From Pontida to Brussels. the Nationalization And

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E-mail. [email protected] E-mail. U Political of Faculty Višeslav Raos T Po m Th F of Lombardy, biggest the region by ruled decision of Maroni Roberto (governor 2013 primaries were by triggered the members party (ANSA 2013). The full support the curing of over 80percent of der Umberto vote, in a primary - Bossi se having- lea "eternal" beaten party's the Matteo Salvini, took who over in2013, transformationcal under its leader new of parts hern Italy, has undergone radi- representingparty interests the of nort- a regionalist and at evenseparatist times The (LegaLeague Nord Northern , LN), Introduction a t n iversity ofiversity r h n on of political parties, on ofpoliticalparties, League,Keywords system Euroscepticism, Northern change, Europeanizati party - 2019 European election. I in party League isnow capableofbecoming aleadingright-of-the-center Northern associated dueto dangersofsequestration. with thestruggleto survive The new The transformation combined on thenational scene due to the power resignation. Berlusconi's after vacuum left but hasdonesounderitsnewleader League has not been followingthe Northern change a long-term trend of policy life hasshown that casesonparty ofcourt leadership changeandoftheimpact system changedue to competition, party the effectsof Europeanization onparty ropean na League from aPadanianthe Northern to an regionalist andseparatist party Abstract dealswiththemultifaceted reasonsThe for article thetransformation of vereignist, nationalist visionfrom theE taly andofpla o e e tionalist sovereignist whichisgatheringalliesthat want to theEu bring - party d N No Z Eu U a nion backto itspre- greb a S ci ying adecisive role intherallying ofhard Eurosceptics aheadofthe ence ence t r r io t o n I taly h p n , European e e M id a S aastr rn alvini's personalw a l a a icht state. n U i nion S za come staunchly Eurosceptic, nationalist reach beyond Northern Italy, it- has be leadership, has expanded party its the outlooklogical of party. the Under his changed name, the imagery, and- ideo bypost of Christmas has 2013.Salvini party ofposition the of secretary federal the interim took who over leader) party the the 1 A 0.20901/an.15.05 O DOI U n the tradition of Italian political parties, parties, political of Italian tradition n the alvini. L c r party scene and nationalized the party scene andnationalized theparty party i t iginal scientific article article scientific iginal cepted: November 2018 I president. president. party notthe and party, the in one person number the is secretary federal) League, Northern of the case (or the in general the za : 1 Lega Nord, yet aclear example of an M o 1 e fromin2012,to leave Bossi the anif S A t alvini haspar n analy a esto Project B io t orldview withthepragmatismorldview gu io r sis of electoral manifestos,sis ofelectoral n uss n tially imported aso tially imported

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105 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) A 106 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. in Brussels. sition to supranational decision-making strong anti-immigrant and views oppo- Apenninethe Peninsula, mobilized by thatparty attracts voters from over all to become a nationalist, sovereignist more 2014),has them (see led inRaos Padaniaand called adistinct territory distinct Northern Italian, identity Celtic Source: Italian Ministry of the Interior, 2018. Interior, the of Ministry Italian Source: *** ** * 2 1993), (Gilbert tida" onceLeague, "warriors of Pon new the - politics.ty and consequently European Union par increased itscally importance inItalian, instead of regionalist, and has dramati- 1992-2018 Table Table C – Chamber of Deputies, S–Senate. Deputies, of C–Chamber ontida is a locality in the province of Ber province the in alocality is ontida Percentage of the vote for the whole Pole of Freedoms center-right coalition, led by Silvio Berlusconi. Silvio by led coalition, center-right Pole Freedoms of whole for the vote the of Percentage Percentage of the vote for the whole House of Freedoms center-right coalition, led by Silvio Berlusconi. Silvio by led coalition, center-right Freedoms of House whole forthe vote the of Percentage The course new the of Northern its construction of a Padanian identity. identity. of aPadanian construction its in League Northern by the employed facts arti 1167. cultural key one of the is Pontida in started Barbarossa, Frederick Emperor Roman Holy the against insurgence an gue, Lea Lombard the where (Lombardy) gamo P 1 Election Votes (%) Seats (%) Seats Votes (%) Election . National Success Electoral and Party Leadership of Northern the League, 1994 1992 2018 2013 2008 2006 2001 1996 2 who conjured who up a C 17.4 C 10.8 S 42.7 S 17.6 S 45.6 S 10.4 C 8.4 C 8.6 C 4.1 C 8.3 C 4.6 C 3.9 S 8.2 S 4.3 S 7.9 S 4.5 *** ** * - - - - ern Italians)ern (antimeridionalismo from anti-Southernism (against South- recent years it has just shifted its focus had achauvinistic streak, and that in ers that has purport always party this Abbondanza(see - and 2018).Oth Bailo of salience the topic this for own gains and catchy electoral slogans, to exploit ready acquainted with harsh rhetoric that helped Northern the - al League, and its visibility high inItalian media it was precisely 2015migrant the crisis ond biggest country. inthe party Italian parliament that it is now- sec the many parliamentary has election returned so 2018 the ularity while was fall, in free from Maroni, Roberto pop- party's the shift paidhas whentookoff — he over in Some authors have pointed out that As we can deduce from data presented Table 1 Table C 19.7 C 18.6 S 18.4 S 19.0 leghisti C 8.7 C 3.2 C 9.5 C 4.4 C 4.8 C 9.4 S 7.9 S 5.7 S 8.3 S 4.1 S 5.4 S 8.6 , Matteo ideological Salvini's to chambers both of the Umberto Bossi Matteo Salvini MaroniRoberto Party Leader Party ) to lenge narrative, as well as his attempt to chal- its traditional regionalist and federalist party, presupposeswhich dilution the of Northernthe into League anational wishhighlights Salvini's to transform emphasized elements. several Vampa change by has party experienced this (Barcella 2018). Current research on the anti-immigrant, xenophobic stances parties. institutions and mainstream political crisis of citizen incentral trust political thereflecting broader EUcontext the of Brussels and thus broadened its appeal, has merelyparty substituted Rome for ple". They arguethat underthe Salvini, against one which - should peo "the rally for clear identification of "corrupt elites" characteristic of populism need — the and (2017)emphasize Gilbert core the changeparty's under Salvini, Brunazzo alternatives. In explanation their of the ic or other interests or concrete policy have founded to be on- socioeconom and and aesthetics personal not does rooted canwhich be inpure invention approach to identity and mobilization of "simulative politics", i.e. apostmodern thatgued Northern the is acase League ready in2009,Anna Cento has Bull ar and its inspiration. personal leader's - Al fluid,be and depend on circumstances character, could, its naturally, ideology public spending.to Due such acatch-all bureaucratismtralism, and inefficient to what perceived they as Rome's cen- of party Northernall Italy's resistance envisioned by Umberto as acatch- Bossi that view the Northern the was League character.ble policy This is inlinewith its rhetoric, providing it- with amallea nevertheless remains key the element of nationalist populist party. Yet, populism thatparty has transformed itself into a is only the of case aregionalist populist 2-3) have pointed out that Nord Lega tazzi, Giovannini and (2018: Seddone center-right (2017:33).Alber party Forza ItaliaForza 's status as main the - - power politics and pragmatism, i.e. a change of Northern the as pure League Movement. Finally, we contextualize the populist challenger party, Five the Stars well as areactionof to rise anew, the Popolo(Il della Libertà breakupthe of his People of Freedom afterthe resignationBerlusconi of and that came aboutof spectrum, party the vacuum on right-of-the-center the part ceptic shift is a power the reaction to we argue that national the and Euros- Italianthe system. party In other words, of because contextparty aspecific of Third,the we discuss changesthis in rosceptic shift the of League. Northern (2002) and employ it to explain Eu the - developed by parties, political Ladrech concept the use of Europeanization of from Manifesto the Project. Second, we on issues data based key policy obtained throughthis alongitudinal analysis of meleon party. We to exemplify try shall ader-oriented, vague, ideologically cha - asons. was First, always party this ale- Matteoleader due Salvini re to several - gone makeover aradical under its new article claims that has under party this explanatoryseveral approaches. This on of Northern the we League, employ In our discussion of transformati the - FrameworkResearch Northern Italian regionalists. implications of such atransformation of to point towe try some shall of wider the in. In concluding the of part paper, the has found party the case itself involved circumstances specific the the court of text of system party change inItaly and manifestos, but consider also con the - quantitative data derived from electoral We to draw conclusions try shall from ent kind of under its party leader. new has nowLeague become arather differ tion of why the and how Northern the comprehensive approach to ques the - In paper, this we wish to offer a more , PdL) party, as - -

