Acknowledgements

CFE-DM would like to thank the following organizations for their support in reviewing and providing feedback to this document:

Captain Mike Smith ( Pacific Fleet) Corina C. Warfield (U.S. Agency for International Development) Thomas J. Grant (U.S. Indo-Pacific Command) Gabrielle Emery (International Federation of the Red Cross) Jonathan Baker (Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance) Cassie Stelow (Pacific Disaster Center)

Cover and section photo credits

Cover Photo: “Floating fruit market” by Miltos Gikos is licensed by CC BY 2.0. Halong Bay, North . https://www.flickr.com/photos/aries_tottle/5619728037/

Country Overview Section Photo: “Viet Nam and Child Mortality” by is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. A Hmong woman and her baby in the village of Sin Chai, Viet Nam. https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/6359456941

Disaster Overview Section Photo: “coping-protection against flood” by s gendera is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. Solutions against environmental degradation in Bac Lieu , Vietnam. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sgendera/8137857293/

Organizational Structure for Disaster Management Section Photo: “U.S. Vietnam Table Top Exercise , Vietnam 2016”. Photo Source: Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. U.S.-Vietnam Disaster Response Table Top Exercise takes place in Vietnam. Photo by Melissa Aaron. May 10, 2016. https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2588044/us-vietnamdisaster-response-table-top-exercise-takes-placevietnam

Infrastructure Section Photo: “Vietnam 2007” by Patrik M. Loeff is licensed by CC BY 2.0. Hanoi, Vietnam. https://www.flickr.com/photos/bupia/33074886392

Health Section Photo: “Vietnam” by CDC Global is licensed under CC BY 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/cdcglobal/12749896145

Women, Peace, and Security Section Photo: “Hmong Woman in Viet Nam” by United Nations is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. A Hmong hill tribe woman at work in Sin Chai, Viet Nam. https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/6477864993

Conclusion Section Photo: “Imperial City, Hue, Vietnam” by David McKelvey is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dgmckelvey/6927417840/in/photostream/

Appendices Section Photo: “Food and Agriculture: Viet Nam” by United Nations is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Indigenous Hmong women plant rice shoots in Bac Ha, Vietnam. https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/15134770358

2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Table of Contents

Welcome - Note from the Director...... 7 About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance...... 8 Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series Overview...... 9 Executive Summary...... 10

Country Overview...... 12 Culture...... 12 Demographics...... 12 Ethnic Makeup...... 12 Key Population Centers...... 12 Language...... 13 Religion...... 13 Vulnerable Groups...... 13 Economics...... 16 Government...... 17 Environment...... 17 Geography...... 17 ...... 17 ...... 18 ...... 18

Disaster Overview...... 20 Hazards...... 20 Recent History of Natural Disasters...... 20 Country Risks...... 21 Country Risk Profile...... 22

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 3 Organizational Structure for Disaster Management...... 24 Lead Government Agencies in Disaster Response...... 24 Key Disaster Management Partners for Vietnam...... 26 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies...... 29 U.S. Government Agencies in Vietnam...... 30 Participation in International Organizations...... 31 Foreign Disaster Relief and Emergency Response...... 31 Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster Management...... 32 Education and Training...... 33 Disaster Management Communications...... 34 Early Warning Systems...... 34 Responsible Agencies for Flood and Storm Warning...... 36 Armed Forces Role in Disaster Response...... 37 Information Sharing...... 38

Infrastructure...... 44 Airports...... 44 Seaports...... 44 Land Routes...... 45 Roads...... 45 Railways...... 45 Waterways...... 46 Schools...... 46 Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector...... 46 Communications...... 47 Utilities...... 47 Power...... 47 Water and Sanitation...... 48

4 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ...... 50 Health Overview...... 50 Healthcare System Structure...... 50 Challenges in the Healthcare System...... 50 Health Cooperation...... 50 Communicable Diseases...... 51 Non-Communicable Diseases...... 51 Training for Health Professionals...... 51

Women, Peace, and Security...... 54

Conclusion...... 56

Appendices...... 58 DoD DMHA Engagements in the Past Five Years (2013-2018)...... 58 International/Foreign Relations...... 61 Force Protection/Pre-Deployment Information...... 61 Passport/Visa...... 61 Emergency Contact Information...... 62 Information...... 62 Travel Health Information...... 62 Sendai Framework...... 64 HFA Country Progress Report...... 66 Country Profile...... 69 Acronyms and Abbreviations...... 83 List of References for Figures and Photos...... 86 References (Endnotes)...... 88

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 5 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Vietnam...... 18 Figure 2: Inform Risk Index for Vietnam...... 22 Figure 3: Flow Chart on State Management Agencies on Natural Disaster Management..... 24 Figure 4: Vietnam National Committee for Search and Rescue...... 25 Figure 5: Organizational Chart of the Disaster Management Policy and Technology Center...... 26 Figure 6: The Organizational Structure of Search and Rescue in Vietnam...... 36 Figure 7: Vietnam Weather Forecasting Map from the National Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting...... 36 Figure 8: Organizational Structure of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defence...... 37 Figure 9: CFE-DM DMHA Resources for Information Sharing...... 42 Figure 10: Vietnam Non-Communicable Diseases Country Profile...... 52 Figure 11: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030...... 65 Figure 12: HFA Level of Progress Achieved...... 66

List of Tables Table 1: Key Disaster Management Partners in Vietnam...... 27 Table 2: International and Domestic Airports in Vietnam...... 44 Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for Vietnam...... 63 Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA for Vietnam...... 66 Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future Outlook Areas, Vietnam...... 68

List of Photos Photo 1: Key Population Centers in Vietnam...... 13 Photo 2: USAID, Red Cross Support Disaster Response Drill...... 15 Photo 3: Floating Market, Delta...... 18 Photo 4: Flooding in Vietnam 2011...... 20 Photo 5: U.S. Vietnam Table Top Exercise Hanoi, Vietnam 2016...... 34 Photo 6: Vietnam Sanitation Practices...... 48

6 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Welcome - Note from the Director

With its tropical location, and geography exposing over 70% of its population to disasters, Vietnam continues to make Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) a top priority. Historically, the country has suffered from catastrophic natural disasters such as floods, tsunami, , and landslides which have caused significant losses to human life, property, economic and cultural infrastructure. As a result, Vietnam has made strides not only to better respond to disasters after they arrive but to plan ahead; ensuring disaster warning mechanisms are in place, the country’s disaster response teams are trained and prepared, and their partner nations are available and ready to assist as needed. Additionally, with climate change threatening to be a significant threat to the country, Vietnam has prioritized and implemented strategies and legislation to mitigate the impact of the threats to the region. Preparation with regard to Information Sharing (IS) has been paramount as technologies for hazard monitoring and forecasting initiatives are implemented to provide timely alerts and evacuate areas as necessary. Importantly, Vietnam has also invested in reinforcing and strengthening infrastructure for the country, replacing roads and highways as well as securing flood prone areas to withstand events and providing lifesaving training for the population to prepare before, respond during, and recover after disasters. In May 2016, I traveled to Hanoi, Vietnam to participate in the first-ever US-Vietnam Table Top Exercise (TTX). This monumental event, hosted by the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) included participants from the Vietnam People’s Armed Forces, the US Embassy, USINDOPACOM, UNOCHA, ASEAN, USAID, and Oregon National Guard. The training, focusing on four areas of expertise: maritime search and rescue, urban search and rescue, chemical spill response, and medical assistance and field hospital deployment provided a critical opportunity to address solutions to interoperability, best practices, lessons learned shared between militaries and civilian organizations, and the shared interests of the two countries. The US and Vietnam have continued to partner in the aim to bolster the country’s Disaster Management strategies and provide a robust and dynamic network to respond and recover from emergencies. Additionally, regional partners in the Indo-Asia Pacific region will and do provide training and assistance to its ASEAN (Association of Asian Nations) neighbors. Vietnam is a member of ASEAN and collaborates with them for many initiatives and legislation for DRR to strengthen the resiliency of its people. These collaborations and the by-product of the partnerships is a shining example of the message of preparation we here at the CFE-DM aim to champion. This Handbook provides an overview of the country’s government, geography and demographics, social and cultural practices, as well as details its history of natural disasters, and the current state of its disaster risk and response management. In particular, it highlights Vietnam’s DRR strategies and plans to prepare and protect the country and its people for a strong and resilient future. CFE- DM provides education, training and research about disaster risk management in humanitarian assistance, particularly in international settings, which require coordination between Department of Defense (DoD) and civilian agencies. This guide serves as an initial source of information for individuals preparing for DRR activities or immediate deployment with Vietnam partner responders in crisis.

Sincerely,

Joseph D. Martin, SES Director

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 7 Information about the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Overview

The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) is a United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD) organization that was established by U.S. Congress in 1994. The Center is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Indo-Pacific Command and is located on Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. CFE-DM was founded as part of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye’s vision. The Senator had witnessed the effects of Hurricane Iniki that struck the Hawaiian Islands in 1992 and felt the civil- military coordination in the response could have been more effective. He set about to establish CFE-DM to help bridge understanding between civil and military responders, and to provide a DoD platform for building Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) awareness and expertise in U.S. forces, and with partner nations in the Asia-Pacific. While maintaining a global mandate, the Asia-Pacific region is our priority of effort and collaboration is the cornerstone of our operational practice.

Mission

CFE-DM increases the readiness of U.S. forces, civilian and military counterparts, and international partners to respond globally to foreign humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations through Civil-Military coordination, training, information sharing, and regional planning.

Vision CFE-DM exists to save lives and alleviate human suffering by connecting people, improving coordination, and building capacity.

Contact Information Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Ave JBPHH HI 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org

8 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series Overview

The Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series is intended to provide decision makers, planners, responders and disaster management practitioners with an overview of the disaster management structure, policies, laws, and plans for each country covered in the series. Natural and man-made threats most likely to affect the country are discussed. The handbooks also provide basic country background information, including cultural, demographic, geographic, infrastructure, and other relevant data. Conditions such as , water and sanitation, vulnerable groups, and other humanitarian issues are included. A basic overview of the health situation in the country and disease surveillance is also covered. The handbooks include information on key national entities involved in disaster management, disaster response and preparation, and the military’s role in disaster relief. Information on United Nation agencies, international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), major local NGOs, and key U.S. agencies and programs in the country, are also provided. The overall aim is to offer a guide that brings together important information about disaster management and response for each country in an effort to provide a basic understanding for the reader. Information in the handbooks are compiled and based primarily on trusted, reliable, publicly available sources. Much of the information used is from open source websites including but not limited to ReliefWeb, PreventionWeb, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Fact Book, the United Nations (UN), the , the (ADB), government sources, NGO websites, various media sources, U.S. Department of State (DoS), and foreign governments’ web pages. Where possible, a link to the original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference) section at the end of the document. Other resources are provided by subject matter experts (SMEs). Each handbook is a working document and will be updated periodically as new, significant information becomes available. We hope that you find these handbooks informative, relevant, reliable, and useful in understanding disaster management and response for this country. We welcome and appreciate your feedback to improve this document and help fill any gaps to enhance its future utility. Feedback, comments, or questions can be emailed to [email protected]. You may also contact the Center at: (808) 472-0518. Please visit our website (https://www.cfe-dmha.org) to view the latest electronic versions available or to request a hard copy of a disaster management reference handbook. This report has been prepared in good faith based primarily on information gathered from open-source material available at the date of publication. While making every attempt to ensure the information is relevant and accurate, CFE-DM does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information in this publication.

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The commanding system for natural disaster prevention and control in Vietnam is based on Executive Summary inter-sectoral cooperation, which is reflected in the full representation of all ministries and Over the last 30 years, Vietnam has made sectors under the leadership and direction of the great improvement on their economy and of Agriculture and Rural Development infrastructure. In 1986, Vietnam initiated and (MARD). MARD, as Chairman of the Central launched new economic and political reform Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention policies collectively known as Doi Moi. The and Control (CCNDPC) coordinates Disaster changes rapidly increased economic growth, Management and Humanitarian Response which in turn developed and transformed (DMHR) with the Vietnam National Disaster Vietnam from a poor nation, to a lower middle- Management Authority (VNDMA) acting as income country.1 the Office of the Central Steering Committee. The is actively Moreover, the CCNDPC coordinates with the working on improving the infrastructure of National Committee for Incident, Disaster the region, although it is still poor. Inadequate Response, Search and Rescue (VINASARCOM) roads, communications, and utilities hinder to provide directions and guidance to localities foreign investment from doing business in the during the response to natural disaster events.6 country. As part of their desire for improvement, VINASARCOM is responsible for the conduct the Government sends approximately 9-10% of of Search and Rescue (SAR) operations during the country’s GDP directly into infrastructure a disaster. VINASARCOM is also the go-to development. The state budget for the Military Unit in Vietnam for Incident Command improvement of transportation infrastructure is in the event that the disaster requires military set to increase by 15% annually. The Government support. VINASARCOM, if needed, can call also uses government bonds and official upon the Ministry of Defense to support the development assistance as main capital sources relief efforts. The Ministry of Defense will then for infrastructure development.2 use resources such as the Vietnam’s People Vietnam is vulnerable to multiple natural Army and the Vietnam People’s Air Force to hazards such as floods, drought, earthquakes, support VINASARCOM during a disaster; , and tsunamis. However, the most however, the Minister of Defense is in charge of significant disasters are floods and drought. directing the military assets.7 At the local level, is the most affected region of the Commanding Committees for Disaster flooding in the country during the seasonal flood Prevention and Control, Search and Rescue are period from late October to November.3 Much of responsible for disaster response in , the population in Vietnam lives on the coastline, cities, districts and communes.8 where the low-lying river deltas increases the Another key agency in disaster response in population’s vulnerability to flooding.4 Vietnam is the Disaster Management Policy and The Vietnamese Government is working Technology Center (DMPTC). The DMPTC to ensure Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was established under the Vietnam Disaster remains a top priority. The Government Management Authority and it was established has developed a number of important legal after the merger of the Disaster Management documents, strategies, and plans to assess its Center and the Water Resource Consultant and risk and response to disaster management, and Technology Transfer Center, in August 2017. The they have also prioritized its partnerships with Center has five professional divisions including: neighboring nations. As an ASEAN Member, Organization and Administration Division, Vietnam has the support of neighboring nations Planning and Finance Division, Technology to strategize recovery and assistance in the event Application and Database Management Division, of an emergency. Vietnam’s participation in Policy and Training Division and Disaster the National Strategy for Disaster Prevention, Management and Dike Technical Division.9 Response and Mitigation to 2020, as well as Vietnam has made a significant amount of the Action Plan National Strategy for Natural progress on their Millennium Development Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation to Goals (MDG) for water and sanitation. The 2020, have been integral to mobilizing resources country has reached 98% of the population to effectively implement disaster prevention, with improved drinking water sources and 78% response, and mitigation. In addition, Vietnam of the population now has adequate sanitation has also prioritized minimizing the loss of life systems.10 Progress has also been shown in the and properties, the damage of natural resources healthcare field in Vietnam. Life expectancy has and cultural heritages, and the degradation of increased 11 and infant mortality has decreased.12 environment.5

10 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 11 COUNTRY OVERVIEW

Country Overview Culture Vietnamese culture revolves around the began conquering Vietnam in 1858, family nucleus; typically, a family has three or and the conquest ended in 1882, making four generations living under the same roof. Vietnam part of in 1887. The traditional way of thinking for Vietnamese France continued to rule Vietnam until 1954, families is “more children, more fortunes”, and even after Vietnam had declared independence large families are revered. Vietnamese culture after World War II. In 1954, France was defeated is influenced by and the feudal by communist forces under . view of male preference. In turn, men play the Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam most important roles in family and always have became divided into the communist North and final say. The Feudal ethics that Vietnamese anti-communist South. The United States (U.S.) culture is influenced by teaches that women have began aiding with economic “three obediences, four virtues”. The three things and military resources, which grew through the women are meant to be obedient to are: their in an attempt to bolster the government. fathers during childhood, their husbands when In 1973, the U.S. Armed Forces withdrew from married, and to their sons in widowhood. The Vietnam after a cease-fire agreement. Two years four virtues for women to follow are: diligence, later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South good manners, proper speech, and morality. reuniting the country under communist rule. However, in recent years, particularly since the After a decade of conflict, Vietnam continued reunification, the has adopted to have little economic growth, this was mostly a number of legal documents, notably the Law due to conservative leadership policies, and the on Marriage and Family, in order to make family persecution and mass migration of individuals, relations more equal. The Government has also including many, successful South Vietnamese taken measures to change the mentality of people merchants. Growing international isolation also towards women’s roles, and to obtain gender contributed to the lack of progress. In 1986, equality, as well as rights for women.15 Vietnam instituted the enactment of the “Doi Moi” (renovation) policy. As a communist Demographics country, the Government maintains a tight control on political expression; however, they have increasingly prioritized the protection Ethnic Makeup of human rights. Different protests take place There are 54 ethnic groups recognized by the throughout the country, the majority of them Vietnamese government. They are made up of are connected to either land-use issues, calls for the following: Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, increased political space, or the lack of equitable 16 mechanisms for resolving disputes. The protests Nung 1.1%, Hoa 1%, other 4.3%. are usually organized in urban areas by human rights activists, but many occur in rural areas Key Population Centers and involve various ethnic minorities such as Vietnam has the 15th largest population in the Montagnards of the Central Highlands, the the world. As of July 2018, their population has Hmong in the Highlands, and the reached 97,040,334.17 in the southern delta region.13 Vietnam currently has one of the fastest Vietnam has a large group of well-educated rates of urbanization in the world. It is expected labor, but there is a shortage of skilled workers that by 2030, almost half of the population will and this problem is more significant in the south be living in urban areas. Currently, more than of the country. Vietnam’s literacy rate is relatively two-thirds of the population lives and works in high in comparison to other middle-income provincial towns and villages, but the east-coast countries. The literacy rate is 93% for adults over cities of Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Danang, and the age of 15. The Government puts a high value are growing rapidly, this is primarily in education and believe this will only increase due to employment opportunities found in larger productivity and better the economy in the cities. Photo 1 captures peak hour traffic in Ho future. The pride themselves Chi Minh City. When Vietnam entered the on having a positive work ethic. 14 , many opportunities

12 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Photo 1: Key Population Centers in Vietnam of employment came, as a consequence of World Bank provide technical support and integration into the global economy.18 funding to the Vietnamese government to Vietnam’s population is expected to expand to implement its strategy on Community-Based 120 million around 2050.19 The latest census in Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM). These Vietnam was in 2009, but a new one is expected groups help lessen the negative impacts of to take place in 2019. Per the 2009 census, disasters on rural communities and in particular, Vietnam’s density of population is twice as much its impact on vulnerable populations.24 as ’s, about 3 times as much as , With Vietnam’s geographic location exposing and 11 times as much as .20 70% of its populations to flooding some provisions have been made to assess and mitigate Language the issues of those more vulnerable to risk than The official language is Vietnamese. English, others. In recent years, resolutions have been 21 made with regard to provisions for women, French, Chinese, and Khmer, are also spoken. 25 children, the poor, disabled and refugees.

