Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Sex Offenders: Workshop Topics for the Day What Judges, Prosecutors, Investigators and Child/Victim Advocates Should Know Sex Offenders: What Judges, Creepy But Crucial Information: Prosecutors, Investigators Advanced Grooming as and Child Advocates Should Described by Child Molesters Know: Sex offender “grooming” tactics The “math”of CSA & SA. False allegations and med evidence. Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. How they become sex offenders. Protecting Your Children: Incident, disclosure, reporting, Advice From Child Molesters CBI Consulting, Inc. arrest and conviction rates. What Sex Offenders Can Teach us Detected vs. non-detected crimes and “cross-over” behavior About Interviewing [email protected] “(polygraph vs. non) • Anecdotal comments from offenders “Recidivism” vs. re-offense • Investigative interview • Studies that looked at “what works.” 1 2 1 2
“You Shall Know the Truth and Goals for Today the Truth Shall Make You Flinch.”
Develop a better Understand how and Death by Power Point! understanding of how why children/victims May challenge your beliefs. people become sex do not resist, report Will review many studies and some information is offenders. or, in some cases, anecdotal information from offenders that is Appreciation for how recover. relevant to law enforcement, child protective they get away with “it” Why families and services/child advocates, courts, youth service organizations and risk management professionals. and what “it” typically onlookers fail to act is. responsibly. Video clips and quotes/client confidentiality. Some newer, some older, some very old…..
3 4 3 4
Sex Offenders Selection, Engagement and Seduction of Children and Adult by Child Molesters, Are Not All the Same (Jewell Jensen, Jensen & Bailey, 2002
Heterogeneous group that come in all shapes and sizes Why does grooming work? Variety of histories and risk levels (low, medium and high) Most adult don’t know what to look for. Different treatment/supervision needs in the community Most adults don’t want to see it or believe it. Complex etiologies How does grooming work? Children with sexual behavior problems By targeting specific children, families and Sexually reactive children communities to exploit. Youth with sexual behavior problems Adult sex offenders Seducing the child/ren and adults. Child molestation, pedophilia, sexual assault, rape, Preparing for disclosure/confrontation exhibitionism, voyeurism, bestiality and internet Learning from experience.
crimes against children. 5 6 5 6
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 1 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Empirical Studies into the True Polygraph Testing Leads to Better Understanding of Adult and Juvenile Sex Rates of False Allegations in CSA Offenders (Hindman, J. & Peters, J., 2001)
Trocme, N. & Bala, N. (authors of three large scale Adult Offenders Pre-polygraph Post-polygraph national Canadian studies that took place between Ave. # of 2.9 11.6 1994 and 2005) Victims Rate of false allegations in cases of CSA was 2%-6%.
False allegation rates in physical abuse/neglect =4% Sexually Abused 61% 30% Rate of false allegations that arose during custody As Child disputes was 12% Sexually Abusing 27% 76% False allegations were more frequently made by a non- As Child custodial parent, usually a father (15%) than custodial parent or mother (2%). 7 8 7 8
Office of Justice Programs (SMART) A Prospective Examination of Whether Chapter 2: Etiology and Typologies of Juveniles Who Have Childhood Sexual Abuse Predicts Subsequent Committed Sex Offenses (Leversee, 2015) Sexual Offending (Widom & Massey, 2015) Published in the Journal of Pediatrics Sexual abuse of children ages 3 to 7 appears to be a sensitive period when sexual abuse can do the most 908 children (age 0 to 11 at time of abuse) with damage and place youth at a higher risk for engaging in substantiated physical abuse, sexual abuse or neglect sexually abusive behavior later in life.” 667 control cases SA youth “were more likely to repeat what was done to Mean age of 51 years at time of study. them.” Criminal history collected from both federal and state.
Explanations for ASO include: “abuse, exposure to sexual Childhood abuse was found to increase risk for arrest for violence, other neglect or abuse, social isolation, early adult sex crime but childhood sex abuse, by itself, did not. exposure to pornography, atypical sexual interests, anxiety Physical abuse and neglect did pose increased risk.
