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Coordinates: 41°54.2′N 12°27.2′E

Vatican City

Vatican City (/ˈvætɪkən/ ( listen); Italian: Città del Vaticano [tʃitˈta [7][8] [d] Vatican City State ddel vatiˈkaːno]; : Civitas Vaticana), officially the Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City (Italian: Stato della Città del Status Civitatis Vaticanae (Latin) Vaticano;[e] Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae),[f] is an independent Stato della Città del Vaticano (Italian) state[9] located within the city of . With an area of 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of about 1,000,[3] it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. However, formally it is not sovereign, with being held by the .

It is an ecclesiastical[3] or sacerdotal-monarchical[10] state (a type of ) ruled by the who is, religiously speaking, the of Rome and head of the Roman Church. The highest state Flag functionaries are all Catholic of various national origins. Since the Anthem: Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Italian) return of the from in 137 7 , they have generally resided "Pontifical Anthem and March" at the within what is now Vatican City, although at 0:00 MENU times residing instead in the in Rome or elsewhere.

The Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes),[g] which dates back to early and is the main of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. The independent city-state, on the other hand, came into existence in 1929 by the Treaty between the Holy See and , which spoke of it as a new creation,[11] not as a vestige of the much larger (7 56–187 0), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. According to the terms of the treaty, the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and " over the Location of Vatican City (green) in (dark grey) – [Legend] city-state.[12] Capital Vatican City (city-state) Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. 's and largest city 41°54.2′N 12°27.2′E , the Sistine and the Vatican . They feature some languages Italian[a] of the world's most famous paintings and . The unique is supported financially by the sale of postage Latin stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the Roman Catholicism sale of publications. Unitary absolute [2] under an ecclesiastical[3] and [4] [5] Contents elective theocracy • Sovereign Francis Name • Secretary of History State Early history • President of Papal States the Governorate [6] Legislature Lateran treaties World War II Independence from the Post-war history • 11 February 1929 Area Climate 2 Gardens • Total 0.44 km (0.17 sq mi) (196th) Governance Political system Population and government • 2017 estimate 1,000[3] (236th) Administration • Density 2,272/km2 (5,884.5/sq mi) Defense and security (6th) Foreign relations (€) (EUR) Economy Time zone CET (UTC+1) Demographics Population and languages • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) Citizenship Drives on the right[b] Wine consumption [c] Culture Calling code +379 Sport ISO 3166 code VA Infrastructure TLD .va Transport Communications Recycling UNESCO World Heritage Site Crime Criteria Cultural: i, ii, iv, vi See also Reference 286 (http://whc.unesco.or References g/en/list/286) Footnotes Citation notes Inscription 1984 (8th Session) Bibliography External links Official websites Other websites

Name

The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city- state. The name is taken from , the geographic location of the state. "Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the area the Romans called vaticanus ager, "Vatican territory".

The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State". Although the Holy See (which is distinct from the Vatican City) and the use in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ;[13][14] this is used in official documents by not just the Holy See, but in most official Church and Papal documents.

History

Early history

The name "Vatican" was already in use in the time of the for a marshy area on the west bank of the across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor (31 August AD 12–24 January AD View of St. Peter's Square from the 41; r. 37 –41) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers (AD 40) that was later top of 's dome completed by , the Circus Gaii et Neronis,[15] usually called, simply, the .[16]

Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome (the ) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation. A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess and her consort remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby.[17]

The particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial (40 – between 102 and 104 AD).[18] wrote, that in AD 69, the Y ear of the Four Emperors, when the northern that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, "a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease".[19]

The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant.[20] This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Peter was crucified upside-down.[21]

Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of , buried in that cemetery.[22] The Vatican obelisk, originally taken from Egypt by Caligula From then on, the area became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of (reigned 498–514).[23]

Papal States

Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the , for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

For most of this time the popes did not live at the Vatican. The , on the opposite side of Rome was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 137 7 , they lived at Avignon in . On their return to Rome they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under (1605–1621), but on the in 187 0 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the .