Religion The Poor In Vietnam, over 80% of the population are A recent study on the impact of disasters not religious. However, Vietnam has documented across socio-economic characteristics in Vietnam the following percentages of the population as: quantified the intensification of the effects of Buddhist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, disaster and poverty. The analysis suggests, Cao Dai 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%, and Muslim that while poor districts are not found to be 0.1%.22 more exposed to floods at the national level, the city-level analysis of slum areas of Ho Chi Vulnerable Groups Minh City provides evidence that the poor are According to the World Health Organization more exposed than other urban areas and that (WHO), vulnerability is “the degree to which a the flood exposure differential will continue population, individual or organization is unable to increase with the inevitable impacts of to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover climate change. For the poor, livelihood and from the impacts of disasters”.23 Geography incomes were more dependent on weather and and poverty can also increase the vulnerability livestock which are also vulnerable to floods. of populations and stack the impacts of crises. In comparison, non-poor people tend to have The rural poor, who are more likely to reside assets in financial forms such as banks that are in hazardous locations can be particularly not directly affected by impacts of weather. vulnerable and often find themselves even deeper These exposures could cripple the ability of the in the poverty cycle after a disaster. residents not only to deal with the disaster but The Global Facility for Disaster Risk to recover and rebound post disaster, and for the Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the poor, repercussions of those incidents may be more pronounced and longer lasting.26

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 13 COUNTRY OVERVIEW

Children provide legal protection for children in Vietnam. In Vietnam, 23.55% of the population are This law regulates children’s entitlements such as children under 14 years of age.27 Children and the right to privacy, the right to live with parents, youth are among the most vulnerable groups the right to be adopted and the right to be affected by natural disaster.28 The geography as protected from abuse including violence, sexual well as the economy have contributed to this harassment, labor exploitation, abandonment issue. Vietnam has more than 2,300 rivers and and kidnapping.33 The law also regulates rights more than 5,000 river vessels and ferries, which for foreign children residing in Vietnam. are frequently flooded by storms and Under the Law, child protection, care and natural disasters. Consequently, hundreds of education must be based on principles of non- people drown every year and many of them discrimination and guarantee the best interests are children. 85% of all casualties of the 645 of children. Also, as a result of the Law, in 2016, people affected by the 2011 Mekong flood were 200,000 children with disabilities received social children.29 The World Health Organization aid; 55,000 orphans were given subsistence (WHO) has named drowning the leading cause allowances and nearly 1 million poor families of death in Vietnam among children aged 5-14. received school fee exemption or reduction. The epidemic is such that the number of children Vietnam is the first in Asia and second in the drowning in Vietnam is 10 times higher than in world to ratify the implementation of the 1990 other developing countries with an average of 9 United Nations convention on the Rights of the child drowning fatalities a day, the highest rate in Child (UNCRC).34 Southeast Asia and ten times that of developed countries.30 Women Poverty also affects drowning hazards. In Vietnam has recently championed increased Vietnam, 28.9% of children under the age opportunities for women due to specific of 16 can be identified as poor. Children programs, initiatives, and collaborations. orphaned in the aftermath of crises are often The women’s labor force participation rate is left more vulnerable to effects of the disaster. within 10% of that of men, which is a smaller The increasing vulnerability of Vietnamese gap than that found in most other countries. children to climate change and natural disasters Additionally, there has been an upward trend in will have a long-term impact on their well- the percentage of women in wage work, due to being. Therefore, a focus on reducing child increased employment opportunities for women vulnerabilities centered on integrated approaches in foreign-owned export-oriented factories. In and access to services such as health, nutrition, 2015, female-headed households in Vietnam water and sanitation, and education; as well were less likely to be poor than male-headed as toward safeguarding child infrastructure households, enrollment rates for primary and such as schools, health clinics, housing, water junior secondary school were practically equal and sanitation facilities, and social protection for boys and girls, and there were more female has been prioritized. The International Life students attending school than male at the Saving Federation (ILS) has been investigating upper secondary and tertiary education levels. the issue of child drowning for some time and Nevertheless, some gaps persist—particularly has instituted some preventative and effective pertaining to access women have to high level measures across South East Asia. UNICEF leadership positions and with regard to women has also responded by providing $560,000 ethnic minorities.35 There is also a significant USD for aid relief to areas affected by flood imbalance in the sex ratio at birth due to Two and studied the death toll among children Child Population Control Policies.36 and possible mitigations.31 Additionally, the August 2, 2016 SNV Vietnam (Netherlands Japanese government has funded $2.5 million Development Organization) signed a USD in aid to support an initiative to develop Memorandum of Understanding with Vietnam’s a five year plan, the Strategy and Program on Women’s Union to formalize a partnership Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction (2017- between the two organizations to collaborate 2021 with vision until 2030) which has reached on advancing Vietnam’s socio-economic 140,000 vulnerable people in Vietnam.32 development, , gender equality The Children Law adopted on April 5, 2016 and to respond to various challenges such by the 13th National Assembly of Vietnam and as climate change. The joint objective of the effective on June 1, 2016 was also implemented to partnership was to mainstream gender equality

14 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance and women’s empowerment into the national them access to community-based programs. In program. As the country is considered one of 2017, from September 6th to October 24th, 28 the most affected by climate change and since disability inclusive Community-based Disaster the effects of climate change are more severe on Risk Assessments (CBDRA) were conducted women and consequently the families that they in the Quang Tri and Quang Ngai provinces care for, strengthening the link between gender of Central Vietnam. 3,582 villagers, including vulnerability and climate change is of growing 785 persons with disabilities, took part in the importance.37 assessments. The Vietnam Women’s Union (VWU) has an During the assessment, data was collected on estimated 13 million members. In September community safety, business and production, as 2013, a government decree provided an official well as water and sanitation. Children, people capacity for the Vietnamese Women’s Union with disabilities, and the elderly were prioritized to participate in decision making boards for and their role as contributors to disaster risk the Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention within the community was highlighted by and Control.38 Almost 14 million women are using various participatory tools such as Focus organized under the Vietnam Women’s union Group Discussions, Disaster Maps, Seasonal that is active in every province, and Calendars, and Priority Ranking. Each tool of the country and which offers a helped the villagers analyze their vulnerabilities wide range of programs geared for women’s and capacities and communicate the effects of involvement and advancement.39 Photo 2 shows disasters in their community. Risk reduction women participating in a community response solutions were enabled by taking into account drill with USAID and the Red Cross in Duy Hoa community and local authority resources.41 Commune, Quang Nam Province.40 Additionally, Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc has approved a national project designed to People with Disabilities provide children with disabilities better access to It is estimated that Vietnam has about 6.7 community-based protection, care and education million people with disabilities; 1.3 million of services from 2018-2025. The project will also which are children. The government has initiated provide access to healthcare, vocational training several programs to close the gaps to integrate and job searching consolations, legal assistance disabled persons into society and provide and recreational activities.42

Photo 2: USAID, Red Cross Support Disaster Response Drill

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 15 COUNTRY OVERVIEW

Elderly to be another pressing issue. The Vietnamese Vietnam is one of the fastest ageing countries Ministry of Justice estimated that between 1997 in Asia.43 By 2050, the number of people 60 years and 2005, more than 180,000 Vietnamese women and over will triple from 8.9% to over 30% or 32 had married foreigners, and that at least 10,000 million people. The number of people over 80 additional marriages to foreigners occurred will also triple to over 6% of the population. each year from 2005 to 2009. In many instances, The majority of the elderly live in rural Vietnamese women moved abroad to marry their (disaster prone) areas with disadvantaged foreign husbands and acquired the nationality of living conditions. Following a natural disaster, her new country of residence. However, because the elderly can be vulnerable to physical most countries in Asia prohibit dual nationality, impairments, as well as cognitive limitations some Vietnamese women had to renounce their because they are often unable to advocate for Vietnamese nationality to apply to acquire the their own interests. Sudden loss of medication nationality of their foreign husbands. Even so, or loss of access to pharmacies can severely since an estimated 10% of the marriages between jeopardize the life of the elderly. Additionally, Vietnamese women and foreign men resulted employment opportunities for young people in divorce, the Vietnamese women who had has increasingly drawn them away from home renounced their nationality and did not finalize and other socio-economic changes have left the the process to acquire the nationality of their elderly on their own and with less family support. foreign husbands found themselves stateless. In Although greater life expectancy is an 2006, the Vietnamese Government estimated that indicator of successful ageing, the reality is that at least 3,000 women had returned to Vietnam the older the population grows, the more they due to such circumstances and were stateless. develop and suffer from Non-Communicable They were accompanied by at least 3,000 children Diseases (NCDs). The most common NCDs born abroad who had undetermined nationality. affecting elderly Vietnamese are cardiovascular UNHCR identified two priorities for disease, diabetes, kidney disease and cancer. They preventing and reducing statelessness in also suffer from accidents, frequent illness and Vietnam: resolving the nationality status of the concurrent health problems.44 former stateless Cambodian refugees living in Vietnam, and devising solutions for those Refugees stateless women who had renounced their Vietnam became host to tens of thousands Vietnamese nationality upon marriage to a of refugees from neighboring Cambodia after foreigner. It aimed to do so by reforming its the took power in 1975. In 1994, nationality law and incorporating a number when the United Nations High Commissioner of safeguards against statelessness. The 2009 for Refugees (UNHCR) ceased its assistance Nationality Law introduced a number of to Cambodian refugee camps, there were improvements that are significant for the approximately 9,500 former Cambodian refugees prevention of statelessness for all Vietnamese remaining in Vietnam. Many of the Cambodian abroad, including Vietnamese women who refugees were of ethnic Chinese descent. marry foreigners.46 In 2002, the Prime Minister issued a directive recommending that Vietnam provide Economics Cambodian refugees an opportunity to naturalize their citizenship. The plight of the refugees Over the last 30 years, Vietnam’s economy has prompted the Vietnamese Government to grown substantially under the political reforms investigate gaps in the nationality laws that of Doi Moi, which started getting implemented gave rise to statelessness. In 2005, there were in 1986. These reforms allowed Vietnam to move approximately 11,000 stateless persons in 45 from one of the poorest countries in the world, Vietnam. Stateless persons are often unable to being a middle- income country. Vietnam to access education, community based or legal currently has an emerging middle class, which services and documentation without which many counts for 13% of the population; however, this is are unable to legally work, and purchase housing, expected to reach 26% by 2026. which can leave them at greater risk during and It is estimated that Vietnam’s Gross Domestic after a disaster. Product (GDP) has increased by 7.1% in the Statelessness among Vietnamese women who first half of 2018. GDP growth was highly left Vietnam to marry foreigners was found impacted by the strong manufacturing growth

16 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance in the country (13%) and it increased because of by communist forces. Subsequently, Vietnam the strong external demand. Vietnam also had became divided into the communist North economic growth in the service sector (6.9%), and anti-communist South under the Geneva and in agriculture (3.9%). Accords of 1954. In 1975, North Vietnamese The household infrastructure in Vietnam has forces overran the South reuniting the country increased and become of higher quality in the under communist rule.49 last few years. By 2016, 99% of the population The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) was using electricity as their main source of runs the Government and controls all public lighting, this is a 14% increase compared to organizations and state-owned enterprises. 1993. In addition, in the same year, 2016, the The CPV advocates , nationalism, population in rural areas counted included 77% and socialist-oriented . having access to sanitation facilities. A vast The constitution does not permit any other majority of the rural population, 70%, also have political parties. Having a one-party system has access to clean water, while in urban areas more allowed for policy continuity across successive than 95% have clean water.47 governments. The CPV was originally founded in Although Vietnam is now considered a lower 1930 along Marxist-Leninist lines. Over the past middle-income country, their economic stability 25 years, Vietnam has experienced substantial is vulnerable, since agricultural production is economic liberalization, but political reform has directly affected by climate change. Vietnam is not been an area of development. a member State of the Sustainable Development In January 2016 the General Secretary of the Goals (SDG), and the country’s long term CPV, Nguyen Phu Trong was re-elected at the development goals are in line with the 2030 13th Party Congress, increasing the continuity SDG agenda. However, in order to achieve all 17 and stability of the government. Similarly, in SDGs, Vietnam requires technical and human April 2016, Trong’s ally, Prime Minister Nguyen resources, financial support, and strengthened Xuan Phuc and his Government were voted into cooperation and exchange of knowledge with the office by the National Assembly for a five-year international community. term. Although general policy directions are set For Vietnam to reach all SDGs, the country by the 15-member CPV Politburo, as well as the will need to: 150-member CPV Central Committee, the Prime • Improve society’s awareness of and mobilize Minister is responsible for daily governmental all stakeholders’ participation in sustainable operations. development efforts; Even without any opposition parties existing • Enhance institutional set-up and policy in Vietnam, there are still some dissidents that frameworks for sustainable development; critique the Government’s policies. However, the • Foster cooperation between the Government government does not tolerate disrespect of those and the business sector, domestic critical of the state and there is no indication organizations, and the international that any grassroots movement is capable of community in SDG implementation; challenging the government.50 • Issue national SDG indicators and strengthen national statistical capacity; Environment • Mainstream SDGs into development policies and strategies; and • Strengthen the mobilization of resources, Geography particularly from the private sector for SDG Vietnam is located in Southeastern Asia.51 implementation.48 The country has a long coastal eastern facing the . Vietnam’s terrain is mountainous with coastal lowlands and Government forested inland regions. The geography of the land can be divided into three major areas: the Vietnam was conquered by France in 1882, Red River delta to the north, which is bordered but the conquest began in 1858. After the by mountains on three sides; a large plateau, conquest ended, Vietnam became part of French with a narrow coastal plain, in the middle of Indochina in 1887. France ruled Vietnam the country; and the plain to the until 1954, even after Vietnam had declared south.52 independence after World War II. Under the rule of Ho Chi Minh in 1954, France was defeated

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 17 COUNTRY OVERVIEW

(May to September) and a warm, dry season Borders 54 Vietnam shares borders with the countries (October to March). of Cambodia, China, and Laos.53 It also borders The Mekong Delta is among the world’s most the Gulf of , the Gulf of , and threatened regions from global climate change the South China Sea. Figure 1 shows Vietnam’s and faces serious risk of rising sea-levels and neighboring countries. climate change induced disasters. Photo 3 is captured on the Mekong Delta. This region is home to many floating markets and provides Climate transportation. With expected population Vietnam’s climate is tropical in the south growth, faces increasing of the country. The north of Vietnam has a densification and overcrowding of the inner- monsoonal climate, with a , rainy season city districts. Expansion into surrounding areas, often by reclaiming land from the swamps that characterize the geography of the region foreshadow an uncertain ecosystem in the coming years.55

Photo 3: Floating Market, Mekong Delta

Climate Change In Vietnam, climate change threatens the Red and Mekong river deltas. The Mekong delta, which is home to a population of 20 million people, is considered Vietnam’s rice bowl. However, the rising of the sea levels, increased salination in ground water (caused by low rainfall), and the infiltration of seawater, threatens to damage large areas in this fertile and productive region. Moreover, 2016 brought a prolonged drought to the region. The drought cause many local farmers to abandon their land and look for employment in other industries, particularly in urban areas. Currently, China, Laos, and Cambodia are planning the construction of hydroelectric dams upstream from Vietnam in the Mekong River. This threatens the flow rate and the associated abstraction of water for irrigation.56

Figure 1: Map of Vietnam

18 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 19 DISASTER OVERVIEW

Vietnam. The earthquakes that have occurred in Vietnam are not considered devastating, this Disaster Overview is mostly due to the epicenters being located far from the urban or industrial areas.62 Hazards Droughts Flooding and Landslides Vietnam has an annual dry season that goes Flooding is a frequent natural disaster in from November to April. In 2016, the country Vietnam. Central Vietnam is the region most suffered from the worst drought the country has affected by floods in the country. Monsoon seen in 90 years, and it has been attributed to the season is from May to October, but floods El Niño weather event. In 2016, 52 out of the 63 are particularly damaging in October and provinces in Vietnam had been affected by the November.57 The long coastline of Vietnam and drought. In 18 of the most affected provinces, the densely populated, low-lying river deltas 2 million people were in need of humanitarian increase the country’s vulnerability to flooding.58 assistance. Of all of the people affected, 500,000 In 2013, Vietnam suffered the most severe flood lived in the drought-affected South Central and to date. This occurred after Tropical Storm Central Highlands Regions, and 1.5 million lived Haiyan hit the country and heavy rains caused in the Mekong Delta.63 flooding. Tens of thousands of homes were damaged along with rice fields.59 Photo 4 shows Recent History of Natural Disasters flooding in the Hong Ngu Township, Dong Thap province of Vietnam. Floods - June 2018 In June 2018, the northern mountain experienced heavy rainfall. Some areas such as Sin Ho (Lai Chau), Mu Cang Chai (Yen ), Ha Giang, Ngan Son (Bac Can), and Bac Quang (Ha Giang) got as much as 13 inches of rain. The heavy rains caused significant flooding and landslides to the region.64

Typhoon Damrey - November 2017 The aftermath of Typhoon Damrey affected 4.3 million people, 9 provinces, and left 107 people dead. The typhoon destroyed approximately 3,400 homes and damaged approximately 141,100 homes. The Government evacuated more than 36,000 people in the coastal Photo 4: Flooding in Vietnam 2011 Can Gio district of Ho Chi Min. The typhoon also submerged 5,296 hectares of paddy fields and nearly 15,000 hectares of vegetables and fruit Volcanoes fields.65 Although Vietnam does have volcanoes, none of them are active; therefore, they possess 60 Floods June - August 2017 no threat as a natural disaster. In 1923 there Heavy rain triggered flash floods and was a submarine volcanic eruption in the Ile landslides in four northwestern Vietnamese des Cendres group off the southeast coast of provinces, which left 27 dead, 14 people missing, Vietnam. The eruption produced two small and 231 houses washed away or collapsed. In islands, one about 30 m high and about 450 m addition, 425 houses and about 340 hectares of long, and the other only 30 m wide and 30 cm 66 61 agricultural land were damaged by landslides. high. Landslides - October 2017 Earthquakes Landslides along the Krong No River damaged Vietnam has experienced earthquakes of a 15 hectares of land alongside with produce from magnitude 6.7 or higher; however, earthquakes the farms. In addition, 50 household were also are not considered a high priority disaster in damaged, and 19 land erosions were reported.67

