Le Rôle Des Festivals De Cinéma Internationaux Dans L'émergence Du Cinéma Iranien

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Le Rôle Des Festivals De Cinéma Internationaux Dans L'émergence Du Cinéma Iranien Université de Montréal Le rôle des festivals de cinéma internationaux dans l’émergence du cinéma iranien par Jeroen Deraeve Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise (M.A.) en études cinématographiques Juillet, 2015 © Jeroen Deraeve, 2015 iii RÉSUMÉ Jusqu’à la fin du vingtième siècle, les études sur le cinéma iranien ont tendance à aborder ce cinéma par rapport à la Révolution islamique de 1979, c’est-à-dire à le diviser en deux époques, prérévolutionnaire et postrévolutionnaire. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une pensée récente qui étudie l’émergence de ce cinéma national en tant que cheminement continu et dominé par des politiques culturelles contradictoires et ambiguës. Dans cette étude, nous ferons au premier chapitre un survol de l’histoire du cinéma iranien, avec un intérêt particulier pour la culture des festivals. Il s’agira de décrypter les enjeux politiques et culturels qui dirigent les décisions du gouvernement et des professionnels de l’industrie. Le deuxième chapitre proposera un questionnement sur la notion de cinéma national, et appliquera cette notion au cinéma iranien. Une attention particulière sera portée à la Fondation du cinéma Farabi, une institution clé dans la promotion du cinéma national et dans l’émergence des films iraniens dans les festivals de films internationaux. Finalement, le troisième chapitre présentera le rôle des festivals dans l’industrie cinématographique ainsi qu’une analyse de l’évolution des films iraniens présentés au Festival des films du monde de Montréal afin de démontrer l’influence des politiques culturelles iraniennes floues sur la présence des films iraniens dans les festivals occidentaux. Mots-clés: cinéma — cinéma national — cinéma iranien — Iran — Fondation du cinéma Farabi — festival — Festival international de films de Fajr — Festival des films du monde de Montréal iv ABSTRACT Until the end of the twentieth century, studies on Iranian cinema consider the Islamic Revolution of 1979 as a turning point in the history of this cinema, i.e. they divide its history in two eras, pre- revolutionary and post-revolutionary. This research joins the recent idea that this national cinema emerged as a continuous progression dominated by contradictory and ambiguous cultural policies. In the first chapter of this essay, we will paint a general picture of the history of Iranian cinema, and its festival culture in particular. We will clarify the political and cultural incentives that orchestrate the decisions of the authorities and the industry’s professionals. The second chapter will question the notion of national cinema, and will apply this notion to Iranian cinema. Special attention will be paid to the Farabi Cinema Foundation, a key institution in the promotion of Iranian national cinema and in the emergence of Iranian films in international film festivals. Thereafter, the third chapter will present the role of festivals in the film industry and an analysis of the evolution of Iranian films presented at the Montreal World Film Festival in order to demonstrate the influence of vague Iranian cultural policies on the presence of Iranian films in Western films festivals. Keywords: cinema — national cinema — Iranian cinema — Iran — Farabi Cinema Foundation — festival — Fajr International Film Festival — Montreal World Film Festival v TABLE Résumé iii Abstract iv Table v Liste des tableaux vii Remerciements viii Introduction 9 I. Le cinéma iranien dans un monde de festivals 11 1.1 Le cinéma sans festivals 11 1.2 Une tradition de festivals culturels 13 1.3 La nouveauté des festivals de cinéma 16 1.4 Un cinéma alternatif 18 1.5 La révolution, un point tournant? 21 1.6 Institutionnaliser l’inspiration musulmane 24 1.6.1 La Fondation du cinéma Farabi 26 1.6.2 Le festival international Fajr 28 1.7 Le cinéma soumis aux politiques culturelles discontinues 29 1.8 Le succès international 33 1.9 L’ère Panahi 37 1.10 Une vague continue 38 2. L’Iran et son cinéma national 40 2.1 Le concept de cinéma national 40 2.1.1 La nation et le cinéma 40 2.1.2 Entre identification et construction 43 2.1.3 Le nationalisme et le cinéma 46 2.1.4 Le cinéma national et ses cinq conditions 48 2.2 Un cinéma national iranien? 50 2.2.1 Un cinéma iranien national, transnational ou international ? 