The Italian peninsula in 1796. Italian unification The shaded yellow territory in central Italy is the Papal In 187 0, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was State. annexed by the Piedmont-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "".

Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 187 1 the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognized by the of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929; Pope Pius IX (1846–187 8), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a "". Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues.[24]

Lateran treaties This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal for Pope Pius XI.[11][12][25] The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy.[26]

World War II

The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory.[27] One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality.[28] The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was: "that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war".[28] Bands of the British army's 38th After the American entry into the war, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of Brigade playing in front of St Peter's offending Catholic members of its forces, but said that "they could not stop Basilica, June 1944. the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided". The British uncompromisingly said "they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded".[29] In December 1942, the British envoy suggested to the Holy See that Rome be declared an "open city", a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the British, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 American aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, aiming particularly at the railway hub. Some 1,500 people were killed; Pius XII himself, who had been described in the previous month as "worried sick" about the possible bombing, went to the scene of the tragedy. Another raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power.[30] On the following day, the new government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration, but the British had decided that they would never recognize Rome as an open city.[31]

Post-war history

Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies: Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and for the Congregation for the Religious among them.[32] Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intentions to do so in his preceding Christmas message.

The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the , was disbanded by will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 197 0.[33] The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force.

In 1984, a new between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholicism as the Italian , a position given to it by a statute of the of 1848.[26]

Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, , adjacent to St Peter's Basilica was criticised by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments.[34] For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State's right to build within its borders.[34]

Geography

The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount.[35] The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the , and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the river Tiber, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847 –855), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534– 1549), Pius IV (1559–1565) and Urban VIII (1623–1644).

When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.

The territory includes St. Peter's Map of Vatican City, highlighting notable buildings and the Vatican gardens. Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the which runs from close to the Tiber to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.

According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of and the , enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.[36][37] These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and Territory of Vatican City State institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.[37] according to the Lateran Treaty.

Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.[36]

There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The , incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there. St. Peter's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII

Climate

Vatican City's climate is the same as Rome's: a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square.

Climate data for Vatican City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high 19.8 21.2 26.6 27.2 33.0 37.8 39.4 40.6 38.4 30.0 25.0 20.2 40.6 °C (°F) (67.6) (70.2) (79.9) (81) (91.4) (100) (102.9) (105.1) (101.1) (86) (77) (68.4) (105.1) Average high 11.9 13.0 15.2 17.7 22.8 26.9 30.3 30.6 26.5 21.4 15.9 12.6 20.4 °C (°F) (53.4) (55.4) (59.4) (63.9) (73) (80.4) (86.5) (87.1) (79.7) (70.5) (60.6) (54.7) (68.7) Daily mean 7.5 8.2 10.2 12.6 17.2 21.1 24.1 24.5 20.8 16.4 11.4 8.4 15.2 °C (°F) (45.5) (46.8) (50.4) (54.7) (63) (70) (75.4) (76.1) (69.4) (61.5) (52.5) (47.1) (59.4) Average low 3.1 3.5 5.2 7.5 11.6 15.3 18.0 18.3 15.2 11.3 6.9 4.2 10.0 °C (°F) (37.6) (38.3) (41.4) (45.5) (52.9) (59.5) (64.4) (64.9) (59.4) (52.3) (44.4) (39.6) (50) Record low −11.0 −4.4 −5.6 0.0 3.8 7.8 10.6 10.0 5.6 0.8 −5.2 −4.8 −11 °C (°F) (12.2) (24.1) (21.9) (32) (38.8) (46) (51.1) (50) (42.1) (33.4) (22.6) (23.4) (12.2) Average 67 73 58 81 53 34 19 37 73 113 115 81 804 precipitation (2.64) (2.87) (2.28) (3.19) (2.09) (1.34) (0.75) (1.46) (2.87) (4.45) (4.53) (3.19) (31.65) mm (inches) Average precipitation 7.0 7.6 7.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 2.1 3.3 6.2 8.2 9.7 8.0 79.4 days (≥ 1 mm) Mean monthly 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8 sunshine hours

Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[38] data of sunshine hours[39]

In July 2007 , the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and ,[40] whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a in ,[41] as a purely symbolic gesture[42] to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet.[43] Nothing came of the project.[44][45]

On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with solar panels.[46][47]

Gardens Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens (Italian: Giardini Vaticani),[48] which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.