20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Drought 2015-2017 The Vietnamese forest was reduced The worst drought Vietnam has seen in 90 after the .75 The country has years started in 2015 and lasted until 2017. The hotspots of dioxin contamination from the drought was attributed to the El Niño weather war. By November 2018, the U.S. Agency for event, with 52 out of 63 provinces having International Development (USAID) completed been affected by it. In addition, the drought the environmental remediation of dioxin (Agent was aggravated by saltwater intrusion that Orange) at Danang Airport. This was a six- extended up to 90 km inland in some coastal year, $110-million project between the U.S. and areas, leaving river water too salty for human Vietnam.76 The two countries will now work or animal consumption, or to irrigate crops and together on the removal of (dioxin continue fish-farming production.68 In total, 2 contamination) at the Bien Hoa Airport. 77 million people including 520,000 children and 1 million women, were in need of humanitarian Internal Conflict assistance.69 Vietnam has a frequent number of protests throughout the country. Environmental protests Floods and Landslides - August 2016 are particularly increasing and sometimes Tropical Storm Dianmu triggered floods attended by thousands of people. The protests and landslides in Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Lai Chau, can lead to minor property damage toward Dien Bien, Son La, Hoa Binh, and Than Hoa the factories or agencies they are protesting. provinces. More than nine people were reported Other protests such as those for inadequately to have died and 1,341 houses were inundated compensated land acquisition, tend to occur at in the first month. By December 2016, it was the local government level, and they turn into reported that 134 people died, 151 people were altercations with the local government and the injured, 233,271 houses flooded, and 4,093 police.78 houses were damaged or collapsed.70 Food Security Floods - November 2013 Vietnam is highly dependent on their A tropical depression hit the south-central rice production, and the south of Vietnam provinces of Vietnam, which brought heavy is considered Vietnam’s principal rice bowl. rains and strong winds. As a consequence of the Vietnamese farmers have been diversifying the heavy rain, extensive flooding affected the central production of their agriculture to help their provinces of Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, , dependence on rice. Vietnam now produces tea, Phu Yen, and Binh Dinh.71 coffee, and rubber which now have their own export value. Country Risks Future plans for the development of agriculture anticipate a significant rise in Environmental Degradation non-cereal crop output for both domestic Vietnam suffers from deforestation, soil consumption and exports. The biggest threat degradation, and water pollution.72 Vietnam to the Vietnamese food supply is the impact of also suffers of illegal logging operations, which global-warming and the salination of the Mekong contribute to the deforestation and now the and Red River deltas. There are areas of Vietnam forests that used to slow water run-off in the that experience food shortages due to drought monsoon season no longer exist. In addition, and flooding causing seasonal losses. The farmers also clear the forest to use for fuel Vietnamese keep national stockpiles of staples and cooking. This has caused the forest to be such as rice, to provide to the urban population if consumed by 2 square miles per day.73 Logging needed. The density of the population in Vietnam and slash-and-burn agricultural practices also has also caused some issues with food security. contribute to deforestation and soil degradation. Having such a large population puts the country Water pollution and overfishing threaten at risk of diseases such as avian influenza and marine. Groundwater contamination limits swine flu. Previous incidents led the Government potable . In addition, growing urban to order the mass culling of poultry and pigs, a strategy that would be repeated in the event of industrialization and population migration are 79 degrading the environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi any future outbreaks. Minh City.74

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 21 DISASTER OVERVIEW

Country Risk Profile Commission. The index results are published Risk involving exposure to hazards, once every year. vulnerability, as well as lack of coping INFORM gives each country a risk score of capacity are important factors in Disaster 1-10 (1 being the lowest and 10 the highest) Risk Management. Figure 2 shows INFORM’s for each of the dimensions, categories, and risk profile for Vietnam. INFORM is a global, components of risk, as well as an overall risk objective, and transparent tool for understanding score. The higher the score the more vulnerable the risk of humanitarian crises. INFORM is a country is. The purpose of INFORM is to a composite indicator, developed by the Joint provide an open, transparent, consensus-based Research Center, combining 53 indicators into methodology for analyzing crisis risk at global, three dimensions of risk: hazards (events that regional or national levels. Vietnam has a 2018 could occur) and exposure to them, vulnerability Natural Hazard and Exposure risk of 5.5/10; (the susceptibility of communities to those a Vulnerability score of 1.8/10; and a Lack hazards) and the lack of coping capacity (lack of Coping Capacity score of 4.2/10. Physical of resources that can alleviate the impact). It is exposures to floods (10.0) and physical exposure a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing to (7.9) are the highest as seen in Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Figure 2. Warning and Preparedness and the European

Figure 2: Inform Risk Index for Vietnam

22 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 23 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The CCNDPC coordinates with the National Committee for Incident, Disaster Response, Organizational Search and Rescue (VINASARCOM) to provide directions and guidance to localities during the response to natural disaster. VINASARCOM Structure for Disaster is responsible to conduct Search and Rescue (SAR) operations during a disaster and is also the go-to Military Unit in Vietnam for Incident Management Command in the event that the disaster requires military support. If needed, VINASARCOM can Lead Government Agencies in Disaster call upon the Ministry of Defense to support Response the relief efforts. The Ministry of Defense will then use resources such as the Vietnam’s People's In Vietnam, inter-sectoral cooperation is Army and the Vietnam People’s Air Force to the commanding system for natural disaster support VINASARCOM during a disaster; prevention and control. Depending on the however, the Minister of Defense is in charge of crisis there are checks and balances, and directing the military assets. At the local level, collaborations among many of the government the Commanding Committees for Disaster agencies. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Prevention and Control, Search and Rescue are Development (MARD) is the lead Disaster responsible for disaster response in provinces, Management Agency in Vietnam and presides cities, districts and communes.80 over the consortium of the Vietnam Disaster Management Authority. They all work together Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: to reflect the full representation of all ministries MARD is a governmental agency performing and sectors under the leadership and direction state management functions in the fields of of MARD. Additionally, MARD is the Chairman agriculture, forestry, salt production, fishery, of the Central Committee for Natural Disaster irrigation and water services, and rural Prevention and Control (CCNDPC) and development nationwide; including state the Vietnam National Disaster Management management functions with regard to delivery of Authority (VNDMA) acts as the Office of the public service.81 Figure 3 shows the flow chart on Central Steering Committee. state Management Agencies on Natural Disaster Management. Government (State unification of natural disaster management)

MARD MINISTRIES, MINISTERIAL EQUIVALENT BODIES (To be responsible for state management of national disaster (To be responsible for state management) management under government’s assignment ) Vietnam Disaster Management Authority Vietnam Disaster Management Authority

PPC (Perform state management on natural 04 SPECIALIZED 04 GENERAL disaster management in the area) ADVISORY BODIES ADVISORY BODIES DARD NOTE SPECIALIZED ADVISORY BODY: SUB DEPARTMENT OF DIKE AND Direction WATER SOURCES Cooperation

Management DPC Authorities (Perform state management on disaster Advisory MGMT.

BASED NATURAL NATURAL BASED management in the area)

- Authorities

DIKE DIKE AGRICULTURE & ECONOMIC CONTROL DIVISION AND CONTROL DISASTER MGMT. DISASTER F NATURAL DISASTER SAFETY SAFETY DISASTER NATURAL F DEPT. OF DEPT. O ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE ADMINISTRATIVE

RESPONSE AND RESPONSE RECOVERY COMMUNE PEOPLE’S

AGENCY FOR NATURAL DISASTER DISASTER NATURAL AGENCY FOR COMMITTEE DEPT. PLANNING AND FINANCEOF DEPT.

DEPT. DEPT. (There is no state management task on DM, ON NATURAL DISASTER PREVENTION PREVENTION DISASTER NATURAL ON CENTER FOR POLICYCENTER AND TECHNIQUE FOR DEPT. OF LEGISLATION AND INSPECTION AND LEGISLATION OF DEPT. DEPT. OF COMMUNITY DEPT. officers in charge in general) DEPT. OF SCI. TECH. & INT. COOPERATION & TECH. INT. OF SCI. DEPT.

Figure 3: Flow Chart on State Management Agencies on Natural Disaster Management 24 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance National Committee for Incident, Disaster ■■ To direct and coordinate forces and Response, and Search and Rescue of the Socialist assorted means of the ministries, branches of Vietnam: and localities for prompt search and rescue The National Committee for Incident, Disaster activities nation-wide Response, and Search and Rescue of the Socialist ■■ To direct ministries and branches to Republic of Vietnam (VINASARCOM) is organize training courses, exercises for responsible for the conduct of Search and Rescue search and rescue, and disaster response (SAR) operations. The Government established ■■ To preside, coordinate with relevant VINASARCOM to include the following agencies in the implementation of members: regional and international agreements and • President of VINASARCOM (by the Deputy commitments on SAR82 Prime Minister) • Standing Deputy President (by Vice Minister Figure 4 shows the Vietnam National Committee of Defense) (now mandated to Deputy Chief for Search and Rescue organizational chart. of General Staff of Ministry of Defense (MoD) Central Committee for Flood and Storm • Standing member and Chief of Control: VINASARCOM office (by Director General The Central Committee for Flood and of Department for SAR/MoD) Storm Control (CCFSC), under the Ministry of • Other members (by Vice Ministers of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), relevant ministries and branches) coordinates disaster management activities • The Government assigns MoD as a standing such as the Department of Dike Management agency of VINASARCOM to perform the and Flood and Storm Control, the Disaster following functions: Management Centre, the Hydro-meteorological ■■ To help the Government in guiding and Service, and the Vietnam Red Cross. Their directing ministries and branches to primary activities are monitoring the effects elaborate and implement the strategy, of storms and floods, gathering damage data, long-term and annual plans for Disaster providing official warnings, and coordinating Management and SAR

Vietnam National Committee for Search and Rescue (VINASARCOM)

Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Steering Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Defence Public Security Transportation Committee for natural Trade & Health Steering Steering Steering flood control resource and Industry Steering Committee for Committee for Committee for and SAR / environment Steering Committee for flood control flood control flood control provinces and Steering Committee for disaster and SAR and SAR and SAR cities Committee for flood control prevention, flood control and SAR incident and and SAR casualty

Specialized Non- Department Vietnam Centre for Oil Centre for forces: Specialized for fire Coordination spill in the mining NTC MSAR; forces: fighting and Centre for south Emergency NTC ASAR; Units for prevention maritime SAR building MRCC Centers for collapse and oil spill bio-chemical response in and incident the North Centre

03 regional Localities MRCCs

Figure 4: Vietnam National Committee for Search and Rescue

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 25 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

and implementing disaster response and Figure 5 shows the organizational chart of the mitigation measures. The CCSFC relies on the Disaster Management Policy and Technology administrative structure of the Dike Department Center. to carry out its disaster assessment, disaster reporting, and emergency coordination duties.83 Key Disaster Management Partners in

Disaster Management Policy and Technology Vietnam Center: The Disaster Management Policy and In addition to the organizations below, the Technology Center (DMPTC) was established American Red Cross and the Pacific Disaster under the Vietnam Disaster Management Center (PDC) are key partners in Vietnam. More Authority. It was established after the merger of information on Vietnam’s collaborations with the Disaster Management Center and the Water the Red Cross and PDC can be found on pages Resource Consultant and Technology Transfer 29 and 38 respectively. PDC is supporting the Center, in August 2017. The Center has five VinAWARE EWS in Vietnam. More information professional divisions including: Organization about the EWS is found on page 34. and Administration Division, Planning and Finance Division, Technology Application and Database Management Division, Policy and Training Division and Disaster Management and Dike Technical Division.84 Organization chart of Disaster Management Policy and Technology Center

Board of Directors Technology Application and Database Organization and Management Division Administration Division

Functional Specialized Policy and Training Divisions Divisions Division

Planning and Finance Division Policy and Training Division

Figure 5: Organizational Chart of the Disaster Management Policy and Technology Center

26 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Table 1 lists other key disaster management partners in Vietnam.

ADB assistance in Vietnam focuses assistance through three pillars: promoting job creation and competitiveness, increasing the inclusiveness of infrastructure and service delivery, and improving environmental sustainability and climate change response.85 Website: https://www.adb.org/countries/viet-nam/main Catholic Relief Services (CRS) works in with many partners to meet emerging needs and ensure that all citizens benefit from Vietnam’s recent economic growth and development. CRS’ work centers around education, especially for those with disabilities, strengthening civil society for social inclusion of persons with disabilities, landmine risk education, assistance to landmine survivors, and disaster recovery and risk reduction.86 Website: https://www.crs.org/our-work-overseas/where-we-work/vietnam has three aid objectives for Vietnam: Objective 1: Enabling and engaging the private sector for development Objective 2: Assisting the development and employment of a highly- skilled workforce Objective 3: Promoting women’s economic empowerment, including ethnic minorities.87 Website: https://dfat.gov.au In emergency situations, FAO collaborates with different humanitarian agencies and government. FAO Vietnam has provided technical assistance, advice to the Government, and has been involved in the implementation of some 400 projects in the areas of sustainable agricultural development, food security and nutrition, forestry and 88 Website: http://www.fao.org/vietnam/fao-in-viet-nam/en/ HelpAgefisheries. International is a global network of organizations promoting Vietnam is one of the most rapidly ageing countries in the world. the right of all older people to lead dignified, healthy, andand securesecure lives.lives. 89 Website: http://www.helpage.org/where-we-work/east-asia/vietnam/ HelpAgeThe International helps aging Organization people to forlive dignified,Migration (IOM) healthy in Vietnam is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM Vietnam acts with its partners including member states, civil society, and the international community to: • Assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration • Advance understanding of migration issues • Encourage social and through migration • Uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.90 Website: https://vietnam.iom.int/en JICA is currently assists Vietnam in realizing its goal of becoming a modern industrialized country by 2020. JICA is cooperating with Japanese industrial manufacturers, educational organizations, , NGOs, and others to provide comprehensive assistance for Vietnam’s nation building with a fair society through promoting economic growth, strengthening international competitiveness, supporting vulnerable groups and enhancing governance.91 Website: http://www.jica.go.jp/vietnam/index.html Table 1: Key Disaster Management Partners in Vietnam

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CARE International worked in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975 to address immediate needs, by supporting local food supply, health care and education. CARE returned to Vietnam in 1989 and has since worked in almost all of Vietnam’s 64 provinces and cities, providing more than 300 development projects. CARE International in Vietnam’s projects have supported agricultural and rural development, livelihood enhancement, community- based health care, reproductive health, HIV/AIDS prevention, disaster risk reduction, climate change response, emergency relief and rehabilitation, water and sanitation infrastructure, and the advancement of gender equality.92 Website: https://www.care.org.vn/who-we-are/ In Vietnam, Oxfam is recognized as one of the leading non-governmental international organizations, especially in rural development, disaster risk reduction and humanitarian response, civil society development, ethnic minorities, and women’s empowerment.93 Website: Https:// http://www.oxfamblogs.org/vietnam Plan International supports marginalized children and youth, especially adolescent girls, to grow in a society that respects their rights and safety. By 2021 Plan International aims to improve the lives of 2 million girls from 1,875 ethnic communities in Vietnam so they can learn, lead, decide, and thrive. Plan International’s key areas of work include: • Quality and inclusive education • Nutrition and health services • Building resilience to the impacts of natural disasters and climate change • Creating safe cities with access to good jobs • Preventing all forms of violence and harmful practices.94 Website: https://plan-international.org/vietnam Save the Children in Vietnam helps underserved communities in the moun- tains have limited access to quality maternal and newborn care, leading to higher-than-average deaths from preventable causes. Save the Children has long been a champion for reducing maternal and child mortality rates and helping boys and girls living in .95 Website: https://www.savethechildren.org/us/what-we-do/where-we-work/ asia/vietnam The Asia Foundation has supported Vietnam’s ongoing transformation since 1993 through a network of partners in government, the private sector, and civil society. With a resident office in Hanoi since 2000, the Foundation supports Vietnam’s continued growth and rising regional and international stature with programs in critical areas such as women’s economic empower- ment, environmental resilience, girls’ education, inclusive economic growth, migrant-worker rights, and regional and international integration.96 Website: https://asiafoundation.org/publication/vietnam/ UNICEF implements programs covering education, health and nutrition, di- saster risk reduction and emergencies, HIV and AIDS prevention, child pro- tection, communication, and local policy and institutional development.97 Website: https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/

Table 1: Key Disaster Management Partners in Vietnam (cont.)

28 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, working in 177 countries and territories. UNDP Viet- nam officially began in 1978. Ever since, UNDP has worked with the Viet- namese Government and other partners to expand the choices for people and ensure that everyone has equal access to opportunities to realize their full potentials.98 Website: www.vn.undp.org UN-Habitat has been working in Vietnam since 1990 and established its country office in 2007. UN-Habitat’s projects in Vietnam have been centered on urban planning and design, on research and capacity development and on housing in different areas across the country.99 Website: https://unhabitat.org/vietnam/ UNFPA has been active in Vietnam since 1977, when it established the first Joint Cooperative Program with the Government, providing approximately USD 190 million in assistance. UNFPA works to improve people’s access to quality sexual and reproductive health services, supports the collection and use of high-quality population data, facilitates policy dialogue and helped the Government in developing, implementing and monitoring evidence- based policies related to sexual and reproductive health, population and development, and gender equality.100 Website: https://vietnam.unfpa.org/ Since 1990, World Vision has implemented many relief, development and advocacy programs, partnering with the Vietnamese Government, other non-governmental organizations and communities. World Vision Vietnam works for the well-being of children and their protection. Every year, over 200,000 children directly benefit from World Vision Vietnam’s programs which are operated in 14 provinces and cities throughout the country.101 Website: http://www.worldvision.org.vn Table 1: Key Disaster Management Partners in Vietnam (cont.) International Federation of Red Cross and Red service, unity and universality) and by Strategy 2020, which voices the organization’s collective Crescent Societies vision and determination to move forward in The International Federation of Red tackling the major challenges that presently Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is confront humanity.103 The IFRC does not have a humanitarian organization that provides a presence in Vietnam. However, the American assistance and promotes humanitarian activities Red cross has a presence and helps to build the by National Societies, with a view to preventing capacity of the Vietnam Red Cross. and alleviating human suffering. It was founded in 1919, and includes 190 Red Cross and Red The Vietnam Red Cross Society Crescent National Societies. The IFRC carries The Vietnam Red Cross Society (VNRC) is a out relief operations to assist victims of disasters, social organization that conducts humanitarian and combines this with development work to activities and plays an auxiliary role to the strengthen the capacities of its member National Government in humanitarian work. They Societies.102 provide direct assistance and mobilize support IFRC is the world’s largest humanitarian from domestic and international organizations, network, reaching 150 million people each year as well as individuals, to assist vulnerable people through its 191 member National Societies. and those facing difficulties to improve their The organization acts before, during and after well-being and standard of living.104 disasters, crises and health emergences in VNRC is one of the leading professional order to meet the needs and improve the lives humanitarian organizations in Vietnam, with of vulnerable people. IFRC’s work is guided presence and active in all 63 provinces, 705 by seven Fundamental Principles (humanity, districts and in 11,159 communes across the impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary

