported from other areas to the project sites through the rural road network. However the carrying capacities of the rural roads are not sufficient to cater the vehicular load and hence, can be damaged during transportation of construction materials. 109. In generally LAs cannot engage in such immediate maintenance activities due to the lack of financial capacities.  Mitigation measures 110. Nomination should be given by the contractor in bidding work of the quarries and borrow areas, which he intends to use roads of adequate capacity for heavy trucks by providing evidence. If construction vehicles are likely to cause damage to public roads, provision should be made for their repair and restoration as part of the contract. Contractor

should obtain a permit from LAs to use local roads prior to the transportation of construction materials, machineries and equipment’s. Construction materials shall not exceed the carrying capacity of the local road network. Contractor should maintain all roads, which are used for the transportation of construction materials and other related activities.

Solid waste disposal and sanitation  Outline and impacts 111. Solid waste (construction debris, spoil, and waste generated from labour camps, officers accommodations) associated with construction and other related works may impose several negative environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected area including impact on ecology, public health and scenic beauty. Decaying wastes also attract pests such as rats and flies which become unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Labour camps, garbage disposal sites and material storage yards provide favourable habitats for vectors of diseases like mosquitoes and rats. Contamination of water bodies with wastewater, construction debris and spoil will create significant impact on the aquatic lives and people inhabited in the area.  Mitigation measures 112. To minimize above impacts, strict environmental compliance would be implemented with regard to disposal of waste. Selection of the disposal site by the contractor should exclude areas which are close to public and environment sensitive. Prior approval for the disposal site should be obtained from the LAs via Grama Niladari. All debris and residual spoil materials (soil, sand, rock, and deadwoods) generated from construction activities shall be re-used wherever possible for site levelling, back - filling under instruction of Engineers & Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC). Dump materials should be placed without interference to the irrigation canals, water bodies, agricultural lands or any other environmental sensitive areas. 113. Contractor should handle and manage waste generated from the construction/labour camps without contaminating the environmental conditions or affecting the risk of public/communities living near the sites. Proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewerage facilities (drinking water, urinals, toilets and wash rooms) should be provided to all sites of the construction/labour camps. Adhering to the guidance from Provincial office of CEA will avoid or minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. Selection of the location for labour camps should be approved by the Engineer and comply with guidelines/recommendations issued by CEA and LAs. 114. Provision of proper drainage facilities to minimize stagnation of water around worker based camps and keeping the drainage facilities clean to prevent breeding of rats and other vectors such as flies are necessary. Garbage bins should be provided to all worker based camps and construction sites, and should be dumped regularly in a hygienic manner under the inspection of Public Health Inspector (PHI) in the area. 115. To avoid waste generation and sanitation problems from labour camps, majority of skilled and unskilled workers should be selected from the project influence area. If migrant labour is brought for construction activities from different areas there may also be conflict situations among the workers and settlers near worker camps. Spreading of communal diseases is also possible due to migrant labourers.

Effect on water resources  Outline and impacts 116. Seasonal water bodies, streams, irrigation canals, tanks and community water supply facilities are located adjacent/across the proposed subproject roads. For the construction and construction related activities water will be required in significant amount from above sources. Therefore, excessive use of water for construction activities may impact the local communities during dry season. Furthermore, construction close to the water bodies, construction of cross drainages, poor sanitation at work sites, labour camps and dispersal of solid waste may affect water sources used by local communities in different ways. E.g. the surface water runoff and groundwater close to the construction site can be polluted with various materials (paints, clues, lubricants, toxic chemicals, cement and bitumen) use during construction site which in turn affect the overall water quality of the area.  Mitigation measures 117. Contractor should make employees aware of water conservation, pollution and minimization of water usage. Water from residential areas should be obtained after consent from local community. Construction works affecting water bodies have to be undertaken during the dry season and necessary steps should be taken to avoid entering wastewater directly in to the water bodies. Pits should be introduced wherever possible to prevent silting of water bodies as a result of construction work. The upstream and lead-away channels of the bridges and culverts should be cleaned in order to maintain the smooth water flow downstream and it should not obstruct or prevent existing flow of water. Excavation of beds of any streams, irrigation systems, and other water resources should be minimized as much as possible. 118. Public or community water supplies with proper sanitation arrangements should be provided to the labour camps and other construction related places with the approval from the relevant authorities, ensuring no raw sewage is released into drains or water bodies. However, necessary actions should be taken to prevent disruption of water sources used by the community due to construction work. If disrupted, an alternative water supply sources should be arranged for the affected community. 119. Water that is contaminated with fuel, oil and grease should not be directly released to storm water or natural water drainage system. If released, they should be entered to pits allowing them to filter, settle down and release to the environment as per the guide lines issued by the CEA. Vehicles and equipment used for the construction activities should be maintained in good condition, ensuring no undue leakage of oil or fuel is released to water sources. Equipment and vehicles should not be allowed to wash with drinking water wells or streams. All toxic and hazardous materials required for construction, including asphalt, fuel; toxic, hazardous and containing other fine partials should be sited at least 500m away from water bodies and should prevent their entering into such places.

Soil erosion sedimentation and siltation  Outline and impacts 120. The project affected area of the NCP receives a considerable amount of water during rainy season. Thus soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation can take place any time during rainy seasons due to construction activities such as cut and fill operation, land clearing, construction or reconstruction of new culverts, causeways, and construction of earth and line drains. Decrease of infiltration of rain water, acceleration of surface runoff, lowering of the river beds and destruction of the river banks are the main impacts associated with soil erosion.  Mitigation measures 121. Top soil generate from the construction sites (not exceeding 150 mm) should be stored properly (height not exceeding 2m) and reused for turfing and tree planting activities. Clearing and filling areas should be treated against flow acceleration and should be carefully designed to minimize obstruction or destruction to natural drainages. Steep cuts should be limited and the slop of cuts should be decreased in order to minimize the erosion due to rain. Retaining structures and deep-rooted grass should be placed in erodible areas, where necessary. Use of silt traps and erosion control measures where construction activities close to the water bodies to avoid entering of cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water is also necessary. 122. All temporary soil dumps should be removed from site to a suitable disposal site. If temporary soil dumps are left at the site for a long time those dumps should be covered with thick tarpaulin sheets. Suitable local drainage facilities should be established properly to drain water in the construction areas. Construction activities including turfing, earth work and construction of cross drainages should be conducted during dry season (May to September).

Temporary floods  Outline and impacts 123. Inundation sections are recorded during the field survey of several sup project roads due to poor drainage facilities, roads situated in low elevation, between paddy fields and close to the spill of seasonal tanks. In addition, water stagnation is also observable within the RoW of subproject roads during the rainy season. Flooding or stagnation of water will cause public inconvenience, loss or damage to access or any land or property.  Mitigation measures 124. Increasing the embankment height of the particular sections with construction of new cross drainages, reconstruction of existing culverts, causeways and bridges with sufficient capacity will avoid location specific temporary floods. All construction activities should be properly planned & arranged to minimize the flooding conditions as a result of blocked drainage paths. The existing drains should be cleaned after site specific construction, excavations, clearing & grubbing to avoid flooding or stagnation of water. 125. Storing of chemicals and construction materials should be avoided in areas where those can be washed away by flood. Temporary earth drains should be formed as practically as possible until required lined or earth drains are provided after excavation and other construction activities.

Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats  Outline and impacts 126. In general subproject roads run through rural residential and agricultural areas including home gardens, paddy fields, coconut and other mixed cultivations, scrub lands, chena cultivations and sometime around forested areas. Additionally perennial tanks, streams and other stagnant water bodies are also located in these subprojects affected areas. During construction phase activities such as site clearing, construction of culverts and bridges, mining and quarrying operations etc., will potentially impact to the ecological resources by disturbing habitat, increasing soil erosion and surface runoff, creating noise and vibration at the project site. Some road side trees which locate close to the existing carriageway will need to be removed from the existing RoW. Removal of trees and other excavation works have the potential to destroy or injure wildlife with limited mobility; disrupt their breeding, migration and foraging behaviour. The impacts from noise, vibration, dust emissions and other project related activities can change the usual behaviour of wild animals and can affect the natural ecology of the project area if project activities are not undertaken properly.  Mitigation measures 127. Awareness programs should be organized for the workforce to provide necessary instructions about Importance of flora, fauna and different types of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Avoid workforce from disturbing the flora, fauna including hunting of animals, gathering fire wood from the surrounding habitats and fishing in water bodies and avoid removal of road side trees as much as possible. If rare, threatened or endangered floral or faunal species as given in section 3.2.2 are found during construction activities, it should be immediately informed to Resident Engineer (RE). All construction activities should be planned in those areas according to the RE followed by environmental specialist of CSC’s instructions. 128. A total of 294 trees from 7 subproject roads {C095 (50 trees), C122 (45 trees), C126 (17trees), C127 (22 trees), C128 (35 trees), D083 (55 trees) and D139 (70 trees)} have been identified within the proposed ROW and those should be removed during the construction stage. Regarding the removal contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendation made by the CEA. .Also it is necessary to obtain permit from the Department of Forest for the removal of trees. Decision on tree removal should be mainly based on detailed engineering design. All road side trees subjected to potential removal should be marked and preparation of inventory done prior to clearing by the contractor. When removing of trees, valuable timber should be properly stacked and handed over to DoF or rightful owners. Tree planting should be done in wherever appropriate space along the road side compensating at least 1 tree cut with planting 3 trees by the contractor. If not, the Executive Agent/ Implement Agent (EA /IA) will need to find a suitable place in consultation with LA’s and local communities for tree planting programme. This will help to compensate the floral loss during construction stage and provide long term benefits to the society and useful in demarcating and protecting the road reservation. The suitable saplings for the tree planting programme should be selected with the instruction of DoF.

Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management  Outline and impacts 129. The subproject affected areas are mainly consist with man-made habitats such as rural agricultural villages including home gardens, paddy fields, mixed cultivations, chena, water bodies and associated irrigation schemes. In general road construction activities may Impact to the surrounding vegetation, i.e. loss of native species and species diversity, increased risk of invasive species, top soil erosion, seed bank depletion, risk of fire and seed disposal. Selection of material extraction sites, removal of trees and other excavation works has the potential to destroy or injure wildlife. It may also impact to the habitat quality, species diversity, and reproductive success of some species. The noise from construction vehicles, equipment, material processing plants and vehicle traffic has the potential to disturb breeding, foraging, and migrating behaviour of wild fauna. 130. Since the proposed project activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the subproject roads, it would not lead to loss of habitats concerned, changes in the land use pattern and will not affect the population of any identified floral and faunal species Furthermore modification of existing habitats, impact to native species and threat to existing biodiversity or introduction of invasive species will not be expected through the subproject activities.  Mitigation measures 131. Careful attention should be taken especially during the construction phase to avoid or minimize clearing of natural habitats such as small forest patches, replacement of natural vegetation and activities which can cause introduction of alien species. Almost all the stakeholders associated with the construction and pre construction stages of the project should be made aware of the negative impacts that can arise due to above activities. Contractor should especially be aware not to introduce alien species during construction related activities such as transportation of construction materials (Turfing and sub base materials) machineries, vehicles and equipment’s from the outside areas. Saplings for the tree planting program should comprise native or endemic species which is suitable to the existing climatic condition of the subproject areas. Client should undertake periodic assessment of accidental or unintended introduction of invasive alien species and other construction activities that can affect natural ecosystems. 132. Although project activities will involve use of natural resources such as water, metal, sand, earth in the project affected areas; use of those in an unsustainable manner will not be practiced during construction as well as its operation cum maintenance phases. However anticipated impacts (eg. removal of trees and green cover vegetation, lowering of river beds, soil and coastal erosion) can be avoided or minimized by adhering to proposed mitigation measures through EMPs.

Protection of archaeological, cultural and religious places  Outline and impacts 133. None of the proposed subproject roads are not located close proximity to the important archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations. But several locally important Buddhist temples are located left & right hand side beyond the proposed ROW and any

impacts will not expect from the project to these locally important religious sites (refer Table 14). Since Anuradhapura district is very famous for the archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations, construction activities may impact to the unidentified significant locations.  Mitigation measures 134. If any fossils, coins, articles of value antique, structures etc., discovered on the site and or during the construction work, necessary steps should be undertaken to inform to the Engineer and Department of Archaeology (DA) immediately. If there are any important archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered during project activities, work should be stopped within 100m in all direction from the site discovery as mention in Antiques Ordinance in 1940 and Cultural Property Act of 1988. Further, necessary precautions should be undertaken to avoid entering any workmen or any other person to the above areas. Also assistance should be taken from DA for further project activities within the relevant site.

Disruption of traffic  Outline and impacts 135. In general Existing Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes of the proposed project roads are low and do not exceed the 800 ADT value (Table 13). However construction activities close to the construction sites and public sensitive locations may lead to increase traffic congestion. Further, vehicles involve in transportation of construction materials will increase accidental risk; noise exhaust emissions, delays in travel time and disturbance to the public. Table 16 Existing and predicted average daily traffic volumes of seven roads Source, Detailed Design and Final Report, Volume – 4 (Economic Analysis and Traffic Studies of current project).  Mitigation measures 136. Advance notice to the road users and roadside communities about the schedule of construction activities, provision of safe and convenient passage to the vehicles and passengers especially during construction of culverts and causeways, implement traffic management plans in construction areas according to the traffic rules and regulations if necessary in close coordination with local communities/authorities and local police by the contractor. 137. All signs use for traffic management should be standards and approved by the engineer/ police. Construction sites and excavated areas should be barricaded with warning tapes, painted barriers or traffic corns. Usage of flagmen and/or temporary traffic signs for construction sites or temporally diversion, allocation of properly trained personnel provided with proper gear including communication equipment and luminous jackets for night use are other measures that have to be undertaken during construction period.

Personal safety of workers and general public  Outline and impacts 138. Construction related activities both within and outside of the subproject affected areas could create accidental harm to general public and the work force. Construction of, culverts,

cause ways, surfacing, roadway excavation, removal of road side structures, trees, use of hazardous substances, processing and transportation of construction materials are the main causes associated with accidental risk.  Mitigation measures 139. Contractor should organize awareness programs about personal safety of the workers and general public in the area with proper briefing and training on safety precautions, their responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others. Contractor shall comply with requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) convention No. 62, Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the extent that are applicable to his contract. Other than that, contractor has to comply with regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladder, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means or entry and egress. 140. Use of licensed and trained plants and vehicle operators, provision of protective footwear, helmets, goggles, eye-shields, face masks, ear plugged and clothes to workers depending on their duty (mixing asphalt, blasting, handling equipment) are the major steps that can be taken to reduce accidental risk. Apart from that provision of high visibility jackets to the workers when construction activities are taking place at night with necessary lighting arrangement, allocation of flagmen during the day time and provision of two red lamps at night are also necessary. Provision of first aid facilities and emergency transport facilities to the construction sites and labour camps also important responsibility of contractor. 141. Excavated areas for construction should be barricaded using barricading tapes and sign boards. Quarry operations, roadway excavations, and blasting should be carried out and supervised by trained personnel. Explosives for the project activities should be stored in a secure location in a protected way. Arranging regular safety checks for vehicles and equipment’s, allocation of responsibility to the relevant personnel, prohibition of alcoholic drinks and other substances which may impair judgment of workers engaged in construction activities, arrangement of proper first aid and transport facilities for injured people, installation of warning signs, speed limits and signals to particular locations of the road.

Impact on socio – economic condition of the area  Outline and impacts 142. There are no built up properties or land that will be affected by the RoW for the roads. In this context there will be no resettlement issues involved in the proposed project. Other than that traffic congestion, disturbance or loss of income generating activities will not be practiced during the project cycle. The significant negative impacts expected during construction activities are delays and inconvenience of travelling, increase of dust and noise. 143. In overall, the project will cause many socio-economic benefits to the road users and road side communities. Some of these include, provision of connectivity to different institutions of socio-economic and cultural importance, reduction of poverty and facilitating on-going development initiatives etc.

Effect on existing drainage  Outline and impacts 144. Land clearing, cut and fill operations and other construction related activities may lead to accidental damage to the culverts, bridges and other irrigation structures. Storage of construction materials and alteration of natural flow paths will create temporary impact to existing drainages.  Mitigation measures 145. Investigation report should be submitted to the engineer if diversion or close or blocking of canals, streams or other water sources for proposed construction work. Approval should be obtained from relevant authorities (DOI, DS, DoAS) prior to such action take place. Restore the water bodies to its original status once the need for such diversion, close or blockage is no longer required. 146. Contractor should avoid storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around irrigation canals, cross drainage and natural flow paths. Provision of temporally drainage facilities to the construction site will be required, if existing drains are obstructed. Contractor is responsible for replacing structurally damage structures and maintaining drainage paths and drains clear at all times.

Impact from dust, noise and vibration  Outline and impacts 147. Dust, noise and vibrations generated from the project activities will impact the roadside communities and people who inhabit around material extraction sites (mining and quarrying sites). In general poor air quality is the most immediate pollution effect experience from the construction sites. Release of Volatile Organic compound (VOL) from storage and transfer of vehicle/equipment fuels, emission of small amounts of Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and particulates from blasting and dust generated from clearing, grubbing, excavating, backfilling, dumping, mixing concrete, transportation of materials, storage of soil and metal piles etc. will be available in the surroundings due to wind.  Mitigation measures 148. Construction related activities closer to public sensitive locations have to be scheduled in coordination with the relevant authorities (community leaders, schools’ principals, high – priests or other respective officers) to avoid disturbance to day to day activities of the people. All machinery, equipment and vehicles should be maintained in a good condition by engaging skilled mechanics and regularly maintained in compliance with National Emission Standards (1994). Noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra Ordinance, No 924/12) should strictly be implemented for crushers, hot mixed plants, construction vehicles and equipment. The maximum permissible noise levels at boundaries of the land in which the sources of noise is located for construction activities are 75dB (A) Leqand 50 dB (A) Leq during day time and night time respectively (Day time: 6.00 am – 7.00 pm, night time: from 7.00 pm – 6.00 am). However Contractor should limit working time for activities that create noise from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm.

149. Crushers and hot mixed plants should be placed with the approval of Engineer, CEA, and LAs and should be located at least 500 m away from residential and environmental sensitive areas or other public sensitive locations. Dust extraction units, exhaust silencers and noise reduction devices can be fitted to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants to reduce dust emissions. 150. Dust emissions during transportation of construction materials should be controlled by enforcing speed limits to the vehicles, providing of dust barriers (canvas, hard polythene, asbestos sheets) to the public sensitive locations, wet spraying of quarry sites, construction sites, roads which will be used for the transportation of construction materials at regular intervals. Tarpaulin covering is mandatory on trucks/lorries which are used for transporting materials and all construction materials (sand, gravel, metal, cement) should be stored with proper covering. Suitable actions should be taken to minimize or avoid dirt and mud being carried to road surface. Contractor should also take actions to prevent bad odour and offensive smells emanating from chemicals, construction material processing or other construction activities 151. Note: LAeq'T' means the equivalent continuous, A- weighted sound pressure determined over a time interval T(in dB).

Road side landscape and road furniture

 Outline and impacts 152. Maintenance of road side landscape and provision of road furniture is a must to enhance the scenic beauty beside the road corridor and public safety during the operation stage. Road landscape include tree plantation, registration of road embankments and other slopes, edge treatment of water bodies while road furniture include foot paths, railings, storm water drains, traffic signs, speed limits, and any other such items.  Mitigation measures 153. All debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil materials, temporally structures should be cleared away, from the road sides and from other work places and disposed at locations designated or acceptable to the RE. Road landscape activities have to be done as per either detailed design or typical design guide lines given as part of the bid documents. Road furniture items are provided as per the design given in the bid documents

4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period

Air quality and noise 154. The major air quality pollution factor in the project area at present is dust emission from gravel and sandy roads. Therefore it is expected to reduce the existing dust emission after proper surfacing of the roads. Further, alignment of roads, widening and surfacing will allow considerably higher speed for vehicles with minimum accelerations and decelerations which in turn reduce the vehicular emissions and sound pollution compare to current situation. This condition will positively impact the air quality and the human health in the area. The tree

plantation programmes will also help to compensate any impacts arising from air pollution due to vehicular emissions.

Drainage congestion 155. The improvement of the road side drainage including culverts and causeways through the project is expected to facilitate better water flow, causing higher speed flow during the rainy season. However, stagnation or blocking of the water flow may occur due to improper disposal of debris during maintenance activities or ignorance of the public by disposing garbage in the side drainage. Stagnation of sediments and waste materials will obstruct road side drainage, culverts and main holes. The PRDA needs to undertake a regular maintenance of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions which may cause local flooding, and ultimately lead to destruction of the road.

