Timeline / 1860 to 1890 / MIGRATIONS

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Timeline / 1860 to 1890 / MIGRATIONS Date Country Theme 1860 Austria Migrations Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is born in Moravia; he emigrates from Moravia to Vienna. 1863 Egypt Migrations Muhammad Sa‘id Pasha dispatches part of a Sudanese battalion to help stop a rebellion against the Second Mexican Empire. 1866 Austria Migrations Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from south-western Germany is elected as Prince of Romania. 1868 Austria Migrations Michael Latos is born in Croatia (Austrian Empire) in 1828. He later deserts the Austrian army and flees to the Ottoman Empire, where he makes a military career as Omar Pasha and becomes Minister of War in 1868. 1868 - 1883 Italy Migrations Different circular letters by the Minister of Interior place obstacles on migration: migrants are supposed to have work contracts or to prove they have enough funding to repatriate. Such circular letters have only limited effect. Landowners put pressure on government to discourage migration. 1874 Egypt Migrations Khedive Isma‘il attempts to reduce slave trading and extends Egypt’s rule in Africa. Managing to annex Darfur in 1874, he is prevented from further expansion into Ethiopia when his army is defeated by the Emperor Yohannes IV. 1875 Austria Migrations Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is born in Kališt# in Bohemia; he emigrates from there to Vienna in 1875. 1875 Egypt Migrations The Egyptian Geographic Society is established by a decree of Khedive Isma‘il Pasha on 19 May 1875. Its first president is the German botanist, traveller and ethnologist Georg August Schweinfurth. 1875 Republic of Macedonia Migrations (FYROM) The Dictionary of Three Languages by Gjorgji Pulevski (d. 1893) is published in Belgrade. It shows the political context and coexistence of Macedonians, Albanians and Turks in the territory of Macedonia. It gives words in Macedonian, Albanian Date Country Theme and Turkish in three columns. Pulevski was also the author of the Dictionary of Four Languages. 1877 Austria Migrations Karl Krauss (1874–1936) is born in Ji#ín in Bohemia; he emigrates from Bohemia to Vienna in 1877, where his famous journal Die Fackel (The Torch) is published in 1898. 1877 - 1878 Turkey Migrations Mass Balkan migration. After the Russo-Turkish War (called the ’93 War by Turks) between 1 and 1.5 million people are driven from the Balkans to the Ottoman heartlands. 1880 Lebanon Migrations A small number of Lebanese people emigrate to the USA, the first of a wave of migration abroad. 1880 - 1887 Italy Migrations As a consequence of agricultural crisis, mass migration starts. 1880 - 1889 Italy Migrations Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 37,000; USA 24,000; Argentina 39,000; Brazil 22,000. 1880s United Kingdom Migrations European Zionism initiates a small migration, mostly from Russia – especially after the pogroms – to Palestine. Among the Jewish community in Palestine are ancestors of Jewish migrants from the 15th and 16th centuries who fled the Iberian Peninsula after their expulsion by Ferdinand and Isabella. 1882 Tunisia Migrations Inauguration of the new Catholic Cathedral in Tunis, designed in the monumental Greco-Roman style, in line with the image France intends to convey in the early days of its protectorate over the regency. 1888 Italy Migrations The first law on migration introduces measures aimed at preventing a married woman from migrating without her husband’s consent; at preventing men to migrate to avoid military service; and at granting migrants some protection against abuses. 1888 Republic of Macedonia Migrations (FYROM) Date Country Theme A movement to awaken national awareness leads to the establishment of many independent associations of Macedonian emigrants, such as the Macedonian Literary Society established by Gjorgji Pulevski in Sofia in 1888..

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