and low self-esteem.” Physically abused males (not females) had a higher mean number of sex crime arrests. 9 10 9 10
Adverse childhood experiences, paraphilias, and Adverse childhood experiences in the serious criminal violence among federal sex offenders lives of male sex offenders (Drury et. al, 2016) (Levenson and Socia, 2016)
225 Federal sex offenders 670 Adult male sex offenders 36% reported abandonment by father/neglect 42% physically abused 28% physical abuse 38% sexually abused 27% sexual abuse 24% verbal/emotional abuse
Reported an average of 5 paraphilias
11 12 11 12
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 2 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Differentiating Adults With Mixed Age Victims Violent Childhood Experiences Lead to From Those Who Exclusively Sexually Assault Children (Rice & Knight, 2018) Adult Sexual Violence Against Adults
MIXED AGE ADULT VICTIMS CHILD VICTIMS VICTIMS Research supports a relationship between Childhood Neglect 48% 45% 47% childhood physical abuse and adult sexual offending against adults (Jespersen et al., 2009; Childhood Physical 41% 39% 33% Abuse Levenson & Socia, 2016; Nunes et al., 2013; Sexual deviance in 12% 14% 9% Simons et al., 2008). family involving subject Sexual deviancy in 21% 15% 17% family not involving subject Subject was a victim 33% 24% 43% of SA 13 14 13 14
Scientifically Rigorous Studies on Sexual Assault Adult Sexual Assault
Victoria Police, Australia One in 5 women and one in 71 men will be raped during British Home Office 2003 their lifetime (Center for Disease Control, 2010). 2005 850 cases 2,643 One in 10 women will be raped by an intimate partner 2.1% classified as false. (Center for Disease Control, 2014) Toronto Metropolitan 2.5% classified as false British Home Office, In 8 out of 10 cases, the victim knew the offender (Miller, Police 1992 1996). 1977 116 cases 348 cases One in five women and one in 16 men are sexually 6% classified as false. 8.3% classified as false assaulted at college (Krebs, 2007) Making a Difference” study 63.3 % percent of university men who self-reported Date unknown engaging in rape repeated multiple incidents (Lisak, 2010) 2,059 cases 7% classified as false. 15 16 15 16
The Cycle of Violence: When Victims Early Atypical Sexual Experiences in Becomes Perpetrators Children Leading to Heightened Sexual (Plummer & Cossins, 2016) Interests and Pedophilic Interest in Adults
Early sexual contact with other children and Severe childhood sexual abuse of male children animals, and early masturbation. (rape, repeated penetration and multiple (Houtepen, Sijtsema & Bogaerts, 2016; Levenson, et al., perpetrators) associated with transition from 2017; Neutz et al., 2011; Riegel, 2004. victim to offender. Early intercourse (Kjellgren, et al. 2010; Seto & Lalumiere, 2010) Early intentional viewing of pornography or sexually explicit material (SEM),
(Simons et al., 2008; Smallbone & McCabe 2008).
17 18 17 18
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 3 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Offender Views of the Beginning What to Do
“As a small child, I had a 4-year-old sexual friend with whom I enjoyed many childhood sexual experiences. Our Do not show negative feelings or friendship lasted four or five years and my victims immediately punish. reminded me of my childhood friend. “ Gather and document details about what “As a kid, I developed a sexual draw to young girls that stayed with me as I grew older.” kinds of behavior is being described. “I got better and better at finding victims.” Who was involved, how it was initiated. “After I was abused, I became really sexual and it didn’t take much to trigger my desires, it was both pleasurable “What are you guys doing, where did you and fun.” learn that?” “Once it got started, it snowballed and became
commonplace in my life.” 19 20 19 20
Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident and Offender Offender Typologies Characteristics (Snyder, 2000)
40% of the offenders of children under 6 were 65% adult offenders 35% juvenile offenders Rape III other children. Juveniles who are Child molesters becoming sexually 13% of offenders were age 7 to 11 Pedophiles (30%) deviant persistent 27% were age 12 to 17. Exhibitionists/voyeurs offenders
39% of offenders of children age 6 to 11 were Rapists
juveniles. Animal abusers Juveniles who are offending out of 27% of juvenile victims (11 yrs+) were abused by Child pornography juvenile offenders. offenders curiosity/immaturity Sex Traffickers
21 Sexual sadists 22 21 22
Children and Problematic Sexual Behavior Disclosure Rates and Reporting
Experts estimate that 1 in 10 to 20 children/youth have sexually abused younger children. 1 in every 5 girls, 1 in every 10 boys. (National Crime Victims Survey, 2012) 35% to 40% of all sexual crimes against children are Fewer than 20% of adult rape victims report (Department committed by juveniles. of Justice, 2011) 40% of “acquaintance rapes” and 60% of offenses involving child victims under 12 are committed 8% of adults reported that, during the previous year, they by juveniles. knew someone was probably abusing a child. Only 65% Adult offenders report that the average age of their intervened, 22% said they did nothing (Amick, 2009). first criminal sex offense was between 10 and 12 52% of adult sex offenders say people knew they were (Ahlmeyer, 2000) and 47% of juvenile SO’s reported offending and failed to report them (CBI, 1992; CBI 2002). they were offending by age 12 (Burton, 2006). 23 24 23 24
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 4 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Department of Education Study Disclosure/Reporting Rates of CSA United Kingdom, 2016
2018 - Lahtinen,H., Laitila, A., Korkman , Interviewed 2,504 adults Between 5% and 16% of J., & Ellonen, N. One third said they have suspected child abuse and failed children who are being 2017 - laggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & sexually abused disclose. Lateef, R. to report it. 2016 - Münzer, A., Fegert, J. M., Ganser, 36%-37% of those who failed said reporting would be H. G., Loos, S., Witt, A., & Gold, L. Between 10% and 12% of “more challenging that delivering news about the death of 2015 - Collin-Vézina, D., De La disclosures were reported to Sablonnière-Grin, M., Palmer, A. a friend or family member or reporting a crime committed authorities. M., & Milne, L. by a family member. 2014 - Foster, J. M., & Hagedorn, W. B. Fear about possibly “misreading” the situation or “wrongly 2008 - Sorsoli, L., Kia-Keating, M., & accusing the person were deterrents to reporting. Grossman, F. K. 2007 - Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. 2005 - London. S. 25 2000- Smith. R. 26 25 26
Pornified: How Pornography is Damaging Causes of CSA Delays in Reporting our Lives, our Relationships and our Families. By Pamela Paul, 2005 Of the child victims who do report, 48% report within 5 years (Elliot & Brier, 1994). One in 4 Internet users reported Internet porn use. Delays increase with age of victim, closer relationship to Average age of first exposure to Internet porn is 11. offender, belief that harm “will come to others,” and 32% of males and 11% of females report viewing feelings of responsibility/compliance (Goodman-Brown, online porn. et al, 2003). 80% of 15 to 17 year olds have had multiple exposures. Delays increased by grooming and instrusiveness of Younger adults reported being more likely to have viewed abuse (Hershkowitz, 2006). porn online.
