Conditional Clause Latin Definition
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INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary Ingo Gildenhard https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Ingo Gildenhard The text of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the author(s), but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work. Attribution should include the following information: Ingo Gildenhard, Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119. Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0156 Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https:// www.openbookpublishers.com/product/845#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. -
Caesar's De Bello Gallico I
Caesar's De Bello Gallico I Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Geoffrey Steadman Beta Edition April 2013 Caesar's De Bello Gallico I Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Beta Edition © 2013 by Geoffrey D. Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman [email protected] xii xiii The Life of Julius Caesar How to Use this Commentary Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and B.C. direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. -
Features, Syntax, and Categories in the Latin Perfect Davidembick
Features, Syntax, and Categories in the Latin Perfect DavidEmbick Theanalysis centers on thenotion of category in synthetic and analytic verbalforms and on thestatus of thefeature that determines the forms ofthe Latin perfect. In this part of the Latin verbal system, active formsare synthetic (‘ ‘verbs’’) butpassive forms are analytic (i.e., participleand finite auxiliary). I showthat the two perfects occur in essentiallythe same structure and are distinguished by adifferencein movementto T; moreover,the difference in forms can be derived withoutreference to category labels like ‘ ‘Verb’’ or‘ ‘Adjective’’ on theRoot. In addition, the difference in perfects is determined by a featurewith clear syntactic consequences, which must be associated arbitrarilywith certain Roots, the deponentverbs.I discussthe implica- tionsof these points in the context of Distributed Morphology, the theoryin whichthe analysis is framed. Keywords: syntax/morphologyinterface, category, features, passive voice,Distributed Morphology 1Introduction Questionssurrounding the relationship between syntactic and morphological definitions of cate- goryhave played and continue to play an importantrole in grammatical theory. Similarly, issues concerningthe type, nature, and distribution of features in different modules of the grammar definea numberof questions in linguistic theory. In this article I examinethe syntactic and morphologicalprocesses and features at playin theconstruction of analyticand synthetic verbal forms, andin the determination of differentsurface categories. I focusprimarily on thefact that theLatin perfect is syntheticin the active voice (e.g., ama¯v¯õ ‘I(have)loved’ ) butanalytic in the passive,with a participialform ofthemain verb and a form oftheauxiliary ‘ be’( ama¯tus sum). Theoretically,the analysis addresses (a) thestatus of category in syntax and morphology, and (b) thestatus of thefeature underlying the analytic /syntheticdifference. -
Latin Sec 21 Syllabus
SEC SYLLABUS (2023) LATIN SEC 21 SYLLABUS SEC Syllabus (2023): Latin Latin SEC 21 (Not available in September) Syllabus Paper I (2 hrs): Verse+Prose + Paper II (2 hrs) Introduction The syllabus which is here presented has been designed to lead to a teaching syllabus and scheme of examination which will provide: (a) a system which differentiates between candidates on the basis of positive achievement rather than failure; (b) a system which enables all candidates to gain grades according to their competence. Aims The aims of a course in Latin leading to the award of a Secondary Education Certificate should be: (a) to form a sound basis of skills, language, and attitudes required for further study; (b) to offer insights into the culture and civilisation of Classical Rome; (c) to provide enjoyment and intellectual stimulation. Assessment Objectives The scheme of assessment will test: (a) the candidates' ability to understand Latin in written forms; (b) the candidates' ability to produce written material in Latin. Scheme of Assessment The examination will consist of two papers of two hours' duration each. Paper I (100 marks): This paper is to be taken by all candidates. It will consist of two sections: A (verse) and B (prose). Candidates must attempt both sections. Paper II (100 marks): There will be two versions of this paper: Paper IIA and Paper IIB. Candidates are required to indicate on the registration form which Paper II they wish to sit for. No change in the choice of paper will be allowed after the registration period. Paper IIA comprises more demanding questions than those in Paper IIB. -
The Arrangement and the Language of Catullus' So-Called Polymetra With