Road safety 156. Improvement of the selected roads will provide easy access, increase number of vehicles and their speed. Therefore enforcement of the speed limits, traffic rules and regulations as well as installation of warning signs, marking of centre lines, pedestrian crossings, bus halts etc. should be incorporated to minimize road accidents and enhance the safety of the vehicles and road users.

Encroachment of the Right of Way 157. Encroachment of road reservation can be taken place any time after the completion of construction works. Encroachment activities can impact to the road users, vehicles, pavements and road side drains too. Therefore routine checking from PRDA to remove unauthorized structures from RoW is necessary. In addition, enforcement of rules and regulations is also needed to minimize encroachment of the RoW.

Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism

5. Institutional Requirements of the Project

5.1. Institutional Arrangements 158. The MLGPC is the Executing Agency (EA) for the project and has the responsibility of implementing the overall EMP. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established by PRDA of NCP. The PIU will be responsible for overall contract administration and the supervision of the contractor regarding the implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental Provisions included in Contract Document. In practice, the detailed implementation of EMP will involve following parties.

 Contractors

 Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs)

 Project Implementation Unit

 Project Director (PD) of MLGPC

159. The contractors will responsible for implementing the EMP under the day to day supervision of the Construction Supervision Consultant. The CSCs (Environment Specialist - ES) will be responsible to provide technical advice and job training to the contractors as well as daily supervision of implementation of EMP by the contractor and reporting the implementation of EMP of project to PIU on monthly basis. The PIU that will be assisted by an Environmental Consultant intermittently will review the CSCs’ reports on implementation of EMP and coordinate with other relevant Government agencies or LAs to take necessary actions if any environmental impacts could not be mitigated as it was planned in the EMP or if any additional mitigation measures will be required.

160. The PIU will report the implementation of EMP of each sub-project to the PD at the MLGPC. The PIU will follow up by preparing an annual report on implementing EMP to the relevant parties such as CEA and also for ADB. CEA which is the responsible for overall environmental management in the country, will periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by the PIU and provide guidance and advice if and when required. The responsibility hierarchy of project implementation is as follows.

Figure 3 Responsibility hierarchy of project implementation

EA - MLGPC

PD– PRDA

PIU (Safeguards)

PIU CSC (safeguards)- Resident CSCs- Engineer (RE) Environment CEA Specialist (ES)

Environmental Officer Project Manager (Contractor) (Contractor)

Contractor

5.2. Capacity Building 161. Capacity building is an integral part of the project and addresses the adequacy of PRDA institutional capacity regarding social, environment and engineering aspects of the project. 162. The public consultations sessions conducted with PRDA of the project revealed that the human and physical resources are in satisfactory level with compared to the PRDD of Northern Province. However; it is required to strengthen the institutional capacity of PRDA to implement the proposed project effectively. The relevant staff of the PRDA should be made aware of the proposed technical framework together with the existing environmental, social conditions of the project affected areas, policies and legal regulations concerning construction operations and the associated potential environmental impacts and related mitigation measures by the MLGPC before commencing the construction. This will ensure sustainable availability of skilled and empowered human resource throughout the project and for the future projects as well. 163. The PRDA through PIU shall organize orientation sessions and regular training sessions for relevant technical and management staff of PRDA, contractor and his staff during

pre- construction stage of the project. With regard to environmental performance, methods on implementing and monitoring the EMP, agreements on checklists and reports, methods maintained by field staff on EMP implementation, activities related to EMoP, preparation and submission of monitoring reports, etc should be focused. This will ultimately enhance their capabilities for day to day supervision and implementation of EMP and EMoP with incorporating social and engineering aspects.

5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism 164. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) provides an effective approach to resolve any issues made by affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project cycle. This mechanism will be established by the project proponent, with PRDA to address grievances presented by Affected Persons (APs). Since most of the environmental impacts are construction related complaints (issues related to dust, noise and vibration, effect on land, loss of access, local road network, deteriorating water quality and quantity, soil erosion and safety issues) managing those is mainly the contractor's responsibility. 165. However, these grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project by careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding project activities. Furthermore, adhering to mitigation measures addressed in EMP by contractor (with the help of Environmental Officer) under the careful supervision of CSCs /ES and the representatives of RDA and CEA will minimise construction related grievances.

5.3.1. Grievance Redress Committee 166. This mechanism will be executed through a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) and consists of following Members;  A representative from PRDA (Project Director)  A representative from community leader/ Grama Niladhari (GN)  A representative from contractor/ EO/ Project Manager  A representative from CSC (Engineer/ES)  A representative from relevant DSD (Divisional Secretary/Additional Divisional Secretary) 167. Almost all the stakeholders related to the GRM should be aware and instructed by PIU regarding the established grievance process, the requirement of grievance mechanism, goals, benefits, relevant laws and regulations of GRM. They should also be instructed about procedures of taking/ recording complaints, handling of on-the spot resolution of minor problems, taking care of complainant and most excellent response to distressed stakeholders.

The Affected community should especially be made aware of the procedure , venue and the responsible person to contact when making a complain (Wildau. S., et al, 2008)2.

5.3.2. The Process of Grievance Redress Mechanism 168. Complaints of APs can be made as an individual or as a group in verbal or written form through letters/suggestion boxes and telephone conversation. Received complaints will be screened to determine if they are eligible to be addressed by GRM. If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed about the decision and the reasons for rejection. If the complaint is accepted, it can be resolved through GRM of the project (Fig 12). Solutions for complaints should be handed over to complainant in written form and actions to be taken to mitigate those impacts should be informed to the responsible institution / individual. Figure 12 Responsibility hierarchy of resolving public complaints

Complaints by individuals, Complaints by People’s Groups, or institutions representatives: political,

religious, community

GRC Secretary (Complaints to GRC in written form

Decision to be

taken within 3 weeks of receipt of GRC meeting complaint

Convey the decision to APs

2 Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O’Neill, E. 2008. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C.

169. When people encounter an issue, first step is submission of complaint to the Contractor/PM/EO through community leader/GN. If the complaint is simple and the answer is straightforward, it should be directly provided within 2 days to the compliant. 170. If the reply could not be provided immediately or not within his authority or if the response for the complaint is at an unsatisfactory level for the complainer, it should be forwarded to the Grievance Redress Committee A GRC meeting must be convened and an answer for the complaint should be provided within 3 weeks to the complainant.

Note: Refer to Designing and implementing grievance redress mechanisms, a guide for implementers of transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010) by ADB for further details.

Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

6. Environment Management Plan and Monitoring Plan

6.1. Environment Management plan 171. To ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on the environment, the EMP has been prepared as a matrix and attached as Annex B. This was developed based on best practices for environmental management. The EMP includes the potential impact as a result of project activities, proposed mitigation measures, the responsible party to implement and supervise those impacts and the feasible cost measures to be taken to reduce the potential significant adverse impacts in an acceptable level. 172. There must be professional expertise with the contractor side to prepare Environment Methods Statement (EMS), based on the EMP which is prepared under the feasibility study. EMS is a document which is prepared by contractor to declare mitigation measures for anticipated environmental impacts during pre-construction and construction phase such as operation of metal quarries, asphalt plants, crusher plants and clearing of land etc. Clearances and permits which need to be taken from government departments and institutions are also included in the comprehensive EMS. It also comprises of measures to be taken for environmental protection, methods for saving energy, reduce wastes and losses, prevention or minimizing pollution, disposing of pollutants comply with the existing stipulations and laws. The comprehensive EMS clearly explains that the contractor usually takes action to minimize environmental impacts during project activities. The organization structure of implementing comprehensive EMS comprises an environmental supervision department. Thus environmental protection around the construction site is directly controlled by the technical department which is usually supervised by a Resident Engineer (RE) and ES of the CSC.

6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 173. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate any negative impact to the overall environment quality, the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) has been prepared (Annex C). This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, location, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject on which the monitoring should be conducted. The EMoP will be a useful tool to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures included to the EMP. Monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction stage is a responsibility of the contractor by the approved Government Agency. All the monitoring activities such as site supervision, removal of trees, material extraction, verification of permits etc. by the contractor will be supervised by the ES of the CSC. The environmental monitoring report will be submitted to the PIU of PRDD, which will include the result of environmental monitoring into its environmental report that will be reported to the PD at the MLGPC.

174. The criteria for selection of sampling locations for the EMoP are as follows.  Air quality- Environment and public sensitive areas and places where potential increase of traffic.  Water quality- Stream/tanks/wells and construction sites close to other water bodies (irrigation canals) where local communities use water or supporting their lives, and those with available water almost all over the year.  Noise and vibration- Environment and public sensitive areas that might be affected by the used of heavy equipment.

Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

7. Introduction 175. In line with NEA in Sri Lanka, public consultation and information disclosure is undertaken through public notice prior to the approval by CEA for the particular project. According to ADB Environmental Guidelines public consultation and information disclosure is the main activity carried out during the initial stage for an IEE. The aim of the process is to understand the view point of the public about the project and respond to their concerns and suggestions during the early stage of the project. 176. Providing information regarding the project objectives, activities, expected outcomes etc at an early stage to the public, especially for the APs will ensure community awareness and avoid conveying misinformation to the APs. Furthermore, incorporating environmental concerns to the decision making process through the public consultation will avoid or minimize conflict situations that can arise during the construction stage

7.1. Public Consultation 177. Public consultation for the proposed road sections was carried out during the period from December 2011 to January 2012 (Figure 6.1). During the individual as well as group discussions APs were brief about the project objectives, expected outcomes, proposed improvement works, impacts that can be aroused due to the proposed work, grievance redress mechanism etc. Participants generally expressed their views about the project, current environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas. The list of participants for the public consultation sessions is provided in Annex D.