107 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) A 108 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. the process.the funds and that it could go bankrupt in sequestration of misappropriated public that wasfact facing party the apossible changes were meant to cover up the Organizationalcase. and ideological subsequentthe investigation and court treasurerparty Francesco Belsito and Umberto leader party and former Bossi reaction of to funds scandal the former 4 3 parative Manifestos Project (CMP). nifesto Project, asuccessor of- Com the longitudinal data obtained from Ma the - In first the step of our analysis, we look at Shift Policy analysis. could not, therefore, included be inthe Manifestoin the Project repository and manifesto data were not still included of completion of paper, this 2018 the 2013 Unfortunately,election. at time the different parts of Northern theItaly) to a coalition of regional smaller lists from and Senate the and as asingle party not entered League hern Camera the both parliamentary Nort the when election - from first (the 1992election the a period includesLeague nine variables, covering analysis shifts ofthe of policy Northern Northern with values League obtained data, we juxtapose results the for the e author of this paper is personally acqu personally is paper of this e author is network research international is When assessing Manifesto Project reliability tests. tests. reliability of inter-coder execution proper without manifestos party on Italian dataset existing of 2018 the to data coding own add to und unso methodologically deemed therefore CAP). It was Project, Agendas Comparative (e.g. the schemes coding other to according coding manifesto with experience possess 2018a), (see al., Volkens but does et book code this to according data of manifesto coding the with experience direct have not does author However, the scheme. coding Project Manifesto the with ainted Th manifestos. electoral of analysis content on quantitative based Th 4 3 The The - - -

Libertà Peoplethe of Freedom Popolo (Il della (Partitoty Democratico, PD) (C-L)and and 2013elections Democratic the Par (C-L) and FI(C-R); and for 2008 the The2006 election Olive Tree (L'Ulivo) Go, Italy Italia (Forza 1996, and 2001elections PDS (C-L) and Cristianazia (Democra-and Democracy Christian Democratico della Sinistra Democratic Party of (Partito Left the for we 1992election, the included the their ideological standpoint. ideological their cording to RILEindex the to determine second, we looked at positions their ac- accordingparties to vote their share and First,teria. we looked at two the biggest respectively,parties we followed- two cri center-left (C-L) and center-right (C-R) should classifiedtheparties be as main system.party When determining which lation to key the elements of Italian the shift cal the of in League re- Northern a fashion, we can at look - ideologi the 1996, 2001,2006,2008,2013).In such parliamentary (1992,1994, election center-left parties eachat analyzed for main the center-right and main the 6 5 between left rightbetween andpositions derived variables constructed from logratios Lowe(see etal., 2011).Thus, six we use transformations of dataset original the variables. The variables arebased on log of Manifesto Project data includes nine n 2013, the Five Stars Movement recei Stars Five n 2013, the Manifesto the in used variable, e RILE As already mentioned, evaluation the I Th obtained through the Manifesto Project. Project. Manifesto the through obtained as positions, 2013 policy their to according Movement Stars Five the and League hern the Nort compare we specifically article, the in Later party. not a center-left and party, a far-left be out to it turned Index), RILE on the (position criterion second the to PD, according yet than more votes ved 2018a: 29). (see al. 1992 Volkens et in Budge and by Laver developed originally parties of political positioning for the scale gical ideolo a left-right follows dataset, Project , PdL) (C-R). , DC) (C-R);for, DC) 1994, the 6 , FI)(C-R);for the , PDS) (C-L) 5 Thus, - - - - al., 2011:136)–logeu, from Manifesto Project data (Lowe et decentralization (Lowe etal. 2011:139-140)–freemarket variables derived from additive indices logrile turalism Northern is a somewhat League com- relationshipthe EUand the between the recently emerged among leghisti the positions are not something that only though Eurosceptic rhetoric and policy manifestosEU inparty (logeu- ). Al positive and negative mentions of the Union, i.e. it displays ratio the between position parties' onthe European the dataset. (log transformed) Manifesto Project outlined nine in the variables from the 2018 manifesto, along categories the some key changes from 2013 to the the of part this analysis the by looking at as already mentioned, we conclude shall data were not included dataset, inthe in Italy. Although 2018manifesto the come main the right of party center the under might Salvini League wish- to be discussionthe of subject the matter, the why, inother of as we parts see shall main center-right might party explain closeness of Northern the to the League question implies that an ideological at positions. itssecond past policy The has goneLeague through by looking could foresee change the Northern the question is an assessment one whether (RQ2) the main center-right party's positions? were the League's policy positions from der Matteo Salvini? (RQ1) explain its new ideological profile un- the League's policy positions that could questions: to answer following the try research Figure 1 Figure behindthe first The idea research In of part this analysis, the we shall , and logplaneco , and logwelfare shows development the of Can we observe atrend in , nationalism . constitutionalism , as well as three How distant How distant , multicul - , , , more negative views. tother right, the i.e. expressing started ever, moved parties in2013both fur expressed by Berlusconi's party. How - iswhich with closely positions aligned mentions of constitutional the order, rightward trend towards more negative In recent years, aslight we can observe 2 wing position (Figure on scale) the toneed criticize it or change it (right- position nor on scale), showing the the showing great support for it (left-wing aly, with manifesto positions neither currentthe constitutional order inIt - positiontained arather on reserved Northern the hasriod, main League - trends. could have predicted been from past of Matteo is Salvini not something that Therefore,the strong Eurosceptic turn greater support of European the Union. moved parties direction inthe of served stances. However, three ob- in2013,all i.e. scale, the showcased more pro-EU ter-leftscored the leftto party further of center-right party, main the cen- while of Northern the and League main the on almost identical EU views the serve er 2004). From 2001 on, we can ob- could not (Chari, Iltanen, and Kritzing- ing matter, Padanian while separatism astion a bind to Brussels- could serve right-of-the-center scene, since opposi- was a way to attract on allies the new claimed that turn the to Euroscepticism a Eurosceptic Northern Others League. sive watershed aEurophile between and towards Eurozone) the - in1998as adeci vent of union monetary the (first step Huysseune(see ad- the 2010:63-64)see right on Some scholars logeu the scale. 1996 to 2006, we amove can see to the an Union sharply dropped. Thus,from and enthusiasm their about Europe the - more with its aligned center-right allies erately pro-EU. Later, its became views plex one. In early the 1990s,it- was mod - 1992-2013 pe observed the During ). ). -

