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Real Name Pseudo- Occupation Company Interview nym Date

Media Administrator Vietnam Digital (Former Minister of 1. Lê Doãn Hợp Communication 17/06/15 Information & Association Communication)

Media Administrator 2. Trần Đăng Tuấn An Vien Television 22/05/15 (General Director)

Media Administrator VnExpress.net (e- 3. Phạm Hiếu 26/12/12 (Vice Editor in chief) newspaper)

Academy of Journalism 4. NDD Scholar of Media 14/12/12 & Communication

Academy of Journalism 5. DCN Scholar of Media 15/01/13 & Communication

TTVN.vn (Young 6. Mai Quốc Ấn Journalist Knowledge e- 10/01/16 newspaper)

TTVN.vn (Young 7. Hoàng Nguyên Vũ Journalist Knowledge e- 18/05/16 newspaper)

Ho Chi Minh City Law Journalist Newspaper 12/12/12 8. Mai Phan Lợi Administrator Young Journalists 4/6/2015 Forum

9. Huy Đức Freelance Journalist Osin Blog 21/08/15

10. Trần Tiến Đức Freelance Journalist 15/06/15

11. VT Retired Journalist 14/06/15

Vietnam Television 12. NKH Journalist 18/01/13 (VTV)

Vietnamnet.vn (e- 13. LLH Journalist 26/10/15 newspaper)

Vietnamnet.vn (e- 14. KD Journalist 22/06/15 newspaper)

Sport & Culture 15. NND Journalist 28/09/15 newspaper

16. NBK Journalist Pioneer newspaper 30/11/12

Vietnam Television 17. NVA Journalist 15/01/13 Corporation (VTC)

18. NT Former Technician VOV e-newspaper 19/10/2015

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‘Right side’ press ‘Left side’ press

- The press is owned and managed by the CPV - This stream of journalism is the non-mainstream authorities. The ‘right side’ press is sometimes media and is not owned by the Vietnamese called ‘mainstream media’. authorities.

- Other names for the media in this stream: - Advocates refer to it as the journalism of liberty, equality, democracy and civilisation. In many • state media instances, ‘left side’ press players fill the gaps in • state-owned media, reporting negative and sensitive issues left by the • state-run media ‘right side’ press. • propaganda media (from the viewpoint of western countries)

State media organisations Social media

- State media organisations at all levels/tiers. Social media provide platforms where internet users in Vietnam can create and share content - Electronic newspapers, e-newspapers or e-press include social networks (Facebook), weblogs are popular terms for online newspapers which (political blogs), social forums and social groups. are part of the state media organisations.

Propaganda journalists Citizen journalists

Propaganda journalists are the journalists who - Citizen journalists are the internet users whose work for mainstream media and are granted press news stories and opinions are initially written not cards. for a state media organisation but published on social media.

- A propaganda journalist can be a citizen journalist when his/her writings are not controlled by their media organisation. And a blogger can have his/her posting published by a state newspaper.

- Other names for citizen journalists:

• freelance journalists • citizen journalists • facebookers • bloggers.

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Theme 1 Commercialised press

Node 1.1 Signals of marketization

Child node 1.1.1 Size, ownership, ‘Báo VietNamNet.vn tự nuôi nhau, vừa làm báo, vừa làm profit doanh nghiệp (Interview with KD – journalist of VietNamNet.vn 22 Jun 2015)

Translation: ‘VietNamNet newspaper feeds itself, doing journalism and doing business at the same time’

Child node 1.1.2 Advertising ‘Chiến lược của VTV là phải cố gắng giữ được thị phần quảng cáo của mình dành cho truyền hình trong miếng bánh chung đang bị thu hẹp và chia sẻ’ (Vietnam Television General Director’s Speech viewed 15 Feb 2015 http://vtvcantho.vn/tin-tuc/67/73661/khong-thay-doi-se-la- chet.html)

Translation: ‘VTV strategy is to try maintaining our advertising marketshare of television in the cake which has been narrowed and shared’