Victim resistance (44%), passive (51%) or 37% of 18 to 24 year olds. compliant/cooperative (62%) 22% of 35 to 54 year olds.
Exposure (36%), fondling (55%), penetration (68%).
27 27 28
Are cognitive distortions associated with Mean Accuracy Scores denial and minimization among sex offenders? (Nunes & Jung, 2012) (Telling Lies) Eckman. 1969-2008
Mean accurate – Mean accurate – lies truth “ Sexual crimes are acts of secrecy, and denial is a place where Federal officers “CIA” 80.0 66.1 Sherriff’s “best” 77.7 55.8 offenders often seek psychological Forensicpsychologists 71.0 63.9 refuge.” Clinicalpsychologists 64.3 59.8 Federal Judges 60.9 63.1 Academicpsychologists 57.0 58.4 MixedLEA 47.8 53.9
29 30 29 30
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 5 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Sexual Interest in Children More Recent Studies
4% of college women reported at least one sexual experience that met 4% of German men reported sexual fantasies about having sex the criteria for sexually abusing a younger child at least <5 yrs (Fromuth & Conn, 1997) with pre-pubescent children (Dombert, 2016). 6% of college students admitted they felt “more attracted” to children than teens adults (Smith, 1993 & 2011) 4.2% of Swedish men reported they were likely to have sex 9% of college students admitted to having sexual fantasies about with a child under 10 (Seto, 2015). children, 5% admitted masturbating to sexual fantasies about children (Briere & Runtz, 1989). 10.4% of adult males expressed a sexual interest in prepubescent 3.5% of American men endorsed fantasies, masturbation and children, 9% reported sexual fantasies about children, 6% admitted sexual attraction to children and 6% reported that they would masturbating to fantasies about children and 4% admitted sexual have sex with a child if they were guaranteed they would not contact with children (Ahlers,2011). be punished (Wurtele, Simons & Noreno, 2014). 19% of adults said they would engage in sexual contact with children if they were assured they would not be punished (Wurtele &Klebe, 1995) 31 32 31 32
How Many Are Out There? Self-Reported Sexual Assault in Convicted Sex Offenders and Community Men (Child Sex Offenders) (Widman, Olson & Bolen, 2013)
5% of the male population (1 in 20 men) 40 sex offenders suffer from pedophilia (Seto, 2008). 68% admitted sexual offending 49 community men
4% to 7% “Dunkelfeld” (male and females 59% admitted coercing/manipulating/ combined) offenders in population (Abel, intimidating a woman into sex. 2012). 14% admitted attempting or succeeding in forcibly raping a woman.
33 34 33 34
Repeat Rape and Multiple Offending Among Undetected Rapists Sexual Crimes Among Males (Lisak & Miller, 2002)
1882 urban college males 5% to 33% of males have committed at least one sexual offense (Grotpellier & Elliot, 2002; Koss, Self report survey and interview 1987; Lisak & Miller, 2002, Abbey, et al. 2001). 120 (6.4%) admitted acts of rape or 1% to 2% of the adult male population will be convicted of a sexual crime (California Office of the attempted rape (more than 1 in 20). Attorney General, 2004; P Marshall, 1997). Of the 120, 76 (63%) admitted multiple Between 5% and 10% of adult males have rapes. molested children (Lewis, 1986 & DOJ, 1997).