109 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 0A 11 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. Figure 1.Position on European the Union, 1992-2013 for the left part of the ideological scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Figure 2.Position on Constitutional the Order, 1992-2013 scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: for the left part of the ideological scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Figure 3.Position on Decentralization, 1992-2013 mentions of following the topics- in elec variable builds upon positive/negative somewhat inconclusive. Namely, this of national the 4 way of life (Figure positivebetween and negative mentions tions on nationalism, i.e. log ratio the renewed alignment with Berlusconi. to, with another decline in2013,i.e. a pro-federalism inLega Nord's manifes- In 2008,there was one (last) upsurge of expressedthose by Berlusconi's parties. positions have similar to become very issues,with other since 2001, policy its center-right However, parties. just like ifestos than main the center-left and position on decentralization inits man- Lega shows period that, indeed, observed party. An assessment of trends inthe Northernthe as aregionalist League 3 ure The assessmentposi- parties' the of The positionThe on decentralization (Fig has maintained amore positive ) is one of defining the features of ) is - Northern League. rather erratic, chameleonic nature of the and PdL. Thisbeindicative could of a reaches almost same the values as PD dropsthen dramatically in2013and topicsal Lega in the a surge inpositive mentions of nation- center-right party. Yet in 2008, we see for withclosely those aligned main the valuesthe for Northern the are League for variable. this In most electoral years, achieve lower (morescores left-wing) tions of national the way of life and thus identity, to display fewer positive men - to shape aseparate, Padanian national Italian distinctiveness and eventried most fought three decades for Northern Northernthe has which League, for- al aregionalistwould like expect party ism (Volkens etal. 2018a:18-19).One to patriotism, appealpeal to national - national pride ideas, incitizenship, ap- toral manifestos: support for current 's manifesto, which

111 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 2A 11 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. Figure 4.Position on Nationalism, 1992-2013 for the left part of the ideological scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Figure 5.Position on Multiculturalism, 1992-2013 scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: for the left part of the ideological scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Figure 6.Position on Planned Economy, 1992-2013 migration issue crisis, the of multicul- came about afterthe 2015 European 2018parliamentarythe which election, rather showcasing small, that before that overall the amount of mentions is each other out. Second, it could mean mentions of issue this effectivelycancel it means that positive and negative mightwhich imply two things. First, The values hover aroundthe 0 mark, ItaliaForza Northern the between PD League, and Byties. 2008,there were no differences its with Berlusconi's par aligned views indirectly of immigration), yet soon able of views multiculturalism (thus, Northern featured League less favor migrant 1990s,the the During policies. shiftSalvini's towards strong anti-im - gration issue at and 2018election the of of increased salience the immi- the is a rather important variable because stancesties' on multiculturalism. This The next variable measuresparthe (later PdL) on issue. this - - - both both trend,the moving signifies which of Luigi Bersani. of planned economy than PD under Pier and Maroni's were parties more in favor ofthose Lega the politics in1994,have largely matched ly afterthe "descent" Berlusconi of into for main the center-right party,- especial again, aspect, values the this obtained positions towards In 2013election. the only to going start back to original their sharplypolicies, turned away from them, manifesto mentions of such economic 6 shows, have they with started positive made something of aU-turn. As Figure market, leghisti the economy, i.e. state intervention inthe salient inItalian politics. party migration and integration) was not as turalism (closely to linked issues of im- Figure 7 Figure In terms of its stance towards planned Lega Nord and main the cen- shows a general rightward . In 2013,Berlusconi's have, over years, the