Child node 1.1.3 Sources ‘Nhắc đến vụ ‘Hồ sơ Panama’ liên quan đến Việt Nam, Cục trưởng Cục chống tham nhũng cho biết, đây mới chỉ là thông tin một chiều, cũng không phải nguồn tin chính thống (Laodong viewed 11 May 2016 http://laodong.com.vn/thoi- su-xa-hoi/cuc-truong-cuc-phong-chong-tham-nhung-ho-so- panama-lien-quan-den-viet-nam-chua-phai-chinh-thong- 550086.bld)

Translation: ‘Regarding the Vietnam-relating ‘Panama papers’, Head of the Anti-corruption Department said this is the one-sided information and is not the official source’

Child node 1.1.4 Negative ‘Những người đứng đầu các tòa báo rất dễ mất ngủ khi nhận response được tin nhắn chỉ đạo vào thời điểm đêm khuya, khi mà bài báo sắp qua nhà in’ (TuoiTre Online viewed 26 November 2015

Translation: ‘Managers of newspapers can easily have a sleepless night after receiving a guiding order at late night, when a news story is about to send to the printer’

Child node 1.1.5 Anti hostile ‘‘Diễn biến hòa bình’ là sự thực, là thực tế, đã và đang diễn forces ra hằng ngày, hằng giờ trên mọi lĩnh vực của đời sống xã hội nước ta’ (People’s Police Online, viewed 7 August 2015,

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Theme 1 Commercialised press moi-cua-dien-bien-hoa-binh-355633/%3E)

Translation: ‘‘Peaceful evolution’ is the truth, reality, which has and is going on every day, every night in all fields of our society’

Node 1.2 Unchanged & unresolved issues

Child node 1.2.1 CPV monopoly ‘Báo chí đương nhiên phải quản lý, đặc biệt với những nước như chúng ta thì càng cần’ (Interview with DCN – media lecturer 14 Dec 2012)

Translation: ‘Press is certainly to be under controlled. Especially in the countries like ours, it is more necessary’

Child node 1.2.2 Profit only ‘Vì chạy theo lợi nhuận, không ít tờ báo đã bỏ rơi mục đích, tiêu chí ban đầu của mình’ (People’s Police Online viewed 15 Jan 2013 http://vnca.cand.com.vn/dien-dan-van-nghe- cong-an/Khi-bao-chi-chay-theo-loi-nhuan-330072/)

Translation: ‘To chase for profit, not a few newspapers have abandoned its initial objectives and criteria’

Child node 1.2.3 Passive ‘Ngày xưa việc cung cấp thông tin ra công chúng là độc audience quyền của báo chí thì cách quản lý theo kiểu cam đoan, định hướng chỉ đạo tỏ rõ hiệu quả. Nhưng trong thời buỏi bây giờ thì cách quản lý đó không hiệu quả nữa’ (Interview with Mai Phan Loi – Journalist of Ho Chi Minh City Law newspaper 12 Dec 2012)

Translation: ‘In the past, providing information to the public is the monopoly of the press so the management style of making commitments and guidelines had effects. But in the present time, that management style is no longer an effect’

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Theme 2 Ascending Electronic press

Node 2.1 Dynamics

Child node 2.1.1 Bridge audience ‘Họ chính là hàn thử biểu của tờ báo. Chăm sóc họ chính là chăm sóc ‘nồi cơm’ của chính mình. Họ vừa là động lực cho tờ báo, cho phóng viên’ (Interview with NND – journalist of Culture & Sports Newspaper 28 Sept 2015)

Translation: ‘They (news readers) are the thermometers of the newspaper. Caring them means caring our ‘cooker of rice’. They are the stimulator of both newspaper and

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Theme 2 Ascending Electronic press journalists’

Child node 2.1.2 Fast messenger ‘Yêu cầu không chỉ là chất lượng mà tốc độ còn đươc đặt cao hơn’ (TuoitreOnline viewed 21 Jun 2013 http://tuoitre.vn/tin/van-hoa-giai-tri/20130621/bao-chi-phai- thay-doi-tao-khac-biet/555122.html)

Translation: ‘The demand (of electronic newspapers) is not only the quality but the speed is placed in the higher position’