Figure 4 Public consultation Walpola (NCANC127)Periyakulam (NCAHD139) and Kudagama (NCAHC122) villages

7.1.1. Consultation Findings 178. All these roads are very essential link roads to the interior part of Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa of Anuradhapura districts. At present these roads are in a deteriorated condition because of lack of periodic maintenance. Thus rehabilitation and improvement of the roads are essential to create efficient transportation facility for the general public, thereby reduce vehicle operation cost and transportation cost. Furthermore, improvement of these roads will contribute the social and economic development of the region. 179. In general, the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the transportation. Many of these roads face the problem with large numbers of pot holes, erodible edges, collapsed causeways, culverts and bridges. Therefore transportation especially during the rainy season, through these road sections is very difficult due to water stagnation within the RoW. Thus improvement of roads with sufficient RoWs, CWs and provision of adequate drainage facilities with adequate diameter based on the hydrological studies in the area is essential. 180. Although these roads are in dilapidated conditions, people of the project influence areas including government servants, farmers, businessmen, school children, security forces and private sector employers, heavily use these roads for their day to day activities. Once these roads are developed, all the above people will have better access; therefore will be benefitted by saving their precious time. Furthermore, with compare to the previous situation, with the improvement of these roads, people can directly access the town areas to engage in a number of social and economic activities. Other than that new technologies can be transferred from urban areas towards development of the interior parts of this district. Therefore, all most all the people in these areas are in favour of welcome the project, because improvement of the road may create positive impacts to the people living in the area. 181. Majority of the roads proposed under the project are gravel or sandy roads. Therefore, dust emanation during the dry season cause inconvenience to the road users as well as road side community. The level of dust emission will increase during the construction period due to different type of construction activities. Hence, dust suppression measures are extremely important during the construction phase to minimize public inconvenience. 182. All the proposed roads for the improvement, link with national roads in one side and with provincial roads in other side through number of rural, agricultural villages. On the other hand, numbers of rural roads which direct to paddy fields and internal villages starts from these roads. Therefore once the proposed roads are constructed, they act as main link

between national and rural roads. According to NCPC officers, the proposed ADB project is a timely intervention in overall development efforts of the province, especially for rural sector development. Because roads are the basic infrastructure facility that contributes to other development and directly contribute to poverty elevation in respect of income, employment and enhancement of basic services. Although PC spends a large sum of money annually, most goes for carpeting of existing roads. Therefore proper reconstruction of the roads is essential with other related facilities. 183. Annexure D indicates a summary of public consultations made during the field survey on selected roads

7.2. Information Disclosure 184. In accordance with ADB’s Information Disclosure policy, the MLGPC will submit the final IEE report and the EMP to the ADB for disclosure on ADB’s website. This will ensure that the MLGPC will provide relevant environmental information to ADB Board consideration for project appraisal. 185. If the IEE carried out in accordance with the ToR (Terms of Reference) provided by the CEA, Government of Sri Lanka should be made available to the general public in the project area including affected people and to other stakeholders through DS office, GN office, LAs, Provincial offices of CEA prior to the project approval. The information should be made available in a timely manner in three languages (Sinhala, Tamil and English) in the country to the above stakeholders. This will ensure incorporating affected people’s concerns and inputs into project design and implementation. 186. During project implementation, project information boards have to be established on either end of the project corridor displaying the project name, stretch of the road, type of rehabilitation, time frame, cost of the project, funding agency, implementing agency with other salient feature of the project. This will ensure further awareness about the project to the stakeholders including APs.

Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations

187. The construction activities associated with proposed project not expected to cause significant environmental impacts to the project affected areas. The potential environmental impacts that have been identified during the study will be temporary, manageable and will occur only during pre-construction and construction periods. Therefore the proposed rehabilitation of the project roads is environmentally acceptable. 188. The development of provincial roads is important for all other development projects within the province as well as adjacent villagers of 4 other bordering provinces (Northern, Eastern, North Western and Central) and complementary for on-going road development plans in the NCP. Additionally road development projects directly contribute to poverty elevation in respect of income generation, employment, local/forging investments and enhancement of other social services. Thus proposed ADB funded provincial road project is important to achieve above targets with rural sector development of war affected areas. 189. The selected subproject roads for the improvement are extremely important for future development of the area. All selected subproject roads start from National A or B class roads and 6 roads out of seven end with C or D class provincial roads through number of rural and agricultural villages.  Egg. NCANC122 is very important road starts from National B class road (B: 283) Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa and end with National A class road (A029) Vavuniyawa - Horowpothana. Development of this road is very essential and economically important i.e. almost all the people in the area are farmers. Thus their agro and dairy products including vegetable, grains, paddy and curd could be transported to both sides where the prices are high at Vavuniyawa, Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. This is also act as a bypass road between A:029 and B:283.  NCAND139 is also important bypass between A014 and A009. Since the road is located close to district boarder of Vavuniya, this will help the town development of Poonewa area and Ulukkulama road in Vavuniya district.  NCAHD083 is directed to interior part of the Kebithigollewa i.e. over 15 rural agricultural villages and over 15% of the total population from Kebithgollewa DSD. 190. Environment impact and risk associated during the construction phase mainly include vehicle emissions; diesel emissions from large construction vehicles, equipment, material processing plants and generators. Release of airborne contaminants including particulate matter, dust and volatile compounds will be available in the surroundings due to wind. All these emission causes impacts such as respiratory problems, nuisance to the road users as well as road side communities. The potential environmental impacts associated with construction stage are temporary and manageable through adhering to the EMP of the project. 191. Large numbers of small, medium and mass scale mettle quarries, crushers and gravel mines are located in Medawachchiya and Krbithigollewa DS divisions. Therefore environment impacts due to emissions from metal quarries, crushers, gravel mines and related transport

activities are in significant level. These two DSDs act as main supplier for above materials to NCP, NP and EP. Although number of infrastructure development projects is underway in the NCP including road developments projects, no updated reliable baseline information regarding water quality, air and noise/ vibration even in the Anuradhapura town of the NCP. Therefore monitoring of above parameters is recommended during preconstruction stage to establish the baseline parameters of subproject affected areas of Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. This is essential for repeated checking and monitoring changes of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction and operation periods. These results should be incorporated with the contract documentation to establish performance action thresholds, pollution limits and contingency plans for the contractor’s performance. Adequate budgetary provisions must be ensured to undertake these monitoring activities. 192. The appropriate category for the NCP roads based on REA checklists of the ADB is category B. According to BIQs and the Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri Lanka) subproject roads categorised under un-prescribed category. Since all the construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW, land acquisition, resettlement activities and reclamation of paddy fields are not involved. Apart from that none of the project roads are located within national parks, sanctuaries, important biological habitats or wet lands as declared by the relevant authorities. Thus a full EIA for these roads is not required according to the ADB Guidelines.

References

 An illustrated guide to the butterflies of Sri Lanka. R.N.Gamage, ISBN 978- 955-50360- 0-9, (2007).Tharanjee Prints, Maharagama.  Asian Development Bank, Designing and implementing grievance redress mechanisms, a guide for implementers of transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010). Manila, Philippines.  Asian Development Bank, Policy Paper, Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Manila, Philippines  Central Environmental Authority. Environmental Guidelines for Road & Rail Development in Sri Lanka (1997).  Central Environmental Authority, Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka (2005).  Central Environmental Authority. National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation, Copied by the CEA as at 2003.  Department of census and Statistics under the Ministry of Finance and Planning Statistical Abstract (2010). Colombo, Sri Lanka,  Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual prepared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA: 4736-SRI); Capacity Building for Environment & Social Division (ESD) of the Road Development Authority (RDA), Submitted for Review & Approval to the Board of Directors, RDA of the Ministry of Highways & Road Development, (June, 2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka,  Initial Environmental Examination Report: Subgroup II, North Central Provincial Roads. ADB Loan 2080 SRI .Road Project Preparatory Facility Consulting Service for Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design of Provincial Roads. Cardno International Pty Ltd, SMEC International Pty Ltd, Engineering Consultants Ltd and MG Consultants (Pvt) Ltd, (2007) Sri Lanka.  IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, (2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii+148 pp.  Panabokke, C. R, Soils and Agro Ecological Environments of Sri Lanka (1196). National Resources Energy & Science Authority Publication.  Resource Profile. Anuradhapura district. District Secretariat Division, (2010). Anuradhapura District.  Resource Profile. Medawachchiya Divisional Secretariat Division. . Divisional Secretariat Division, (2010). Medawachchiya  Road Development Authority. Environmental and Social Safeguards Manuals, Prepared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA 4736-SRI): Capacity Building of

the Environmental and Social Division of the Road Development Authority of The Ministry Of Highways And Road Development. (2007).Colombo  Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O’Neill, E. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, International Finance Corporation, (2008). Washington, D.C.

 World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Dictionary of the protected areas, Sri Lanka Final Draft. Protected Areas Data Unit, (December 1988).

Annexure A: Topographic maps of proposed seven provincial roads in Anuradhapura district

Map No Road no Road name Length (km)

1 NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa – Hendagala 12,90

2 NCAHC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala 6.80

3 NCAHC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa 4.70

4 NCAHC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya 5.65

5 NCAHC128 Kirigollewa – Hirallugama 11.50

6 NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa - Bandaraulpatha – Kapugollewa 20.30

7 NCAHD139 Yakawewa - Mahakoongaskada Rd 13.30

Annex B: Environment Management Plan for the North Central Provincial roads

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

Pre construction and Construction stage 1. Selection of  Selection of lands in accordance with local All sub project roads Cost Contractor PRDA/PIU/ Public Technical lands for laws, regulations and in close consultation estimated LAs inconvenienc specification/ temporally use with LAs by the land e, soil local laws,  Identification of lands away from owners erosion, regulations environmental and public sensitive areas waste  Provision of adequate compensation for accumulation consuming the selected sites to the owners 2. Removal of  Advance notice to the public about the time Throughout the sub Cost Contractor/ PRDA / Damages to Technical public utilities and the duration of the utility disruption project roads where estimated PRDA/ PIU CEB the existing specification  Recruitment of well trained and experienced electrical posts need by CEB utilities, machinery operators, technical officers & to be shifted. Public labors complains  Proper coordination and consent from CEB for the removal of electric posts and re- establishment 3.Extraction,  Obtain all permits and licenses required for Materials extraction Engineerin Contractor PRDA/ CEA/ Visual GSMB Act. transportation collection and processing of materials from sites, storage yards g cost CSCs/ inspection/ Act No 33 of and storage of relevant authorities such as CEA, GSMB, within the sub project LAs/ 1992) construction DOF, DWLC, and LAs affected areas/ GSMB/ PHI Increase of materials  Consideration of environmental requirements outside area vector National and guide lines issued by the CEA, GSMB breeding Environment and LAs sites/ Act. No 47 of  Planning of construction activity to ensure 1980 that haulage of materials does not take place Public during night complains Laws and  Construction materials should not exceed the regulations of carrying capacity of the trucks respective LAs  Transport loading and unloading of materials should not cause nuisance to the public National  Storage of cement, bitumen, oil and other Emission chemicals on an impervious surface above Standards(199 ground level and should be enclosed 4) and CEA water quality