2 to 50 completed rapes As of May 2017, one out of every 74 males in Oregon was a registered sex offender (NCMEC, Average 6 completed rapes 2017). 35 36 35 36
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 6 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Women that Molest Children Excuses for Offending: Distortion, (Carson, 2006) Rationalization and Minimization
Teacher/Lover -“Mary Kay Letourneau” – offender seeks a loving sexual “I broke down.” She won’t remember.” relationship with victim, usually an adolescent male who is troubled “I let it happen.” “I didn’t hurt them.” and needy. Seducer- “Debra LaFave” – offender seduces victim for lust, power, “It just happened.” “I was just showing revenge, or simply recreational sex. “I couldn’t help it.” them love/affection.” Molester -Abuses younger children, possible own children, aroused to children, more likely pedophilic, personal abuse history. “He came onto me.” “They didn’t say no.” Helper -Offender aids or collaborates with another person to offend, “I wasn’t thinking.” “She could have just may procure victims, observe, or actively participate told someone.” Coerced -In abusive relationship, dominated or controlled by another person, past victim of abuse. “We just had a sexual encounter.” 37 38 37 38
Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists Typical Defense Arguments and Other Sex Offenders (Salter, 2003) “Your Honor, the defendant is requesting leniency in sentencing Fewer than 5% of sex offenders because he has shown himself to be a generally law abiding and responsible are ever apprehended. citizen, does not have a criminal record, has a good job and this is his first offense.” This does not account for the number of undetected offenses each of these individual engaged in prior to arrest. 39 40 39 40
How Many Do We Catch? Average Crime Statistics
London, Bruck & Ceci, (2005). 100% / 10%-30% / 30% Offenders commit an Disclosure of child sexual abuse. (Dept of Justice, 1996; average of 119.7 sex 3% to 6% What does the research tell us about the ways children tell. NYPD SVU, 2015; crimes before they are convicted Stroud & Martens, (2000) Delaware SP, 2018; Hawaii caught (Weinrott, 1998). Criminal Investigation of child PD, 2018) 12 to 18 cases sexual abuse. A comparison of Men who primarily abuse reported cases referred to the prosecutor and Only 3% of crimes had girls, abuse an average of those not referred. been reported & 12 girls (Hindman & Hanson, Resnick, Saunders, prosecuted (Abel, 1986). Peters, 2001, CBI, 1992). 100 incidents of Kilpatrick & Best (1999). Factors CSA related to the reporting of childhood 52% of offenders reported Men who primarily abuse rape. discovery, but no one boys, abuse twice as many Abel & Becker, (1987) Self-reported crimes of non- contacted authorities. (CBI, 1992). incarcerated paraphiliacs. (CBI ,1992 & 2002) 41 41 42
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 7 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Using Polygraph Testing to Assess Deviant The Neccessity of Polygraph Sexual History of Sexual Offenders (O’Connell , 1998)
Ahlmeyer et. al. (2000) Grubin, (2010) Average of 28 deviant Mean number of felony sexual incidents in official sex offenses reported in Sex offenders in TX Sex offenders in TX records. referral reports was 22. and on supervision in and on supervision in Clinical interview 24 disclosed during clinical Colorado United Kingdom increased number to 65 interview FD polygraphs Offenders in TX and incidents. 45 more disclosed during Less than 1% of required to pass FD An average of 198 polygraph. victims had been Reported 14X more incidents disclosed after Mean of 7 types of DSB polygraph identified in official crimes than detected disclosed records. 30% admitted 9 or more DSB 43 44 43 44
The dark figure of sexual offending: new evidence from federal sex offenders “Crossover” or “Crime Switching” (DeLisi, et al. 2016) Exhibitionists and voyeurs targeting children After beginning Typical number of child Exhibitionist and voyeurs specialized treatment victims was 8 to 13 advancing to rape in various programs, Average number of Crossover sex offenders initially events per victim was Age under-reported the 10 Gender number of sex crimes Relationship by 5-8X to 75X 80 to 130 crimes Adult rape and CSA Child porn and CSA
45 SO and Psychopathy 46 45 46
Assessing crossover in a sample of An Exploration of Crossover Sexual sexual offenders with multiple victims Offending (Kleban, et al., 2012) (Cann, Friendship & Gozna, 2010)
Archival records of 789 incarcerated sex offenders with multiple “known” victims
File reviews of 1,345 sex offender prison 13% had victims of both genders release files revealed crossover in age 14% had victims from different age groups group, gender or relationship to victim 13% had victims from varying relationship categories in 24.5% of cases. Archival records of offenders with multiple convictions
20% had victims of both genders
40% had victims from different age groups
48% had victims from varying relationship categories
47 48 47 48
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 8 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
The Effect of Polygraphy on the Self Report of Crossover and Stability of Victim Type Adolescent Sex Offenders: Implications for Risk in Child Molesters Assessment (Emerick & Dutton, 1993) (Sim and Proeve, 2010)
Average number of Pre poly 22% Age/gender/relationship cross-over incidents increased acknowledged from 21 at intake to 77 offending children Australian study of 128 offenders in post poly. through multiple outpatient treatment (no polygraph) Victims of both social relationships, 63% disclosed cross over in victim type genders increased 47% post poly. 48% in age group (-5) (6-12) & (13+) from 29% at intake to 22% in gender 54% post poly. 26% in relationship
49 50 49 50
Repeat Rape and Multiple Offending Crossover Between Adult Sexual Among Undetected Rapists Assault and Child Sexual Abuse (Lisak & Miller, 2002)