3 11 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 4A 11 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. Figure 7.Position on Market Economy, 1992-2013 for the left part of the ideological scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Figure 8.Position on Welfare the State, 1992-2013 scale. the ideological of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological of the part right the represent ValuesNote: zero above 2011; 2018b. al., et Lowe to Volkens al., et according Author's calculations Source: Figure 9.Left-Right Position, 1992-2013 notice a stark differencethebetween InBerlusconi's parties. 2013,one could followed by for asimilar trend observed significantly moved the left. to This was ever, over years, the position their has 8 on economic the right (Figure transfers,cial has which them placed preservationthe and expansion of- so manifestos, i.e. less reluctance to accept showed fewer positive mentions intheir fare state, during leghisti 1990sthe the lusconi's party). nomic right (Northern and League Ber (main center-left party) eco- the and cleavage economic the between left ic variable confirmed a economicclear Inties. 2006and key econom 2013,this - Northern and League Berlusconi's par alignmenta close inpositions of the manifestos. Since 2001,we can observe notions of market economy in their ter-right towards parties more positive scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Regarding position their on wel the - ). How- - -

Forza Italiaconi's Forza parties that of its coalition- Berlus partners, to closely became aligned right scale millennium, its position on left- the ter-leftparty. Towardsthe turn theof any difference towardsthe main cen- with hardlyof spectrum, ideological Originally, it was almost center inthe 9 ure formed RILEIndex, portrayed inFig Northern on League logtrans the - welfare state. same solidly started endorsing time the support for market, free the yet at the yearsthe it has maintained its strong nature of Northern the –over League once again, to chameleonic the testify three economicall variables, one can, sani's PD. If one considers results the for Northern League of welfare the state expressed by the pronouncedly more positive notions The changespositionthe in theof , show some interesting trends. and PdL than by Ber and later PdL. - -

5 11 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 6A 11 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. logical positionslogical from 2013elector the shiftthe policy prioritiesof - and ideo competitors,them instead of allies. coni's eventually, which, parties, made spaceas- Berlus samethe ideological tions, yet it occupy did, infact, almost a distinct move towards far-right- posi Northernthe didnot League showcase inmind, this weBearing can posit that coni's just party slightly to right. the and again itself with- aligned Berlus position as main the center-leftparty In 2008it moved tosame left,the the to 7 longer and more manifesto, detailed 3). In leghisti 2018,the credit rating Nord agency" (Lega 2013: ro-bonds… and creation of aEuropean issuing the ofFederal eu- Reserves… intoBank a European equivalent of the transformation of European the Central ing of European the Parliament… the European Commission… strengthen- "a direct of election President the of the Euro-bureaucracy", proposed yet also for more "Europe of Peoples the and less Multiculturalism. Order,al Federalism, Nationalism, and Europeanthe Union, Constitution the - cle to other. the categories These include mostthe changes from one- electoral cy above variables) that discussed received categories several tilled (inline with the vious of part analysis, the we have dis - Matteo BuildingSalvini). upon pre the - to 2018electoral the manifesto (under manifestoal Maroni) (under Roberto al, and legislative sovereignty" and "re- ing and "monetary economic, territori- Treaties", the all with aim the of reclaim- tion, would which mean a"revision of to a"pre-Maastricht state" of integra- reaucrats", but now demanded a return of Peoples" the and spoke against "bu- oncewhich again mentioned a "Europe n 2018, it had 74 pages, while in 2013 it was 2013 it in was while n 2018, 74 it had pages, Finally, we attempt shall to evaluate In Northern 2013,the called League only eleven pages long. long. pages eleven only I offered a much - 7 fiscal subsidiarity,federalism, fiscal as well as and South", the with an emphasis on aly", consisting of "North, the Center, wrote party the of a "united, Itfederal - semi-presidential system. would create a presidential system or a notdoes explain such whether achange system. However, 2018manifesto the about future the of Italian the political hasvini stakes the raised on debate the how- undercan Sal see League new the Regions" Nord (Lega 2018:21).Thus, we ident, Parliament the or aConference of tion of constitutional judges by Pres the - overCourt European courts… nomina- date… of primacy Constitutional the olition of parliamentary free the man- foraddition, called "ab the - League the of Ministers" Nord (Lega 2018:21).In State and President the of Council the of competences of President the of the president",elected but of also a"merger in its manifesto not only of a"popularly 2013: 3).In Lega 2018,Salvini's legislativelined process" Nord (Lega olition of provinces… amore stream- and sizeof asmaller houses… both ab - of bicameralism with a Senatefederal stronger council of ministers …reform for a"popularly president… elected system, called litical party in 2013,the institutionalthe framework of- po the to such aposition. sovereignty"tary opens in fact door the eurozone,the yet notion the of "mone- notdoes explicitly mention an exit from slogans, manifesto the of leghisti the As opposed to its campaign and rallies to European the Economic Community. development and integration and return was ready to abandon of decades several rent European Union, Lega in2018,the wards improving and reforming cur the to willing work to be seemed toLeague - 9-10). While Northernin 2013, the storing subsidiarity" Nord (Lega 2018: On the topicOn the of federalism, in2013, Regarding constitutional the order, i.e. wrote wrote -

Europe of Nations and Freedom par proposals from sister from parties the to echoby similar policy seem party the gained The salience. answers proposed addressed issue the to seems which have moment the has seized League the and Nord 2018:64-66).Here we how can see pillars of Italian national identity" (Lega language…the and landscape… the as ofervation especially cultural goods, identity, manifesto the of "pres speaks - Nord(Lega 2018:6-8).Onculture and and short-term residence applications municipalities with indealing asylum ty… more competences for regions and nancing of Italian the Islamic communi- Islam through control of transparent fi- safe countries… prevention of radical on Libyan the issue… refugee camps in immigration… cooperation with Russia "repatriation… suppression of illegal ofOn immigration, speaks party the "Cultural and Italian Goods Identity". issueswith these —"Immigration" and rate chapters manifesto in the that deal contrast, in2018, there were- two sepa did not mention topics these at In all. multiculturalism, party in2013,the 2018. jor change from 2013to observed to be 2018: 20).In regard, this there no is ma- for Nord federalism (Lega asymmetric regional responsibility", calling ineffect gional autonomy… coupled with more approach, with choice "free for more re- and federalism", yet with atailor-made for called "autonomy League 2018, the regionsern Nord (Lega 2013:3-4).In on development programs for south- greater emphasis on Italian culture and has confirmed a shift to nationalism, a ison of 2013and the 2018manifestos Pen. Le rine (formerlyRally National Front) of Ma - liamentary group, such as National the Finally, in terms of nationalism and In conclusion, discursive the compar - - especially in the post-2001 period. aligned with those of Berlusconi's parties, League'sern policy positions were closely we can conclude that, indeed, the North- imply the shift in 2018. Regarding RQ2, development policy previous a that would RQ1 and state that we could not observe Thus, we may offer a negative answer to predicted by of observation past trends. ofthat shift the could not have been festo Project data reveals magnitude the ifestos that beyond goes available Mani- comparison of 2013 and the 2018 man- byundertaken Salvini. The discursive as indicatorsserve of shift radical the andalism multiculturalism could not In addition, previous stances on nation- endorsement of welfare state expansion. bine support for market free the with pro-EU and anti-EU stances and com- ly flexibleparty, thanone can alternate theconfirmed notion - of an ideological stancesparties' on issues key political has migrationthe issue. an emphasis on harsh regarding policies Salvini "imported" his hardline Euroscep- swer following the question: Has Matteo ment to Here an parties. ally - try we will juxtaposed with its key European Parlia- trends ofpolicy Northern the League, liament. In addition, at look we will EU groupsmentary European inthe Par Northernthe invarious League parlia- as well as changes the inmembership of a Member of European the Parliament, ropean elections campaign, his record as under by Salvini looking at his 2014Eu- new,in the hardliner Eurosceptic course nationalthe scene. We to expla- try shall an Parliament and role the it plays on play its between presence Europe inthe - Northern we League, at look inter the In terms of Europeanization the of the League Northern of the Europeanization Overall, the longitudinal the Overall, analysis of - -