52 2.2.2 Les festivals et la malléabilité des identités 58 vi 2.3 La fondation Farabi et la promotion du cinéma national iranien 61 2.3.1. La question de la censure dans le cinéma iranien 65 2.4 Du projet cinématographique national à l’international 67 3. Le cinéma iranien à Montréal 69 3.1 Le rôle des festivals dans l’industrie 69 3.1.1 Le cinéma et la politique 70 3.1.2 Le cinéma iranien face à l’hégémonie européenne 75 3.2 Les festivals de cinéma à Montréal 78 3.3 Cas d’étude : le cinéma iranien au Festival des films du monde de Montréal 83 3.3.1 L’arrivée de la fondation Farabi 83 3.3.2 L’âge d’or (1995-2000) 84 3.3.3 Censure et stagnation 87 3.3.4 Un changement de discours 89 3.3.5 Un bref détour par le FNC 92 3.3.6 L’analyse de films représentatifs 93 3.4 La production filmique sous le joug de la politique 98 Conclusion 102 Bibliographie cv Filmographie (par réalisateur) cx Notes cxviii vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Nombre d’apparitions de films iraniens dans les festivals internationaux..................34 Tableau 2 : Nombre de prix et de membres de jury iraniens dans les festivals internationaux .....34 viii REMERCIEMENTS En préambule à ce mémoire, je remercie de tout cœur toutes les personnes suivantes, sans qui ce mémoire n’aurait jamais vu le jour : ⎯ mon directeur de recherches, André Habib, de son soutien, de sa patience, de ses conseils, et de son enthousiasme; ⎯ les auteur(e)s dont il est mention dans ce travail de leur apport aux études cinématographiques et iraniennes, ainsi que les bibliothèques des universités montréalaises et de la Cinémathèque québécoise car ensemble elles constituent un réseau de consultation et de connaissance inépuisable; ⎯ mes parents de m’avoir donné la possibilité d’entamer ma maîtrise et de m’avoir soutenu tout au long de ce projet; ⎯ ma sœur, mes grands-parents, et mes ami(e)s de leurs encouragements. Je dédie ce mémoire aux artistes iraniens et à mes parents. 9 INTRODUCTION Liège, automne 2009. Dans la noirceur d’une des salles du cinéma Churchill, un monde inconnu défile devant mes yeux. Je découvre le milieu underground de la capitale iranienne, notamment celui de la scène rock. Différent de l’image projetée par les médias, Les chats persans/Kasi az gorbehaye irani khabar nadareh (2009) du réalisateur kurde iranien Bahman Ghobadi oscille entre le documentaire et la fiction, et me plonge dans une profonde perplexité. Un an plus tard, je me retrouve à bord d’un avion en direction de Téhéran — le début d’un long voyage dont cette étude est l’aboutissement provisoire. Ce mémoire est ma tentative de contribuer à une vision objective d’un pays dont les informations qui nous parviennent sont si souvent biaisées. L’étude est divisée en trois parties. Premièrement, elle présente un survol de l’histoire du cinéma iranien et son rôle dans les festivals de films iraniens et internationaux. L’Iran a un héritage festivalier riche, mais le rôle du cinéma dans le pays n’a pas toujours été évident. Semblablement à d’autres pays, le cinéma iranien dépend des politiques culturelles, et celles-ci ont exigé beaucoup du septième art. Notamment la révolution islamique en 1979 reste un changement incontournable dans l’histoire du pays, et ses conséquences sont encore sensibles à travers toutes les branches du marché aujourd’hui. Le premier chapitre portera une attention particulière à la position de la Fondation du cinéma Farabi et au Festival international de films Fajr, et comment ceux-ci ont contribué et contribuent encore aujourd’hui au paysage cinématographique en Iran. De façon générale, je me base sur les recherches de Hamid Naficy (2011, 2012) et Azadeh Farahmand (2006, 2010, 2014) pour cette partie. Ensuite, le deuxième chapitre questionne la notion du « cinéma national iranien », tout en étudiant les notions de « nation » et de « cinéma national » en lien avec l’Iran. Une attention sera portée aux festivals de cinéma, à la Fondation Farabi et son rôle dans la construction du cinéma national iranien, et à la question de la censure dans ce cinéma. Les recherches de Christopher Gow (2011), Shahab Esfandiary (2012), et Saeed Zeydabadi-Nejad (2010) serviront de guides. Finalement, la dernière partie s’intéresse davantage aux festivals de films et leur rôle au sein de l’industrie cinématographique, un champ d’étude nouvellement amorcé par Marijke de Valck (2007) et Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong (2011). Il y sera question du lien entre la politique et le septième art, et comment le cinéma iranien émerge dans 10 un milieu de festivals très occidentalisé. Une étude de cas sur le cinéma iranien et son évolution au sein du Festival des films du monde de Montréal conclut le chapitre. L’étude se base sur une approche historique, à la fois du cinéma iranien et de l’influence des festivals de films sur ce dernier. Il s’agit de décrypter et de comprendre les enjeux politiques et culturels qui dirigent les décisions et les actions des cinéastes, des autorités, et des programmateurs des festivals. Afin de bien entamer cette recherche, quelques délimitations et spécifications s’imposent.
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