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2. Arhamuddin Ali.Indd View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-Jurnal ISBI Bandung (Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia) Relevansi Selera Musikal dengan Politik Golongan di Indonesia Era Soekarno Arhamuddin Ali1 Institut Seni Indonesia (ISI) Yogyakarta Jalan Parangtritis Km 6,5. Sewon Bantul Yogyakarta ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explain diff erences in musical tastes in upper social class. The study also describes the relationship between musical tastes with the political groups in the community of Indo- nesia in Sukarno era. As a conceptual basis, we use the views of Bourdieu about habitus, arenas, and cultural capital. Also used a conceptual view of the Schuessler relationship of musical tastes and ages. This case study concludes that the old group closed with the development of new music tends to assume the old music as the best. On the other side, the young man open to the development of new types of music. Besides, the diff erences in musical tastes of young and old groups lead to a clash between them. Diff erences in their taste of music creates an identity as a diff erentiator between them, resulting in a process of political groups in it. Keywords: musical tastes, political group, age and identity PENDAHULUAN kat yang berpendidikan hingga taraf per- guruan tinggi dan memiliki pendapatan Kajian mengenai selera musik sudah ekonomi di atas $ 15 senang dengan musik banyak dibahas oleh beberapa peneliti ter- klasik. Di sini ditekankan bahwa tingkat dahulu. Penelitian Sook Auh, Walker, Jong, pendidikan dan ekonomi berpengaruh ter- Kim (2001) menunjukkan ada perbedaan hadap selera musikal masyarakat. selera musikal di antara mahasiswa musik Selain itu, dalam perkembangannya, ka- dari latar belakang negara berbeda. Pene- jian selera musikal sudah menyentuh wila- litian mereka menjelaskan bahwa maha- yah politik. Selera musik dijadikan sebagai siswa Korea lebih banyak memilih musik legitimasi posisi masyarakat tertentu dalam pop Korea (etniknya sendiri) dibandingkan kelas sosial (Bourdieu:1994). Pada titik ini, dengan mahasiswa Australia dan Amerika. Bourdieu menunjukkan selera musikal ber- Padahal, masing-masing di antara mere- hubungan dengan status sosial suatu ma- ka sama-sama mendapatkan pendidikan syarakat. Dari perspektif selera musik, ma- musik klasik Barat. syarakat terbagi menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu Di samping itu, penelitian Di Maggio kelas atas, menengah, dan bawah atau po- & Ussen yang dibahas oleh Russel (dalam puler. Kelas atas senang dengan musik kla- Hargreaves, 2003:143-145) menunjukkan sik, kelas menengah cenderung mengikuti bahwa ada pengaruh tingkat pendidikan selera kelas atas, sedangkan kelas bawah dan penghasilan ekonomi terhadap selera harus membuat seleranya sendiri karena musikal masyarakat. Secara umum, peneli- tidak dapat mengakses selera kelas atas. tian mereka menjelaskan bahwa masyara- Masing-masing kelas masyarakat terse- 12 - Pantun Vol. 1 No. 1 Juni 2016 - but membedakan dirinya dengan maksud HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN menunjukkan posisinya di masyarakat. Di Pembentukan Selera Musik, Golongan sinilah aspek politis berhubungan dengan Umur dan Strategi Membedakan Diri selera musikal. Dalam kerangka konseptual Bourdieu, Namun, dari beberapa penelitian terse- pembentukan selera musik masyarakat but, tentunya masih terdapat beberapa as- dipengaruhi oleh habitus. Habitus meru- pek yang belum dibahas. Kajian pertama pakan satu struktur yang menstruktur- hanya menunjukkan adanya perbedaan se- kan individu (1994:170). Dengan kata lain, lera musikal di antara beberapa mahasiswa konsep ini dapat diterjemahkan sebagai yang berasal dari negara berbeda. Penelitian kebiasaan yang selalu dilakukan berulang- ini tidak menjelaskan mengapa perbedaan ulang dalam waktu lama. selera musikal terjadi. Kajian kedua hanya Habitus kemudian membentuk penge- menunjukkan adanya pengaruh antara tahuan manusia, dalam istilah Bourdieu tingkat pendidikan dan status pekerjaan disebut modal budaya (Bourdieu, 1994:13). terhadap selera musik masyarakat. Kajian Habitus dan modal budaya saling terkait membentuk selera musik seseorang. Pe- ketiga merupakan sebuah kajian kompleks ngetahuan seseorang terhadap suatu jenis karena menunjukkan aspek politis dari se- musik (modal budaya) tentunya dipenga- lera musikal masyarakat. Namun, kajian ini ruhi dari kebiasaannya mendengarkan, lebih menekankan pembahasan berdasar- membaca, atau membicarakan musik terse- kan logika kelas sosial tanpa mendalami a- but. Di sini habitus keluarga, sekolah dan danya perbedaan selera di dalam satu kelas teman sebaya menjadi indikator utama sosial yang sama, misalnya perbedaan selera pembentukannya (Bourdieu, 1994:14). musik bagi sesama masyarakat kelas atas. Dari hal