7 11 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 8A 11 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. 1989-2014 Source: European Parliament, 2018b; Italian Ministry of the Interior, 2018; Lega Nord, 2018a. Nord, 2018; Lega Interior, the of Ministry 2018b; Italian Parliament, European Source: ( Alliance Northern * Table Table since late the 1990s, Members of the Europeanin the Parliament. However, switchedthey to group ALDE, liberal the group, during 1989-1994 term. Thenthe liamentary group, Rainbow the called Parliament joined aregionalist par urally, first the leghisti current nature of party. this elements, as an attempt to explain the phasis on first the andlast these fiveof Northernthe we League, place shall em- 2002:396-399).In(Ladrech of case the tions beyond national the system" party party-government relations…, (5)rela- (3) patterns of competition…, party (4) change…, (2)organizational change…, in members states —(1)"programmatic anization on and systems parties party of European integration, i.e. of Europe- areas we inwhich can follow effect the analytical framework containing five the national scene? (RQ3). ticism from the European party scene into For the 1989 European Parliament election, an electoral list called Lombard League ( League Lombard called list electoral an election, Parliament European 1989 the For Table 2 A glance at Table offered Ladrech In 2002,Robert an Election Election 1989 946669ALDE 6.9 6.6 1994 99454.6 4.5 1999 04505.1 5.0 2004 091. 25Europe of Freedom and Democracy 12.5 10.2 2009 04626.8 6.2 2014 2 . European Success Electoral and Party Leadership of Northern the League, * Alleanza Nord Votes Votes (%) . 2.5 1.8 reveals that, nat reveals in the European inthe Seats Seats (%) ) was formed, which later merged into a single, Northern League party. League Northern asingle, into merged later which formed, ) was Rainbow Group Rainbow Members Technical Group of Independent Non-Inscrits Union for Europe of theNations Non-Inscrits Independence/Democracy Non-Inscrits Europe of Nations and Freedom Non-Inscrits European Parliamentary - - Europe of Freedom and Democracy). for Europe of Nations, the and finally (Independence/Democracy, later Union groupstary by led Nigel Farage's UKIP Union.participated They parliamen in - ing characterized which European the tion and supranational decision-mak- competence and against integra deeper - emphasis on sovereignty and national to right, the i.e.further towards more have League ern continuously drifted European Parliament from North the - 8 tic of groupstic all European inthe Par mostthe right-wing and most Euroscep - Nations and Freedom (ENF),currently parliamentarya new group, Europe of Front).al Pen Le and founded Salvini and her National Nation (then Rally - Europeanhis new ally, Marine Pen Le tion with anti-euro slogans, inline with participated 2014 European inthe - elec Yet, he when took over party, the Salvini owadays, this group is called Europe of Europe called is group this owadays, N member, apart from UKIP. UKIP. from member, apart prominent most its Movement as Stars Five the with Democracy, Direct and Freedom Group Lega Lombarda Lega Bossi Umberto Maroni Roberto Salvini Matteo Leader Party ) – ) – - 8 plans. a great impact on and his views political later Pen, with Le have undoubtedly had has made there, firstwith Farage, and and experience connections the this he (European Parliament, 2018b).Thus, most European inthe time Parliament offices he has held,Salvini spent has the One should note that ofpolitical the all Parliament (Ceccarelli,election 2018). forcestic of ahead 2019European the aimthe of rallying staunchly Euroscep- 3),with section 2018electionsthe (see ident changes inpolicy from 2013to the foundations for his sovereignistev- shift, Vezzoni, 2015).However, he laid the strong support Segatti, (see Poletti, and and his government were enjoying still 2), mainly since at that time, PD Renzi's won less votes in2009(Table than Bossi 2018b). At Salvini 2014election, the liament (European Parliament, 2018a, scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: liament 1992-2017 allies, Figure 10. Position on European the Union among key European League's the Par firm thatSalvini has "imported" hardline data). quantitativethe analysis due to missing and 2018 manifestos, not included in discursivein the comparison of 2013 the hard Euroscepticism in2018 (confirmed EU stances in2013,only to turn towards Northern turning League to more pro- matic in eachof four the with the cases, although itparties, was not dra- equally a general rightward trend of four all results, presented inFigure 10, revealed Netherlands Wilders' (Geert The party). and Party the for Freedom inthe (PVV) National(FPÖ), the Front inFrance, Freedom the League, Party of Austria tions of EU(logeu the ) for Northern the log ratios of positive and negative men- turn ofti-EU party, the we compared the Parliamentpean has influencedthe an- with staunch Eurosceptics Euro inthe - operation of andSalvini other To of test experience co- the whether Thus, we may, in broad conterms, - leghisti -