70% of offenders admitted both child and adult victims with poly (vs. 7% known) (Heil, 2003) 78% of child molesters admitted that they had also sexually Of the 120 rapists, the 76 repeat assaulted adults and 52% of rapists had sexually assaulted rapists also admitted an average of children with poly (Heil, Ahlmyer & Simons, 2003) 64% of rapists sexually assaulted a child with poly (O’Connell, 14 interpersonal violent acts. 1998) 50% of rapists admitted sexually assaults against children, no poly (Abel, 1992). 32% of rapists sexually assaulted a child, no poly. (Weinrott & Saylor, 1991) 51 52 51 52
Sexual and violent recidivism by offender type of actuarial risk: Reoffending rates for Gender Cross Over and rapists, child molesters and mixed offenders. MC = Proxy for Pedophilia (Voss and Skelton, 2010)
Poly study: 45% of men who had molested boys also admitted girl victims(O’Connell, 1998)
Of those offenders who were detected Poly study: 63% of men with known male child victims reoffending, 37% of men with previous admitted female child victims. (Heil, 2003). convictions for adult rape, were found to have recidivated against child victims. Non-poly study: 28% admitted child victims from both genders (Elliott & Browne, 1995)
Non-poly study: 23% of child molesters whose known victims were girls, admitted boy victims and 63% of child molesters whose known victims were boys admitted girl victims (Abel & Osborn, 1992). 53 54 53 54
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 9 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
The Relationship Between Victim Age and “Incest” and “Out of Home” Gender Crossover Among Sex Offenders (Levenson, et al. 2008). Child Victims
Non-polygraph 362 sex offenders If the offender abused 50% of incest offenders admitted abusing out of children in both home children (Weinrott & Saylor, 1991). genders, it was 3X 66% of incest offenders admitted out of home Offenders with child more likely that he had child victims (Abel, 1992). victims under six, had “very young child Polygraph 3X the likelihood of victims.” 69% of intra-familial offenders offended victims in both gender outside the home (O’Connell, 1998). groups. “Very young” = infants, 64% of men whose convictions were related to toddlers, pre-school. “incest” also admitted abusing children outside
of the home (Heil et al., 2003). 56 55 56
Combination of Polygraph and Treatment Crossover Sex Offenses Reveals Many Sex Offenders Offend Across (Heil, Ahlmyer & Simons, 2003) Multiple Relationship, Age, Gender & Crime Type Categories (English et al., 2000)
Colorado study with 489 sex offenders in treatment program that used polygraph: Office of Research and Statistics, Division of Criminal Justice, Colorado Department of 64% of incest offenders admitted abusing non- Public Safety related children 180 Convicted Sex Offenders 53% of out of home offenders admitted abusing their own or related children 29% admitted child victims in both genders
57 58 57 58
Contact Sexual Offending by Men With The use of tactical polygraph Online Sexual Offenses with sex offenders. (Bourke, Fragomeli, Detar, (Child Pornography) Sullivan, Meyle & Riordan, 2014)
Studies that included self report data indicated that N=127 Suspects Victims approximately 55% admitted previous crimes (Seto, Hanson 58% admitted hands & Babchishin, 2010). on child victims Pre-sentence Investigation Reports indicated that 46% of the Initialinterview 6 10 men had “hands on crimes.” After treatment and polygraph Pre-test (poly) 26 102 examination, 80% admitted hands on crimes against an average of 27 child victims each. (Hernandez, 2000). interview After polygraph and treatment 85% of CO offenders Post-test (poly) 41 170 admitted hands-on sex crimes against children (Bourke & interview Hernandez, 2008). Total hands on 73 282 victims
59 60 59 60
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 10 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Psychopaths: Another Type of Crossover Langevin & Cumoe, 2004 Without Conscience (Hare, 2002) Snakes in Suits (Babick & Hare, 2007)
20% of sex offenders. One quarter of 181 sex offenders with Lack empathy, guilt, conscience and remorse. unrelated child victims used pornography. Grandiose sense of self-importance. 50% showed pornography to victims A talent for reading people. 30% took pictures of victims Identify and play up to people’s vulnerabilities.
9 men involved children in distributing porn. Charm people into submission or support. Can be highly successful or a drifter/moocher/parasitic. May be prone to stimulus/thrill seeking. Low tolerance for frustration.
62 61 62
The Million Dollar Question: Estimated Sexual Recidivism How Many Re-offend? Rates Hanson, 2007
How many do we catch in the first place? Years of Observed/ Estimated Which ones are you talking about? Follow-up Detected What do you mean by re-offend? In what length of time? 5yrs 10-15% 30-40% Whose data/which studies should we rely on? 10yrs 15-25% 30-45% How many will be caught when they re-offend? 20yrs 30-40% 40-55%
63 64 63 64
High-risk sex offenders may not be high risk forever. Recidivism Rates for Juveniles (Hanson, Harris, Helmus and Thornton, 2014)
5 year follow-up = 13% 7740 adult sex offenders from 21 samples
Reitzel & Carbonell, 2006 20 year follow-up Recidivism rates were highest in first few years 20 year follow-up = 21% (no TX) 9% (TX) following release (22% for high risk within 5 years)
Worling, Littlejohn & Bookalam, 2010 Overall recidivism was 16% over 15 years. Recidivism rate for low risk offenders was 5% 5 year follow-up = 5% Recidivism rate for high risk offenders was 32%
Caldwell, 2016
65 66 65 66
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 11 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
The Big Lie About Sex Offenders Treating sexual offenders: How did we (By Radley Balko, The Watch as reported get here and where are we headed? in the Washington Post , March 9, 2017). (Hanson, 2014)
“The overall evidence for treatment effectiveness “In the most comprehensive single study on is weak at best” (Dennis, et al., 2012). reoffense rates to date, the U.S. Department of Justice followed every sex offender “Knowing which type of treatment works for each released in almost 15 states for three years. which type of offender is still a dream” The recidivism rate? Just 3.5 percent. These (Langstrom, et. Al., 2013). numbers have been subsequently verified in study after study.”