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country. VNRC owns 16,006 paid staff, 419,844 The American Red Cross Consortium (Plan volunteers and 4,504,522 members. VNRC has International, CRS, Save the Children, American its mission and principles of (i) being a social Red Cross / Vietnam Red Cross and HelpAge humanitarian organization playing the role of International) implements in CBDRM “Building connecting, encouraging Vietnamese people Resilience to Natural Hazards in Central at home and overseas without discrimination Vietnam”. USAID OFDA has supported two of class, ethnicity, religion and sex to carry out phases of the program so far from 30 September humanitarian activities; (ii) VNRC’s ultimate 2015 - 30 June 2017 (Phase I) and 01 July 2017 goal is humanity, peace, friendship, aiming - 31 October 2018 (Phase II) for a total funding at “a powerful Vietnam with wealthy people, level of $4,038,550. The program features a strong nation, equitable, democratic and comprehensive DRR package comprised of civilized society that provides for a good life National Disaster Management Policy Advocacy; with freedom, well-being, and conditions for CBDRM training, resilient shelter, community comprehensive development”. disaster mitigation projects, emergency The VNRC has strong support from the simulation drills, etc.; and Safe Schools designed Government of Vietnam at all levels, which to build the resilience of coastal communities partly covers salaries and operational support in four of the most disaster prone Provinces in to the Red Cross chapters and branches. The the country. Key achievements of the program Government has adopted the ‘Law on Red Cross include:106 Activities’ (Law No. 11/2008/QH12) valid from • Successful policy advocacy on urban 1 January 2009, which defined the VNRC’s seven CBDRM resulting in revision of Vietnam’s core area of activities: (i) Emergency relief and CBDRM 1002 Program. humanitarian aid; (ii) Health Care; (iii) First • Successful policy advocacy on integration Aid; (iv) Donation of blood, tissues, organs of CBDRM into Vietnam’s socio-economic and bodies; (v) tracing of relatives missing in and development plan contributing to wars, natural disasters and other disasters; (vi) the approval of the Ministry of Planning dissemination on humanitarian values; (vii) and Investment Circular #5 (guideline participation in disaster preparedness and for integration of CBDRM into the socio- response. The Law puts the VNRC in a unique economic and development plan). position to deploy its staff and volunteers • Successful policy advocacy on Safe Schools to disaster zones, to help people, to access resulting in the development of a nationwide Government funds and to raise funds from the Safe Schools Framework by the Ministry of public for disaster risk management. Education and Training. In addition, the Statute of VNRC, adopted at • 2,717 local government officials trained on the 10th VNRC National Congress and approved CBDRM. by the Prime Minister of Vietnam, stated clearly • 57 community-based disaster risk the position, roles and responsibilities of the assessments conducted by 15,035 National Society to provide support to the participants. national governmental bodies in humanitarian • 19 emergency simulation drills. work and Red Cross activities such as: (i) • 176 emergency response training sessions Strengthen and scale up VNRC’s contribution to enhance the capacity of 9,939 first towards Vietnam’s development as part of their responders. contribution to national development programs • 2,545 students trained on disaster in the areas of health, poverty reduction, preparedness and response. disaster management and shelter; (ii) Expand • 673,952 total beneficiaries across 61 disaster response and recovery capacity through communes/wards. preparing for and addressing the impacts of natural and man-made hazards, with a particular U.S. Government Agencies in Vietnam focus on the influence of climate change, infectious and non-communicable diseases; (iii) United States Agency for International Continue to support the institutional capacity of Development (USAID) the VNRC in the areas of financial management, USAID programs in Vietnam reinforce resource mobilization, human resources continued development by strategically focusing management, communication and humanitarian 105 resources where they are needed most – to diplomacy. strengthen economic governance; expand access

30 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance to quality higher education; control transmission for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), of HIV/AIDS and address threats to global International Civil Aviation Organization health security; improve the of persons (ICAO), International Chamber of Commerce with disabilities; and address environmental (ICC), Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management challenges, including biodiversity conservation (ICRM), International Development Association and dioxin contamination.107 (IDA), International Fund for Agricultural In addition, the USAID Office of U.S Foreign Development (IFAD), International Finance Disaster Assistance (OFDA) supports the Corporation (IFC), International Federation Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Consortium of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for Community-Based DRM, DRM policy (IFRCs), International Labour Organization advocacy and school safety. They also coordinate (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), with the Vietnam Red Cross for emergency International Maritime Organization (IMO), preparedness and response.108 International Mobil Satellite Organization Contact information for the USAID office in (IMSO), , International Olympic Vietnam is located below. Committee (IOC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Inter-Parliamentary USAID Mission Contact Union (IPU), International Organization Michael Greene, Mission Director for Standardization (ISO), International 15/F Tung Shing Tower, 2 Ngo Quyen Telecommunications Satellite Organization Hanoi, Vietnam (ITSO), International Telecommunication Phone: +84-24-3935-1260 Union (ITU), Multilateral Investment E-mail: [email protected] Guarantee Agency (MIGA), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization for the U.S. Embassy Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Contact information for the U.S. Embassy in Prudential Corporation Asia (PCA), United Vietnam is located below: Nations (UN), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United 7 Lang Ha Street Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Hanoi, Vietnam Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Phone: +84-24-3850-5000 Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations World Tourism Organization U.S. Consulate in Ho Chi Minh City (UNWTO), (UPU), In addition to the U. S. Embassy, the U.S. also World Customs Organization (WCO), World has a Consulate in Ho Chi Minh City. Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) (NGOs), World Health Organization (WHO), World 4 Le Duan Blvd., District 1 Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and Phone: +84-28-3520-4200 the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Participation in International Foreign Disaster Relief and Emergency Organizations Response Vietnam participates in the following Vietnam’s Law on Natural Disaster international organizations:109 Preparedness and Prevention (LNDPP) contains Asian Development Bank (ADB), Asia- a chapter on the accep­tance of international Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), ASEAN assistance, as does the Law on Red Cross, Regional Forum (ARF), Association of Southeast which states that international assistance will be Asian Nations (ASEAN), Conference on received with the condition that the key prin­ Interaction and Confidence Building Measures ciples of the International Disaster Response in Asia (CICA), (CP), East Law Guidelines are met. The Vietnam Red Cross Asia Summit (EAS), Food and Agriculture Society stresses the importance of international Organization of the United Nations (FAO), assistance being received within Vietnam to only (G-77), International Atomic meet humanitarian objectives. The LNDPP also Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank provides guidance on assisting other nations if the help is requested.

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Vietnam’s participation in ASEAN brings disaster prevention into national and local socio- international cooperation as a regional approach. economic development. Re­gional cooperation includes participating The Law assigns roles and responsibilities in ASEAN’s Disaster Management Committee among ministries, international stakeholders, and of the Southeast Asian Region where building other key actors in preventing and responding national capacity through planning, training, to disasters. It designates the Ministry of and education is emphasized. Some of the Agriculture and Rural Development as the areas included are disaster assessment, damage program lead for raising awareness with regard to and needs assessment, search and rescue, fire, community-based natural disaster management, information systems, mapping, and system­ putting special emphasis on vulnerable groups. atization of disaster prevention.110 The law also provides incentives for the provision of insurance against natural disaster risks.112 Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2013-2015) is a national progress report to Management assess current strategic priorities toward the implementation of disaster risk reduction The Vietnamese government works to ensure actions. The HFA establishes baselines on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) remains a top levels of progress achieved with respect to the priority. They proactively plan to protect and implementing the HFA’s five priorities for action. react to the myriad disasters incumbent to the The five priorities are: country and its people. Thus the Government 1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a has developed a number of important legal national and local priority with a strong documents, strategies, and plans with the general institutional basis for implementation. goal of assessing its risk and response to disaster 2. Identify, assess and disaster risks and management as well as prioritize its partnerships enhance early warning. with neighboring nations, particularly ASEAN 3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to members to strategize recovery and assistance build a culture of safety and resilience at all in the event of an emergency. The National levels. Strategy for Disaster Prevention, Response and 4. Reduce the underlying risk factors Mitigation to 2020 (2007) as well as the Action 5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective Plan National Strategy for Natural Disaster response at all levels. Prevention, Response and Mitigation to 2020 (2007) were put in place, with very specific The 2001 Guidelines on Emergency Response goals and timelines. The aim of these policies and Early Recovery was implemented to improve and plans will not only mobilize resources disaster response and recovery operations to effectively implement disaster prevention, and increase the focus on recovery from the response and mitigation from now through the onset of disaster. Since 2006, Vietnam has year 2020 but also to contribute significantly to been promoting the planned relocation of ensuring the country’s sustainable development, 150,000 households living in disaster-prone national defense and security. Additional and extremely difficult areas, , protected forests, priorities include minimizing the loss of life restricted zones, and migration areas. As and properties, the damage of natural resources of 2014, 71,413 households have been relocated and cultural heritages, and the degradation of from the disaster prone areas caused by flash environment.111 There have been numerous laws flood and landslide under the programs of 193 and assessments to monitor and improve upon and 1776. The new law would focus on further these guidelines: development or recovery and reconstruction The law on natural disaster prevention and systems. control (the Law), a 47-article law for disaster Vietnam is also looking at disaster risk risk reduction, climate change adaptation, financing options to mobilize adequate financial and mitigation measures was passed in June resources for rapid recovery and reconstruction 2013 and took effect on , 2014. It covers and ensure sustainable socio-economic regulations for national, local and community development in response to climate change levels. The Law outlines natural disaster and the increased occurrence and severity prevention and control activities, including of disasters. Further investment of resources national strategies and plans aimed at integrating however is required to ensure that disaster

32 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance affected communities are ‘built back better’ and that a structured and systematic approach Education and Training to post-disaster recovery, that adheres to and enforces international standards and regulations, The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation is implemented within different disaster zones. Workshop on Community Based Disaster Risk In recent years, the government has initiated Management (CBDRM) was implemented several important legal documents, strategies, to further promote sustainable disaster and plans addressing DRR and Climate Change management. The Vietnamese Government Adaptation (CCA), including: proposed and organized a community based • The National Strategy for Natural Disaster disaster management workshop lead by Asia- Prevention, Response and Mitigation to Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders. 2020 (2007) and accompanying Action The workshop aims at: Plan National Strategy for Natural Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation to 2020 • Identifying gaps and capacity building needs • The National Target Program to Respond related to CBDRM to Climate Change (2007) [NTP-RCC] · • Suggesting an action plan and various policy Decision 1002/2009/QD-TTg on Approving recommendations on CBDRM the Plan for Community awareness raising • Creating a network of relevant focal points and Community-Based Disaster Risk within APEC and enhancing APEC’s cooperation with international organizations Management (2009) 114 • The National Strategy on Climate Change for community resilience to disasters. (2011) • Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Education continues to be a national priority Control (2013) in Vietnam. Since 2008, the Government has • Decision 46/2014/QDD-TTg to regulate allocated 20% of its budget on education. The the forecast, warning and information government’s strong commitment to education transmission of disasters and long standing cultural and social support for education have led to significant progress in the • Decision 44/2014/QDD-TTg to regulate the 115 level of disaster risk sector. • Other legal documents aimed at strengthening the organization and functions US-Vietnam Disaster Response Table Top of the CCFSC, the VINASARCOM and its Exercise branches at ministries and localities (Decree In May 2016 the Vietnam National Committee 66/2014/ND-CP; Decision 76/2009/QD-TTg) for Incident, Disaster Response, and Search and the mobilization, receiving, delivery, and and Rescue (VINASARCOM) hosted the management of relief aid (Decree 64/2008/ Center for Excellence in Disaster Management ND-CP, Decree 67/2007/ND-CP (replaced and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) in by Decree 13/2010/ND-CP) and Decision a first-ever U.S.-Vietnam Disaster Response 142/2009/QD-TTg, Decree 94/2014.) and Civil-Military Coordination Table Top Exercise, or TTX held in Hanoi, Vietnam. The Among these legal documents, the Disaster event lasted four days and included participants Prevention and Control Law, the National from Vietnam People’s Armed Forces, the Strategy for Natural Disaster Prevention, U.S. Embassy, U.S. Pacific Command, Oregon Response and Mitigation to 2020 and the National Guard, U.N. Office for the Coordination NTP-RCC and the National Strategy Climate of Humanitarian Affairs, ASEAN Coordinating Change can be considered the most important Center for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA in exemplifying and emphasizing disaster Centre), and the U.S. Agency for International prevention and control in the context of climate Development (USAID). Nearly 40 U.S. change. They outline in detail issues related participants and approximately 150 Vietnamese to disaster risk management and promote the senior leaders and disaster response stakeholders integration of natural disaster prevention and simulated a response to a fictional super typhoon control contents into plans, including socio- and the response to severe damage to several economic development master plans at all levels northern and central provinces. as well as sectoral development master plans.113 The training focused on four areas of expertise: maritime search and rescue, urban search and rescue, chemical spill response, and

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medical assistance and field hospital deployment. management, early warning and decision support The exercise provided an opportunity to address specific to Vietnam. The system monitors solutions to interoperability, best practices, storms and flood hazards, provides timely alerts lessons learned shared between militaries and and shares situational awareness products and civilian organizations and collaboration in the damage assessments with relevant response shared interest of the two countries.116 agencies.119 VinAWARE is hosted in MARD’s IT Photo 5 shows Vietnamese and U.S. experts Centre in Hanoi and includes numerous baseline participate in the Medical Support and Field map data layers as well as real-time hydro/met Hospital Working Group during the U.S. data (e.g., rainfall, river gauge, etc.) from the Vietnam Table Top Exercise in Hanoi, Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on May 10, 2016. (MONRE). PDC’s technical assistance included establishment of a Concepts of Operations and associated policy language for the use of VinAWARE by VN’s Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control (CCFSC), now the Central Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (CCNDPC), and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and staffing plans for MARD’s Disaster Management Center (whose duties have now been assumed by Vietnam’s Disaster Management Authority. MARD leadership has publicly endorsed VinAWARE and recently requested additional assistance from PDC to upgrade the system to the latest version of DisasterAWARE® allowing for information sharing with other DisasterAWARE® systems including AHA’s Photo 5: U.S. Vietnam Table Top Exercise Hanoi, Centre’s DMRS. This is expected to take place Vietnam 2016 in 2019 USAID/OFDA user support. Currently, PDC’s DisasterAWARE® (EMOPS) automatically provides hazard content (i.e., dynamic map Disaster Management Communications layers, hazard notifications, assessment products, etc.) to VinAWARE. With the planned upgrade Early Warning Systems in 2019, this will expand to synchronization of Vietnam has a nationwide Early Warning information with DMRS as well, supporting System (EWS) that exists from central to local regional and international collaboration and assistance for HADR activities including levels. At the central level the CCFSC and 120 VINASARCOM coordinate flood warning, and response support. PDC installed VinAWARE response and recovery activities. Flood and at the central level for EWS and will support enhanced operationality of the system with FY19 Storm Control Centers in Da Nang and Ho Chi 121 Minh City support the MARD Standing Office funds. of the CCFSC at the regional level to coordinate Early Warning Systems Innovations in directives and information flow between Vietnam include SMS text messaging. Any central and provincial levels. The CCFSC member of the public can reach out to and VINASARCOM member agencies are government agencies to register their mobile represented under a single combined Provincial number for this free SMS information. Many Committee for Flood and Storm Control private companies such as Save the Children (PCFSC) and S&R at the provincial level, district, in Vietnam through their risk reduction work and commune levels.117 MARD has disaster- have been collaborating with local government response responsibilities, and the Ministry of agencies and mobile companies to initiate EWS Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) text messaging that provides weather information has responsibilities for forecasting.118 to vulnerable provinces including Thua Thien The Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) provides Hue, Quang Nam, and Da Nang. Previously, Vietnam specific DisasterAWARE® programs. coastal communities disseminated information Vietnam’s VinAWARE provides disaster about disasters or emergencies through

34 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance loudspeaker systems in village public spaces, or VINASARCOM and the Signal Arms of the through village leaders performing household Vietnam MoD. Vietnam has participated visits door to door. However, the loudspeaker in the MCIP since 2009 providing both systems often were unable to cover all villages, communications SMEs, communications and were vulnerable to being disrupted due equipment, and a venue for the program to teach to lost power. Through the SMS system, and socialize proper processes and procedures volunteers (heads of households and members in effective communications interoperability of community disaster action teams) monitor and effective information and knowledge neighborhood flood water levels. Mobile devices management during an HADR event in Vietnam are registered for free SMS communication with or preparing their forces with the ability to provincial government agencies. This enables efficiently respond to a neighbor in need. volunteers to receive SMS warnings instantly MCIP also participated in the Vietnam TTX and advise people accordingly. They can also in 2014 working with SMEs in Vietnam and send information back about floodwater height VINASARCOM on communications aspects or other conditions in their area to improve data of the TTX. More information on MCIP can collection, mapping, and government decision- be found in the Information Sharing section making.122 and DoD DMHA Engagements Section of this Handbook.125 VinAWARE Natural disasters can have great influence on Vietnamese disaster managers are able to communication in Vietnam. Often times the monitor storm and flood hazards, provide result is damage to infrastructure, transmission timely alerts, and share situational awareness centers, and transmission cable systems. The products and damage assessments with relevant mobile repairing teams may face difficulty. In response agencies with VinAWARE. This is an addition, areas that are isolated may experience early warning and decision support application damaged communications systems. The Vietnam developed for Vietnam by the Pacific Disaster Peoples’ Army Signal Arms plays an important Center (PDC). The system is based on PDC’s role in HADR and Search and Rescue (SAR).126 technology, DisasterAWARE® . Training, The duties of the Signal Arms in SAR operations workshops, and other efforts are involved in is to: developing staff capacity to operate and maintain VinAWARE. PDC, and its Government of • Organize communications systems to serve Vietnam partners (MARD). USAID’s Office of the State, Government, National Committee U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance is also part of for Search and Rescue in operating the the project.123 national prevention of natural disasters and humanitarian aid; The Multinational Communications • Organize communications system to serve Interoperability Program (MCIP) the MoD in commanding the natural disaster MCIP is a multilateral command, control, prevention – (core force); communications and cyber (C4) program for • Connect communications system with all assured interoperability, information sharing ministries and local committees in natural and capacity building that brings together disaster prevention; allied and partner nation’s militaries, U.S. • Deploy mobile communications systems for Agencies, United Nations, non-governmental local forces involved in dealing with natural organizations, academia and industry to work on disasters and calamities; and interoperability during a Multinational HADR • Organize communications system for response. MCIP was established in 2003 and warning and broadcasting. routinely brings together 20+ nations to work on communications and information sharing Figure 6 depicts the organizational structure processes, procedures and best practices to of SAR in Vietnam by the Vietnam People’s ensure efficient and effective HADR responders. Army. More information on the role the military One of the corner stones of the program is plays is found in the Armed Forces Role in socializing and providing input and validation Disaster Response Section of this Handbook. to Chapter 6 of the Multinational Standard Operating Procedures (MNFSOP).124 MCIP has worked closely with

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 35 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

VIETNAM PEOPLE’S ARMY - SIGNALS ARMS

THE STRUCTURE OF SAR IN VIETNAM

STANDING OFFICE OF NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR CENTRAL COMMITTEE INCIDENT DISASTERS FOR FLOOD AND RESPONSE, SEARCH AND STORM CONTROL RESCUE

MINISTERIAL/SECTOR COMMITTEE FOR SAR Provincial Committees for Flood and MoD, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Resources and Storm Control and SAR Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of (63 provinces and cities) Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Science and Technology, and Petroleum Corporation

District Committees for Flood and Storm Control and SAR SAR Units Other Units 1. MoD, Ministry of Public Security, 1. MoD Ministry of Transportation, etc; 2. Ministry of Public Security Commune Committees for Flood and Storm 2. Petrolium Corp. Control and SAR

Figure 6: The Organizational Structure of Search and Rescue in Vietnam Responsible Agencies for Flood and Storm Warning Hazard monitoring and forecasting for flood and storms is provided by the National Center for Hydro-meteorological Forecasting (NCHMF), which passes information down through this system. The NCHMF is a governmental organization belonging to the Vietnam Meteorological Hydrological Administration (VMHA) with authority to provide hydro-meteorology services and issue forecasting/warning information for weather, climate, hydrology, water resource, and marine weather (i.e. hydro-meteorology).127 The NCHMF provides weather forecasting maps as seen in Figure 7. The NCHMF transmits forecasts to stakeholder organizations routinely, and during emergencies. NHMS regional and provincial centers distribute warning information and provide detailed forecast information, to NHMS Figure 7: Vietnam Weather Forecasting Map from the NCHMF and Provincial People’s Committee National Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting

36 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (PPCs) for the provinces they oversee. The Coast, and the Central Highland regions). The CCFSC at the central level usually declares a preparedness and early warning of the floods flood or storm emergency and then an official from the central government, provinces, and telegram declaring an emergency triggers all communes resulted in minimum casualties.130 subsequent actions. Hazard warning information is top-down. Stakeholders at all levels of Armed Forces Role in Disaster government are kept apprised of developing natural hazard conditions through NHMS/ Response NCHMF updates in Hanoi and its regional centers. Decision makers then develop and The Vietnam People’s Armed Forces communicate a series of recommended actions.128 encompasses four main elements: the Vietnam’s Vietnam is working to strengthen its People Army (VPA) which includes the Air resilience against drought by improving the Force, Navy, and Coastguard, the Militia and Self-Defence Force, Maritime Police, and country’s agricultural drought monitoring and 131 early warning system. The Institute for Water People’s Public Security Force. The Ministry of Defence may be called upon at the request of and Environment (IWE) under Ministry of VINASARCOM to organize the deployment of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) armed forces.132 In a disaster relief situation, the is the implementing partner of a project which Vietnam People’s Air Force (VPAF) is deployed brings together the global FAO initiative on to support land and naval military operations, Agricultural Drought Monitoring Systems and provide air transport and air combat capability, the MARD efforts of Ministries of Agriculture as well as logistics support. and Rural Development to strengthen The Minister of National Defence is in charge monitoring and supervision on food security and of directing and administering the Vietnamese drought management.129 People’s Army and carrying out the functions During the 2016 floods in Vietnam, the of State management in the domain of national country’s central government acted out defense. The President of the Socialist Republic of prearranged response plans. Warnings and Vietnam is the Commander-in-Chief. Agencies operational directives that disseminated through under the Minister of National Defense include the media guided preparedness and response General Staff Department, the General Political efforts. Between October and December 2016, Department, the General Logistics Department, a combination of tropical depressions and the General Technical Department, the General the North-Eastern Monsoon produced five Department of National Defense Industry, and consecutive periods of flooding caused from other directly subordinate entities.133 Figure 8 heavy rainfall. This affected eighteen provinces in shows the structure of the Ministry of Defence. central Vietnam (North Central, South Central MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

General Staff Headquarters General Political Department

General Department of General Department of General Department of General Department of Logistics Technology Defence Industry Defence Intelligence

Arms (Artillery, SOF, Air Defence – Air Military Regions Corps Navy Border Guard Tank and Armour, Force Engineering, Chemical, Signals) Military Naval Border Guard Commands Division Divisions Regiments Divisions Brigades (Provincial & (Provinces, Regions municipal levels) cities) Regiment Brigades Regiments Border Guard Military Battalion Posts Commands (Districts) Company

Platoon

Squad

Academies, Research Functional Affiliated Maritime Maritime Economic Units College Institutes Agencies Organizations Police Police Zones Figure 8: Organizational Structure of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defence Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 37 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

real-time hydro/met data (e.g., rainfall, river Information Sharing gauge, etc.) from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). PDC’s Understanding how to overcome the TA included establishment of a Concepts of information challenges that civilian and military Operations and associated policy language for agencies experience during a typical disaster the use of VinAWARE by Vietnam’s Central response mission is important. Knowing what Committee for Flood and Storm Control the available HADR sources are will assist Joint (CCFSC), now the Central Committee for leaders and staff during mission 134 Natural Disaster Prevention and Control planning. The sharing of information is critical (CCNDPC), and Standard Operating Procedures because no single responding entity (whether (SOPs) and staffing plans for MARD’s Disaster NGO, IGO, assisting country government, host Management Center (whose duties have government) can be the source of all the required 135 now been assumed by Vietnam’s Disaster information. Management Authority. VinAWARE training Collaboration, Information Sharing (IS) and was delivered to more than 250 national and networking has been the backbone of successful central coastal provincial disaster managers and disaster response and preparation. Disseminating their NGO and other partners. A scenario-based information not only to those in country exercise was conducted to test and refine SOPs. and threatened by disaster but also to those System Administration training and Train-the- responding to assist in the emergency has been Trainer sessions also served to build capacity crucial to timely, efficient and effective disaster within Vietnam to sustain VinAWARE beyond response. Recent technology has advanced to aid the USAID project period (early 2017). predicting and alerting of disasters around the MARD leadership has publicly endorsed world which has resulted in early warning and VinAWARE and recently requested additional evacuation measures and well as opportunities assistance from PDC to upgrade the system to react and prepare for incoming threats to to the latest version of DisasterAWARE® countries. The following are some of the ways allowing for information sharing with other in which information regarding disaster risk DisasterAWARE® systems including AHA’s management and response are shared. Centre’s DMRS. This is expected to take place in There are many resources, stakeholders, 2019 user USAID/OFDA support. and components to consider with IS before, Currently, PDC’s DisasterAWARE® Emergency during, and after a natural disaster. This section Operations (EMOPS) website provides support will discuss government, country specific, for the emergency management community humanitarian, and regional sources. that includes government agencies with Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Country-Specific Information Sources (DMHA) functions at local, state, federal and regional levels. It also includes recognized VinAWARE from the Pacific Disaster Center Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and The PDC collaborates with partner nations for corporate entities known to provide resources country specific DisasterAWARE® programs. for use by governmental and NGO agencies Vietnam’s VinAWARE provides disaster involved in emergency management. EMOPS management, early warning and decision support automatically provides hazard content (i.e., specific to Vietnam which monitors storms and dynamic map layers, hazard notifications, flood hazards, provides timely alerts and shares assessment products, etc.) to VinAWARE. With situational awareness products and damage the planned upgrade in 2019, this will expand to assessments with relevant response agencies.136 synchronization of these information with DMRS PDC has provided technical assistance as well, supporting regional and international to Vietnam’s Ministry of Agriculture and collaboration and assistance for HADR activities Rural Development (MARD) to develop, including response support.137 operationalize, and transition a customized version of DisasterAWARE® called VinAWARE Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development under funding from both USTDA and USAID/ (MARD) OFDA since 2009. VinAWARE is hosted in The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural MARD’s IT Centre in Hanoi and includes Development (MARD) was established in 1995 numerous baseline map data layers as well as joining the Ministry of Agriculture and Food,

38 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Humanitarian Response is a platform providing Irrigation. It was established as a governmental the humanitarian community a means to aid agency performing state management functions in coordination of operational information and in the fields of agriculture, forestry, salt related activities. production, fishery, irrigation/water service and Website: https://www.humanitarianresponse. rural development nationwide including the info/ state management function in regard to public APCSS is a U.S. Department of Defense institute service. MARD is also tasked with guiding that addresses regional and global security issues, and implementing water resource strategies inviting military and civilian representatives and masterplans including strategies of natural of the U.S. and Asia-Pacific nations to its disaster mitigation upon approval of the Prime comprehensive program of executive education Minister. and workshops. Website: https://www.mard.gov.vn/en/ Website: http://www.apcss.org/

Ministry of Health (MoH) Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System The MOH website promotes trainings and (GDACS)/Virtual OSOCC is a cooperation framework between the United Nations, the initiatives for health promotion and disease European Commission and disaster managers prevention. The site is primarily hosted in worldwide to improve alerts, information Vietnamese. exchange and coordination in the first phase after major sudden-onset disasters. Website: http://moh.gov.vn/ Website: https://vosocc.unocha.org/

Humanitarian Information Sources The latest alerts can be found here: http://www. gdacs.org/Alerts/default.aspx UNOCHA mail list (request to be added) To subscribe: http://www.gdacs.org/About/ ReliefWeb is a service of UNOCHA that contactus.aspx consolidates information and analysis from organizations, countries and disasters for the Consider other sites such as: humanitarian community. Website: https://reliefweb.int/ Humanitarian Country Teams (HCT) The HCT is a strategic and operational decision- PreventionWeb is provided by UNISDR to making and oversight forum established consolidate disaster risk reduction information and led by the Humanitarian Coordinator into an online, easy to understand platform. in each country. It is generally comprised of Website: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/ representatives from the UN, IOM, international NGOs, and the Red Cross/Red Crescent International Federation of the Red Cross Movement. During a disaster response, HCT’s and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is an often produce a Situation Report, often in independent, neutral organization ensuring conjunction with UNOCHA. humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and armed violence. It takes action Most HCT SitReps can be found through in response to emergencies and at the same time ReliefWeb: https://reliefweb.int/. promotes respect for international humanitarian law and its implementation in national law. However, some can be subscribed to such as: The IFRC does not directly support Vietnam. HCT Vietnam: contact through this link http:// However, the American Red Cross has a presence www.un.org.vn/en/contact-us.html and is the Vietnam Red Cross capacity-builder in : Nur Raihan, Public Information country. Officer, [email protected] HCT : [email protected] Website: http://www.ifrc.org/ Website: https://www.redcross.org Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) is an open platform for sharing data across crises and Joint Typhoon Warning Center provides organizations launched in 2014 with the goal of advanced warning for U.S. Government agencies centralizing humanitarian data for easy access and organizations in relevant areas. Website: and analysis. HDX is managed by the Center for http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Humanitarian Data in The Hague and is part of OCHA the United Nations Secretariat. Website: https://data.humdata.org/faq

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Regional Information Sources For situation updates, flash updates, and weekly disaster updates on disasters in the 10 Changi Regional HADR Coordination ASEAN countries (, Cambodia, Indonesia, Center (RHCC) was launched in September Laos, , , Philippines, , 2014 to support the military of a disaster affected Thailand, Vietnam), go to https://ahacentre.org state in coordinating assistance with foreign military. It aims to provide open, inclusive Subscribe at https://ahacentre.org/subscribe-to- and flexible platforms that allow both regional flash-update/, or email [email protected] and extra-regional militaries to work together effectively in a multinational disaster response ASEAN Disaster Information Network effort. RHCC manages the OPERA CIS web (ADINET), is a publicly sourced open repository portal to broadcast updated situation status of of information concerning regional hazards and multinational military responses to disasters to disasters. The platform is run by the AHA Center minimize duplication and gaps in the provision who receives information and reports submitted of foreign military assistance. from the public regarding hazards and disasters Website: https://www.changirhcc.org/ in the area. Once a report has been submitted, AHA will vet the information for relevance and To subscribe to RHCC Weekly and Spot Reports, accuracy and then add the new information email: [email protected] to the platform. Individuals and agencies can sign up to receive real time alerts to their email United Nations Office for the Coordination of address on various categories such as tsunami, Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Regional volcano, earthquake, floods, oil spills, landslides, Office for Asia and the Pacific (UNOCHA etc. The ADINET has been recording disaster information in the region since the AHA Centre ROAP) seeks to optimize the speed, volume 139 and quality of humanitarian assistance and was operational in 2012. coordinates emergency preparedness and Website: http://adinet.ahacentre.org response in the world’s most disaster prone region in support of national governments. TheASEAN Science-Based Disaster ROAP covers 41 countries partnering with Management Platform is a one-stop interactive them for coordinated and effective international research portal which houses thousands of responses to emergency situations. resources on disasters including documents and Website: https://www.unocha.org/roap publications, reports and research, legislation on disaster risk reduction and disaster management For UNOCHA situation reports, click on as well as a discussion forum where individuals “Subscribe” button on bottom of page. can pose questions, participate in surveys and create conversation about issues surrounding 140 The ASEAN Coordinating Centre for disaster management and mitigation. Humanitarian Assistance Center (AHA Centre) on disaster management has developed a Disaster The Annual ASEAN Monitor Report (ARMOR) Monitoring and Response System (DMRS). The aims to promote collaboration and information DMRS is a disaster monitoring tool designed sharing among the disaster management in partnership with the Pacific Disaster Center community by consolidating disaster risk (PDC), a U.S. Government supported applied monitoring knowledge and contribute to the science and information center based in Hawaii. ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management The system allows the Jakarta based AHA center and Emergency Response (AADMER) Priority Programmes 1, 5, 6 and 7 with the following to visually monitor, geographically detect and 141 synthesize multiple streams of data on hazardous objectives: events or disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, • Sharing latest Disaster and Climate Risk volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, and other Monitoring research initiatives, and natural disasters. The PDC feeds information collaborations; to the DMRS which receives constant inputs on • Sharing latest Disaster and Climate Risk hazards in the region as they happen as well as Monitoring research initiatives, and hydrometeorological data such as wind speed collaborations; and direction, clouds, sea temperature, etc. • Sharing of lessons learnt from past The maps can provide additional information deployments, latest operational initiatives, with overlays based on population density data, training activities and best practices; location of airports and seaports, and major • Bridging the gap between research and roads and infrastructure to provide context to operations through translational and threats and enable specific analysis for response application research initiatives for the benefit and mitigation planning.138 of ASEAN communities; and Website: https://ahacentre.org/ 40 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance • Building awareness and increasing potential US Agency for International Development collaborative efforts between ASEAN (USAID) Member States and interested stakeholders. USAID is committed to responding to crises around the world to help people and places most In addition to hosting the aforementioned in need. They aim to: forums and platforms, the AHA center also • Promote Global Health disseminates information on a regular basis to • Support Global Stability the public to raise awareness on disaster risk • Provide Humanitarian Assistance reduction and preparedness. During emergency • Catalyze Innovation and Partnership times, the AHA Center releases immediate Flash • Empower Women and Girls Updates and Situation Updates. Whereas in non-emergency times, the AHA Center publishes USAID produces a monthly newsletter called a weekly disaster update called Diasfore, and a USAID Newsletter which is available digitally monthly newsletter: The Column. All of these at, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/ publications are available on www.ahacentre. newsletter org as well as the AHA Center’s social media More information and updates from USAID is accounts. available via their blog, IMPACT at, https://blog. AHA has hosted an official Twitter account usaid.gov/ and on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, @AHACentre since July 2011. They currently and YouTube. have 2,606 followers and have shared over 4500 tweets. https://twitter.com/AHACentre Website: https://www.usaid.gov/ AHA also has a Facebook page with over 14,000 followers. https://www.facebook.com/ahacentre. Pacific Disaster Center They use these forums to provide disaster The Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) has management information and provide updates trademarked an early warning and decision and tools to an international audience. The support system called DisasterAWARE®. Weekly Disaster Update is also shared on these DisasterAWARE® is primarily for disaster sites along with photos and videos of disaster management practitioners and senior decision management trainings and exercises. makers and supports disaster risk reduction and best practices throughout all phases of disaster management from early warning, multi-hazard US Government (USG) sources monitoring, and boasts the largest collection of scientifically verified, geospatial data and Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) modeling tools to assess hazard risks and The U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance impacts. is responsible for leading and coordinating the The PDC also hosts a public application, U.S. Government response to disasters overseas. Disaster Alert which is a free, early warning app OFDA responds to an average of 65 disasters to receive customizable map based visual alerts in more than 50 countries every year. OFDA of active hazards. The app offers the fastest, fulfils its mandate of saving lives, alleviating most comprehensive global notification system human suffering and the reduction of the social covering every type of natural and man-made and economic impact to disasters worldwide in hazard to the public. It is available on both partnership with USAID functional and regional iPhone and Android. There is also a link to bureaus and other U.S. Government agencies. Disaster Alert without the app to view the world OFDA works with the international population 143 to assist countries prepare for, respond to and map documenting 18 hazard types. 142 recover from humanitarian crises. Website: https://www.pdc.org/ https://disasteralert.pdc.org/disasteralert/ USAID/OFDA produce are sitreps, and maps which are available via email mailing lists. DisasterAWARE® / Emergency Operations (EMOPS) system: For OFDA updates on a disaster response, ask (Request account): https://emops.pdc.org/emops/ the OFDA representative for the respective COCOM to add you to the email list: To subscribe to PDC reports email: response@ [email protected] [email protected] pdc.org [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 41 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

All Partners Access Network (APAN) the Hawaiian Hurricane Inkiki in 1992 and late APAN is the Unclassified Information Sharing Senator Inouye’s vision to bridge the partnership Service (UISS) for the U.S. Department of of civil and military responders and provide a Defense. APAN provides the DoD and mission DoD platform for building DMHA awareness partners community space and collaboration and expertise in U.S. forces and with partner tools to leverage information to effectively nations in the Asia-Pacific. plan, train and respond to meet their business CFE-DM provides training and education requirements and mission objectives. to help U.S. and foreign military personnel Importantly, APAN’s technology team has navigate complex issues in DMHA. They been supporting humanitarian assistance and produce country focused disaster management disaster response (HADR) operations for over reference handbooks, after action reports and 15 years. APAN has played an integral role in disaster management country assessments which the success of disaster responses in the 2015 provide best practices and lessons learned for California Wildfire Response, the 2013 Typhoon advancement in response coordination. CFE-DM Haiyan Response among others in which also works to improve cross-coordination and they provided organizations and militaries reduce duplication of efforts and promote U.S. a centralized location to share information, involvement in civ-mil consultations and dialogs increase situational awareness and decrease with relevant HADR parties such as the AHA response time and duplicated efforts for best Center, UNOCHA, and the RHCC. practices in HADR services.144 CFE provides DMHA resources and updates Website: https://www.apan.org/ at its website, as well as via their Facebook and Twitter accounts.146 Note: The Multinational Communications Website: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/ Interoperability Program (MCIP) has an APAN site used in planning exercises and real world CFE-DM Disaster Management Reference HADR information sharing.145 Handbooks: (For at least 22 countries): https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/ CFE-DM Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance is a CFE-DM Disaster Information Reports: U.S. Department of Defense organization that https://www.cfe-dmha.org/Publications/Reports was established by U.S. Congress in 1994 and is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Indo-Pacific Figure 9 depicts CFE-DM’s resources for Command. It is located on Ford Island, Joint information sharing before, during, and after a Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. CFE-DM disaster event. was founded in response to the aftermath of

Figure 9: CFE-DM DMHA Resources for Information Sharing

42 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 43 INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure Seaports Vietnam has 90 ports. Hai Phong (in the northern part of the country), Ho Chi Minh Airports City, and Da Nang, which are run by the state- owned Vietnam National Shipping Lines Vietnam has three international airports, (VINALINES) are the most important ports. Oil as well as several domestic airports. There are and coal shipments run out of five special ports. also 120 airstrips which are used by the military Congestion is a problem in the ports of Vietnam and civilians. The Civil Aviation Authority of as port expansion has not grown with trade Vietnam manages all major airports.147 The list volume and shipping. Additional information of International and Domestic Airports and about specific ports include:149 associated runway length, surface type, and nearest city information includes (Table 2): Hai Phong Vietnam has four state-owned Hai Phong is the main port serving northern including , Jetstar, Pacific Vietnam and Hanoi. It is in the Red river delta Airlines (in a joint venture with Qantas), and and located approximately 90 km east of Hanoi. Vietnam Airlines Services Co (VASCO). Private This port is a natural harbor which has been local carriers include Air Mekong, VietJet, Trai recently improved by dredging and updating Thien, Bluesky, and Vietstar; however, VietJet is terminals, with further port expansion planned. the only carrier in service following Air Mekong’s Principal exports out of this port include rice, decision to cease operations in 2013.148 maize, tin and other ores, cement, and timber.