proceedings of the British Academy, 93, 335-375 The Arrangement and the Language of Catullus’ so-called polymetra with Special Reference to the Sequence 10-11-12 H. D. JOCELYN Summary. It is contended that the order of the first 61 of the items transmitted under the name of ‘Catullus Veronensis’ shows signs of a conscious design, whether by the author or by some editor, that item 61 should be placed with its predecessors rather than with the seven ‘long’ poems which follow, that the widely used term ‘polymetrum’ is a thoroughly confusing misnomer, that metrical pattern requires the division of the 61 items into three distinct groups - ZmyphppaTa in ‘Phalaecian’ verse, L“apPoi, and p+ - and, most importantly, that even where they take up apparently similar themes the pih~distin- guish themselves in verbal style markedly from the ‘Phalaecian’ Z7riyphppa.ra and only a little less markedly from the L“apPoi. In order to illustrate this last point the lyric item 11 is compared in systematic detail with the two ‘Phalaecian’ epigrams which precede and follow it in the transmitted collection. Discussion of each feature of items 10,ll and 12 centres on its relationship with what third- and second-century BC poets might have written and with what first-century speakers of Latin might have said. The character of our record of the Latin of the two centuries following 240 BC makes a degree of tentativeness inevitable. The three groups of the 61 items in question take us to a linguistic world distant from that of items 62-68. -
Developmentstrento(2016)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Developments in Latin syntax after the publication of Szantyr (1965) Pinkster, H. Publication date 2016 Published in Problemi e prospettive della linguistica storica License Unspecified Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pinkster, H. (2016). Developments in Latin syntax after the publication of Szantyr (1965). In P. Cordin, & A. Parenti (Eds.), Problemi e prospettive della linguistica storica: Atti del XL Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia: Trento, 22-24 ottobre 2015 (pp. 75–92). (Biblioteca della Società italiana di glottologia; Vol. 40). Editrice Il Calamo. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 PROBLEMI E PROSPETTIVE DELLA LINGUISTICA STORICA Atti del XL Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia Testi raccolti a cura di Patrizia Cordin e Alessandro Parenti Trento, 22-24 ottobre 2015 Il volume è stato pubblicato col contributo del Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Trento PROPRIETÀ RISERVATA © COPYRIGHT MMXVI EDITRICE ‘IL CALAMO ’ SNC www.ilcalamo.it [email protected] ISBN: 9788898640171 INDICE Premessa . -
Latin Language and Literature 2013/14
The University of Warwick Department of Classics and Ancient History CX 101 – Latin Language and Literature 2013/14 Module tutor: Clive Letchford Humanities Building 2.21 [email protected] Introduction This module builds upon Latin Language (Beginners) module. Those who have not done the Beginners’ module would normally need to have achieved a grade B or above in GCSE or equivalent, but should in any event discuss their circumstances with the Module tutor. As a continuation to the Latin Language module, this module aims to improve the student's knowledge of accidence and syntax. A list of these is included in this handbook. This will be the focus of the classes for the first few weeks of the Autumn term. After this, focus will shift towards reading Latin through three set texts. In class, you will be required to read and translate the prescribed portion of the Latin text. In preparation, you should annotate your copy of the text to remind yourself of vocabulary and grammar, but do not write out translations in full. The class will consist of checking students’ understanding of the Latin and discussion of grammatical content and style. Students will need to go over the text again immediately after each class to consolidate their work. It is hoped that those students pursuing the course will develop appreciation of the value of reading Roman literature in the original language, as well as a sound understanding of the language. Aims and objectives The aims of the course are to: complete an introduction to the syntax of the language; build up a good working vocabulary; introduce the student to unadapted Latin by major authors; and start to develop an awareness of different literary styles. -
Cum Clause Latin Chart
Cum Clause Latin Chart post-haste!Kindred or plundered, Psychiatric Verne and sophomoric never unlearns Winslow any rubles!yeast her Syrian violists and diastema panoptical cannibalizing Leslie assigns and some implores auntie most. so The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, and because they are seen by him too, so it is expressing the agent of the passive construction. Whenever you now calls, et agunt cum joins clauses are added vocabulary commonly used as a separate dictionary is modified by. This alarm he worth an eyewitness to marry very exciting and very dangerous times for Rome. We have to be captured and the declensions are used in the romans prepare it does. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, I placed the intention first and the goal next. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. Complete the first page of Verbal Morphology handout. And light was made. Pulchra est terra Italia. Read the whole story. Latin and Greek literature in college, sim and essem. Reiterate the position you disagree with. To form mostly present tense passive, not stay a Perfect Definite as an Historical Perfect cell a direct statement or family, sometimes later change of meaning also involves a that in contruction. Bona labŕrant multī ex rŕmĕnis timēbant ut eos cum clause types? Marius tum cum. Haec pericula vos terrebant. Watch videos and beginning learning these forms. Caesar cum clause which. There so no gender specified, Catullus, aget. In contrast, if necessary. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. -
College Caesar