67 68 67 68
The Effects of Sexual Offender Treatment on Recidivism: An International Meta-Analysis of Sound Effective Treatment Quality Evaluations (Schmucker & Losel, 2015)
Published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology. Doesn’t work Does work 29 studies. Psychotherapy Correctional based Combined sample of 10, 387 sex offenders Addiction models Poly – TX - PPO 4939 treated sex offenders Family systems “Criminal sexual behavior” 5448 untreated sex offenders. Christian counseling Cognitive- behavioral 13.7% recidivism rate for untreated group Time limited counseling PPG/Arousal control 10.1% recidivism rate for treated group Risk management model Overall different was 3.6% Support group/family “…the evidence basis for sex offender treatment is not yet involvement satisfactory.” Long term follow-up 69 70 69 70
The Current Debate about Treating “Persons With Sexual Behavior Problems.” Research on Grooming 80’s to now
Current Trend: How Sex Offenders “Lure” Children A comparative study of Traditional Treatment: (Lang & Frenzel, 1988) demographic data related to intra –and extra-familial child sexual Offender Accountability Strength based - “Good Lives” What Sex Offenders Tell Us About Model Prevention Strategies abusers and professional Risk Management (Conte, Wolf & Smith, 1989) perpetrators. (Sullivan & Beech, Limited focus on “full 2004) Victim/Community Modus Operandi: Accuracy in self- Modus Operandi of Sexual Focused disclosure,” accepting reported use of threats and responsibility or coercion. (Kaufman et al. 1993) Offenders Working or Doing Volunteer Work with Children and Full Disclosure of Crimes accountability. Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: What Offenders Tell Us. Adolescents (Leclerc, et al. 2005) Polygraph/PPG/Aversion Treatment focused on ( Elliot & Brown, et al., 1995) Examining the modus operandi of Follow-up offender success/life Child Sexual Abuse: Offender sexual offenders against children Characteristics and Modus and it’s practical implication Team satisfaction Operandi (Smallbone & Wortley, (Leclerec, et al. 2009) (TX/PPO/Poly/Victim Less collaboration with 2001)
Services) victim/community advocates71 72 71 72
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 12 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Selection, Engagement and Seduction of PROTECTING YOUR CHILDREN: Children and Adult by Child Molesters, (Jewell Jensen, Jensen & Bailey, 2002) “Advice From Child Molesters” 1989 Sex Offender Group Why does grooming work? Westridge Elementary Most adult don’t know what to look for. School and LO PD Most adults don’t want to see it or believe it. Washington County Sheriff’s Office How does grooming work? Oregon State & USA By targeting specific children, families and communities to exploit. “No one wants to have to tell their children about Seducing the child/ren and adults. sexual abuse. On the other Preparing for disclosure/confrontation hand, do you want them to learn about it from a child Learning from experience. molester instead?” 73 74 73 74
Protecting Our Children Offender Relationship to Victim 2001-2018 Huot, 1999
Oregon Counties: 26/31 Alaska Washington, Clackamas Washington 1652 sex offenders Biological parent 16% Stepparent 14% Columbia, Klamath-Lake Idaho 95% were child Coos, Douglas, Wallowa, Montana Other relative 16% molesters. Umatilla, Morrow, Curry Nebraska (Grand, uncle, sib) Clatsop, Lincoln, Polk, Linn, Wyoming Majority of victims Friend of parent 26% Gilliam, Wheeler, Harney California under 12 years old. Hood River, Jackson, Jefferson New York Person in authority 22% (clergy, teacher, Lane, Marion, Sherman, West Virginia Wasco, Yamhill & Malhuer Iowa coach) Kansas Stranger 05% Stewards of Children: Darkness Maryland to Light (only 2 counties) Other 01% Kentucky Too restrictive and costly for us Mississippi 75 76 75 76
Motivational VS Operational Legal Definitions Goals and Behaviors
“Grooming is the process of cultivating trust with a Pre-Offending Behavior Place self in situation or victim and gradually introducing sexual behaviors Public/family image relationship to have sexual until reaching the point where it is possible to Engagement with child contact with child/ren. and family perpetrate a sexual crime against the victim.” Avoid disclosure, Control and ongoing detection and reporting. (Piercefield v. State, 2007) access Enhance sexual/intimate Offending Behavior experience with victim. Gradual desensitization Enhance the “thrill of “…the process of eroding a victim’s boundaries to and sexualization getting away with it.” physical touch and desensitizing them to sexual Post Offending Behavior Be able to pursue new issues.” (State v. Berosik, 2009) Denial, alignment, victims 77 escape 78 77 78
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 13 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Grooming Dynamics Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of literature (Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 2016) and theoretical considerations. (Craven, Brown and Gilcrist, 2006)
Identifying and targeting victim Self-grooming Gaining trust and access Grooming the environment Playing a role in the child’s life Grooming significant others and potential Isolating the child onlookers Creating secrecy around the relationship Grooming the child Initiating sexual contact Controlling the relationship
79 80 79 80
FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit Offender Typology – Grooming Offender Typology – Grooming (Fifth Edition, 2010) (Fifth Edition, 2010) Identity potential target Grooming is tailored to specific victims and Availability – Vulnerability – Desirability families/agencies (via church – offender may Gather information about needs and - portray self as extremely religious) vulnerabilities Adolescent males Via communication or interaction/observation The 3 D’s - driving, drinking, dirty pictures with others Boys and girls Establish a connection Attention, affection, assets Access via relationship, activity, and/or organization (alienate or ingratiate caretakers)
81 82 81 82
The Pedophile’s Guide to Love and Pleasure: A Child-lover’s Code of Conduct (2nd Edition. 2010) Online Solicitation or by Phillip Greaves. Internet Grooming
“Pedophiles must care for and befriend their young lovers. They are concerned for the wellbeing and pleasure of their . The danger of online solicitation by a little friends, always putting the juvenile’s pleasure and stranger is much lower that off-line happiness first.” risk from someone know to the child. “When Pedophiles interact with children, they do so through their own inner child and enter into an equality of . Online grooming allows the offender personhood with their young friend.” to move from “stranger” status to Some children are innately attracted to pedo/juviphilies. “known” friend. Recommend teen magazines for “handsome, fresh faces” and latex finger coits for little penises.