International Airport Name Maximum Runway Runway Surface Nearest Town/City Length Hanoi (Noi Bai) International 3,200 m (10,499 ft.) Paved Hanoi 30 km Ho Chi Minh City (Tan Son Nhat) 3,048 m (10,000 ft.) Paved Ho Chi Minh Da Nang 3,048 m (10,000 ft.) Asphalt Da Nang

Domestic Airport Name Maximum Runway Runway Surface Nearest Town/City Length (Cam Ly) 2,399 m (7,874 ft.) Paved, uneven, in Cam Ly (2 km) poor repair Haiphong (Cat Bi) 3,048 m (10,000 ft.) Paved Ho Chi Minh Da Lat 3,048 m (10,000 ft.) Asphalt Da Nang Hanoi-Gia lam 2,050 m (6,726 ft.) Concrete Hanoi Hue 2,000 m (6,561 ft.) Paved Phu Bai Kep 2,200 m (7,217 ft.) Paved n/a 1,838 m (6,032 ft.) Paved Nha Trang Phu Quoc 1,500 m (4,920 ft.) Paved n/a Qui Nhon 1,515 m (4,973 ft.) Paved n/a Rach Gia 1,500 m (4,920 ft.) Paved n/a Vung Tau 1,490 m (4,887 ft.) Asphalt Vung Tau 4 km Table 2: International and Domestic Airports in Vietnam

44 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Main imports coming through this port dwt. The military maintenance and logistics are machinery, petroleum products, preserved facility is currently equipped to accommodate goods, and wines and spirits. Approximately 185 warships ships a year.155 2,000 vessels, 12 million tons of cargo, and 680,000 TEU are handled annually at this port. Land Routes Hai Phong was heavily bombed by the U.S. during the Vietnam War.150 Roads Ho Chi Minh City Port The Government has invested heavily in Ho Chi Minh City Port is the principal port of upgrading and expanding the road network in Vietnam. The port is accessed via two channels Vietnam; however, during the rainy season many of the Saigon and Soi-Rap Rivers. Approximately secondary roads become virtually impassable. 12 million tons of cargo and 1.2 million TEU are The country has a dense road network, but only handled by this port annually.151 around 19% of the country’s 222,200 km of roads are paved. Da Nang The most common form of motorized travel Da Nang is located on the South China Sea are motorbikes and scooters. The bicycle is in the Gulf of Tonking. This is the main port also a common mode of transportation in serving outlet from the coal mines at Nang Vietnam. Vietnam is now the world’s fourth- Son and Vietnam’s central region. The port largest motorcycle market after China, , handles container cargo, general cargo, bulk and Indonesia. There are extensive networks of cargo, petroleum, and cars. Approximately subsidized bus services in Ho Chi Minh City 2,400 passengers visit the port and it handles 2.7 and Hanoi in order to combat inner city traffic million tons of cargo annually. Da Nang serves as congestion and all major cities have public and the de-facto port for landlocked Laos along with private taxi services. A large informal transport the port at Cua Lo in Nghe An province.152 network in the cities, consisting of “xich lo” (pedicabs), “xe om”’ (motorbike taxis), and “xe Cat Lai lam” (ageing Lambretta people carriers) transport Cat Lai Port includes the Saigon New Port people where they need to go.156 Container Terminal, Saigon Petro Port, and Cat Lai Oil Port. Cat Lai is located 16 km east of Ho Railways Chi Minh on the main Dong Nai River. A deep- In Vietnam, trains are very slow and very old. sea port at Cai Lan was developed because Hai The railway system requires extensive upgrades Phong’s riverine location limited the capacity of 153 in order to contribute to the country’s transport shipping it could handle. infrastructure. In September 2015 the Vietnam Railway Authority (VNRA) outlined a US$ 5 Vung Tau billion 15-year program to upgrade the 1,726 Vung Tau is a commercial port which is km North-South train line linking Hanoi with located 5 km from Vung Tau city on the Dinh Ho Chi Minh City. Upgrading the main Hanoi- River and is situated at the entrance to the Ho Chi Minh City service will require extensive estuary from the Saigon, Thi Vai, and Dinh rivers engineering works given the line’s route along the on the southeast coast of Vietnam. Vung Tau’s coast. Expanding the current network would also principal imports are general cargo, machinery, include improvements to the line which connects and oil drilling chemicals and equipment. the Central Highlands and Mekong Delta Exports include logs and agricultural products. regions, and construction of a rail link between About 450 vessels and 400,000 tons of cargo are 154 Ho Chi Minh City and is the handled annually in and out of this port. final stretch of a planned rail linking Singapore and Kunming (China). As part of a larger rail International Port network expecting to connect Noi Bai Airport Cam Ranh International Port is used for with the capital, a U.S. $1.4 billion metro system commercial and naval shipping. Planned is also planned for Hanoi. This is funded largely construction on this port will make the Cam by Japanese overseas development assistance. Ranh International Port one of the largest ports There are six main routes of the railway: Hanoi- in Vietnam, capable of handling 18 ships at a Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi-Haiphong, Hanoi-Muc time and accommodate vessels of up to 110,000 Quan, Hanoi-Thanh Hoa, Hanoi-Lao Cai, and Dong Anh-Thai Nguyen.157 Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 45 INFRASTRUCTURE

Waterways reduction education. These require separate Waterways play an important role in the tracking because the types of policies, decision- transportation of people and goods in Vietnam. making authority, resources, expertise, and The most important networks are those formed implementing actors are substantially different by the Mekong and Red River tributaries. The for each. country has over 17,000 km of waterways; more than 5,000 km are navigable at all times.158 HFA Key Commitments to Outcomes:

Assessment Schools 1. Schools should be identified as part of an Education Management Information The Government of Vietnam is addressing System, including their exposure to natural challenges by setting long-term goals for higher and human caused hazards and structural education in its Education Development Strategic vulnerabilities. This information must be Plan 2008-2020, and in its Higher Education understood by both education authorities, Reform Agenda.159 The education system in and school communities. Vietnam has gone through basic reforms and is 2. School facilities’ vulnerability must be triaged continuing to go through comprehensive reforms to identify priorities for technical on-site of education and training. The 2016-2017 school assessment. The most vulnerable must be year was the first year of carrying out the set fully assessed for retrofit or replacement. tasks and objectives on renovating the education 3. Schools should regularly reassess their sector in the spirit of the 12th National Party vulnerability in relation to new information. Congress’s Resolution. The country has goals to improve the quality of education in the following Safe School Facilities ways:160 1. Every new school must be a safe school • Approving a general education program at 2. Legacy schools should be prioritized for the ministerial level and: replacement and retrofit • Preparing conditions for implementing the 3. Lifeline infrastructure and non-structural reform in general education; safety should be assessed locally and • Promulgating regulations on the measures taken accreditation of tertiary education 4. School furnishings and equipment should be institutions; designed and installed to minimize potential • Issuing new regulations on doctoral training; harm they might cause to school occupants. • Preparing for the revision of the new Education Law and the new Higher In 2008, the United Nations International Education Law; and Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) • Re-planning the network of educational shared Disaster Prevention for Schools Guidance institutions, centered on teacher training for Education Sector Decision Makers. This institutions. document detailed the various physical, educational, economic, and psychosocial impacts Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector that disasters have on the education sector. It During the implementation of the Hyogo identified three goals of a comprehensive school Framework for Action 2005–2015, as countries disaster prevention program: committed to and progressed toward five national priorities for action, the safety of school 1. To save lives and prevent injuries children, and recognition of the importance 2. To prevent interruption of education due to of sustained education in achieving a culture recurring natural hazards of safety for the future. Recommendations 3. To develop a resilient citizenry able to reduce were made to realize the plans to achieve the social, economic and cultural impacts of comprehensive school safety, and to refine the recurring hazards. methods and indicators for measuring progress 4. To safeguard investments in school to cover all aspects of safe schools. infrastructure.161 The scope of school safety recognizes three main pillars: safe school facilities, school disaster management, and disaster prevention and risk

46 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural the Red Cross. Children learn about disasters, Development (MARD) and the Ministry of climate change and safety skills through , Education and Training (MOET) signed and games, and illustrated literature. In flood prone launched a five-year program (2018-2023) to areas, SC works specifically to provide children strengthen schools’ preparedness for natural with life-saving swimming skills, and has hazards. introduced floating backpacks (school bags) to The program aims to equip teachers and protect children in the event of flash floods.163 students with access to the knowledge they need The Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) to prepare for climate change and disasters. on Disaster Management has been implementing The United Nations Development Programme a program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk (UNDP) Vietnam has collaborated with this Reduction into Development whose priority has initiative. Through a strong partnership, UNDP been to implement DRR modules into school and the Vietnam Disaster Management Authority curriculum, construct higher standards of (VNDMA) organized disaster awareness disaster resilience into new school construction education activities and emergency evacuation and adding sanitation features in hazard prone drills in Vietnam. In 2017, they instituted areas as emergency shelters.164 a campaign named “Schools of Son Tinh” which equipped nearly 5,000 students in areas Communications vulnerable for floods and storm surges with skills 162 and knowledge to save their lives. The telecom sector has been expanding The ASEAN Road to Asian Ministerial fast since Vietnam entered the World Trading Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction 2018: Organization in 2007. Vietnam is one of the ASEAN Safe School Initiative was instituted world’s fastest-growing telecom markets. with the principle objective to equip and prepare By 2015, an estimated 150 phones for every ASEAN Children so that they are more resilient 100 Vietnamese citizens, or around 140 to disasters and have a safe and secure learning million devices were in Vietnam. In addition, environment. The Common Framework for approximately 44.5 million people were internet Common School Safety (CSS) elaborates the users in 2015 which is approximately 50% of the operationalization of the CSS Framework into population.165 workable plans and programs for the ASEAN context in concurrence with global efforts for integrating DRR in the education sector. Utilities The Child-centered Disaster Risk Reduction project from October 2014 to October 2017, Power sought to increase and enhance the capacity for Vietnam is a growing economy and has a disaster risk reduction and response in both growing power sector. As such, the country has communities and schools in three providences of already undergone three reforms. They include: Vietnam. It included teaching children about risk • 1st reform: Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) was and risk reduction as well as provided swimming established in 1995; lessons to reduce childhood drowning. Save the • 2nd reform: EVN was restructured from 2003- Children (SC) in Vietnam has complimented 2007; and this work to develop the risk reduction capacity • 3rd reform: Vietnam Competitive Generation of children and teachers, linking schools and Market (VCGM) was officially started in communities. SC is part of the Joint Advocacy 2012. Networking Initiative (JANI) in Vietnam, which aims to support the process of inclusion of Prior to the establishment of EVN in 1995, disaster preparedness into school curriculum. It Vietnam’s power sector was regulated by the works with partners in the Ministry of Education Ministry of Energy (the energy sector is now and Training, international organizations, and under Ministry of Trade and Industry), and the Disaster Management Working Group to managed by three power companies responsible produce guidebooks to bring DRR into schools. for generation, transmission, and distribution. In In high risk areas, campaigns, competitions, the 1st reform, Vietnam established EVN as the awareness-raising, and drills are implemented in only power company. In the 2nd reform in 2003, communities and primary schools in cooperation the partial restructuring of EVN was started with with the Youth Union, the Women’s Union and Vietnam transforming a state-owned enterprise

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 47 INFRASTRUCTURE

into a joint-stock company. The enforcement of implement water safety plans that eliminate Vietnam’s Electricity Law 2004 that regulated two contamination of source water, treat it and schemes namely build-operate-transfer (BOT) prevent recontamination during storage and and independent power producer (IPP), initiated distribution.169 The potable water supply available the restructuring of EVN. EVN was officially to most Vietnamese is still of poor quality. There converted into a holding company with a number is a widespread presence of nitrates, arsenic, of strategic business units in June 2006. The and e-coli in municipal tap and bottled water. Government of Vietnam established a roadmap Many Vietnamese regularly boil drinking water of competitive power market development in but high temperatures do not remove arsenic 2006 as the initial steps toward the creation of or dangerous heavy metals. Bottled water a competitive electricity market. In 2007, the consumption has increased, although tests on Government approved the plan to privatize many brands showed many were contaminated EVN by keeping more than 50% of share capital with dangerous levels of bacteria.170 from EVN. In 2012, the Government officially Use of improved sanitation facilities in established a cost-based pool model in Vietnam’s Vietnam has more than doubled from 36% power sector through the VCGM. In 2015, the in 1990 to 78% in 2015. In addition, open Vietnam Whole Electricity Market (VWEM) defecation, has been reduced from 39% to pilot project began.166 1% over the same time period. However, the There has been a strong national commitment Ministry of Health remains highly concerned by Vietnam to boost the electrification ration that 1 in 10 people living in rural areas continue by creating well-informed rural electrification to use primitive hanging latrines which programs. Local and central governments release excreta directly into ponds and rivers. have been using its resources. This includes This contaminates water resources and the collaboration between high ranking officials, environment.171 In addition, piped water still commune level authorities, local communities, only reaches 10% of rural households and 61% of and EVN. Roles, responsibilities, and costs are urban households.172 shared among many parties.167 UNICEF has worked to build capacity in the country’s national and provincial governments to Water and Sanitation implement a community-led sanitation approach Vietnam has exceeded their Millennium to improve sanitation practices. UNICEF has also Development Goal (MDG) target for water and been working with the Ministry of Agriculture sanitation. Today, 98% of Vietnam’s more than & Rural Development (MARD) to promote 90 million residents have access to improved household water treatment and storage in communities where people don’t have access to drinking water sources. Furthermore, 78% of 173 the population uses toilets and latrines that protected water sources. Photo 6 is from the meet international standards. In 2000, the Vietnam Ministry of Health and depicts students Government of Vietnam developed the National participating in sanitation practices. Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy to 2020 with support from WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank and other international organizations. The National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy to 2020 set the foundation for all government agencies to work towards universal access to water and sanitation which was an even higher target than the MDGs.168 In 2008, Vietnam issued regulations requiring urban water companies to implement water safety plans and just four years later, it became mandatory for all Photo 6: Vietnam Sanitation Practices water suppliers in the country to

48 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 49 HEALTH

Healthcare facilities in Vietnam are divided into four levels by administrative structure:184 Health • Central (Level I); • Provincial (Level II), covering a population of Health Overview 1–2 million; • District (Level III), covering a population of The health status of people in Vietnam has 100,000–200,000; and improved over recent years. For instance, life • Commune (Level IV), covering a population expectancy at birth has increased from 71 years of 5000–10,000. in 1990 to 76 years in 2015.174 Infant mortality rates (under 5 years of age) decreased from 58 Level I hospitals include central hospitals per 1000 live births in 1990 to 18 in 2015.175 owned by the Ministry of Health and city Underweight numbers decreased from 37% in hospitals owned by municipalities. Level II, III, 1993 to 14% in 2015.176 and IV hospitals are owned by local provincial The country has wide disparities in core governments. The provincial or district health health indicators between rural and urban department is responsible for the management residents and among different population of them under the Vietnamese Ministry of groups.177 Vietnam has one of the most rapidly Health.185 growing populations in the world which increases demand for healthcare services. The Challenges in the Healthcare System Government faces challenges in developing Child , stunting, maternal quality healthcare services as well as improving deaths and neonatal death continue to health infrastructure to include facilities and 178 disproportionately affect the most vulnerable equipment. segments of the population. The Healthcare System is faced with dealing with Non- Healthcare System Structure Communicable diseases (NCD) and Communicable diseases continue to be a The Ministry of has problem. Re-emerging infectious diseases also managed healthcare provision through a health pose a threat to the health security of the country. system known as the Direction of Healthcare Vietnam is working to enhance efficiency and the Activities (DoHA).179 This system requires effectiveness of its healthcare system in order to health facilities at higher administrative levels better respond to the burden of communicable to support lower levels in order to deliver and non-communicable diseases.186 medical services for local communities in The organizational structure of healthcare at primary care settings. Vietnam has a 2009 all levels is currently being reformed, as set out Law on Examination and Treatment which in the master plan for Vietnam’s health system provisions guidance and support for use of development to 2025. The plan explains that medical technology to lower levels as part of instability and inconsistency has come with the responsibilities of higher level hospitals. having too many facilities. The healthcare system DoHA currently focuses on reducing the burden has a shortage of human resources.187 on higher level hospitals, particularly central hospitals, which are burdened with a high Health Cooperation number of patients seeking health care.180 The healthcare system has a mixture of public There has been substantial advancement in and private services and companies. The number health cooperation of the ASEAN Plus Three of private hospitals is increasing and they provide (APT) Health Countries (Brunei, Cambodia, more than 60% of outpatient services and are Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, an important part of the national health system. 181 Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, China, , A health insurance system was introduced and ) in capacities such as ageing in 1993 in Vietnam, and the Government has populations, disaster health management, and made strides to achieve universal coverage, 182 universal health coverage and for pandemics and reaching 77% of the population in 2015. The pandemic response.188 Government has a target goal of 90% health 183 In January 2018, the Ministry of Health insurance coverage by 2020. of Vietnam, together with the World Health

50 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Organization (WHO) in Vietnam launched their deaths due to dengue occur in the southern Health Cooperation Programme for 2018-2019. provinces of the country. Local transmission This plan hopes to strengthen the capacity of the is primarily a concern in rural, forested areas. health system in order to:189 Approximately 90% of dengue deaths affect • Deliver quality health services, especially to children under the age of 15.192 poor and vulnerable groups; • Respond to the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases and other public Malaria is present in rural areas only. There health threats; are rarely cases in the Mekong and Red River • Provide quality services at the grassroots Deltas and none in the cities of Da Nang, level; Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), • Enhance efficiency and effectiveness in health Nha Trang, and Qui Nhon have cases.193 financing; and • Strengthen regulations for pharmaceuticals, Japanese Encephalitis vaccines and medical products to ensure Japanese encephalitis is endemic throughout better access to essential medicines and Vietnam. The highest rates of Japanese health technologies. encephalitis disease occur in the Northern provinces around Hanoi and the northwestern The Government of Vietnam (GVN) and local and northeastern provinces bordering China. It and international organizations are partners with has seasonal peaks from May through October.194 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vietnam also faced many food and waterborne (CDC). They, along with local and international diseases. They include Hepatitis A, Typhoid organizations work together to build quality Fever, and Bacterial Diarrhea.195 sustainable health systems which provide long- term public health impact and to protect the Non-Communicable Diseases health of the Vietnamese people. The CDC provides technical expertise for life-saving care The rate of non-communicable diseases and treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS (NCD) detected, treated, and managed in and preventing the spread of infectious diseases 190 the community is still modest; the health and other health threats. service delivery system has not been able to meet demand.196 Vietnam is also faced Communicable Diseases with the growing burden of NCD morbidity and mortality.197 In 2016 it is estimated that Vietnam still battles vaccine preventable 77% of all deaths were due to NCDs, mainly diseases such as , diphtheria, pertussis, cardiovascular diseases (31%), cancers (19%), and hepatitis B. The rate of HIV infections are chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes as seen high in the big cities/provinces and Northern in Figure 10. Upland provinces. Epidemic surveillance and The increase of these NCDs are related to response systems need improvement, and risk factors such as smoking, harmful use of announcement of cases from hospitals and alcohol, unhealthy nutrition, lack of physical private health facilities needs to be more active.191 activity along with an increase in overweight Vietnam is also burdened with cases of dengue, and obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and malaria, and Japanese encephalitis. More detail dyslipidemia.198 about this is located below: Training for Health Professionals Dengue Vietnam has been successful in controlling Training programs in patient safety, infection dengue fever death. Cases and deaths have control, and nursing management are conducted decreased substantially in the past 15 years. through DoHA. They include nurses and other Mortality is less than 1 per 1000 cases (since health care workers.199 The Vietnam Ministry of 2005). However, Vietnam has been less successful Health encourages the improvement of the health in reducing the number of dengue cases. Dengue care system and emphasizes investing in medical infection in Vietnam is unstable and the country education and primary care. The University of experiences peaks in June to October annually. Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Over 85% of all dengue cases and 90% of all