ini, selera musikal kemudian Tulisan ini membahas tentang adanya berhubungan dengan arena politik antarke- perbedaan selera musikal di antara ma- las masyarakat. Di sini, arena dijelaskan se- syarakat kelas atas. Perbedaan selera mu- bagai ruang pertemuan produksi dan kon- sikal tersebut berhubungan dengan politik sumsi (Bourdieu, 1994:3). Kelas atas memiliki antargolongan di dalam kelas masyarakat modal budaya berupa pengetahuan terhadap tersebut, khususnya bagi kalangan tua dan jenis musik bernilai tinggi yang diperoleh dari muda. Aspek ini penting dibahas untuk pendidikan, seperti misalnya lagu-lagu kla- mengisi kekosongan kajian selera musikal sik dan lainnya yang kemudian digunakan yang hanya menekankan aspek seperti dije- dalam arena. Kemampuan mereka mengap- resiasi jenis musik tersebut secara tidak lang- laskan sebelumnya. Maka dari itu, kasus sung menempatkan masyarakat ini di posisi yang dibahas adalah kondisi musik populer atas stratafi kasi sosial (Bourdieu, 1994:28) dan masyarakat Indonesia era Soekarno. sehingga mampu memenangkan arena. A- Adapun pertanyaan yang akan dijawab dapun kelompok masyarakat menengah dalam penelitian ini, antara lain: bisa beradaptasi dengan kondisi ini sedang- 1. Mengapa masing-masing golongan kan masyarakat kelas bawah mau tidak mau dalam masyarakat kelas atas memiliki sele- hanya bisa menikmati posisinya karena tidak ra musikal yang berbeda? memiliki akses pengetahuan untuk menga- 2. Bagaimana bentuk hubungan sele- presiasi jenis musik tersebut. ra musikal dengan politik golongan dalam Sejatinya, berdasarkan konsep Bourdieu masyarakat kelas atas di Indonesia era Soe- dapat dilihat bahwa pilihan apresiasi musik karno? suatu masyarakat merupakan upaya mem- 13 - Ali: Relevansi Selera Musikal dengan Politik Golongan di Indonesia Era Soekarno - bedakan diri dengan kelompok masyara- Selera Musikal Sokarno sebagai Representasi kat lainnya (Bourdieu, 1994:6). Di sini juga Selera Musikal Golongan Tua dijelaskan bahwa dalam masyarakat, ke- Perkembangan musik Indonesia di era beradaan golongan tua selalu bertentang- Soekarno tergolong beragam. Ada lagu- an dengan golongan muda. Perbedaan lagu daerah yang diaransemen menjadi sistem negara dan pendidikan menyebab- rock’n roll, cha-cha dan R&B. Di samping itu kan pertentangan di antara dua golongan ada juga jenis musik dilombakan di ajang ini (Bourdieu, 1994:83). Golongan tua cende- Bintang Radio saat itu. Jenis musik di rung mempertahankan status qou, sedangkan dalam bintang radio inilah salah satu yang golongan anak muda memiliki ambisi serta dijelaskan pada bagian ini. Selain itu, di sini juga dijelaskan beberapa pemusik atau pun penuh dengan inovasi (Lane, 2006:79). penyanyi yang disenangi oleh Soekarno. Menambahkan hal tersebut, Schuessler Pertama, Bintang Radio merupakan ajang merumuskan beberapa poin mengenai pencarian bakat penyanyi Indonesia. Ajang selera musik. Salah satunya mengguna- ini pertama kali dihelat oleh Radio Repu- kan pandangan berdasarkan aspek umur. blik Indonesia (RRI) pada 1951 dalam rangka Menurutnya, umur menjadi hal utama memperingati hari radio pada 11 Desember. pembentukan selera musik. karena, dalam Melalui ajang ini, pemerintahan Soekarno penelitian yang ia lakukan, ditemukan ke- menaruh harapan untuk menghasilkan seni- cenderungan orang tua lebih senang de- man yang dapat mengembangkan lagu revo- ngan lagu-lagu lama. Sedangkan orang lusioner sesuai dengan kepribadian bangsa. yang muda lebih membuka diri terhadap Tujuannya untuk melawan pengaruh musik lagu-lagu jenis baru (1948:334). asing yang dianggap dekaden (Sakri, 2014). Orang tua tidak senang dengan jenis Jenis musik di dalam Bintang Radio ada musik baru karena mereka kurang bersen- tiga. Lagu-lagu ini antara lain keroncong, se- tuhan dengan jenis musik baru tersebut. riosa, dan lagu-lagu amusement atau hiburan. Ketiga kategori lagu ini merupakan repre- Golongan ini cenderungan tertutup ter- sentasi kesenangan golongan elit pada masa hadap keberadaan jenis-jenis musik baru. itu. Golongan elit itu pun hanya dari golong- Sikap tersebut terbentuk karena kebiasaan an tua. Sedangkan kaum anak muda rata- mengisolasi diri dari musik. Maka dari itu, rata telah dipengaruhi oleh musik rock’n roll mereka akhirnya tidak dapat mengetahui (wawancara Remy Sylado, 23 Agustus 2015). arah perkembangan musik dan tidak per- Kategori lagu yang dilombakan dalam caya dengan musik baru, sebaliknya mere- ajang Bintang Radio merupakan kategori ka justru selalu menganggap musik lama musik lama dibandingkan dengan jenis sebagai jenis musik yang baik (Schuessler, rock’ n roll. Soekarno pun masih cenderung 1948:334). menyenangi jenis-jenis musik tersebut. Pada kondisi sebaliknya, anak muda Menurut Remy Sylado, pendekatan musik memiliki kebiasaan mendengarkan jenis-je- kesenangan golongan elit saat itu adalah nis musik baru.
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