83 84 83 84
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 14 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory Typologies sexual behavior in an increasingly computer-mediated world. (Black, et al. 2015)
Child pornography offenders Team analyzed and coded transcripts of online Contact driven offenders (who groom for offender communication with decoys. the purpose of offline sex) Identified 5 stages (friendship forming, relationship forming, risk assessment, exclusivity stage, sexual Fantasy driven offenders (who seen to be stages. satisfied with keeping the relationship online Determined that online offenders had fewer and is satiated by discussing taboo sexual “gates” to control for (non-verbal communication, topics with minors online) fewer potential observers), which made the various stages in grooming easier to move through
85 more quickly. 86 85 86
Targeting Communities and Institutions Other Tactics
Picking a community or institution Choosing to work opposite schedule from
Setting provides access to children. partner/NOS.
Offender is “unknown” or “unsuspected.” Arranging to do transportation, homework, chores, discipline, chaperone dances/sleepovers/field Atmosphere of “tolerance and acceptance.” trips, etc. Community appears “gullible, naïve and non- confrontive.” Volunteering to work with toughest students.
Has fluid or “loose” boundaries.
87 88 87 88
Family Offenders: Exploring Sex Offender Grooming More or Less Dangerous? Tanner and Brake, 2013
Overcoming resistance Chronic deception with intimate partner. Normalizing the assault Unique degree of access and control. Stepwise progression and desensitization Unique ability to undermine child’s relationships, Maintaining access
activities, and isolation. Keeping victim available
Unique ability to twist other people’s perception of Social /personal position child’s credibility. Minimizing disclosure Unique ability to create greater fear of disclosure. Bonding Unique ability to control child’s response to Push/pull (emotional support and isolation from others) disclosure or detection. Induce fear and guilt 89 90 89 90
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 15 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Running spouse/parents down Discrediting the child.
Criticizing other parent in front of victim “I told them she was mad at me because I punished her.” Becoming the favored/more trusted/more fun/hipper parent/friend. “I said she wanted to go live with her mother so she accused me of this to get out of the house and my rules.” Creating an “us against them” mentality. “I said she said I did this because I wouldn’t let her date.” “I said her friend made something like this up and got a “If someone is paying more attention to your child lot of attention so she did it.” than you are, be concerned.” “I told people that her mother coached her to get back at me.”
91 92 91 92
Targeting Families Victim Selection
Family Single, absent or “uninvolved” parents, Gender and tanner stage Gullibility, stress, poverty. Personality characteristics Lack of bonding, lack of supervision, lack of Relationship with caretakers/support system boundaries, Protective Factors (self-esteem, assertiveness, Lack of assertiveness awareness and instincts) Prior victimization of parent/s. Personal, physical boundaries Disabilities or other vulnerabilities. Bargaining power Indiscriminate trust of others. Parents who don’t seem to understand normal
relationship boundaries. 93 94 93 94
Entrapping the Innocent: Toward A Theory of Choosing “At Risk” Children Child Sexual Predators (Olson, Daggs, Ellevold and Rogers, 2007)
Less believable Factors offenders describe as causing Lower level of supervision children to have less supervision and/or be Needier for attention/affection more vulnerable to abuse
May have been abused “broken in” before Single parent home
Less willing to risk telling on teacher, coach, Parents with substance abuse problems
minister, favorite parent/uncle….. Emotion or mental health problems
More bargaining power………. Marital discord or domestic violence
Neglectful of children in general
95 96 95 96
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 16 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Children With a History of Abuse “False” Allegations versus “Mistakes” Do children lie? Children who have been molested are more likely (3-6X) to be re-abused by a new offender The “pee” story. (Finkelhor, 2007). The “coat in the hall closet” story. The “Michael Jackson” story. Healthy adults ignore or seek help for children with “Unfounded” versus “False” sexual behavior problems. Divorce/custody cases. 2 to 12% depending on age. Offenders may sexualize children they know, or Only 4% of CSA victims have abnormal physical suspect, have been abused. examinations (Heger, et. al. 2002) 97 98 97 98
Do Sex Offenders Molest When Other Persons Medical Findings of CSA Are Present? A Preliminary Investigation (Underwood, Patch, Cappelletty & Wolfe, 1999)