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

ensuring that no storm water flows in to the standards structure.  Provision of adequate ventilation should be National kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and Environmental offensive odor to storage yards. (Noise Control) Regulations  Storage of sand, rubble, mettle bitumen No.1 1996 cement in covered areas to ensure protection from dust, emissions.  Restoration of the material extraction sites once after burrowing 4. Effect on  Obtain a permit from LAs to use local road Roads which use for Engineerin Contractor PRDA/ Visual Laws and local road network prior construction transportation of g cost CSCs/ inspection/ regulations of network  Construction materials should not exceed the construction LAs respective LAs carrying capacity of the local road network. materials. Public  provision should be made for repair and complains restoration, If public roads get damaged 5. Solid waste  Minimize health hazards and environmental Labor camps, Engineerin Contractor PRDA/ Visual Laws and disposal and pollution based on CEA guidelines. construction sites, g and CSCs/ inspection/ regulations of sanitation  Selection of disposal site away from public offices, disposal sites environme LAs/ respective LAs and environment sensitive areas and material storage nt cost PHI/ Environmenta  Re-use of debris and residual spoil materials yards. CEA l pollution wherever possible under instruction of Engineers & CSC. Public  Provision of proper solid waste disposal, complains/ sanitation and sewerage facilities to all sites  Dumping of garbage in a hygienic manner Workers under the inspection of PHI in the area. health  Minimize/avoid stagnation of water around worker based camps.  Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities 6. Effect on  Awareness of employees on water All streams, tanks, Engineerin Contractor PRDA/ Visual CEA water water conservation, pollution and minimization of irrigation canals g and CSCs inspection/ quality resources water usage cross or run parallel environme PIU/ standards

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

 Prevent entering waste water directly in to to the roads nt cost DoI/ CEA Temporally water bodies. floods  Storage of toxic and hazardous construction All causeways and materials at least 500m away from water culverts construction Environmenta bodies sites l pollution  Avoid excavation of beds of any irrigation systems or other water bodies. Sub project roads Public  Introduction of sediment traps/check dams to which runs over the complains serve as catch drain from disturbed areas tank bunds before discharging into waterways Workers  Cleaning of upstream and lead-away health channels of cross drainages to maintain a smooth water flow. Soil erosion,  Maintaining vehicles and equipment in good sediment load condition, to prevent leakage of oil or fuel in streams  Prevention of disrupting community water and canals sources. 7. Soil erosion  Placement of erosion control measures to All vulnerable areas Engineerin Contractor PRDA/PIU/ Visual Technical sedimentation erodible areas. for soil erosion g and LAs/ CSC inspection specifications and siltation  Undertake construction activities in erodible Environme (Turbidity and sections during dry season. Cut and fill areas ntal cost sedimentation Soil  Limitation of steep cuts and the reduction of ) Conservation slop of cuts. Culverts and Act. No 53 of  Treatment of clearing and filling areas against causeways 1951, flow acceleration. construction sites Amendment  Covering of temporary soil dumps with thick in1996 tarpaulin sheets until remove from the site  Re-use of top soil generated from construction sites for turfing and tree planting activities.  Intercept and divert clean upslope/run on water around or through the construction site to keep clean and dirty water separate from each other;  Erosion and sediment controls shall be monitored regularly and immediately following

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

rainfall and inspections results shall be recorded. The controls shall be maintained or replaced as appropriate. Sediment shall be cleared when sediment traps have reached 50-60% capacity;  Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilised or protected by an appropriate method to minimise erosion potential;  All fill shall be sufficiently compacted to minimise erosion potential;  Cut batters shall be formed to a stable slope consistent with soil properties and adequately protected from erosion;  Land shaping operations shall leave the reshaped surface in a roughened condition to encourage infiltration and minimise runoff;  Regraded, cleared or disturbed lands including stockpiled soil materials which shall remain exposed to erosion for a period of 14 days or more shall be rendered erosion resistant within 5 days. Temporary protection shall be provided by use of plastic sheeting or seeding with cover crops, annual grass species or mulch, even if the area shall be subject to further regrading or subsequent construction. 8. Temporary  Increase the embankment height of the All flood prone areas Environme Contractor PRDA/ Visual Technical floods inundation sections. ntal cost DoI/ PDoI/ inspection/ specifications  Construction of cross drainages with sufficient Causeways and CSCs/ capacity. culverts construction Public Irrigation act.  Avoid storage of construction materials and sites. complaint No, 23 0f 1993 disposal of debris around water resources.  Maintain sheath water flow of drainage Impact to the system without any blockages/stagnation. public

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

 Provision of temporary earth drains to the properties construction sites.  Undertaking construction works affecting water bodies/flood plain during dry season. 9. Affect on  Awareness of workforce regarding important All construction Environme Contractor PRDA/ Impact to the Fauna and flora, fauna of fauna, flora and their habitats. areas of sub project ntal cost (Under DWLC/CEA/ animals and Flora and their  Prevent workforce from fishing, hunting roads Supervision DoF their Protection Act habitats animals and gathering fire wood from of PIU) CSCs migration (1993). soundings. Removal of trees paths  Removal of road side trees adhering to the throughout the sub Felling of trees CEA guidelines and recommendation. project road where Visual (Amendment  Decision on tree removal based on Detailed necessary. inspection Act No:01 of Engineering Design 2000 and Act  Marking road side trees subjected to removal Material extraction to Amend and preparation of inventory prior to start sites felling of trees clearing. control)  Valuable timber should be properly stacked and handed over to the DoF or rightfull owners.  Organizing tree planting program in appropriate locations  Selection of the native or endemic saplings for the tree planting programme 10.  Awareness of all stakeholders regarding Bio Throughout the sub Environme Contractor PRDA/ Impact to the Fauna and Biodiversity Diversity conservation. project roads ntal cost (Under CSCs habitats Flora conservation  Avoid clearing of natural habitats and Supervision Protection Act and replacement of natural vegetation. All material of PIU) Visual (1993). sustainable  Avoid introduction of invasive plants to the extraction sites inspection natural project area by means of accidental transport. resource  Periodic assessment to check the introduction management of invasive alien species  Use of natural resources in sustainable manner. 11. Disruption  Provide an advance notice to local All construction sites, Engineerin Contractor PRDA/ Local Traffic Motor Traffic of traffic communities about the schedule of roads which use for g cost police congestions/ Act. No 14 of

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

construction activities transportation of Public 1995,  Provision of safe passage/ alternative routes construction complain/ Amendment to the vehicles and passengers. materials. Accidents Act No: 5 of  Implementation of traffic management plans 1998 in close coordination with local police and public  Installation of traffic warning signs, temporary traffic lights or flagman at the construction sites  Schedule movement of large trucks and plant in off-peak traffic times. 12. Personal  Proper briefing and training of workers on All construction sites, Engineerin Contractor/ PRDA/ Number of Safety and safety safety precautions, and their responsibilities. material extraction g cost Local police PIU/ accidents/ Health  Use of licensed and well trained operators for sites, close to public Local police/ regulations of handling of machinery, equipment and sensitive locations CSCs Visual the Factory material processing plants and roads which use inspection/ Ordinance of  Provision of first aid facilities and emergency for transportation of Sri Lanka transport to the nearest hospital construction Public  Provision of protective instruments and materials. complains clothes to workers, based on their duty  Arranging regular safety checks of workers, vehicles and plants  Establishment of road engineering aspects and sign boards to reduce accidents  Storage of explosive materials in a secure location in a protective way. 13. Effect on  Obtaining approval from DOI, DS, DoAS prior Inundation sections, Environme Contractor PRDA/DoI/ Visual Technical existing to diversion, close or blocking of water construction sites of ntal cost DoAS/CSC inspection, specifications/ drainages sources. causeways, culverts, public Irrigation act  Restoration of water bodies to its original earth or line drains complaint, status once after construction. local traffic  Prevent storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around cross drainages.  Provision of temporally drainage facilities until requires line or earth drains are provided.

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

 Replacement of structurally damaged drainage structures. 14. Impact  Implementation of National Emission Throughout the road, Environme Contractor PRDA/ Visual National from dust, Standards and Noise Control Regulations of material extraction ntal cost CEA inspection/ Emission noise and CEA for project activities. sites/processing CSC/ public Standards vibration  Regular maintenance of machinery, plants/public LAs/ complaint (1994) equipment and vehicles in a good condition. sensitive locations  Prevent bad odor and offensive smell and built up areas. Noise Control emanating from chemicals, material Regulations by processing or other construction activities CEA  Placement of crushers and hot mixed plants Locations of away from public and environmental sensitive extraction, areas. transportation and  Arrangement of construction activities closer storage of to public sensitive locations coordination with construction the relevant authorities. materials.  Placement of exhaust silencers and noise reduction devices to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants  Storage of construction materials with proper covering, provision of dust barriers, spraying of water and control of vehicular speed to minimize dust emission. Operation Stage

15. Air quality  It is expected to reduce existing dust after Throughout the sub Maintenan PRDA PRDA Visual Technical and noise surfacing of the roads. Proper alignment and project roads ce cost inspection specifications surfacing of the road will help to reduce the determined vehicular emissions. by the PRDA

16. Drainage  Regular maintenance of drainage system Throughout the sub Maintenan PRDA/ PRDA/ Visual Technical Congestions  Avoid dumping garbage and other spoil project roads ce cost DoI/ DoI/ inspection specifications material determined PDoI PDoI Temporally

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Location Cost Means of Impact Verifications Implementa Supervision -tion

by the flood PRDA Increase of vector breeding sites 17. Safety of  Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules and Particular locations Cost, PRDA/ Local PRDA/ Local Number of Traffic rules road users regulations of the sub project determined police police road and  Installation of the warning signs. roads by the accidents regulations  Provision of bus bays, pedestrian crossings PRDA and payments to the appropriate locations Visual Safety inspection regulations

Public complaints 18.  Enforcement of rules and regulations Throughout the Labour PRDA PRDA Visual Based on rules Encroachment  Routine checking to remove unauthorized subproject roads cost inspection and of RoW structures determined regulations of by PRDA PRDA