The gardens cover approximately 23 hectares (57 acres) which is most of the Vatican Hill. The highest point is 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West.

The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace.[49] In 127 9 Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 127 7 –1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls.[50] He planted an orchard (pomerium), a lawn (pratellum) and a garden (viridarium).[50]

Panorama of the gardens from atop St. Peter's Basilica

Governance

The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute , in which the head of the Church takes power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City (an entity distinct from the Holy See), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy.[51]

Vatican City is one of the few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations.[52] The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.

Political system

The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The Pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the Pope for five-year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary. The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative and judicial branches over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute in Europe.

There are specific departments that deal with health, security, , etc.[53]

The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during the period of the empty or (papal vacancy). Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal ), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City. All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the as a whole.

The that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman , ). They also formed the ceremonial . In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of Delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated President of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the of 28 March 1968,[54] Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse.[55]

Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 187 0 to 1929). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea.[56]

Head of state and government

The Pope is ex officio head of state[57] of Vatican City since the 1860s [58], functions dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the of Rome. The term "Holy See" refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the .[59] His official with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City.

Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, , was elected on The Apostolic Palace (Palazzo 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City as Apostolico), the of well as the country's head of government is the President of the Pontifical the Pope. Here, Benedict XVI is at the Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions window marked by a maroon banner previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the President of hanging from the windowsill at centre. the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of President of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current President is Italian Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, who was appointed on 1 October 2011.

Administration

Legislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See's Secretariat of State, and before taking effect must be published in a special appendix of the . Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive , such as approval for a new set of postage stamps.

Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission—using the title "President of the Governorate of Vatican City"—a general secretary, and a Vice general secretary, each appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State.

The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security and police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano.

Judicial functions are delegated to a , an appellate court, a (Tribunal of Vatican City State), and a trial judge. At the Vatican's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy (see the section on crime, below).

The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 – altogether SCV-00120.[60]

Defense and security

As the Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian armed forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as the Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and resident in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the pope's personal and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and . All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the with certificates of conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 17 4 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The Palatine Guard and the A guard of the Vatican at his Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI sentry box. in 197 0.[33] As Vatican City has listed every building in its territory on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict theoretically renders it immune to armed attack.[61]

Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national Gendarmerie car. fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and casualty management. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie (see below). Pontifical Swiss Guard in his The Gendarmerie Corps (Corpo della Gendarmeria) is the gendarmerie, or police and traditional uniform. security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.[62] The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence (which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.[63][64]

Foreign relations

Vatican City State is a recognized national territory under , but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own.

Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City—embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome Palace of the Governorate of Vatican was held by the Axis Powers and Germany's when the Allies controlled Rome. City State.

The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state.[65]

However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership:[66][67] European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat IGO) International Grains Council (IGC) International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) International Union (ITU) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) Interpol[68] Universal Postal Union (UPU) It also participates in:[66]

World Medical Association World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Economy

The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, , medals and tourist mementos; by The Ingresso di Sant'Anna, an fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales.[h] The incomes and living entrance to Vatican City from Italy. standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.[69] Other industries include printing, the production of , and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a Vatican .

The Institute for Works of Religion (IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, and with the acronym IOR (Istituto per le Opere di Religione), is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.[70]

Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999/98). and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002— the Vatican does not issue . Issuance of euro-denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.[71] Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.[72] Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican currency, which was on par with the .

Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.[73]

In 2012, the U.S. State Department's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money-laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia.[74]

On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal . This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a with money laundering offenses. also appointed an -general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the would be the Vatican's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.[75]

Demographics

Population and languages

Almost all of Vatican City's more than 450[76] citizens either live inside the Vatican's walls or serve in the Holy See's diplomatic service in embassies (called "nunciature"; a papal ambassador is a "") around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups: clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the City's actual citizens are Catholic as are all the places of worship. Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications.[77] Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Romansh or Italian. Vatican City's official website languages are Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish. (This site should not be confused with that of the Holy See, which uses all these languages, along with Portuguese, with Latin since 9 May 2008 and Chinese since 18 March 2009.)

Citizenship The Seal of Vatican City. Note the use of the . Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is extended also to the spouse, parents and descendants of a citizen, provided they are living with the person who is a citizen.[78][79] The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues normal passports for its citizens.

Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen as provided in the Lateran Treaty.[36]

As of 31 December 2011, other than the pope, there were 594 persons possessing Vatican citizenship, of which:[80]

7 2% were clergy, including:

71 cardinals residing in Rome, 307 titular and other clergy serving as papal diplomats, 51 other members of the clergy. 28% were , including:

1 religious sister, 109 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard 55 other lay persons. The persons authorized to reside in the Vatican City maintaining their original citizenship were 238, of the aforementioned numbers.

The persons residing in buildings outside of the Vatican City in buildings exempt from expropriation and taxation were 3,500 on the above mentioned date.

On 22 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated a new "Law concerning citizenship, residency and access" to Vatican City, which became effective on 1 March. It replaced the 1929 "Law concerning citizenship and residence".[81][82] There are 16 articles in the new law, whereas the old law had 33 articles.[81] It updated the old law by incorporating changes made after 1929, such as the 1940 granting of Vatican City citizenship, durante munere, to the members of the Holy See's diplomatic service.[83] It also created a new category, that of official Vatican "residents", i.e., people living in Vatican City; these are not necessarily Vatican citizens.[81]

On 1 March 2011, only 220 of the over 800 people living in Vatican City were citizens. There was a total of 57 2 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic and diplomatic staff.[81]

As of 2013, there were about 30 female citizens.[84]

Wine consumption

More wine is drunk per person in the Vatican City than in any other country in the world, according to statistics released by the California Wine Institute. The figures show that residents of the Vatican consume 7 4 litres of wine on average – roughly equivalent to 105 bottles over the course of a year. That amount is around double the amount drunk by the average person in France or Italy as a whole, and triple the quantity consumed in the UK.[85] 360-degree view from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, looking over the Vatican's Saint Peter's Square (centre) and out into Rome, showing Vatican City in all directions.

Culture

Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter's Basilica, whose successive architects include Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of . The Sistine Chapel is famous for its , which include works by Perugino, and Botticelli as well as the and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. Artists who decorated the interiors of the Vatican include and Fra Angelico.

The Vatican Apostolic and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire state.[86] Furthermore, it is the only site to date registered with the UNESCO as The Vatican Museums (Musei a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property Vaticani) display works from the under Special Protection" according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the extensive collection of the Catholic Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.[86] Church.

Michelangelo's Pietà, in the Basilica, is one of the Vatican's best known artworks.

Michelangelo's frescos on the , "an artistic vision without precedent".[87] The elaborately decorated Sistine Hall in the .

Main courtyard of the Vatican Museums

Sport

There is a football championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard's FC Guardia and police and guard teams.[88]

Infrastructure

Transport

Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is 1.05 kilometres (0.65 miles) long and 0.85 kilometres (0.53 miles) wide,[89] it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, -Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.[90]

There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected to The shortest national railway system in the world. Italy's network at Rome's Saint Peter's station by an 852-metre-long (932 yd) spur, 300 metres (330 yd) of which is within Vatican territory.[90] Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway; Pope John Paul II rarely used it.[90]

The closest metro station is Ottaviano – San Pietro – Musei Vaticani.[91]

Communications

The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service,[92] and a postal system that started operating on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State.[93] The City's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world",[94] and faster than the postal service in Rome.[94] The Vatican also controls its own Internet TLD, which is registered as (.va). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.

Vatican Radio, which was organized by , broadcasts on short- wave, medium-wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet.[95] Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican The Vatican's post office was Television Center.[96] established on the 11 February 1929.