Heger, et al. 2002 131 adult SOs 5 year prospective study of 2384 children 25% molested when another 96.3% had “normal medical findings.” 55% of the child molesters child was in the same bed Kellog, et., al., 2004 reported molesting 12% molested when another 36 pregnant teens, only 2 showed evidence of penetration children when another adult was in the bed Adams, et al., 2009 child was present 77% said offending with others present made it “more exciting” 236 children, mean age = 9 24% molested when and gave them a sense of “suspicious” findings in 9% and abnormal in 14% another adult was present “mastery” Anderst, et al., 2009 (but unaware) 75% said they were being “too 506 CSA victims 14% molested when compulsive to inhibit desires “Most victims who reported repetitive penile-genital contact with another adult and another 39% said they were “stupid.” some degree of perceived penetration had no definitive evidence of penetration on the hymen.” child were present 99 100 99 100
How Victim Age Affects the Context and Timing of Child Sexual Abuse Seduction of Children (McKillop, Brown, Wortley and Smallbone, 2015) “Monsters do not get children, nice men do.” Engagement, desensitization and sexualization. Age of victims Most abuse of teens occurred 11% of victims under 5. during later hours (9 PM and 6 Study and befriend the child. AM), outside the home and 42% age 6-11 perpetrators was more often Develop a peer relationship or elevate the child 47% 12 and older unrelated. to an “adult status” in the relationship. Abuse of younger children 53% of offenders reported that Promote physical contact - “wrestling, hugging, Occurred during “normal” a relative was their first victim. activities in the home tickling, kissing, massages, lap sitting and 66% knew 1st victim for a year or backrubs.” Perpetrator was a relative or live in more. 2/3 of incidents occurred while Confidence building by “over complimenting/ another person was nearby, in the flattery, confiding, “sticking up for them.” same house or present in the same room. Test child’s ability to “keep secrets.”
101 Expose child to sexual jokes and pornography 102 101 102
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 17 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
Goals – The Uncle/Neighbor “I found Jesus on the way to court.”
Remorse can be faked. To “test the water” Remorse can be self-centered/self-serving. “the frog in a pot of boiling water.” Angry/sad victim rejected or told on them.
Create an illusion of trust/safety/affection Believe victim led them on or didn’t resist. “Andy of Mayberry.” Angry/sad they got caught and punished Victim was equally to blame for what happened. Avoid suspicion Believe they were the person most harmed.
Deflect accusations Don’t really appreciate harm to victim.
Angry/sad about ongoing consequences to themselves, “not a day Separately, behaviors look innocent, taken goes by that I don’t live with the consequences of what I did.” together, they look more sinister.
103 104 103 104
More “We” Tactics Keeping Children From Telling
Get victim to go “lock the front door.” Tell them it’s “not a big deal and everyone already knows.” Go “get the lubricant.” Suggest “no one will believe them.” “Rope them into doing something bad so they won’t want “Close blind.” everything to come out.” “Send the other kids out to play.” “I said people would blame them, and it would “Call mom to see how long it will be before she will hurt our family. get home.” “I told her we would get a divorce and the other kids would Text/email/kick with victim about sex and send lose their dad.” nude photos. “I told him the other students would hate him.”
105 106 105 106
“How I avoiding getting reported.” Examining the modus operandi of sexual offenders against children and it’s practical implication (Leclerec, et al. 2009)
“I said it was an accident, a mistake or the first Suggests we view sex offender behavior as a time something like this has ever happened.” “rational choice,” that occurs during all criminal “I told them that I felt terrible about it and would acts i.e.., maximizing gain while minimizing risk of be willing to go to therapy.” apprehension “I told them that it would ruin my life if Evidence that offenders’ MO changes with age and they reported me.” experience to increase success. “I told them it was the child’s fault.” Suggests a broader view of MO that incorporates victim characteristics and behavior “I told them I’d been molested as a child.”
107 108 107 108
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 18 Sex Offenders: What Professionals Should 6/11/2019 Know
I Knew It All Along: The Sexual Grooming Behaviors Recommended Books of Child Molesters and the Hindsight Bias (Winters & Jeglic, 2015) and Videos Truth, Lies and Sex Offenders Without specialized training most grooming behavior is A Very Touching Book & Anna Salter difficult to distinguish from normal adult/child interactions. There is No Sex Fairy Specialized Training Services Jan Hindman Following detection, onlookers have an exaggerated belief 1-800-848-1226 Predators: Pedophiles, that others would/should have been able to detect Tools of the Trade grooming behavior or perceive that the suspect was Rapists & Other Sex Veronique Valliere, Psy.D. Offenders by offending. Valliere & Counseling Anna Salter. Hindsight bias may be counterproductive in that it might Associates/Forensic Treatment Identifying Child “incite blaming of the victim’s family or community for Services in Fogelsville, PA Molesters and The Socially failing to act.” Close to Home by the Mark Skilled Child Molester McGwire Foundation Carla van Dam
Available via DirectCinema.com 109 110 109 110
Cory Jewell Jensen, M.S. 19