Child node 2.1.3 Tabloidisation ‘Cách đây khoảng mười năm, có một tờ báo điện tử thôi em nói luôn là tờ Vietnamnet lúc ấy là một niềm tự hào của báo điện tử VN. Những bài góc nhìn thứ ba rất sâu. Lúc đó Vietnamnet có những tin rất hay, nhanh và chuyên nghiệp. Rồi sau đó thay ekip đưa một ông nhà văn nhà báo ngoài Hà Nội này vào. Từ đấy thì báo điện tử Vietnamnet là sốc sex hiếp’ (Interview with Hoang Nguyen Vu – Journalist of TTVN.vn 18 May 2016)

Translation: ‘About ten years ago, Vietnamnet.vn was the pride of Vietnam’s e-press. It had in-depth stories. Its news was of good quality, fast and professional. Then it had new bosses being a journalist and a writer from Hanoi. Since then, Vietnamnet.vn has become the shocking, sexual and raping (newspaper)’

Node 2.2 Messy situation

Child node 2.2.1 Censorship & ‘Sau một vài bài ở mục Chính trị có nút Dislike, báo đã bỏ’ Propaganda task (Interview with LLH – journalist of Vietnamnet.vn 26 Oct 2015)

Translation: ‘After some stories of the Politics section has Dislike, the newspaper has removed it (the button)’

Child node 2.2.2 Degrading news ‘Còn báo khác (báo điện tử) còn thiếu chuyên nghiệp thể quality, hiện ở việc chọn đề tài, triển khai, tần suất đăng thông tin. commercialisation Hoặc cố tình bịa đặt để câu view rồi quay về thông tin chính xác.’ (Interview with Mai Phan Loi – Journalist of Ho Chi Minh City Law newspaper 12 Dec 2012)

Translation: ‘Other electronic newspapers are not professional enough in selection of news topics, news production and publishing frequency. Or they intentionally fabricate to earn pageviews before returning to accurate information’

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Theme 3 Blogs, Facebook & Online Community

Node 3.1 Political blogs

Child node 3.1.1 Three groups of blogs ‘Kể từ khi có blog, Facebook, tôi nhận ra rằng, nếu chỉ để thực hiện quyền tự do ngôn luận thì không nhất thiết phải lệ thuộc vào một tờ báo nhà nước’ (Interview with Huy Duc – independent journalist 21 Aug 2015 )

Translation: ‘After the introduction of blogs, Facebook, I realise that it is not necessary to depend on a state newspaper if only to perform freedom of expression’

Child node 3.1.2 Evolution of blogs ‘‘In Vietnam, they (bloggers) now fill the void left by the state-run media, which are subjected to very strict news control and relay the government’s views’’ (Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Christophe Deloire viewed 2 Jun 2014 http://en.rsf.org/reporters-without- borders-awards-07-03-2013,44178.html)

Node 3.2 Facebook & media

Child node 3.2.1 Diversified sources ‘Tôi dùng Facebook như cách thu thập thông tin: thông tin báo chí được chia sẻ trên Facebook; thông tin từ các nguồn khác báo chí được người dùng Facebook chia sẻ; tâm thế và các quan điểm xã hội bộc lộ qua các ý kiến cá nhân, các thảo luận trên Facebook (Interview with Tran Dang Tuan – media administrator 22 May 2015)

Translation: ‘I use Facebook as a way of getting news: press news shared on Facebook; non-press sources of news shared by Facebookers; and public feelings and viewpoints in individuals’ ideas and Facebook discussions’

Child node 3.2.2 State acceptance & ‘Thủ tướng yêu cầu chủ động đưa thông tin chính control thống lên các mạng xã hội như Facebook, trong bối cảnh bùng nổ công nghệ mới và trước yêu cầu về quyền tiếp cận thông tin của người dân’ (Dantri.vn viewed 15 Feb 2015 http://dantri.com.vn/suc-manh- so/khi-thu-tuong-noi-ve-facebook-1422138317.htm)

Translation: ‘The Prime Minister demands active updates of official sources on social networks such as

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Theme 3 Blogs, Facebook & Online Community Facebook in the context that there is a boom of new technologies and the people require to have the right of accessing information’