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 51 HEALTH

has a leading role in standardizing teaching of Pharmacy and Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City methodologies and implementing innovative (HUMP) held the First Annual National Vietnam curricula in health sciences in Vietnam. They are Medical Education Conference – “Preparing the recognized as being the top university for health 21st Century Physician” in Ho Chi Minh City. professional training in the country.200 This conference is part of the Improving Access, In December 2017 the Partnership for Health Curriculum and Teaching in Medical Education Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN), The and Emerging Diseases (IMPACT MED) Vietnam Ministry of Health, and the University , supported by USAID.201

2016 TOTAL POPULATION: 94 569 000 2016 TOTAL DEATHS: 549 000 RISK OF PREMATURE DEATH DUE TO NCDS (%)* PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY*

50 31% 18% Cardiovascular Other NCDs 40 diseases

30 19% 11% Cancers Communicable, 20 maternal, perinatal NCDs are 6% and nutritional estimated to

premature death 10 account for 77% Probability (%) of Chronic conditions of all deaths. respiratory 0 diseases 11% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Injuries Past trends Projected linear trends Global targets 4% Males Diabetes Females

52 100 LIVES CAN BE SAVED BY 2025 BY IMPLEMENTING ALL OF THE WHO "BEST BUYS"

NATIONAL TARGET SET DATA YEAR MALES FEMALES TOTAL MORTALITY*

Premature mortality Total NCD deaths 2016 225 300 198 600 424 000 ✓ from NCDs Risk of premature death between 30-70 years (%) 2016 23 11 17

Suicide mortality - Suicide mortality rate (per 100 000 population) 2016 - - 7

RISK FACTORS Total alcohol per capita consumption, adults aged 15+ Harmful use of alcohol 2016 15 2 8 ✓ (litres of pure alcohol)

Physical inactivity ✓ Physical inactivity, adults aged 18+ (%) 2016 19 30 25

Salt/Sodium intake ✓ Mean population salt intake, adults aged 20+ (g/day) 2010 12 11 12

Tobacco use ✓ Current tobacco smoking, adults aged 15+ (%) 2016 47 1 23

Raised blood pressure ✓ Raised blood pressure, adults aged 18+ (%) 2015 23 22 22

Diabetes ✓ Raised blood glucose, adults aged 18+ (%) 2014 5 5 5

Obesity, adults aged 18+ (%) 2016 2 3 2 Obesity ✓ Obesity, adolescents aged 10-19 (%) 2016 2 1 2

Exceedance of WHO guidelines level for annual PM2.5 Ambient air pollution - 2016 - - 3 concentration (proportion)

Population with primary reliance on polluting fuels and Household air pollution - 2016 - - 33 technologies (%)

SELECTED ADULT RISK FACTOR TRENDS

CURRENT TOBACCO SMOKING OBESITY RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE

50 50 50

40 40 40

30 30 30

20 20 20

10 10 10 % of the population % of the population % of the population

0 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Past trends Projected linear trends Global targets Males Females NATIONAL SYSTEMS RESPONSE Figure 10: Vietnam Non-Communicable DiseasesProportion Country of population Profile at high risk for CVD or with 2015 13 existing CVD (%) Proportion of high risk persons receiving any drug therapy 2015 29 Drug therapy to prevent and counselling to prevent heart attacks and strokes (%) heart attacks and ✓ 52 Center for Excellence in Disaster ManagementProportion of primary& Humanitarian health care centres Assistance reported as strokes 2017 Less than 25% offering CVD risk stratification Reported having CVD guidelines that are utilized in at 2017 No least 50% of health facilities Number of essential NCD medicines reported as 2017 2 out of 10 Essential NCD medicines “generally available” and basic technologies ✓ Number of essential NCD technologies reported as to treat major NCDs 2017 3 out of 6 “generally available”

* The mortality estimates for this country have a high degree of uncertainty because they are World Health Organization - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles, 2018. not based on any national NCD mortality data (see Explanatory Notes) Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 53 WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY

building a group of capable officials in disaster management from provincial to community Women, Peace, and levels. At provincial level, these trained officials are the trainers for Community Based Disaster Risk Assessment (CBDRA), Provincial Security Disaster Reponses Teams (PDRT), trainers for Community Action for Disaster Response Over the years, the Association of Southeast (CADRE), trainers for communicators, and Asian Nations (ASEAN) has prioritized the first aid trainers. At commune and community importance of engaging with the civil and level, they are the Communicators, Assessment political human rights issues of the Women, Facilitators, Emergency Response Teams, and Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. One of the primary school teachers. These officials are key initiatives of the WPS agenda is inclusion essential to maintain the disaster preparedness of women and gender equality in peace and activities that the Project has started in the two security decision-making processes at the provinces of Lai Chau and Son La.203 national, local and international levels. At the As part of this program, another awareness 2017 ASEAN Summit, Southeast Asian states, campaign aimed at equipping women with the including Vietnam, reaffirmed their commitment access and knowledge needed to prepare for, to promote the WPS agenda in the region. The prevent, and respond to natural disasters called ASEAN Community Vision 2025 resulted from “For a Safe Community” took place from March that summit. to June 2017. The facilitators of this campaign The ASEAN Community Vision 2025 organized the trainings with a team of Red Cross promotes collaborative and inclusive staff and volunteers, and local village chiefs communities that promotes high quality of life, who were able to speak the local languages equitable access to opportunities for all and and communicate with pictures so that for the promotes and protects the human rights of first time, these lifesaving messages would be women, children, youth, the elderly, persons with assessable to all.204 disabilities, migrant workers, and vulnerable and There now exists indisputable evidence marginalized groups Importantly, priority has that women’s participation in peace and been placed on the role of women and girls to security processes is core to their operational incorporate their voice into the decision making effectiveness; strengthening the protection of these areas to bring positive changes to all 202 efforts of peacekeepers, improving prevention aspects of life. of radicalization, and accelerating economic The importance of including women in recovery. Women’s meaningful participation the training and planning phases of disaster also helps the realization and implementation of preparedness has caught on in multiple facets at more sustainable peace agreements and overall a high level with ASEAN, but also in the local safety across the country and throughout the communities in country. From April 2014 to communities. September 2017, the Vietnam Red Cross along Since 2010, Vietnam’s Women’s Union with with the French Red Cross, the American Red the support of UN Women has been planning Cross, and the French Development Agency to prepare villages for floods. Within these implemented a Gender-sensitive community- exercises, they discuss challenges specific to based disaster risk management project in ethnic the issues women face, i.e. caregiving to the minority areas of North-West Vietnam. During young and elderly, and those less mobile due a 42 month period, 12 communities and wards to illness and or pregnancy. Women have also of ethnic minorities in Lai Chau and Son La, taken the lead in training communities for participated in the Project which successfully disaster preparedness.205 In addition to flood produced vulnerability, capacity, and disaster risk related disaster preparedness, women are also assessments. They organized 36 disaster response training to respond to disasters contributing to simulations, trained teachers in first aid, and the safeguarding of villages and the country as a developed and implemented the program with whole. The priority given to women, peace and gender issues as an integral part of all activities. security in Vietnam and subsequent training In particular, the roles, capabilities and needs and readiness campaigns has already changed of men and women with regards to gender many communities for the better. As a result, awareness and sensitivity tools would ideally communities are more resilient, prepared and become standard practice in the event of a true connected.206 disaster or event. The Project has contributed to

54 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 55 CONCLUSION

of the MARD. MARD, as Chairman of the CCNDPC coordinates disaster management Conclusion and humanitarian response with the VNDMA acting as the Office of the Central Steering Vietnam is one of the most natural disaster– Committee. Moreover, the CCNDPC coordinates prone countries in Southeast Asia. It is located with VINASARCOM to provide directions and in the tropical monsoon area of the North West guidance to localities during the response to Pacific and as a result is affected by many kinds of natural disaster events.212 VINASARCOM is natural disasters. These disasters include floods, responsible for the conduct of SAR operations storms, whirlwinds, flash floods, coastal erosion, during a disaster. VINASARCOM is also the droughts and landslides.207 Central Vietnam go-to Military Unit in Vietnam for Incident has a long and exposed coastline which makes Command in the event that the disaster requires the country vulnerable to tropical storms and military support and if needed, can call upon depressions that form in the East Sea, which can the Ministry of Defense to support the relief intensify to form tropical cyclones (typhoons).208 efforts. The Ministry of Defense will then use There are many densely populated areas resources such as the Vietnam’s People Army vulnerable to these natural disasters. In order and the Vietnam People’s Air Force to support to lessen the impact of disasters, it is imperative VINASARCOM during a disaster; however, the to have a comprehensive plan for disaster Minister of Defense is in charge of directing the preparedness and response to future events.209 military assets.213 The disaster management capacity has According to the information submitted to the improved in recent years in Vietnam. The National Progress Report on the implementation country’s disaster prevention and control law; of the Hyogo Framework for Action by Vietnam, the National Disaster Prevention, Response there is a need for Vietnam to strengthen and Mitigation to 2020; and the National institutional capacity and collaboration Strategy for Climate Change are examples of mechanisms amongst ministries and sectors; efforts to improve DRR. Efforts are underway developing financial allocation mechanisms to at the national, province and commune levels. meet the needs and effectiveness of DRM; and A law on natural disaster prevention and enhancing and promoting the effectiveness of control (the Law) took effect in 2014. The Law CBDRM to raise awareness to communities in provides for disaster risk reduction, climate responding to disasters. Vietnam also suggests change adaptation and mitigation measures, that development of an information sharing from national to local and community levels. It network between ministries, sectors, localities outlines natural disaster prevention and control and NGOs to support the policy formulation activities, including a national strategy and process is needed, as well as the need to enhance plans and stipulations aimed at the integration coordination of activities and promoting the of disaster prevention into national and local participation of multi-stakeholders.214 socio-economic development plans. It applies to Vietnam is working to enhance the efficiency Vietnamese agencies, organizations, households and effectiveness of its healthcare system in order and individuals; foreign organizations and to better respond to the burden of communicable individuals, and international organizations and non-communicable diseases. 215 The that are residing or operating in natural disaster organizational structure of healthcare is currently prevention and control in Vietnam.210 being reformed, as set out in the master plan for Disaster risk management action plans have Vietnam’s health system development to 2025. been instituted including the construction The healthcare system in Vietnam has a shortage and reinforcement of sea dike systems, of human resources.216 The Healthcare System upgrading of embankments and relocation is faced with dealing with Non-Communicable of populations living in high risk areas.211 diseases and Communicable diseases continue The commanding system for natural disaster to be a problem. Child malnutrition, stunting, prevention and control in Vietnam is based on maternal deaths and neonatal death continue inter-sectoral cooperation, which is reflected to disproportionately affect the most vulnerable in the full representation of all ministries and segments of the population. Re-emerging sectors under the leadership and direction infectious diseases are also a serious concern.217

56 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 57 APPENDICES

range of activities with the hospital ship USNS MERCY and the USNS BRUNSWICK acting Appendices as the base for engagement. The comprehensive engagement program delivered a range of DoD DMHA Engagements in the Past HADR activities including side-by side medical engagements, engineering projects focused on Five Years (FY 2013-2018) disaster response infrastructure, and HADR related subject matter exchanges based on Secretary of Defense Visit to Vietnam-October refining local to regional level response SOPs. 2018 The mission window was expanded U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis visited in response to work done in support of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from October 16-17, infrastructure repairs to community buildings 2018. The visit highlighted the significant growth damaged during Typhoon Damrey which in the comprehensive partnership between the affected Nha Trang in Nov 2017. 2019 will see the Vietnam and the U.S. by visiting the Bien Hoa mission return to build on the work started in Airbase, situated 30 kilometers outside of Ho Chi 2018. Minh City, to reaffirm the U.S. commitment to contribute to dioxin remediation and address war Exercise Pacific Endeavor (MCIP) legacies. United States Agency for International Pacific Endeavor is a communications exercise Development (USAID), together with the under the Multinational Communications Ministry of National Defense, completed a Interoperability Program (MCIP) to develop successful five-year, $110 million effort to clean common communications operating procedures dioxin contaminated soil at Danang International to enable military forces in the Asia Pacific Airport. There is also a subsequent dioxin 218 region to collectively work in the wake of remediation project at Bien Hoa Airbase. disaster. Pacific Endeavor began in 2005 and it focuses on establishing rapid and effective RIMPAC-2018 interoperable communication systems to jointly In July 2018, Vietnam participated for the act in disaster relief operations. Pacific Endeavor first time in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) consists of Interoperability Assessments, testing military exercise. Vietnam sent observers in 2012 and validating MNFSOPs, Chapter 6, MNCC and 2016. RIMPAC is a biennial event hosted by concept in scenario based FTX exercising host the U.S. and its allies and partners in and around nations emergency communications plans, the Hawaiian Islands and Southern California. Cyber Endeavor (Cyber Security Training with RIMPAC is the world’s largest international 219 Cyber Range, Spectrum Endeavor (Spectrum maritime exercise. management during HADR), SATCOM Endeavor (VSAT training with Certification Secretary of State Visit to Vietnam-July 2018 from the Global VSAT forum), and the Pacific Secretary Pompeo met with General Secretary Senior Communicator Meeting (PSCM), flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nguyen Phu level officers from all participating nations Trong, Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, and and U.S. Components. Below is a list of Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister MCIP involvement in instructing and sharing Pham Binh Minh on July 8 and 9 in Hanoi, information through Exercise Pacific Endeavor, Vietnam. The Secretary and Vietnamese leaders the Capstone Event of MCIP from 2013 to 2018 affirmed their shared interest in upholding by Vietnam:221 peace and security in the South China Sea, and their shared concerns over militarization and • 2013: Cyber Endeavor Participant, and international law. Vietnamese leaders welcomed Corporate Board member and Pacific Senior a strong U.S. role in ensuring stability in the 220 Communicator South China Sea. • 2014: Cyber Endeavor, Spectrum Endeavor, SATCOM Endeavor participants, Corporate PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP - 2018 Board, Pacific Senior Communicator. VHF As PACFLEET's signature HADR engagement radio systems for interoperability assessments program, the mission worked in Vietnam in 2018 and FTX. as the first year of a 5- year mandate of Disaster • 2015: Vietnam hosted the first Planning Staff Preparedness engagement. The mission that took Workshop for PE15 cycle with 22 nations place 17 May-02 Jun in Nha Trang conducted a

58 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance present. Cyber and Spectrum SMEs provided nations were able to develop professional instruction on Cyber Security and Spectrum relationships and to work together as one team management to 30 Vietnam military during the event of a disaster. The partnership personnel. They also provided a Data SME to between the Oregon National Guard and Chair to the Data Technical Working Group VINASARCOM began in 2012 as part of the (TWG) responsible for all data systems National Guard Bureau’s State Partnership planning for PE15. One Cyber Endeavor and Program. This program pairs states with one Spectrum Endeavor participant, and one countries around the world to support security Radio SME with HF/Data systems cooperation between the U.S. and other nations. • 2016: One SATCOM and one Cyber Building and maintaining capabilities as Endeavor participant. Vietnam provided emergency managers in times of humanitarian a Data SME to the Data TWG to Co- assistance and disaster relief promote stability, Chair, HF/Data System for Interoperability prosperity and domestic resiliency in the Pacific Assessments and FTX, Corporate Board and region.223 PSCM • 2017: SATCOM and Cyber Endeavor US-Vietnam Disaster Response Table Top participants, Data Systems to validate Exercise, May 2016 standard data network for MNCC operation In May 2016 the Vietnam National Committee (tested during PE17). Data and Cyber for Incident, Disaster Response, and Search Security SME, Corporate Board and PSCM. and Rescue (VINASARCOM) hosted the • 2018: Spectrum and Cyber Endeavor Center for Excellence in Disaster Management participants, HF/Data SMEs (2) with HF/ and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) in a Data systems, Corporate Board and PSCM. first-ever U.S.-Vietnam Disaster Response and Civil-Military Coordination Table Top Exercise, PACANGEL-September 2017 or TTX held in Hanoi, Vietnam. The exercise From -18, 2017, The U.S. and provided an opportunity to address solutions Vietnam People’s Army (VPA), along with to interoperability, best practices, lessons several non-governmental organizations, came learned shared between militaries and civilian together for Pacific Angel (PACANGEL) 17-2. organizations and collaboration in the shared PACANGEL consists of several humanitarian interest of the two countries. The 4 day event assistance and disaster relief activities including included participants from Vietnam People’s medical health services outreach, engineering Armed Forces, the U.S. Embassy, U.S. Pacific assistance programs and subject matter expert Command, Oregon National Guard, U.N. Office exchanges. Subject-matter exchanges took place for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, at medical facilities in Tam Ky and the Vietnam ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Air Defense Air Force Search and Rescue Assistance (AHA Centre), and the U.S. Agency Center in Hanoi. The exchange covered a variety for International Development (USAID). of medical specialties including control and Approximately 150 Vietnamese senior leaders prevention of vector-borne diseases, emergency and disaster response stakeholders and almost maternal and fetal care, and medical aspects of 40 U.S. participants, responded to a simulated water survival and management of metabolic super typhoon which caused severe damage syndromes.222 to several northern and central provinces. The training focused on maritime search and rescue, Oregon National Guard Disaster Management urban search and rescue, chemical spill response, Engagement Activity-August 2017 and medical assistance and field hospital Members of the Oregon National Guard’s deployment.224 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear defense (CBRNE) Enhanced Response Force Cobra Gold-February 2016 Package (CERFP) participated in the 2017 Vietnam has sent army personnel to join the Disaster Management Engagement Activity Cobra Gold military exercise as an observer. in August 2017. During the training, subject The VPA does not traditionally conduct military matter experts from Oregon’s CBRNE exercises with foreign powers.225 The objective Enhanced Response Force Package team and of the multinational exercise is to foster military VINASARCOM shared concepts and best ties among the countries involved, enhance practices in the medical and chemical triage the capacity in the joint military operation and fields in Hanoi, Vietnam. Troops from both practice guidelines for multinational forces.226

