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CHAPTER 11 1800–1920 the Age of Imperialism

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CHAPTER 11 1800–1920 the Age of Imperialism CHAPTER 11 1800–1920 The Age of Imperialism European powers came to rule a large portion of Africa and Asia between 1800 and 1920. Only Japan emerged as an independent power capable of challenging the West. In the arris,1917 H . Americas, the United States exercised greater E lbert influence over the affairs of its neighbors. A by by Theme In the 1800s industrialized nations looked beyond their own borders for ways to build their economic and political strength. In this chapter you will examine how this economic drive contributed to an intense competition for global empire. Edward VII Receiving VII Maharajas Coronation, Edward Dignitariesandhis to prior TIME LINE 1884–1885 1885 The Indian 1842 1862 The Berlin Conference National Congress CHAPTER The first Opium War France gains control sets the rules for is founded. EVENTS ends in China. of Vietnam. dividing Africa. 1840 1860 1880 WORLD 1845 1861 1871 EVENTS The Irish Potato The American German unification Famine begins. Civil War begins. is complete. 340 CHAPTER 11 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of imperialism. Reading like a This painting shows Great Historian Britain’s Edward, Prince of Wales, being greeted by Indian princes during an 1895 1898 official visit to India in 1875. Japan wins the Sino- The United States gains Japanese War. control of Cuba and the Analyzing Visuals The artist painted this scene in Philippines. 1917, when Britain’s position as a major world power was being threatened by the events of World War I. 1900 1920 Why do you think the artist chose to look back at this 1901 particular moment? Edward VII becomes king 1914 See Skills Handbook, p. H26 of the United Kingdom. World War I begins. THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM 341 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points Interactive India became the UROPEAN MPERIALISM centerpiece of the E I British Empire. "4*" &6301& /035) 1850 ".&3*$" "5-"/5*$ 0$&"/ 1"$*'*$ "'3*$" 0$&"/ 4065) */%*"/ 1"$*'*$0$&"/ ".&3*$" 0$&"/ "6453"-*" .JMFT ,JMPNFUFST 3PCJOTPOQSPKFDUJPO &VSPQFBO$PMPOJFT #FMHJBO #SJUJTI %BOJTI "/5"3$5*$" %VUDI 'SFODI (FSNBO *UBMJBO "4*" 1PSUVHVFTF &6301& /035) 4QBOJTI ".&3*$" 1914 "5-"/5*$ 0$&"/ By 1914 much of 1"$*'*$ West Africa had been "'3*$" claimed by France. 0$&"/ 4065) */%*"/ 1"$*'*$0$&"/ ".&3*$" 0$&"/ "6453"-*" .JMFT ,JMPNFUFST King Leopold of Bel- 3PCJOTPOQSPKFDUJPO gium controlled the Congo until 1908. "/5"3$5*$" Starting in the late 1. Analyze Why do you think there were 1700s, European nations began a renewed more European colonies in 1914 than in Listen to History 1850? campaign of competitive empire building that Go online to listen to an would eventually span the globe. By the early 2. Predict How do you think the change in explanation of the starting 1900s, European nations controlled territory on political control in Africa between 1850 points for this chapter. nearly every continent. The legacy of imperialism and 1914 affected Africa’s people? go.hrw.com would affect the world for decades to come. Keyword: SHL IMP 342 CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1 The British in India As you BEFORE YOU READ read, take notes on the develop- "4*" MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS &6301& ment and effects of /035) One of the first examples 1. What changes set the stage for British East India Company ".&3*$" British rule in India. "5-"/5*$ of European imperialism in European imperialism in Asia Sepoy Mutiny 0$&"/ Asia, the British rule over and Africa? Raj Development India changed Indian poli- 2. What role did the British East Indian National Congress 1"$*'*$ tics, economics, and society Muslim League British Rule in India "'3*$" India Company play in British 0$&"/ and led to the rise of Indian imperialism in India? nationalism. Effects 4065) */%*"/ 3. What was life like in India when 1"$*'*$0$&"/ ".&3*$" 0$&"/ it became a British colony? "6453"-*" .JMFT ,JMPNFUFST 1857 ayman, reat ritain s H G B ’ 3PCJOTPOQSPKFDUJPO by Francis by Deceit "/5"3$5*$" British general Robert Clive made a secret deal to gain territory for Britain. RobertJaffar Mir and Clive after Battlethe Plassey, of When does a secret work better Outraged, the British sent general Robert Clive to than an army? The year was 1756, recapture Calcutta. Clive secretly met with a commander and British power in India was rising. To of the Bengal army. Later, when the British met the Bengal secure their position in India, the British began fortifying army, the commander refused to join in the battle. Why did their position in the rich trading city of Calcutta. This effort the commander not fight? He and Clive had made a secret angered the ruler of Bengal, the region in which Calcutta deal. The deal helped the British recapture Calcutta, and lay, and he sent his army to attack the British fortifications