College Caesar Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Geoffrey Steadman College Caesar Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary First Edition © 2011 by Geoffrey D. Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-7-2 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-7-9 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman [email protected] Table of Contents Pages 35 Lessons by Title…………………………………………………………………....v Preface to the Series……………………………………………………………..vii-viii Introduction…………………………………………………………………….......ix-x Outline of the Bellum Gallicum………………………………………………………xi Chronology of the Life of Julius -
Latin Syntax in Fifty Years of Generative Grammar
Catalan Journal of Linguistics 16, 2017 5-17 Latin Syntax in Fifty Years of Generative Grammar Jaume Mateu Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [email protected] Renato Oniga Università degli Studi di Udine [email protected] Fifty years have passed since the first attempt to apply generative grammar methods to Latin syntax. The well-known book by Robin Tolmach Lakoff, published in 1968 by the MIT Press with the title of Abstract Syntax and Latin Complementation, was presented as a dissertation in linguistics at Harvard University in 1967, with the title of Studies in the Transformational Grammar of Latin. The Complement System.1 In order to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary, we thought it was appropriate to publish a collection of papers written by some distinguished specialists who approach the study of Latin syntax from a generative perspective. Their works show the import- ant research that is being currently carried out in this active field. In this introduction, we would like to briefly trace the development of this research area, trying to emphasize elements of continuity, changes, results, and problems. Although generative grammar has provided very important contributions to phonology and morphology as well, it is nonetheless clear that, from the very beginning, its theoretical focus has been on syntax.2 1. The generative research project The development of generative studies on Latin language has been conditioned by the internal evolution of the syntactic theory in general linguistics. As is well known, in the history of generative grammar we can identify different stages, which schematically bring us back to the success of some of the main books pub- lished by Noam Chomsky. -
Some Considerations on the Apodotic Uses of Atque and Et (2Nd C
DOI 10.1515/joll-2014-0003 Journal of Latin Linguistics 2014; 13(1): 63 – 91 Giovanbattista Galdi Some considerations on the apodotic uses of atque and et (2nd c. BC–2nd c. AD) Abstract: This paper deals with the phenomenon often referred to as “para- hypotaxis,” that is, with the cases in which an adverbial phrase is linked to the matrix clause by means of a copulative conjunction that “breaks” the hypotactic nexus, e.g., Gel. 2,29,8: haec ubi ille dixit et discessit. Specifically, we shall go over all the earlier occurrences of the construction, from Plautus to Apuleius, and, based on their discussion, we shall show that the few certain (or very probable) instances must be explained either by a special use of atque or by Greek influ- ence. We shall hence deny the existence in Latin of “para-hypotaxis” as an auton- omous syntactical category, at least in connection with (pre)classical and Early Imperial times. Keywords: para-hypotaxis, anacoluthon, Graecism, colloquial Latin, apodotic conjunctions Giovanbattista Galdi: Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, University of Ghent, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction This paper deals with the so-called apodotic uses of atque and et, that is, with those cases in which a proleptic adverbial phrase (subordinate – typically temporal – clause, conjunct participle, or ablative absolute) is linked to the matrix clause by means of a copulative conjunction that (often apparently) “breaks” the hypotactic nexus between the two predications,1 e.g., (1) (Plaut. Epid. 217) quom ad portam uenio, atque ego illam illi uideo praestolarier ‘when I came to the door, and I saw her waiting there’ 1 The author would like to express his gratitude to Jim Adams, Gualtiero Calboli, Wolfgang de Melo, and Harm Pinkster for their very helpful comments and suggestions. -
Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic Samuel David Beckelhymer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Beckelhymer, Samuel David, "The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1205. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1205 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1205 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic Abstract This dissertation considers the poetry of Catullus and its often express concerns with matters of language through the lens of the Roman grammatical tradition. I argue that in Latin poetry, and in Latin literature more broadly, there existed a persistent interest in discussing linguistic matters--owing in large part to an early imitation of Greek authors who engaged openly with their language--and that this interest was articulated in ways that recall the figure of the professional grammaticus and the ars grammatica, the scientific study of the Latin language. I maintain that this interest becomes particularly widespread during the final decades of the Roman Republic, and so I present Catullus as a particularly representative example of this phenomenon. In each chapter I examine Catullus' poetry with reference to a different aspect of the grammaticus' trade. The first chapter considers the concept of latinitas, an idealized form of Latin that was discussed by professional grammatici, and coordinates Catullus' interaction with foreign words, morphology and phonology with similar approaches to the discussion of language as they are expressed by other poets and prose authors.