Abbreviations

CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board EMP - Environment Management Plan PIU - Project Implementation Unit CSCs - Construction Supervision Consultants EO -Environmental officer PRDA - Provincial Road Development Authority DoAS - Department of Agricultural Services GSMB -Geological Survey & Mines Bureau PDoI - Provincial Department of irrigation DoF - Department of Forest DS - Divisional Secretory RoW - Right of Way DoI - Department of Irrigation LA -Local Authorities GN - Grama Niladari DWLC - Department of Wildlife Conservation PHI - Public Health Inspector

Annex C: Common Environmental Monitoring Plan for the NCP roads

Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored 1. Air Quality A. Pre SO2, Three locations from A single time NAAQS Per sample Rs. 300.000 RRDA by PIU, RRDA , Construction NO2, the sub project /each of Sri Rs. engaging LA (EO) stage CO, affected areas location Lanka 100.000 approved Pd, e.g. monitoring TSPM  Junctions which agency (GoSL) roads connected to the Class A & B Roads,  Rural agricultural villages,  Locally important environment sensitive areas (Forested, Scrublands, inland water bodies) B. Do Do Two times/ Do Per sample Rs. 600.000 Contractor by PIU, RRDA , Construction Year/each Rs. engaging LA (EO), CSC Stage location 100.000 approved monitoring agency (GoSL)

C. Operation Do Do A single Do Per sample Rs. 300.000 PRDA by RRDA , LA Stage time/each Rs. engaging (EO) location 100.000 approved monitoring agency (GoSL)

2. Water Quality A. Pre EC, Three locations from A single time CEA Per sample Rs. 30.000 PRDA by PIU, RRDA , Construction TSS, the sub project /each Water Rs. 10.000 engaging LA (EO) stage DO, affected areas location Quality approved BOD, (Rivers, streams, Regulatio monitoring PH tanks, wells est.) ns agency (GoSL) Oil and throughout the year grease, Pb E.Coli

Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored B. Do Three times Do Per sample Rs. 90.000 Contractor by PIU, RRDA , Construction Do /Year/ each Rs. 10.000 engaging LA (EO), CSC Stage location approved monitoring agency (GoSL)

C. Operation Do A single Do Per Rs. 30.000 PRDA by RRDA , LA Stage Do time/each sample engaging (EO) location Rs. 10.000 approved monitoring agency (GoSL)

3. Noise A. Pre Noise level Three locations from A single National Per sample Rs. 120.000 PRDA by PIU, RRDA , Construction (dB level) the sub project time/each Environm Rs. 20.000 engaging LA (EO) stage affected areas location ental approved e.g. (Noise monitoring  Junctions Both during Control) agency (GoSL) which roads day and night Regulatio connected to ns, the Class A & B Roads,  Culvert or causeways construction sites,  Public and environment sensitive areas B. Do Do Two Do Per sample Rs. 240.000 Contractor by PIU, PRDA , Construction times/Year/ Rs. 20.000 engaging CSC, LA Stage each location approved (EO), CSC monitoring Both during agency (GoSL) day and night C. Operation Do Do A single Do Per sample Rs. 120.000 PRDA by PRDA, LA Stage time/each Rs. 20.000 engaging (EO) location approved monitoring Both during agency (GoSL)

Environmental Project Parameters Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementati Implementation Supervision component stage to be on Cost Agency monitored day and night

Total cost Rs 18,30,000

Abbreviations:

CEA - Central Environmental Authority EO- Environmental Officer PRDA Provincial Road Development Authority CO - Carbon Monoxide, NAAQS- National Air Quality Standards SO2- -Sulphur Dioxide CSC - Construction Supervision Consultants NO2- - Nitrogen Dioxide TSPM- Total suspended Particulate Matter DO- Dissolved Oxygen Pb- Lead TSS- Total Suspended Solis EC-Electrical Conductivity PM10-Particulate Matter <10 BOD- Biological Oxygen Demand

Annex D: Public Consultation

Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

NCAHC095: 22nd & 23rd Kebithigollewa Mr. I.A. Lathief General view of the people: Kebithigollewa - December, (Development Officer Hendagala Road 2011 /Planning), DS office, This is a previously tar laid road section, however currently has Kebithigollewa converted to highly dilapidated road due to neglected maintenance. Most of the people including government servants, farmers, Handagama Mr. S. Padmasiri (Three businessmen and private sector employers from number of villages wheeler driver), around Kebithgollewa live beside the road. This is also a link road Handagama Kebithigollewa. between Kebithigollewa-Medawchchiya and Medawachchiya – Rathabalagahawewa roads. Therefore, people heavily use this road for Mr. T. Ranbanda (Famer), their day to day activities with transport difficulties. Apart from that agro Handagama, products in the area can be transported to Kebithigollewa, Kebithigollewa. Horowupothana or Medawachiya where prices are comparatively higher. Mr. S. Kumarasiri (Clerk), Handagama, Environment pollution resulting from dust during the dry season while Kebithgollewa. water stagnation within the carriage way during the rainy season are the main impacts to the road side community and road users. Thus Ambagaha- Mrs. G. Somalatha (Famer), improvement of the proposed road is essential. Handiya Ambagaha-Handiya Pihimbigollewa. Other views and suggestions: The improvement of the road with proper drainage facilities may create Mr. P. Sarath Kumara positive impacts to the people in the area. (Army), Ambagaha-Handiya Pihimbigollewa. This road is being heavily used by the people in and around the Kebithigollewa area, so widening of the existing carriage way and raising of the embankment between paddy field areas and other Kokatigollewa Mr. K. H. Herath (Famer), inundation areas are essential through the project. Kokatigollewa, Kebithigollewa. Construction activities should be carried out during the dry season and attention should be taken to minimize public inconvenience due to dust Mrs. Kanthi Herath (Famer), Kokatigollewa, Vehicle speed should be properly control due to transportation of Kebithigollewa. construction materials and other related activities

Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Job opportunities should be given through the project to local skilled and unskilled workers

NCANC122: 24th & 25th Medawachchiya. Mr. W.M.S.N. Wijepala General view of the people: Ethakada - December (Administrative officer ) Etambagaskada - 2011 GN/DS, Office, The proposed section of the road is highly dilapidated (stagnation of Tonigala Road Medawachchiya. water, poor drainages facilities, silted/blocked and structurally Puhudivula damaged culverts, uneven road surface due to soil erosion etc.). Mr. Nimal Ananda (Driver), Therefore transportation through the proposed section is very difficult. Puhudivula, Currently large number of heavy vehicles daily runs through the road Divulgaskada Ataweeragollewa. for transport of metal from the quarry located close to the end point of the rehabilitated section. Thus people will gain advantage from the Mrs. R.P. Nanadani, rehabilitated section as well as proposed road section as expected. Divulgaskada, Kongollewa Ataweeragollewa. Also people in the area were affected during the prevailed complicit situation due to terrorists. Thus most of the rehabilitation and Mr. U.P Nilantha (Famer), maintenance activities were not implemented at the proper time. Kongollewa, Therefore people expect government will give priority for road Atambagaskada Ataweeragollewa. development in the area including this road, because two government schools (Lolugaswewa and Puhudivula) and number of rural and Mrs. T Balahamy (Famer), agricultural villages are located beside the road with considerable 4 km Post, amount of residences. Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa. The area is highly polluted due to the activities related to the existing mass scale metal quarry and the transportation of metal through heavy Mrs. R.C. Rupa Chandani vehicles. E.g. Dust distributed from the quarry is highly impact to the (Famer), Atambagaskada, road users and road side community in the area. Ataweeragollewa. Other views and suggestions: Mr. P.S Senavirathne The improvement of the road section with slightly alignment, widening (Retired Army), 6 km post, of existing carriage way and improvement of the drainage facilities may Atambagaskada. create positive impacts to the road users and road side community.

Mr. S Thilakarathne If the rest of the section is rehabilitated people can travel both side of (Famer), Ambagaskada, the road, Medawachchiy - Kebithigollewa as well as Vavuniya - Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Ataweeragollewa. Kebithigollewa.

Mr. Samna Piyathissa (Civil Agricultural products can easily transport to the high prizes markets Security Force), and sell at competitive prices from nearest town areas Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa. Good quality daily needs and other equipment can be obtained at reasonable prizes from nearest town areas. Mr. Ananda Jayathissa (Civil Security Force), Arrangement should be made with the owners of existing metal quarry Atambagaskada, regarding the future maintenance activities. Ataweeragollewa. The construction activities should be handled by skilled project manager/ supervisors with well-trained machinery operators. NCANC126: 26th & 27th Mahakumbukgolle Mr. T. Danapala (Famer), General view of the people: Dachchidamana – December wa Mahakumbukgollewa, This is very important road section which, connect A009 road and Paranahalmillewa 2011 Punewa. inner part of the rural agricultural area of Medawachchiya. Road Development of this road positively affect mainly for the farmers in the Kudagama Mr. U. Kapuruhamy area and the children of Paranahalmillewa school. Currently the (Farmer), Kudagama, surface condition of the road is fairly good for the transportation during Ataweeragollewa. dry season. However during the rainy season transportation through the road is very difficult due to the stagnation of water in pot holes and Mr. Sarath Gunarathne muddy situation in several sections. (Three wheel driver), Kudagama, Therefore people along the road and project influence area are in Ataweeragollewa. favour of welcome of this project because they think it is an immediate requirement. Mrs. Samitha Jayalath Kumari (Farmer), Other views and suggestions: Kudagama, Proper attention should be taken to avoid dust due to construction Ataweeragollewa. related activities.

Mr. N. Pradeep Ananda Construction work should not disturb the day to day activities of the (Farmer), Kudagama, people and should be restricted to the dry season. Ataweeragollewa. Construction work should be completed within the scheduled time by Mrs. A Sriyani (Famer), the contractor without long lasting difficulties to the people. Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa. Proper attention should be taken during construction of culverts, because most of the culverts along the road are not properly functioning and inlet level of several culverts do not match with the ground level.