Node 3.3 Facebook users & social movements

Child node 3.3.1 Case: Hanoi tree ‘Trước khi các ý kiến của đông đảo người dân lan movements truyền trên mạng xã hội, thì vấn đề này không thật sự nóng trên báo chí chính thống’ (Interview with Tran Dang Tuan – media administrator 22 May 2015)

Translation: ‘Before a large number of users’ ideas are shared on social networks, it was not a hot topic on the mainstream media’

Child node 3.3.2 Online social ‘Trình độ của công chúng là ‘văn hóa làng xã’. Thông movements qua những việc như thế, công chúng Việt Nam đang dần trưởng thành’ (Interview with Huy Duc - independent journalist 21 Aug 2015)

Translation: ‘The public is at the level of ‘village culture’. After experiencing those issues, Vietnamese peole have been gradually mature’

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Theme 4 Internet & journalists

Node 4.1 Chances & competition

Child node 4.1.1 Chances Mở blog là một cách đem đến thông tin cho bạn đọc không đọc báo chính thống’ (Interview with KD 22 June 2015)

Translation: ‘Having my blog is a way of providing information to the readers who don’t read mainstream news to the readers’

Child node 4.1.2 Competition ‘Chỉ sau vài giây, nếu báo chí nói sai, người đọc sẽ vạch cái sai đó ra trên mạng xã hội’ (Interview with Huy Duc - independent journalist 21 Aug 2015)

Translation: ‘After a few seconds, if the press says something wrong, readers will point it out on social networks’

Node 4.2 Impacts of double life

Child node 4.2.1 The challengers ‘Bài học cho các nhà báo là hãy nuôi dưỡng niềm tin, chiến đấu cho sự thật và công bằng vì không gì có thể vùi dập được những điều đó’ (Interview with VC – retired

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Translation: ‘A lesson for journalists is to nurture their trust and to fight for the truth and fairness because nothing can wipe out those things’

Child node 4.2.2 Case: Young ‘Đây là diễn đàn phi lợi nhuận. Tính chất quản lý không Journalism forum chính thức’ (Interview with Mai Phan Loi - Journalist of Ho Chi Minh City Law newspaper 4 Jun 2015)

Translation: ‘This is a non-profit forum. The management is not officially performed’

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Theme 5 State control & prospects of Vietnam’s press

Node 5.1 Contradictions ‘Vì phần sai anh không nói thì nó thiếu một mảng hiện thực cuộc sống và mảng đó công chúng đòi hỏi có thì người khác tìm tòi đưa ra cái đó để bù đắp cái mà chúng ta không nói’ (Interview with Le Doan Hop – media administrator 17 Jun 2015)

Translation: ‘Because when you (press) don’t speak out the wrong things, you lack part of the realities of social life which the public demands. And other people have found out those things to write in compensation for what we don’t speak’

Node 5.2 Press future ‘Ở Việt Nam là báo chí không thể hay không còn có vị thế độc quyền về thông tin. Và sự tồn tại của môi trường thông tin qua Internet là sức ép khách quan khiến báo chí phải cạnh tranh để thu hút công chúng’ (Interview with Tran Dang Tuan – media administrator 22 May 2015)

Translation: ‘In Vietnam, press can’t or has no longer had monopoly of information. The existence of internet-based information is the objective pressures making press competitive to attract readers’

Node 5.3 Socio-political ‘Điều quan trọng nhất là phải đẩy nhanh cải cách thể chế’ prospect (BBC Vietnamese viewed 16 Jun 2016 http://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam/2016/06/160615_viet _major_problems_ledoanhop)

Translation: ‘The most important thing is to enhance institutional reform’ – a quote from the interview of former Minister of Information and Communications Le Doan Hop.

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Name of politicians Headlines Date Viewpoints

1. Nguyen Phu Trong (CPV Party 09 headlines 04/07/2014 – Critical Chief) 24/01/2015

2. Tran Duc Luong (State President) 08 headlines 24/03/2014 – Critical 10/12/2014

3. Nguyen Sinh Hung (National 10 headlines 11/11/2014 – Critical Assembly Chairman) 08/12/2014

4. Nguyen Tan Dung (Prime Minister) 04 headlines 25/01/2015 – Supporting 18/11/2012

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