9 11 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 0A 12 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. Party SystemParty Change League and Northern of the Nationalization not asthe only serve explanatory factor. as purported by RQ3, although this can- Euroscepticism from his allies in Brussels, 9 IDV) Italy of Values (Italia party Valori dei andLeague Antonio DiPietro from the filled. be Bossi the of Umberto Northern a power vacuum that eventually had to oversign corruption creating scandals, center were scene party forced to re- politicians on Italian the right-of-the- resignation as prime minister in2011. Italian system party since Berlusconi's lenges and ruptures that inthe occurred was aresponseLeague, to various chal- instead, nationalize truly Northern the Northern Italian of focus and, his party that decision Salvini's to abandon the the Five Stars Movement (RQ5)? turngue south asaresponse to theof rise onal force (RQ4)? Didthe Northern Lea- to change his regionalist party into anati- with Berlusconi's downfall enable Salvini party system change that came about Italian party politics and the subsequent following: that from arise of part this analysis are as gue, to reactaccordingly. The questions other populists, i.e. Northern the - Lea vement as achallenger that party forces emphasize role the of Five the Stars Mo- coni's resignation. In addition, we shall ItaliaForza center-right party, reemergence the of politics inItaly, breakup the of main the int to personalist the character of party changes system, party - in the we po shall Northernthe and League its reaction to When analyzing nationalization the of i Pietro was one of the key public prose public key one of the was i Pietro In the 2011-2013 period, three key In 2011-2013period, the In of part this analysis, the we argue Mani pulite Mani the in cutors D 9 had to leave leader party their Did the personalist nature of and impact the of- Berlus anti-corruption - - , fact, Berlusconi's impactfact, on patterns the (Pasquinoa personalist party 2014).In PDeven the became, extent, to acertain according to his own tastes. ideological it to fundamentally reshape party the from andLeague Maroni Bossi and use er-oriented structure of Northern the couldvini inherit centralized, the - lead si 2015:403-404).Therefore, Matteo- Sal zational structure on ground the (Verce - institutionalization organi and adeeper - duepersonalist parties, to its successful leadership change, as opposedto other 2013). The League survived Northern emulatedto be by others (McDonnell and have created somewhat of a model of party, personalist parties, so-called spectrum. political the ofleader Italian the right-hand sideof hopecally to supplant Berlusconi as the can assume that couldSalvini realisti- Manifesto Project 3),one data (section inour analysis of observed parties, Northernthe and League Berlusconi's Given similarities between policy the Brotherscalled of Italy (Fratelli d'Italia ). Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale, AN),now a reincarnation of far-right the National tegrating into arevived Italia Forza In 2013,his PdL to exist, disin ceased - biggest powerscene. party the shift in as prime minister in 2011 created the cesi 2015:396). 1994, was convicted for fraud tax (Ver ofrennial leader center-right the since 2005, 2005-2006,2008-2011)and- pe of four governments (1994-1995,2001- nancing, Silvio Berlusconi, while head of public funds intended for fi- party ship of because posts misappropriation Furthermore, under Matteo Renzi, were Berlusconi's parties type anew The resignationBerlusconi of Silvio Bossi and Berlusconi. Berlusconi. and Bossi others, among leaders, political of new rise the enabled and Republic) First the (called system party old of the collapse the to led eventually that 1990s early of the cases and and - petition in Italy Pasquino (see and Val- end of bipolar the nature of com party - imento 5Stelle, M5S)has initiated an tablishment Five Stars Movement (Mov 10 hard-to-classify, Conte. non-partisan law professor Giuseppe coalitionLega-M5S government, by led (Vinciguerra by 2018),embodied the "bipolarsomething called populism" Republic,Second paving path the to coffinin the system the of party the of Bianchi(see 2017),was final nail the constitutional failed in the referendum reform system, political the epitomized failure to make alasting impact and to Grillo,also and finally Salvini.Renzi's (DonovanRenzi 2015),but ultimately communicationpolitical gave to rise of competition party and nature the of scale. ideological the of part left for the stand zero below values while scale, ideological the of part right the represent zero above Values Note: 2018b. 2011; al., al., et Volkens et Lowe to according calculations Author's Source: Table Table ment, 2013 n the literature on Italian parties and on and parties on Italian literature n the The rise of Beppe Grillo Beppe and his Grillo rise The of constitutionalism decentralization freemarket logwelfare logrile logeu nationalism multiculturalism logplaneco left-wing populist party. party. populist left-wing a clearly paper, it is of the part next the in see we shall as Project, Manifesto of the bles varia economic other and Index RILE the to according Yet, claims. such find might one general in Europe in parties populist I 3 . Policy Differencesthe between League theand Five Northern Stars Move- Variable 10 Eurosceptic, anti-es- otenLau Five Stars Movement Northern League -0.885 -1.156 -0.221 -0.290 0.827 0.062 0.000 0.000 0.455 - - the regionalthe election. reachedwhich in2015,during its peak coupled with issue the of immigration to European/nationalist the ground, from economic the and institutional one anti-establishment moved party for position the struggle of number the anti-European from allies ENF, the the advent of in2014,backed Salvini by his a center-right party. However, with the like Northern the seemed while League Stars Movement was way out on left, the left-right index indicatedthat the Five ing role the of market), the logratios the over economic regard issues (especially - Maroni's were parties sharply divided As vent losing voters contender. to new this had to up ante, the ifit wanted to pre- a threat to Northern the which League, anti-establishment party, M5Spresented of left. parties the the As a challenger, south, supplanting Berlusconi and both 2013). It inthe successful was especially people""the (Bordignon and Ceccarini and-white messages about "elites" and reach new, young voters with its black- hasbruzziparty 2015).This managed to Table 3 Table shows, and in2013,Grillo's -0.554 -0.943 -0.898 -1.468 -1.316 0.554 0.000 0.000 0.000