NCANC127: 2nd January, Walpola, Mr. H. Ranjith Senanayaka General view of the people: Thekkawatha – 2012 Kullikada (Businessmen), Kullikada, Pulleliya Road Medawachchiya. The proposed road section for improvement provides main transportation link to Medawachchiya – Mannar road, Puleliya junction Mr. P.Nimal Ranasinghe and inland rural agricultural area of Medawachchiya DS division. Also (Civil Security force), 3 government schools and a rural hospital are available in the area. Kulikkada, Medawchchiya. Therefore development of the road is very important and it provides easy access to Madawachchiya railway station too. Mr. K. Upali Senavirathne(Meson), However existing situation of the road surface is highly dilapidated. Eg. Kulikkada, Existing carriage way is totally damaged in some section. The Medawachchiya. inundation sections, potholes, erodible sections and water logged areas contribute to further deterioration and increasing the travel time Mr. D.N. Senavirathne and damaged to the vehicles. Currently public transport service was (Famer), Kulikkada, stopped by the authorities due to poor road condition. Thus Medawachchiya. improvements of the road is essential to avoid hazardous driving conditions and inconvenient of the people. Mr. K.B. Wijesinghe (Famer), Kulikkada, Other views and suggestions: Medawchchiya. Wiralmurippu In general people like to welcome the project and promised to give Mr. B. Ranasinghe their support due to the current problems associated with (watcher), Wiralmurippu, transportation of the road. Medawchchiya. The improvement of the road will benefit the people, especially the Mr. A. Siripala (Famer), government servants, schooling of children and farmers. If the road Kulikkada, Medawchchiya. condition is good, public transport will facilitate for the government and private sector service as before. Mr. J. Dissanayaka (Driver), Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Kullikada, Medawchchiya. Job opportunities should be offered to the local skilled and unskilled workers as well as to the sub-contractors through the project.

Practical solution should be given to the inundation section such as installation of new causeways, culverts, elevation of embankment and reconstruction of existing culverts with sufficient diameter of the pipes.

NCAHC128: 3rd & 4th Kiragaswewa Mr. K.M Upali (Famer), General view of the people: Kirigollewa - January, Keeragaswewa, This is very important rural agricultural road located in the Hirallugama Road 2012 Medawachchiya. Kebithigollewa area. Since this is an agricultural area, people need fairly good road for transportation of their products (paddy, vegetables Mr. K. Tikiribanda (Famer), and B anion) to the nearby towns with minimum impact to the vehicles Keeragaswewa, and with reasonable cost. Medawchchiya. There are 4 different sections of the proposed road runs through the Unagaswewa Mr. P.B Upali Wadimune tank bunds which located along the road and some are through their (Famer), Unagaswewa, spills. The CW of the tank bunds are not sufficient for the vehicles Keeragaswewa, which are used for the different activities. However widening of the Medawachchiya. road is also a problem due to tank bunds.

Mr. A. Kumara (Civil During the rainy season, water runs across the road due to above Security Service), spills. This situation is highly inconvenient to the people and they want Unagaswewa, to find an alternative road during heavy rains. Furthermore the existing Keeragaswewa, cause ways close to the spills are not in good condition. So Medawachchiya. rehabilitation or replacement of these cause ways is needed through the proposed project. Moragoda Mr. Susantha Harischandra (Famer), Moragoda, Other views and suggestions: Ataweeragollewa, Medawachchiya. Widening of the existing carriage way, surfacing of the road with DBST, improvement of the culverts and causeways etc. will avoid Hirallugama Mr. R. Nilantha (Driver), transport difficulties, reduce travel time and cost for transportation. Hirallugama, Medawachchiya. Alternative access should be provided when construction over the existing tank bunds and causeways (spills). Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Mr. M.M Rathnayaka (Busnessman), Since this area obtained significant amount of rain, it is important to Hirallugama, improve existing culverts and causeways as much as possible before Ataweeragollewa. the rainy season.

Avoid storage of any construction materials along the tank bunds and restriction of the construction work over the tank bunds during the rainy season

NCAHD083: 5th & 6th Kebithigollewa Mr. P.R.Thilakaratne, General view of the people: Kiriketuwewa - January, DS/Kebithigollewa Bandaraulpatha - 2012 Kapugollewa Horawapathana Mr. M.A.H.B. Jayasundara, Although initial section is recently rehabilitated by the PRDA, it is Road Asst. Director.Plannig/ highly in un-satisfactory level due to present situation. Considerable Horawapathana numbers of pot holes can be seen throughout the rehabilitate section and fill with water during the rainy day. Therefore, it is difficult to ride/ Garandiulpotha Mr. A. Ariyapala (Famer), drive bicycles and vehicles through this section. Since the project Garandiulpotha, affected area is located considerably away from main markets in the area (Kebithigollewa and Horowpothana) majority of the people suffer Kebithigollewa. due to existing situation of the road and lack of transport facility. Therefore, people think, current project will avoid those types of Unawatulawa Mr. P. Rupawathee conditions in the future. (Businessmen), Unawatulawa, Most of the causeways and bridges in the end section of the road have Kebithigollewa. already been properly constructed by the PRDA. However, rehabilitation of the road is essential considering all hydrological investigations, since this area is highly erodible due to over flowing of Mr. A. Rajarathne Sinhala seasonal tanks, natural flow paths, lack of earth and cross drainages. ataweeragollewa (Mechanics), Sinhala- Ataweeragollewa, Other views and suggestions: Kebithigollewa. Since number of seasonal tanks, paddy fields, small water streams and irrigation canals are located beside/through the road improvement Mr. V.B Ranbanda activities with proper drainage facilities may create positive impacts to Krulugama (Farmer), Kalawediulpotha, the existing environment and project affected communities.

Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Krulugama, Kebithigollewa. Construction activities should be carried out during dry season and attention should be taken to minimize public inconvenience due to Mr. T, M Ariyawansa dust.

Gamini (Meson), Vehicle speed should be properly controlled due to transportation of Kalawediulpotha, construction materials and other related activities. Kurulugama, Kebithigollewa. Job opportunities should be offered to local skilled and unskilled workers through the project. Mr. U. Upali Herath (Meson), Kelawediulpotha,

Kurulugama,

Kebithigollewa.

Mr. Nishantha Vijaya Kumara (Famer), Kelawediulpotha, Kurulugama,

Kebithigollewa.

Mr. M. Rahuman (Businessmen), Anaulandewa, Pathtewa Kebithigollewa.

Mr. N.A.M Rasul (Mechanics), Pathtewa, Kebithigollewa.

Mr. N.R. Smile (Famer), Weerasole Paththewa, Kebithigollewa.

Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Mr. R. T. Uduma lebbe (Farmer), Weerasole, Kebithigollewa

NCAND139: 7th January, Yakawewa Mr. P. Tilakasiri (Farmer), General view of the people: Yakawewa - 2012 Yakawewa, Mahakoongaskad Medawachchiya. The improvement of the road will provide number of benefits to the a Road road uses as well as road side community. This is very important road

section, because people in and around five main villages R. T Gunathilaka (Farmer), (Katukeliyawa, Periyakulam, Yakawewa, Mahakongaskada and Yakawewa, Thanniyan kualm) use Periyakulam temple and Gaminiwewa Medawachchiya. Governmrnt School for their religious and schooling activities. In addition this road section is important as an alternative road to travel M. Darmasena (Civil A009 and A014 roads with minimum traffic & short distance without Security) Periyakulam, reaching to the Medawachchiya town. This is also an important link Periyakulam road between number of villages located in Mannnar and Medawachchiya. Anuradhapura districts.

Mr. T.S wikramasinghe Apart from that, since the road is close to district boarder of Vavuniya, (Farmer) Periyakulam, it was badly affected during the war time. Therefore surfacing and Medawachchiya. other road furniture should be properly developed. This will also help the town development of Poonewa area and Ulukkulama road in Mr. D. Padmasiri (Civil Vavuniya district.

Security) Periyakulam, Other views and suggestions: Medawachchiya. The positive impacts due to project include easy transportation of Mr. R. Kumarasinghe (Civil agricultural products to the nearest towns, schooling of the children, Security) Periyakulam, day to day activities of the farmers, security forces, government and Medawachchiya. private sector servants etc.

This road is being heavily used by the people in and around the area Mr. M. Dingiribanda between A009 & A014 roads. Thus construction activities should be (Farmer), Periyakulam, carried out with a minimum impact to the road side communities and Medawachchiya. road users. Phase construction is one suggestion Name of the road Date of Place of Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns consultation consultation

Mr. S. Rajakaruna Number of roads located around the proposed project road, especially (Farmer), Periyakulam, rural and other PC, will be used by the contractor for transportation of construction materials. (Eg. In general, contractors select gravel Medawachchiya. mining sites very close to the sub project area). However at the end of project activities, these roads become highly dilapidated situation and Mr. K.B Jayathilaka contractors do not engage in rehabilitation activities of those roads. (Farmer), Periyakulam, Mahakongaskada Medawachchiya. The existing carriage way of the existing tank bunds are not sufficient to move two vehicles at opposite directions Therefore, widening Mr. S. Siripala (Farmer), existing tank bunds located through the road is important.

Periyakulam, Majority of the people in the area are farmers. Since the farming Medawachchiya. activities are seasonal lack of income generation activities during the rest of the year is a problem faced by the community. Therefore, If job Mr. A. Lasantha Aberathne opportunities can be allowed through the project, villages can actively (Farmer), participate to the project related activities. Mahakongaskada, Punewa.

