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Personal Confederacies: War and Peace in the American South, 1840-1890

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Personal Confederacies: War and Peace in the American South, 1840-1890 PERSONAL CONFEDERACIES: WAR AND PEACE IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH, 1840-1890 By JAMES J. BROOMALL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 James J. Broomall 2 To Tish 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In writing this acknowledgement, a highly personal endeavor, I see it as only fit to break orthodoxy in acknowledging those closest to me at the beginning rather than the end, for it is upon them I have leaned most heavily. My parents not only offered the emotional support to sustain a flagging spirit during the trials of graduate school but also generously sacrificed vacations, resources, and time to join me on prolonged research trips, read untold papers, and patiently hear me out during my many diatribes. Their love and support provide a constant guide. During my first year in graduate school at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, while pursuing a degree in Museum Studies, I met Tish Wiggs. Several years and states later she remains my constant companion, my best friend, and now my beloved wife. I have dedicated this dissertation to her as reflection, however small, of my respect, admiration, and love. This work is as much hers as mine and without her firm trust, constant help, and unwavering faith I’d still be working on Chapter One. It is an unparalleled joy to have Tish in my life. Among my friends in North Carolina, Jeff Curry, Ernie Dollar, Chris Graham, Chris Meekins, and David Southern provided unwavering support whenever home and helped form many of the ideas underpinning this work during our long, meandering conversations. My in-laws, Sefton and Cheryl, have always given me a warm home to visit. In Delaware and beyond, Rob Burdick, Matt Williamson, and Steve Wismer have remained the best of friends. I found a warm, welcoming, and sustaining home at the University of Florida. Among my peers I benefited from conversations with and the comments of Joe Beatty, Joel Black, Clay Cooper, Jim Flook, Matt Hall, Allison Fredette, Jenn Lyon, Ben Miller, Chris Ruehlen, Dan Simone, Taylor Patterson, and Angie Zombek. In particular, coffees 4 with Angela Diaz, bike rides with Scott Huffard, local dinners with Heather Bryson, elaborate dinners with Jason Daniels, football games with Roger Smith, and beer with Brian Bredehoeft always provoked long, thoughtful conversations that directed this work and me in manifold ways. Thank you all so much for your friendship and your help. Among the faculty, Professor Steve Noll patiently guided me as a naive teaching assistant and then later as a teaching associate; I constantly strive to animate my classroom and my teaching as Dr. Noll does each day. Professor Ben Wise offered numerous books, critical readings, and gentle advice that pushed my work in new and fruitful directions. Committee members Sean Adams, Matt Gallman, Jon Sensbach, and Sevan Terzian each carefully read this document, offered trenchant comments, and provided outstanding examples of scholarly rigor. Professor Gallman, in particular, has been with this project and me since the beginning and always provided thoughtful advice, wonderful references, and careful guidance. The committee’s time, care, and attention is deeply appreciated. The dissertation’s chair, William A. Link, is a person of untold generosity, charity, and goodwill. He has eagerly read every word I have written since I entered graduate school and always asked for more. Such dedication is more than I could have hoped for in a mentor and his example of scholarly productivity and rigor is more than I can ever hope to match. Through constant phone calls and emails, on racquetball courts and bike trails, at coffee shops and conferences, Dr. Link served as an unwavering guide lifting me up when I needed help and pushing me harder when I became lazy. Working with Dr. Link and enjoying the company of his family has been and continues to be one of my great pleasures. 5 Beyond the protection of Keene-Flint Hall I found a welcoming academic community that proved to be, truly, a community. During a one-year teaching appointment at Virginia Tech, Mark Barrow, Joe Forte, Dennis Hidalgo, Marian Mollin, Matt Saionz, Dan Thorp, and Peter Wallenstein provided support and help when I truly needed it. Over the years, at sundry conferences, Paul Anderson, Bill Blair, David Brown, Paul Cimbala, Catherine Clinton, William Davis, Barb Gannon, Jeff McClurken, Andy Slap, and LeeAnn Whites provided formal and informal comments that greatly advanced my thinking. Aaron Sheehan-Dean has generously given his time to my work; the clarity of his comments is unmatched and our conversations are always illuminating. Brian Luskey offered a very thoughtful reading of material underpinning Chapters 3 and 4 during a critical period of methodological configuration. Finally, Peter Carmichael has been a trusted confident, good friend, and intellectual companion since we first met— every email exchange and face-to-face meeting with Pete is pure joy. In researching this project and writing this work I benefitted greatly from generous outside support. I would like to formally acknowledge both these institutions and the awards they granted: the Louisiana History Research Fellowship awarded by the Louisiana State University Libraries’ Special Collections; the Research Appointment Fellowship awarded by the Institute for Southern Studies, University of South Carolina; and the Archie K. Davis Fellowship awarded by the North Caroliniana Society, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The University of Florida’s History Department, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the Richard J. Milbauer Chair provided generous support for conferences, research, and travel. All of the mistakes and errors herein are the fault of the author solely. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 CONSTRUCTING SOUTHERN MEN ..................................................................... 11 2 BOOKS AND BEARS ............................................................................................. 26 Words ..................................................................................................................... 29 Actions .................................................................................................................... 42 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 59 3 WORDS AND WAR ................................................................................................ 60 Education ................................................................................................................ 62 On the Eve of Secession ........................................................................................ 73 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 84 4 INTO THE DARK FOREST OF DESPAIR .............................................................. 85 Leaving for War ...................................................................................................... 88 Uniforming an Army ................................................................................................ 95 Camp and Field .................................................................................................... 106 Field of Battle ........................................................................................................ 121 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 136 5 CIVIL WARS CONTINUED ................................................................................... 139 Homeward Bound ................................................................................................. 141 Carnage and Chaos .............................................................................................. 145 Authority Restored ................................................................................................ 160 Civil War to Personal Peace ................................................................................. 168 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 183 6 PERSONAL RECONSTRUCTIONS ..................................................................... 185 Personal Transformations ..................................................................................... 189 Discontented Confederates .................................................................................. 203 Ignominious Oaths and Contested Citizenship ..................................................... 220 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 229 7 7 FALLEN CONFEDERACIES AND INVISIBLE EMPIRES ..................................... 231 White Carolinians and Their Causes .................................................................... 234 Ghosts of the Confederacy ................................................................................... 252 Landscapes of Terror ...........................................................................................
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