the commander became the ruler of Bengal. at Fort William. The fort fell quickly, and more than 140 By taking control of Calcutta, the British had essentially British defenders were imprisoned in a small, poorly venti- become the rulers of the richest province in the Mughal lated jail cell for the night. All but 23 of the prisoners died Empire. Remarkably, the conquest of Bengal had been won of dehydration and suffocation. not through military might, but through deceit. THE AGE OF imPERIAlism 343 Setting the Stage British East India Company The arrival of the British in India was an Early British imperialism in India was not car- example of European imperialism, the process ried out by the government but by a trading of one people ruling or controlling another. By company, the British East India Company. Cre- 1700, Spain, Great Britain, France, and Por- ated to control trade between Britain, India, and tugal ruled vast territories in the Americas. East Asia, the company soon became embroiled Europeans had less success, however, in ruling in Indian politics. By 1800 it had come to rule territory in Asia and Africa. While Europeans much of India in the name of Great Britain. had built trading posts along those continents’ coasts, they held little territory farther inland. The British Take Control As long as the By the late 1700s, however, European Mughal Empire remained strong in India, states began expanding their power in Asia the East India Company’s activity was lim- and Africa. Two factors that made this possible ited to coastal trading cities. When the empire were new technologies and the weakening of began to break apart into small states in the the great empires of Asia and North Africa. mid-1700s, though, leaders of the East India Company sensed a chance to take over Indian New Technologies Advances in technology lands. They manipulated the rulers of these gave Europeans a huge military advantage new states, suggesting to each ruler that he over Africans and Asians. Steam-powered gun- needed British support to keep his throne. By boats could attack even inland targets, while playing rulers against each other and keeping repeating rifles, machine guns, and exploding them from cooperating, the British kept India shells made European armies more lethal than in chaos. The company then swept in with its ever. Asian and African weapon makers simply own armies and took over much of India, claim- could not match these new technologies. ing to have done so just to restore order. Weakening Empires Meanwhile, the great Changes in India Once in control, the East empires of Asia and North Africa were weak- India Company made changes to Indian society. ening, and Europeans took advantage. The They introduced a new education system and Mughal Empire in India entered a deep decline the English language. They also introduced English is still after 1707. The Ottoman Empire lost strength British laws that banned certain customs, such widely spoken throughout the 1700s and had a weak grasp on as sati, the practice of Hindu widows throwing in India today and serves as a its North African provinces. The Qing dynasty themselves on their husbands’ funeral fires. major language in China faced several major rebellions. By The British also invited Christian missionar- of government the late 1700s, European armies faced limited ies to spread their beliefs through India. and business. resistance as they claimed new territories. Eventually, some Indians began to believe the British were trying to destroy their society. Summarize Why did They thought the British wanted to eliminate European power begin to expand in the late 1700s? Indian customs and Hinduism completely. As a result, relations between Indians and British became increasingly strained. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM The Sepoy Mutiny In 1857 these strained Imperial nations developed several different ways relations exploded into a rebellion, the Sepoy of organizing and governing the many territories Mutiny. Sepoys were Indian soldiers who in their empires. fought in the British army. The spark that • Colony a territory governed by a foreign power set off their rebellion was the introduction of a new type of British rifle. Before inserting a • Protectorate a territory that has its own gov- cartridge into the rifle, a soldier had to bite off ernment but is controlled by a foreign power the end of an ammunition cartridge, which was • Sphere of influence a territory in which a greased with pork and beef fat. This offended country claims exclusive political or economic both Muslim sepoys, who did not eat pork, and rights. Hindu sepoys, who did not eat beef. 344 CHAPTER 11 THE BRITISH IN INDIA, 1767–1858 ,"4).*3 16/+"# #SJUJTIDPOUSPMMFEJO #SJUJTIDPOUSPMMFEJO ranger Collection, ranger York New G S F unknown Indian artist, unknownIndian c. 1860, W #SJUJTIDPOUSPMMFEJO J he he ( 3 T B %FMIJ O "SFBPG4FQPZ.VUJOZ VT HF E T *O 3"+165"/" /035)8&45 4*/% 1307*/$&4 S #*)"3 "44".
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