L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Roman Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State.

Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section "Institutions linked with the Holy See", ahead of the sections on the Holy See's diplomatic service abroad and the Diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City.

Recycling

In 2008, the Vatican began an "ecological island" for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Francis.

Crime

Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders.[97] The tourist foot- traffic in St. Peter's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City.[98] If crimes are committed in Saint Peter's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police.[99]

Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty,[100] Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offense, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognized as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty.[100][101]

Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention.[102] People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons (Polizia Penitenziaria), with costs covered by the Vatican.[103]

See also

Index of Vatican City-related articles .va Outline of Vatican City Sovereign Military Order of Malta

References

Footnotes a. Many other languages are used by institutions situated within the state, such as the Holy See, the Pontifical Swiss Guard, and the Pontifical of Sciences. The Holy See uses Latin as its main official language, Italian as its main working language and French as its main diplomatic language; in addition, its Secretariat of State uses English, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. The Swiss Guard, in which commands on parade are given in German, also uses French and Italian, the other two official Swiss languages, in its official ceremonies, such as the annual swearing in of the new recruits on 6th May.[1] b. Visitors and tourists are not permitted to drive inside the Vatican without specific permission, which is normally granted only to those on official business in the Vatican. c. ITU-T assigned code 379 to Vatican City. However, Vatican City is included in the Italian telephone numbering plan and uses the Italian country code 39, followed by 06 (for Rome) and 698. d. The Ecclesiastical, and therefore official, pronunciation is [ˈtʃivitas vatiˈkana], the Classical one is [ˈkiːwɪtaːs waːtɪˈkaːna]. e. "Stato della Città del Vaticano" (Italian) is the name used in the text (https://web.archive.org/web/20120822001817/http://www.vat ican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html) of the state's Fundamental Law and in the state's official website (http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en.html). f. In the languages used by the Secretariat of State of the Holy See (except English and Italian as already mentioned above): French: Cité du Vatican—État de la Cité du Vatican German: Vatikanstadt, cf. Vatikan—Staat Vatikanstadt (in Austria: Staat der Vatikanstadt) Polish: Miasto Watykańskie, cf. Watykan—Państwo Watykańskie Portuguese: Cidade do Vaticano—Estado da Cidade do Vaticano Spanish: Ciudad del Vaticano—Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano g. The Holy See is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and a sovereign entity recognized by international law, consisting of the Pope and the Roman Curia. It is also commonly referred to as "the Vatican", especially when used as a metonym for the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. h. The Holy See's budget, which is distinct from that of Vatican City State, is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, , and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster and aid to churches in developing nations.

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Bibliography

Chadwick, Owen (1988). Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521- 36825-1. Kent, Peter C. (2002). The Lonely of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2326-X. Morley, John F. (1980). Vatican Diplomacy and the During the Holocaust, 1939–1943. New York: Ktav Pub. House. ISBN 0- 87068-701-8. Nichols, Fiona (2006). Rome and the Vatican (https://books.google.com/books?id=S-TekVnvyx4C&pg=PA85). London: New Holland. pp. 85–96. ISBN 978-1-84537-500-3. Ricci, Corrado; Begni, Ernesto (2003) [1914]. The Vatican: Its History, Its Treasures. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3941-7.

External links

Official websites

Official website (http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en.html) Official website of the Holy See (http://w2.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html)

Other websites

Media related to Vaticano at Wikimedia Commons The Vatican travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Vatican City Geographic data related to Vatican City (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/36989) at OpenStreetMap Inside the Vatican (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svaxr4erV_Q) on National Geographic YouTube channel Vatican Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073743/https://www.cia.gov/library/publication s/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-h/holy-see-vatican-city.html) "Holy See (Vatican City)" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Holy See (Vatican City) (https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084938/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/holysee.htm) from UCB GovPubs Vatican City (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Vatican_City) at Curlie (based on DMOZ) Vatican (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17994868) from BBC News The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome (http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/ id/107497), a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available on the Internet as PDF)

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