Mr. S.Ananda Kumara (Army officer), Mahakongaskada, Punewa,

Attachment 1 Terrestrial and Aquatic Floral species recorded in subproject affected areas of NCP Abbreviations: HA: Habit TS: Taxonomic status CS: Conservation status T: Tree E: Endemic TR: Threatened S: Shrub G: Grass N: Native H:Herb I-Introduced C: Climber or Creeper

Family Species Local Name Habit TS Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis Mukunu Wenna H N

Aerva lanata Polpala H N Anacardium occidentale Cadju T I Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica Hik T N Mangifera indica Amba T I

Spondias dulcis Amberella T I Annona glabra Wel Attha T I Alstonia macrophylla Havari Nuga T I Annonaceae Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana T N

Cerbera odollam Gon Kaduru T N

Nerium oleander Kaneru H I Plumeria rubra Araliya S N

Thevetia peruviana Kaduru T N Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus Kekatiya H N Alocasia macrorrhizos Habarala H I Colocasia esculenta Gahala H N Araceae Lagenandra sp. Ketala H E Alocasia macrorrhiza Habarala H N

Lasia spinosa Kohila H N Areca catechu Puwak T N Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Pol T N

Phoenix pusilla Indi S N Caryota urens Kitul T N Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Hathawariya C N Eupatorium odoratum Podisinnamaran S I Mikania cordata Watu Palu C N Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Monara Kudumbiya H N Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra Pulun T I Boraginaceae Cordia sp Lolu T N Family Species Local Name Habit TS Cactaceae Opuntia dillenii Pathok H I Caricaceae Carica papaya Gas Labu T I Clusiaceae Mesua ferrea Na T N Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba Niyangala C N Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N Combretaceae Terminalia catppa Kottamba T N

Terminalia bellinica Bulu T N Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Kankung C N Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica Thimbiri T N Bridelia retusa Keta Kela T N Macaranga peltate Kenda T N

Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Maiokka S I

Manihot glaziovii Gas Maiokka T I

Ricinus communis Beheth Endaru S I

Drypetes sepiaria Weera T N Phyllanthus polyphyllus Kuratiya T N

Croton laccifer Keppetiya S N Adenanthera pavonina Madatiya T I Albizia saman Para Mara T I Delonix regia May Mara T I

Fabaceae Desmodium heterocarpon Et Undupiyali H N Desmodium triflorum Undupiyali H N

Erythrina variegata Erabadu T N

Gliricidia sepium Weta Mara T I Gliricidia seplum Ginisiriya T I

Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil T I

Mimosa pudica Nidi Kumba H I

Tamarindus indica Siyabala T I

Abrus precatorius Olinda C N Cassia flstula Ehela T I

Bauhinia racemosa Maila T N Cassia auriculata Ranawara T N Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens Madurutala H I Lauraceae Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Wewarana T N Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Beli Patta T N Thespesia populnea Gansurya T N Martyniaceae Martynia annua Nagadarana H I Family Species Local Name Habit TS Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani T I Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N Artocarpus hetarophyllus Kos T I Artocarpus incisus Del T I Ficus religiosa Bo T I Moraceae Ficusbenghalensis Nuga T N Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel T I Psidium guajava Pera T I Myrtaceae Syzygium caryophyllatum Dan S N

Syzigium cumini Madan T N Pandanaceae Pandanus kaida Wetake S N Bambusa vulgaris Una T N Poaceae Oryza sativa Wi G N

Themeda cymbaria Mana G N Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Japan-Jabara H I Chloroxylon swetenia Burutha T N Aegle marmelos Beli T I Rutaceae Limonia acidissima Divul T N Murraya koenigii Karapincha T N

Mitragyna tubulosa Helamba T N Rhamanaceae Ziziphus oenoplia Eraminia C N Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta Salvinia H I Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya T N Sapindaceae Schleierera oleosa Kone T N Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mi T N Manilkara Hexandra Palu T N Solanaceae Solanum melangena Elabatu H N Muntingia calabura Jam T I Tiliaceae Berya cordifolia Halmilla T N Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Hambupan S N Urticaceae Trema orientalis Goda kirilla T N Lantana camara Ganda Pana S I

Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Tekka T I Vitex pinnata Mille T N

Gmelina asiatica Demata T N

Terrestrial and aquatic faunal species found in subproject affected areas of NCP.. Abbreviations Phylum/Family/ class Species name Common name Status Class- Insecta

Order: Odonata Dragonflies Family: Libellulidae Neurothemis tullia Black velvet wing Indigenous Rhyothemis variegata Variable glider Indigenous Order: Lepidoptera Butterflies Family - Papilionidae Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon Indigenous Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Indigenous Family - Pieridae Prioneris sita Painted saw-tooth Indigenous Appias albino Common albatross Indigenous Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Indigenous Eurema brigitta Small grass yellow Indigenous Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Indigenous Family - Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Indigenous Danaus genutia Common tiger Indigenous Euploea core Common crow Indigenous Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy Indigenous Junonia iphita Chocolate soldier Indigenous Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly Indigenous Neptis hylas Common sailor Indigenous Acraea violae Tawny costor Indigenous Melanitis leda Common evening brown Indigenous Orsotriaena medus Nigger Indigenous Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Indigenous Class- Amphibia Amphibians Family – Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus Common toad Indigenous Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skipper frog Indigenous Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common house toad Endemic Euphlyctis hexadactylus Sixtoe green frog Indigenous Family – Ranidae Limnonectes limnocharis Common paddy field Indigenous frog Family - Fejervarya limnocharis Common paddy field Indigenous Dicroglossidae frog Molluska Mollusks Family: Achatinidae Achatina fulica Exotic Family: Ariophantidae Cryptozona bistrialis Indigenous Class- Ostecthyes Bony fishes Family - Poeciliidae Gambusa affinis Guppy Exotic Family - Cichlidae Oreochromis mosambicus Tilapia Exotic Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Exotic Family - Channidae Channa ara Giant snakehead Endemic/ Vulnerable Channa striata Murrel Indigenous Class – Reptilelia Reptiles Family – Agamidae Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Indigenous Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Indigenous Family- Gekkonidae Hemidactylusbrookii Spotted house gecko Indigenous Hemidactylus frenatus Common house-gecko Indigenous Family - Bataguridae Melanochelys trijuga Parker's black turtle Indigenous Family - Testudinidae Geochelone elegans Indian star tortoise Indigenous Taraka ibba Vulnerable Family- Elapidae Naja naja Cobra Indigenous Family - Trionychidae Lissemys punctata Kiri ibba Indigenous Vulnerable Family - Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Indigenous Varanus salvator Water monitor Indigenous Family - Viperidae Echis carinatus Vali polonga Indigenous Vulnerable Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Indigenous Family- Boidae Python molurus Indian Python Indigenous/ Threaten Class- Aves Birds

Family – Accipitridae Accipiter badius Shikra Indigenous Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Indigenous Haliaeetus leucogaster White bellied sea eagle Indigenous Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Indigenous Family – Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher Indigenous

Ceyx erithacus Oriental dwarf kingfisher Indigenous Family- Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift Indigenous Family – Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Indigenous

Ardea cinerea Grey heron Indigenous

Ardea purpurea Purple heron Indigenous Nycticorax nycticorax Night heron Indigenous Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Indigenous Butorides striatus Little green heron Indigenous Casmerodius albus Great egret Indigenous Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret Indigenous Egretta garzetta Little Egret Indigenous Family –Bucerotidae Ocyceros gingalensis Sri Lanka grey hornbill Endemic Family- Burhinidae Burhinus oedicnemus Eurasian thich knee Indigenous Family – Capitonidae Megalima rubicapilla Small barbet Indigenous Family – Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Indigenous Centropodidae Family- Cerylidae Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher Indigenous Family – Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing Indigenous Family – Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Indigenous Family – Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Indigenous Columba livia Domestic Pigeon Indigenous Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon Indigenous Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Indigenous Family – Coraciidae Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Indigenous Family – Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Indigenous Corvus splendens House Crow Indigenous Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Indigenous Corvus splendens Grey necked crow Indigenous Dicrurus caerulescens White-bellied Drongo Indigenous Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel Indigenous Family – Dicaeidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Small flower pecker Indigenous Family – Estrididae Lonchura Malacca Black headed Munia Indigenous Family – Halcyonidae Halcyon capensis Stork billed kingfisher Indigenous Halcyon smyrnensis White throated Indigenous kingfisher Family – Hemiprocne coronata Crested Treeswift Indigenous

Hemiprocnidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Indigenous

Pycnonotus luteolus White-browed Bulbul Indigenous Family –Nectariniidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pale-billed Flower Indigenous pecker Nectarina lotenia Loten’s Sunbird Indigenous Nectarina zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird Indigenous Nectarina asiatica Purple Sunbird Indigenous Family – Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown shrike Migrant Family – Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed Barbet Indigenous Magalaimidae Family – Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue tail bee eater Indigenous Family – Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Indigenous

Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin Indigenous

Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Indigenous Family – Picidae Dinopium benghalense Red backed Indigenous woodpecker Family – Passeridae Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia Indigenous Passer domesticus House sparrow Indigenous Family – Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Indigenous Indian cormorant Indigenous Phalacrocoracidae Family – Phasianidae Gallus domesticus Domestic fowl Exotic Gallus lafayetii Sri Lanka Jungle fowl Endemic Indian Peafowl Indigenous Pavo cristatus Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling duck Indigenous Family – Pittidae Pitta brachyuran Indian pitta Migrant Family- Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficllis Little grebe Indigenous Family – Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet Indigenous Family – Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Indigenous Pycnonotidae Family- Floceidae Ploceus philipinus Baya Weaver Indigenous Family-Reliday Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Water Indigenous hen Porphyrio porphyria Purple swamp hen Indigenous Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen Indigenous Family – Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Indigenous Family – Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius Tailor bird Indigenous Turdoides affinis Yellow-billed Babbler Indigenous Pellornum fuscocaoillum Sri Lanka Brown capped Endemic Babbler Family – Mycteria leucocephala Painted Stork Indigenous Anastomus oscitans Asian openbill Indigenous Threkiornithidae Class- Mammalia Mammals Indigenous Family – Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Indigenous Rousettus leschenaultia Dog faced fruit bat Indigenous Cynoptrrus sphinx Short nosed fruit bat Indigenous Family – Semnopithecus vetulus Purple-faced leaf Endemic monkey Cercopithecidae Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey Endemic Semnopithecus priam Grey langur Indigenous Family – Canidae Canis familiaris Domestic dog Exotic Family – Felidae Felis catus Domestic cat Exotic Family – Herpestidae Herpestes smithii Black-tipped mongoose Indigenous Family – Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo Exotic Bos indicus Domestic cattle Exotic Family – Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenous Ratufa macroura Giant Squirrel Indigenous Family – Leporidae Lepus nigricollis Black-naped hare Indigenous Family – Tragulidae Moschiola kathygre Sri Lanka pigmy mouse- Endemic deer Family – Hystricidae Hystrix indica Procupine Indigenous Family- Soricidae Suncus murinus Musk shrew Indigenous Family – Muridae Rattus rattus House rat Indigenous Mus musculus House mouse Indigenous Bandicota indica Malabar bandicoot Indigenous Family- Canidae Canis aureus Sri Lanka jackal Indigenous Family- Felidae Felis chaus Jungle cat Indigenous/TR Family- Mustellidae Lutra lutra Indian otter Indigenous/TR Family- Viverridae Viverricula indica Ring taild civet cat Indigenous Family - Elephantidae Elephas maximus Elephant Endemic Vulnerable Family – Cervidae Axis axis Spotted deer Indigenous Family – Suidae Sus scrofa Wild boar Indigenous