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Van Wagoner's Sidney Rigdon: a Portrait of Biographical Excess

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Van Wagoner's Sidney Rigdon: a Portrait of Biographical Excess Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 Volume 14 Number 1 Article 14 2002 Van Wagoner's Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Biographical Excess Howard K. Harper Steven C. Harper David P. Harper Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Harper, Howard K.; Harper, Steven C.; and Harper, David P. (2002) "Van Wagoner's Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Biographical Excess," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011: Vol. 14 : No. 1 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/vol14/iss1/14 This Mormon Studies is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Van Wagoner’s Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Biographical Excess Author(s) Howard K. Harper, Steven C. Harper, and David P. Harper Reference FARMS Review of Books 14/1–2 (2002): 261–74. ISSN 1099-9450 (print), 2168-3123 (online) Abstract Review of Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess (1994), by Richard S. Van Wagoner. VAN W AGONER'S SIDNEY RIGDON: A PORTRA IT OF BIOG RA PHICA L EXCESS Howard K. Harpl'r, Stl'WI1 C. Harper, and David P. Harper "C hard Vim W.lgoner's award -win ning biography, Sidney nigdoll: R A Portrait of f?c1lgioI/5 ExI"CSS, is undoubtedly the best to d ate. It argues accurately that Rigdon played <l crucial role in the deve lop­ ment of early Mormonism a nd Ihal hi s contribution was diminished in the wake of his unsuccessful bid 10 sho ulder Mormon leadership after the mart yrdom of Joseph Smi th. Ala s, though, this Illuch­ needed I realmen! o f Rigdon is also funclamentally, not simply tan­ gentially, defective. The book p"ints an inaccu rate portrait of Sidney Ri gdon, based largely on a mistaken cli nical diagnosis. T his Ri gdon b('comcs a 1001 fo r c riticizing modern Mormonism. One need not re,ld .. lithe wily to his epil oguc 10 recognize Va n Wagoner's agenda, but it is most c1eiH ly stated there. He int ends to cx pose the "warts and double chi ns of religious leaders" and "warns all of us that we must ultimatdy think for ourselves rather than surrender decision­ making to others, especiall y to those who dictate what God would have us do" (PI'. x, 457-58). In this way Va n Wagoner casts Sidney Ri gdon as an object lesson calcu lated to censure modern Mormons for whilt his related !ollnlal of MortlJOII History essay calls "group gullibility."1 ·'0 Ihat end, Van Wagoner's biography of Rigdon employs t. Rkhard s. Van \V'lgoncr, "Sidnl'Y Jnd /l.k:' ImmUl/ vf Mormo" History 2212 ( 1996): 151. - - - - -- -- .-.-----,----:---c-, Review of Richard S. Van Wagoner. Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Reli- gious Excess. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1994. x + 493 pp., with appendixes and index. $28.95. 262 • FAHMS HEVI EW 0 1' BOOKS 14/ 1-2 (2002) a reductionist psychologica l ,I pproach akin to what Gary Bergera describes as a "dogmat ic usc of th eories of persol1al i ly," ~ 'lC hievin g something similar 10 what historia n Robl'r1 Brugger cal ls "cli ni ca l profiles promenading as biography" and psyc hologist Alan Elms terms "pathography."J Van Wagoner thinks of Sidney Rigdon as "(I biographer's dream" (p, x), presumably because o f Ri gdon's rich, llllusll<lll ife and hi s sig­ nificant contributions to a remarkable religious movement. But Rig­ don is also a biographer's nightmare, Rigdon biographers must dea l with a shortage of ev idence, Van Wagoner addresses that problem by diagnosin g Rigdon wi th the bipolar disorder commonly called manic­ depression, Based on bits of ev idence described as "ample ," Van Wag­ oller fl es hes out Rigdon's persol1<lIit y lI sin g an "inve ntory of sy mp­ toms taken from the Diagl1 0stiwl al/d St(/tist iCtll Manllal of Mel/wI Dison/as," essentially concluding that because Rigdon had the disor­ der, he must have had its sy mptoms (p, 11 7) , Complicating the m.lI ­ tel'. he conflat es manic-depressive disorder with "madness," which he uses synonymously with "religious excess," Th is abuses biography in two ways. First. available ev idence does not allow a clinical diagnosis of manic-depressive disorder. Second. persons with bipohu disorders like manic-depression should 