1 12 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 2A 12 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. answer to RQ4 and state that the specif- eager to Thus, fill. we may offer a positive created apower vacuum that was Salvini adventthe of Five the Stars Movement, end of bipolarism that came about with issues,in most coupled policy with the Northern and League Berlusconi's party 3)overlapping section (see served of the Berlusconi, as well as previously the ob- of politics inItaly, party epitomized by ysis by stating that personalist the nature 2018). ti ously ahotbed of Padanism Ghidet- (see in an all-Italian at rally Pontida, previ- Southerners were invited to participate il Nord!) inMaroni's time, and even the as opposed to "The First!"North (Prima ma gli italiani! slogan, new the ) became Nord(Lega 2018b)."Italians First!" (Pri Alpi delle 11 rials, electoral logo and other campaign mate- ping of designation the "North" from the alization was complete, with drop the - process the 2018election, the of nation- Moroniseparatist (see party 2018).For ian, sovereignist, and not aNorthern, andscene to project an image of an Ital- whole the ofself right-of-the-center the tive of his attempts to him- behind rally was substituted with a navy hue, indica- bard and Padanian color of Nord Lega agery, traditional the greenwhile Lom- its leader, yet without Northern the im- a sister for party south, the with himas 2015).In created 2014,Salvini bertazzi Salvini (NoiSalvini con southern regions under Us the with byty campaigning central inthe and totions, rebrand tried Salvini his par Lega Nord Lega called officially still is e party We may conclude of part this anal the - Already in2015,at regional the - elec – Salvini Premier – Salvini Lega called agroup in sit Parliament Italian the in MPs its yet Parliament, European Nord Lega the nia). It uses of Pada- Independence for the League hern per l'Independenza Padania della (Nort Th 11 as well as of Alpine the Sun (Sole ), another Padanian symbol . ) banner- (Al name in the the in name - - - and the Struggleand the for Survival Fighting Courts: Pragmatism the grillini. tion, than of the challenge posed by the vacuum left after Berlusconi's resigna- alien electorate was more aresult of the leghisti (RQ5). This turn to an otherwise prompted the southward move of the clusive to what extent theof M5S rise regionalists. However, it remains incon- with his transformation of the Padanian Berlusconi enabled Salvini to gothrough ic party system constellation created by money and that there were no funding treasurerwith enoughparty the had left "extension of domain the of struggle". ism and to engage in an Houellebecqian to move from regionalism to national- financesparty's with decision Salvini's corruption and scandal its impact on the analysis is aftermath to the link this of Renzo.behindthislast The idea piece of for private and of expenses his Bossi son Cyprus, as well of funds as use the party investments Tanzania, inChile, and appropriation included shady offshore received by Northern the Mis League. - lic funds (electoral reimbursements sentences over embezzlement of pub- convicted to them (first-degree)jail came about of because that acourt case as treasurer federal of in2012 party the and Francesco secretary federal Belsito — bankruptcy of the party? (RQ6). attempt to escape the worst-case scenario party's imagery just an opportunistic sister party, aswell asthe change of the tion of the party and the creation of the research question: Was the nationaliza- This should help us answerthe following on of accounts party's the and property. si down and prospect the of sequestrati- that fundscuss scandal the brought- Bos In part the final this of analysis we dis- While Bossi claimedWhile that Bossi he and his The resignation of Bossi as Umberto in Genoa was that determined in Genoa par the problems Court inhis Review era,the of two processes –the attempts to evade one cannot fail to notice an overlapping over Northern the However, League. sequestration casting started its shadow before election, al looming the threat of tion in2014and 2015region inthe then - south at European the Parliament- elec financial downfall. tool enabled which to hisescape party 2018), only to accept it now as auseful protested against such adecision (Testa debt.tax However, Salvini back then, years extension for clearance the of its precedent,as legal received which 23 club football ofcase Lazio the in2005 zaninisettlement 2018). This the used paid through sequestration initial (Sar count, with three million euros already for next the 80years to adedicated ac- monthly installments of 600,000euros achieved includesthey payment the of Septemberoffice in deal of2018. The settlement with Public the Prosecutor's entrustedparty its team legal to reach a courts" andcized "unfairness", Salvini's protesting about media inthe "politi- pletely empty its coffers. After much with a court decision that would com- that case in the Lega original the treasuries (Orengo and Dot, Del 2018), Such amove enabled double himto run southern of parts Italy 2018). (Bertochi, intended for supporters incentral and party called Lega per Salvini Premier, tion, in late 2017, createdSalvini a sister impendingthe possibility of- sequestra return whole the amount at once. With were that party the itcy could befall to loomingera —the shadow of bankrupt- himself and from party the Bossi the to distance reasonni had a good to try Aftertakeover his party,the of - Salvi returned to State the (Casadio, 2018). misappropriated funds that had to be was duety up to 49million euros of Salvini beganhisSalvini turn towards the is faced is faced - - political views, brewed views, political European inthe such aconstellation to enforce his own Therefore, could Salvini make use of on sidesof both spectrum. political the nalist politics and parties, personalized results that point of- to perso alegacy as prime minister in2011, has yielded ch with started Berlusconi's resignation assessment of system party change,- whi sovereignist Euroscepticism (RQ3). An spirithim the of Pen Le and hardline swer to our last research question (RQ6). This offers, at least a partial, positive an- ing of the key position right of the center. overtak the for foundation the lay would pursuit of a new ideological course that the previous party leadership and the financialruin and distance oneselffrom adership of in career.Salvini's With his ascent to le- adefining hadmoment been experience right and that Brussels/Strasbourg the Nord have consistently moved to the zation has shown that MEPs from Lega evaluation of impact the of Europeani - aftercially the (RQ2). 2001 election The of- espe with those Berlusconi's parties, lapping positions policy of League's the time, we could arather detect clear over 2013 and 2018elections. At same the movementcy only visible the between under (RQ1), Salvini with clear- poli point towards current the shift observed we atrend could not that observe would with. Assessingto deal manifestos, party change, had and party the court cases the context the parties, cal of system party impactthe of Europeanization of politi- shift in electoral manifestos, policy the list Eurosceptic party, we have looked at er profound transformation of North the In analysis this of reasons the the behind Conclusion 12 olloquial nickname for the Northern Lea Northern for the nickname olloquial n League inton League asovereignist, nationa- ring a standard of a city or feudal lord. lord. or feudal of acity astandard ring bea altar war medieval the to referring gue, C Carroccio , 12 he brought with - - - -

3 12 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 4A 12 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. Bossi era(RQ6). Bossi ppropriated funds, inherited from the ofscenario total sequestration of- misa to prepare for party the nightmare the out of conviction, ideological but also stead of North the First, etc.) not only (blue instead of green, Italians First in- (sisternal and party) symbolic changes didmake certainly Salvini organizatio- past and Padanian separatism (RQ5). distance it from its original, regionalist us attempt to nationalize and party the Stars Movement, but rather aconscio- ssarily areaction of to Five rise the the and expanding its reach was not- nece (RQ4).his The party idea of goingsouth Parliament, and consequently transform seems toseems have paid off. of its fierce supporters theand gamble tion of and party the expectations the for.stood He gambled with reputa the - Northernthings original the League he was ready to abandon most of the but inBrussels. To also his goals, fulfill leave alasting impact not only inRome, PenLe Wilders and Geert and wants to shares avision of Europe to Marine akin Parliamentpean Matteo election. Salvini post-Brexit, post-migration crisis Euro- across continent the of ahead first the role among diverse Eurosceptic parties center and to play unifying arallying, as main the Italian right-of-theparty populist that to party impose itself seeks leader-oriented sovereignist, nationalist In Northern 2018,the is a League Bertochi, Gabriele.- Bertochi, sdo 2018. Salvini Barcella, Paolo. 2018.Percorsi leghisti: nuovo Salvini ANSA. 2013.Lega: Daniele, Giovannini,Albertazzi, - Ari Daniele. 2015.JuniorAlbertazzi, - part Abbondanza, Gabriele, Bailo, Frances - References Bordignon, Fabio, Luigi. Ceccarini, 2013. Bianchi, Davide Gianluca. 2017.'I der. ppia- unlea due per Lega: la partiti fobia. Meridiana Dall'antimeridionalismo xeno- alla 1September 2018). (accessed vo-segretario-82-voti_9744107.html pnews/2013/12/07/Lega-Salvini-nuo- ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/to- segretario, 82%voti. http://www. 2018.1512977 irst. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566 Salvini. Nord under leadership the of Matteo transformationThe the of Lega Italian regionalism please, we are Leghisti!' anna, Antonella. Seddone 2018.'No 10September 2018). cessed could-reshape-the-right-in-italy/ (ac- more-how-the-growth-of-lega-nord- pblog/2015/11/23/junior-partner-no- ber. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europ- in Italy. LSE Europp Blog. 23Novem- NordLega could reshape right the ner no more: How growth the of the 016-0097-0 403. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304- European Political Science. (17)3:378- Parties: Case Theof Lega Italy's Nord. migration Flow for Anti-Immigration co.Electoral 2018.The Payoff of Im- Five Stars and Grillo aCricket: Beppe http://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.35 takes. referendum and Matteo mis Renzi's - constitutional the apenalty': missed html 10September 2018). (accessed ppia-lega-due-partiti-leader-1550983. giornale.it/news/politica/salvini-sdo- Il GiornaleIl Modern Italy Regional Federal & Studies . 9July. http://www.il- . (91)1:95-119. . (22)3:315–329. . iF - Ceccarelli, Danilo. 2018. Marine Le Casadio, Giovanna. 2018.Fondi Lega, Brunazzo, Marco, Mark. Gilbert, 2017. European Parliament. 2018a. European Donovan, Mark. 2015.Berlusconi's im- 'U-Turn'League's from Europe. Govern Chari, Raj S.,Iltanen, Suvi, Kritzinger, Cento Bull, Nord: Anna. 2009. Lega ingtonPost.it lanciarsi Europee. delle invista Huff Pen cavalca- l'onda ri per Salvini 10September 2018). (accessed no_-205779012/?ref=%E2%80%A6 do_ero_io_alla_guida_i_soldi_c_era di_lega_la_difesa_di_bossi_quan- ca.it/politica/2018/09/07/news/fon- 7 September. https://www.repubbli- Repubblica c'erano". isoldi guida, La "Quando ero difesala diBossi: ioalla 10.1080/1354571X.2017.1389524 ian Studies since 2013.Journal of Modern Ital - populist turn of Nord Lega the roscepticism and right-wing the Insurgents against Brussels: Eu- 10.1080/13608746.2013.775720 DOI: an Society and Politics. (18)4:427-449. Shakes Italian Politics. Europe South Parliament MEPs: Europe of Nations 2944.2014.985582 11-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353 system. party the Modern Italy and parties political andpact legacy: doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.000129.x ment and Opposition . (39)3:423-450. ing Northern the Sylvia. 2004.Examining and Explain- org/10.1080/13608740903037786 tics South European Society and Poli- of SimulativeA Case Politics? tember 2018). - ropee_a_23528982/ 20Sep (accessed ni-per-rilanciarsi-in-vista-delle-eu- marine-le-pen-cavalca-londa-salvi- www.huffingtonpost.it/2018/09/16/ . (14) 2: 129-146. http://dx.doi. . (22) 5: 624-641. DOI: . (22) 5: 624-641. DOI: . 16September. https:// . (20)1: - - - - .

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7 12 V. Raos, From Pontida to Brussels: The Nationalization and Europeanization of the Northern League, Anali 15 (1) 105-128 (2018) 8A 12 nali Hrvatskog politiološkog društva 2018. na stranački život pokazala je kako jekako život pokazala na stranački promjene stranačkoga sustava zbogpromjene procesa vodstva te utjecajasudskih r saveznikestranku kojaokuplja kojižele Europsku unijuvratiti ustanje prije regionalističke iseparatističke isuverenističku stranke nacionalističku utalijansku razlozima ČlanaksebaviSažetak preobrazbe višestrukim je djelomic ropeizacija političkih stranaka, stranaka, ropeizacija političkih Ključne riječi izbora 2019. u cije. Nova t ostao nakonBerlusconijeve ostavke. Preobrazba jepovezala zornice te jenacionalizirao stranku razini nadržavnoj zbogvakuuma moćikojije nego se promijenilamjene javnih tek politika pod novim vođom onazor spragmatizmom zaopstanakzbogopasnostisekvestra- nastalim borbom ichta. I taliji t A e igrati odlučujuću ulogu u okupljanju tvrdih euroskeptika uoči europskih e igrati uočieuropskih tvrdih euroskeptika odlučujućuuloguuokupljanju naliza izbor S e uvezao suverenističku vizijuseuropske inacionalističku stranačke po jev Nacionalizacija i europeizacija Sjeverne i europeizacija Nacionalizacija lige erna liga sada ima prigodu postati glavna stranka desnoodcentra postati ligasadaimaprigodu glavnaerna stranka S jev erna liga,euroskeptičnost,erna promjena stranačkog sustava, eu- nih programa, europeizacije stranačkoga natjecanja, učinaka Od PontideOd do Bruxellesa: I talija, S jev M anif erna liganijepratilaerna dugoročni trend pro esto Europske project unije S jev S alvinijev osobnisvje erne ligeizpadanske erne S alvinijem. M S alvini aast - - -