110t be passed off as mad. Persons who suffer manic-depression are affl icted by a disorder of int ernal eti ol­ ogy that can be debilitat in g but also remarkably creative. Manic­ depression does not necessarily make one's rel igiosity pathologi­ cal, though Va n Wagoner uses it to portray Rigdon so, Rather than appreciat ing the complex it y of a life, this portnli! of reli gious excess is shallow. ca rica turing Ri gdon's long. varied life in a clinical profile, That profile is inaccurate, a misdiagnosis of a man long since dead,4 2. (~a ry ! a m~ s ll~r!;~ r ", "Toward ' l'sychologiC:llIy Inform,"t' Mormon Hislory and Bi(lSr,lphy,~ SImS/VII,', DNl'nlh"r !9'J!. 29. J. Robcr! J. llruggrr, rCl' iew o( SllritlkitlS History: 011 /.",.,.1 m,,/ tll(' Fdi/"f,' of PS}'dlOllistof}" by Dal'id E. Stunnurd, \Vitli{JIIJ ,IIU/ M{Jr}, QUtlf/<'f/y, .\rd .~er., YM I (I 'ol81): 13 1. Ai:Jn C Elms. Utlwl'rring l.iw's: Til<' UIh'{J$Y Atliwu·,' of Uh'Xfrlpir}, <II"i I'sydJQ/oS}' ( Nl'W York: Oxford Univcrsity I'ress, 1994),9. 4. Joscph Smith puthogr31'hcr I'"wn Brodi.: paused l11ol1H'ntarily to Ilote th.: "diffi· cult ies o( dinic;t1 diagll osis of ,) man lOll S si nce dc.,ltj.~ F,lwn M. llrodk, No MIIII J.:IhJW$ VAN WAGON!::R, SWN/:Y RIGOON (HARPER lOT AI...) • 263 Sidney Uigdoll: A POr/mil of Religiolls Excess is a compounding of er­ rors Gl1culated to reprove perceived anti-intellectualism in "modern Morl11ons."5 It may, however, be more mi slead in g than imperfect re­ ligious leaders wit h uncxpost'd warts and double chins. This volume misled a highly regarded historian. John Brooke's review in the }ol/wal of Americall His/ory lauds Van Wagoner's "signal contributions" and accepts the reading of Rigdon's "mood swings, suggesting that they were a manic-depressive disorder caused by head injuries, first as a child and second when he and Josep h Smith we re tarred and feathered by a mob in Ohio in !832. Van Wagoner sees this disorder as the key to Rigdon's !.'r ratic pcrformancc."6 As Brooke naively nOles, Van Wagoner makes hi s case for a manic­ depressive Rigdon based on a childhood head injury (the incredible evidence of which will be treated hereafter). But man ie-depression, by definition, ca nnot be caused by injuries. Mood disorders are only diagnosed when "it cannot be established that an orga nic factor !like injury or illness] in itiated and maintained the disturbance."7 Rigdon suffered brain trauma on 24 March 1832. Manic-depression was nOI the cause of any mania or depression he ex perienced as a result of that. Rigdon was dragged from his bed and across cold earth "by his heels ... so high from the ground that he could not raise his head ""/), /'Ii.<lor), (N.-w York: Knopf, 1978), -119. Kon~\d W. Walker. ~T h(' Cha1\cngl' and Craft of ;\Inrnwn llio!;rJl'hy,'· IIYU Sl"rli ,. ~ 2212 ( 1'J81 ): 189, cmphasizcs thi.~ poine: ~ h i~ diOicuh cnough to pronounce a di:lgnosis with tht' l!Jeicnt C'llliuing ,\ stream of cons.:iousness on the cnuch without Iwing a bin):raph.:r sq)3r.tled from a subject by time and dislance." 5. Van WJgo,,,;r. MSi dncy and Me:' 15 1. b. John Brooke, rev;":w of Sid,It'}' lligdou: A "orlmil of Rl'iigiolls &eI:55, by Richard S. V,ln \V~g,oncr, JOUrl"" 'if /\mai((w Hi,.lOfy lUI J ( J 995): 1208. David \Vhittaker's review I.'xpressed concern "I Van W<lSO,wr"s udcsnil'tion of rcligiu"s faith as . .. melltal illness:' !mmul/ofMommu /-liSI"r}, 2311 ( 1997): 192- 93. 7. Dii/gnostic fwd Slmi;I;,,,/ IdIllIlUl/ of M.'utllll)isor</u,. 3rd cd., rcv. (OSM II1 -R) {\\,~~ hil1gl\ln, D.C.: American \'sychi:llrk Association, 1987).217,228. Organic f~ctor s­ me<l"ing factors Ihat arl.' nut part of a person's normal physiology-could include tUlllurs, inf;.'ctiuu, agt·nts, drugs, or ht'<ld trauma. Since the publication uf Sid/1('Y Ri):t/'m. tJl(' /Ji(I):HUSli,- (III/I St/lli,/i<i/I MWIIIIII '" M"II/lIl I>i,ordcr" 4th cd, (DSM IV) (Washington. D.C.: Amer;cJ!1 I'sy(hiatr;( Assuciat;un, 1\194 ), has be.::n published; see 350-66 for rele· vant inii>flll:ttiun. 264 • FARMS RE VIEW OF BOOKS 14/1-2 (2002) from the rough, froze n surface." The abuse left Rigdon unconsc ious and his "head highl y inllamed" and led directly to a delirious stat e in whi ch he threatened to kill both his wife and Joseph Smi th. ~ Ri gdon's delirium lypifies the ac/iollS neur%gisls :lnd lJeurop,~ych%gis / s ex­ pecr to follow the trauma described.
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