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 59 APPENDICES

Disaster Preparedness Workshop-August 2015 ODC Vietnam. Other stakeholders included From 18-21 August 2015, the Pacific Defense Threat Reduction Agency and the Naval Partnership Program, in conjunction with Postgraduate School. The DMWG Advisory the Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Board met with VINASARCOM leadership to Civil-Military relations conducted a disaster further clarify future engagement proposals.229 preparedness workshop in Danang. The objective was to increase Vietnam’s disaster response Vietnam HADR synchronization Working capabilities, specifically in the area of civil- Group-September 2014 military coordination.227 In September 2014, The Vietnam HADR synchronization Working Group was established. Secretary of Defense Visit to Vietnam-June 2015 The goal of the working group is to facilitate On 2 June 2015 the U.S. Secretary of Defense discussion amongst U.S. HADR stakeholders Ashton Carter met with Vietnamese President or with the intent to conduct HADR Truong Tan Sang, General Secretary Nguyen Phu events/activities/operations in Vietnam in order Trong, and Defense Minister Gen. Phung Quang to promote collaboration, coordination and to sign a joint vision statement for the bilateral synchronization to increase efficiency of U.S. defense relationship. Secretary Carter reaffirmed efforts to provide assistance/aid in requests after the U.S. commitment to Vietnam and the Asia- a disaster. Pacific region, reiterating the U.S.’ support for a regional architecture that allows all countries in USARPAC LMI IPC-August 2014 the Asia-Pacific to rise and prosper.228 28 Jul- 1 Aug 2014- U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) held a Lower Mekong Initiative DTRA BCRN ICS SMEE-December 2014 (LMI) Disaster Response Exercise Initial From 9-12 December 2014, the Defense Planning Conference (IPC). It brought together Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Chemical, civilian and military representatives across all Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) aspects of emergency preparedness, response, Preparedness conducted an Incident Command and various aspects of government organizations System (ICS) Subject Matter Expert Exchange in order to develop a comprehensive medium to (SMEE) in Hanoi, Vietnam. Participants included achieve common response and recovery goals. VINSARCOM and MARD. An exercise scenario involving the use of a chemical time-phased Secretary of Defense Meeting with Defense scenario facilitated discussion of plans in place, Minister-May 2014 and organizations responsible for a response to On 31 May 2014, the Secretary of Defense a natural disaster that causes a CBRN incident. Chuck Hagel’s meeting with Vietnam’s Defense DTRA CBRN preparedness team members met Minister Gen. Phung Quang Thanh in Singapore. with representatives from the U.S. embassy and The two met on the sidelines of the annual out-briefed the SMEE and planned a way ahead Shangri-La Dialogue, a major annual forum for future activities in Vietnam. for key leaders in the Asia-Pacific region to discuss security challenges and opportunities. Disaster Management Working Group Meeting- Secretary Hagel and Gen. Thanh discussed a November 2014 number of security challenges facing the region, From 17-20 November 2014, the Advisory including their mutual concerns over the recent Board members of the PACOM-Disaster provocative behavior by the Chinese in the Management Working Group met with the South China Sea. Secretary Hagel thanked the member of the Office of Defense Cooperation, Vietnamese for their continued leadership within U.S. Embassy Vietnam (ODC Vietnam) in ASEAN, as both leaders reaffirmed the growing Hanoi, Vietnam to define the scope and purpose role of ASEAN in addressing the regional issues of their abilities and processes to assist with such as maritime security and disaster response. the synchronization of the DoD engagement 230 activities in Vietnam. Advisory Board members include Oregon National Guard State Partnership ADMM+ Executive Working group on HADR- Program, United States Pacific Command Center January 2014 for Excellence in Disaster Management and From 14-18 January 2014, USPACOM Humanitarian Assistance (USPACOM CFE- attended the ADMM+ Executive Working group DMHA), USAID, and representatives from on HADR. This was the last major event of the

60 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance working group while under the co-chairmanship of Vietnam and China. The chair was turned International/Foreign Relations over to Laos and Japan. The assessment of the first three years of the ADMM+HADR EWG Vietnam has significant maritime interests, was deemed successful in creating landmark including its claim to islands in the South China levels of cooperation between militaries by Sea. There is a concern about China’s growing creating a venue for countries to exercise and assertiveness in the area which has led to train together and work out details of standard discussions and agreements. Maritime security has also been at the heart of Vietnam’s expanding operating procedures. The highlight of the 232 co-chairmanship was the ADMM+ exercise in ties with Japan. Brunei. Additionally, the incoming chair, Japan The Vietnam People’s Air Force (VPAF) and presented a well thought and aggressive plan for the US are engaged in co- the next three years. This included building on operation focused on pilot training; efforts in work that has been done, but also developing late 2017 continued to expand this activity as new and concrete objectives for the next three part of strengthened U.S.-Vietnam relations. years. The VPAF is working with the U.S. Pacific Air Forces in areas including disaster relief and ASEAN Regional Disaster Response Exercise- training. In 2013 the U.S. and Vietnam signed a October 2013 ‘comprehensive partnership’ agreement covering In October 2013, the AHA Center and expanded collaboration in a range of maritime Vietnam hosted an ASEAN Regional Disaster security activities. In 2014, the U.S. partially Response Exercise. The event provided an lifted the embargo to allow sales of maritime security equipment and in 2016, the U.S. lifted its opportunity to practice, test and evaluate the 233 readiness of disaster responders and emergency long-standing military arms embargo. response mechanisms under the ASEAN India is also developing its bilateral relations Standby and Standard Operating with Vietnam. VINBAX-2018 was a Bilateral Procedures (SASOP). The ARDEX was also a Army Exercise between Vietnam and India means of identifying lessons learned to further which was conducted at Jabalpur in Madhya improve the SASOP and the participants’ actual Pradesh from January 29 to February 3, 2018. joint response to disasters.231 It was the first military exercise between the two countries and was part of joint training Pacific Angel 2013-June 2013 undertaken with friendly foreign countries by From 10-14 June 2013, Pacific Air Forces the Indian Army. Defense ties between India participated in Pacific Angel 2013. This and Vietnam have been on an upswing with the primary focus being cooperation in the maritime demonstrated U.S. goodwill and global reach 234 as well as promoting regional civil/military domain. The Vietnam People’s Army also took partnerships and enhancing Military-Military, part in the Indian-hosted ‘Exercise Force-18’ event, which took place in Pune in early March Military-Civilian, Military-Non-Governmental 235 Organization and Military-Inter-Agency 2016. Interoperability. Objectives included U.S. Air Force/ demonstration of Force Protection/Pre-Deployment HADR airlift capabilities. Information

Mid-Term Review of the Bilateral Defense The following information is provided for Talks-March 2013 pre-deployment planning and preparations. Visit From 13-14 March 2013, USPACOM (Center www.travel.state.gov prior to deployments for for Excellence in DMHA) attended the Mid- further up-to-date information. Term Review of the Bilateral Defense Talks with the Vietnamese MND in Hanoi. USPACOM served as co-chair of the HADR Working Group. Passport/Visa This was also an opportunity to assist the Oregon Country entrance requirements include that National Guard in making the State Partnership you must have a valid passport and a visa (or pre- Program with Vietnam successful. HADR is a approval for a visa on arrival) to enter Vietnam. key part of the Oregon National Guards military Your passport must be valid for six months to military program. beyond your planned stay, and you must have at least one blank visa page.236

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Emergency Contact Information Travel Health Information The following information emergency contact information includes:237 Vaccination and Prescriptions The CDC provides the following U.S. Embassy Hanoi - Consular Annex recommendations for travel to Vietnam. 239 The 170 Ngoc Khanh information in Table 3 is taken directly from the Ba Dinh District CDC website. Hanoi, Vietnam Unclean food and water can cause travelers’ Telephone: diarrhea and other diseases. Reduce your risk by From outside Vietnam: +84-24-3850-5000 sticking to safe food and water habits. From the U.S.: 011-84-24-3850-5000 Eat From landline within Hanoi: 3850-5000 • Food that is cooked and served hot From mobile or landline within Vietnam: 024- • Hard-cooked eggs 3850-5000 • Fruits and vegetables you have washed in Emergency: clean water or peeled yourself From outside Vietnam: +84-24-3850-5000 or • Pasteurized dairy products +84-24-3850-5105 From the U.S.: 011-84-24-3850-5000 Don’t Eat • Food served at room temperature From landline within Hanoi: 3850-5000 or 3850- • Food from street vendors 5105 • Raw or soft-cooked (runny) eggs From mobile or landline within Vietnam: 024- • Raw or undercooked (rare) meat or fish 3850-5000 or 024-3850-5105 • Unwashed or unpeeled raw fruits and Fax: (+84-24) 3850-5010 vegetables Email: [email protected] • Unpasteurized dairy products • “Bushmeat” (monkeys, bats, or other wild Consulates game) U.S. Consulate General Ho Chi Minh City 4 Le Duan, District 1 Drink Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam • Bottled water that is sealed Telephone: • Water that has been disinfected From outside Vietnam: +84-28-3520-4200 • Ice made with bottled or disinfected water From the U.S.: 011-84-28-3520-4200 • Carbonated drinks From landline within Ho Chi Minh City: 3520- • Hot coffee or tea 4200 • Pasteurized milk From mobile or landline within Vietnam: 028- 3520-4200 Don’t Drink • Tap or well water Emergency: • Ice made with tap or well water From outside Vietnam: +84-28-3520-4200 • Drinks made with tap or well water (such as From the U.S.: 011-84-28-3520-4200 reconstituted juice) From landline within Ho Chi Minh City: 3520- • Unpasteurized milk 4200 From mobile or landline within Vietnam: 028- Take Medicine 3520-4200 Talk with your doctor about taking Fax: (+84-8) 3520-4244 prescription or over-the-counter drugs with you on your trip in case you get sick. Emergency Telephone Numbers within Vietnam: Police: 113 Prevent Bug Bites Fire brigade: 114 Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can Ambulance: 115 spread a number of diseases in Vietnam. Many of these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking Currency Information steps to prevent bug bites. The currency in Vietnam is the Vietnamese Dong.238

62 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Routine Make sure you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. These vaccines include Measles-Mumps- vaccines (for Rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, polio vaccine, all travelers) and your yearly flu shot. Hepatitis A The CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in (for some Vietnam, regardless of where you are eating or staying. travelers) Typhoid You can get typhoid through contaminated food or water in Vietnam. The CDC recommends this vaccine for (for most most travelers, especially if you are staying with friends or relatives, visiting smaller cities or rural areas, or if travelers) you are an adventurous eater. Hepatitis B You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC (for some recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any travelers) medical procedures. Japanese You may need this vaccine if your trip will last more than a month, depending on where you are going in Encephalitis Vietnam and what time of year you are traveling. You should also consider this vaccine if you plan to visit rural (for some areas in Vietnam or will be spending a lot of time outdoors, even for trips shorter than a month. Your doctor travelers) can help you decide if this vaccine is right for you based on your travel plans. Malaria When traveling in Vietnam, you should avoid mosquito bites to prevent malaria. You may need to take (some prescription medicine before, during, and after your trip to prevent malaria, depending on your travel plans, travelers) such as where you are going, when you are traveling, and if you are spending a lot of time outdoors or sleeping outside. Talk to your doctor about how you can prevent malaria while traveling. Rabies Rabies can be found in dogs, bats, and other mammals in Vietnam, so CDC recommends this vaccine for the (for some following groups: • Travelers involved in outdoor and other activities (such as camping, hiking, biking, adventure travel, and travelers) caving) that put them at risk for animal bites. • People who will be working with or around animals (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, and researchers). • People who are taking long trips or moving to Vietnam • Children, because they tend to play with animals, might not report bites, and are more likely to have animal bites on their head and neck. Fever There is no risk of yellow fever in Vietnam. The Government of Vietnam requires proof of yellow fever vaccination only if you are arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever. This does not include the U.S. If you are traveling from a country other than the U.S, check this list to see if you may be required to get the yellow fever vaccine. Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for Vietnam To prevent bug bites: • Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or PMD • Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved • IR3535 shirts, long pants, and hats. • Use an appropriate insect repellent (see If you are bitten by bugs: below). • Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply • Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to not use permethrin directly on skin. reduce the itching. • Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened • Check your entire body for ticks after rooms. outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks • Use a bed net if the area where you are properly. sleeping is exposed to the outdoors. Note: The Zika Virus is a risk in Vietnam. For protection against ticks and mosquitoes: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more Safety and Security DEET for protection that lasts up to several As a first step in planning any trip abroad, hours. check the Travel Advisories for your intended destination. You can see the world at a glance on For protection against mosquitoes only: our color-coded map. Products with one of the following active Note that conditions can change rapidly in a ingredients can also help prevent mosquito bites. country at any time. To receive updated Travel Higher percentages of active ingredient provide Advisories and Alerts for the countries you longer protection. choose, sign up at step.state.gov. • DEET • Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and Icaridin) Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 63 APPENDICES

Sendai Framework The Sendai Framework is the global blueprint and fifteen-year plan to build the world’s resilience to natural disasters.240 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:

The Seven Global Targets include: • Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality rates in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015. • Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period 2005-2015. • Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global (GDP) by 2030. • Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. • Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020. • Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030. • Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.241

The Four Priorities of Action include: • Understanding disaster risk; • Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; • Investing in disaster reduction for resilience; and • Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years. It was adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in 2015.242 The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.243 Figure11 shows the Sendai DRR Framework.

64 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Decision-making to be Decision-making and risk-informed inclusive while using a multi-hazard approach Substantially increase the increase Substantially to and access of availability warning early multi-hazard risk and disaster systems and assessments information 2030 to people by

Priority 4 Priority Support from developed developed from Support to and partners countries to be countries developing to needs according tailored by and priorities as identified them response, and to «Build Back Better» in Back to «Build and response, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction rehabilitation recovery, Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective effective for preparedness Enhancing disaster Experience indicates that disaster preparedness preparedness disaster that indicates Experience effective more for to be strengthened needs in place capacities are and ensure response also have Disasters recovery. effective for rehabilitation the recovery, that demonstrated to be which needs phase, and reconstruction is an opportunity the disaster, ahead of prepared integrating through Better» Back to «Build and Women measures. reduction risk disaster lead with disabilities should publicly persons and universally gender-equitable and promote and the response during approaches accessible phases reconstruction Empowerment of local of Empowerment authorities and communities resources, through and decision- incentives as making responsibilities appropriate Substantially enhance enhance Substantially cooperation international countries to developing and adequate through to sustainable support national their complement of implementation for actions 2030 by framework this

The quality of global of The quality partnership and international to be effective, cooperation meaningful and strong Priority 3 Priority for resilience for Substantially increase the increase Substantially with countries of number and local disaster national by strategies reduction risk 2020 all State of engagement Full an executive institutions of at nature and legislative and local levels national Investing in disaster risk reduction reduction risk in disaster Investing Public and private investment in disaster risk risk in disaster investment and private Public structural through and reduction prevention to essential are measures and non-structural social, health and cultural the economic, enhance countries persons, communities, of resilience the environment. as well assets, as their and and growth innovation, of These can be drivers cost-effective are measures Such job creation. and prevent lives, to save and instrumental and recovery effective losses and ensure reduce rehabilitation «Build Back Better» for for Better» Back «Build the creation preventing existing, and reducing of, risk disaster Goal Targets Guiding Principles Priorities for Action for Priorities Engagement from all of all of from Engagement society Expected outcome Scope and purpose Scope Substantially reduce reduce Substantially to critical damage disaster and disruption infrastructure among basic services, of them health and educational through including facilities, by resilience their developing 2030 2015-2030 Priority 2 Priority Addressing underlying risk underlying risk Addressing cost-effectively factors versus investment through on post- primarly relying and response disaster recovery response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience thus strengthen and and recovery, response to manage disaster risk disaster to manage development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors within and across as well as all levels at development Strengthening disaster risk governance risk disaster Strengthening Reduce direct disaster disaster direct Reduce loss in relation economic domestic to global gross 2030 by (GDP) product persons and of Protection while promoting assets their all human and protecting to the right including rights development Disaster risk governance at the national, regional regional the national, at governance risk Disaster of the management to vital is and global levels in all sectors and ensuring reduction risk disaster frameworks and local national of the coherence that, and public policies regulations laws, of responsibilities, guide, roles and defining by the public and private and incentivize encourage risk disaster action and address take to sectors Accounting of local and of Accounting specific characteristics when risks disaster of to determining measures risk reduce social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries persons, businesses, communities assets of and environmental social, cultural and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in risk disaster of management the multi-hazard to guide aims and risks. It and biological hazards The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and sudden infrequent, and frequent large-scale, and small-scale of risk the to apply will framework present The slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well as related technological environmental, The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, physical, economic, the in and health and livelihoods lives, in losses and risk disaster of reduction substantial The economic, inclusive and integrated of implementation the through risk disaster existing reduce and new Prevent structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political measures and that prevent and institutional reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for Substantially reduce the reduce Substantially people affected of number to aiming 2030, by globally global the average lower between 100,000 per figure to compared 2020-2030 2005-2015 responsibility Shared central between and national Government authorities, sectors and as appropriate stakeholders circumstances to national Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Reduction Risk Disaster for the Sendai Framework Chart of Priority 1 Priority There is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas. priority four following the in and global levels regional local, national, at States sectors by within and across action focused for is a need There Understanding disaster risk disaster Understanding Coherence of disaster risk risk disaster of Coherence and sustainable reduction policies, plans, development and mechanisms, practices sectors different across Disaster risk management needs to be based needs management risk Disaster in all its risk disaster on an understanding of of exposure capacity, vulnerability, dimensions of the and characteristics persons and assets, hazard environment Figure 11: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Disaster Reduction for 2015-2030 11: UN Sendai Framework Figure www.preventionweb.net/go/sfdrr www.unisdr.org [email protected] Substantially reduce global reduce Substantially 2030, by mortality disaster per average to lower aiming global mortality 100,000 2020-2030 between to 2005-2015 compared responsibility Primary to prevent States of disaster and reduce through risk, including cooperation

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Hyogo Framework for Level of Progress* Achieved for HFA Priorities Action Country Progress 4 ��--�,c------�r--��cr-- Report 11Indicator 1 3 Indicator 2 The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted as a guideline to reduce vulnerabilities 2 to natural hazards. The HFA assists participating countries 1 to become more resilient and to better manage the hazards that 0 threaten their development. The Priority Priority Priority Priority Priority levels of progress of the 2013-2015 results of the HFA for Vietnam are #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 represented in Figure 12 and Table Figure 12: HFA Level of Progress Achieved 4. Table 5 provides an overview of the overall challenges and the future outlook statement from the HFA report. The 2013-2015 is the most recent HFA report available for Vietnam.244

Priority for Action #1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Core Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator* Achieved 1 National policy and legal framework for disaster risk reduction exists 4 with decentralized responsibilities and capacities at all levels. 2 Dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement 4 disaster risk reduction plans and activities at all administrative levels. 3 Community Participation and decentralization is ensured through 4 the delegation of authority and resources to local levels. 4 A national multi sectoral platform for disaster risk reduction is 3 functioning.

Priority #2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning

Core Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator* Achieved 1 National and local risk assessments based on hazard data and 3 vulnerability information are available and include risk assessments for key sectors. 2 Systems are in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on key 3 hazards and vulnerabilities. 3 Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards, with 4 outreach to communities. 4 National and local risk assessments take account of regional / trans- 4 boundary risks, with a view to regional cooperation on risk reduction. Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA for Vietnam

66 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Priority #3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

Core Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator* Achieved 1 Relevant information on disasters is available and accessible at all levels, 3 to all stakeholders (through networks, development of information sharing systems, etc.). 2 School curricula, education material and relevant trainings include 3 disaster risk reduction and recovery concepts and practices. 3 Research methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost benefit 2 analysis are developed and strengthened. 4 Countrywide public awareness strategy exists to stimulate a culture of 3 disaster resilience, with outreach to urban and rural communities. Priority #4: Reduce the underlying risk factors

Core Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator* Achieved 1 Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environment 3 related policies and plans, including for land use natural resource management and adaptation to climate change. 2 Social development policies and plans are being implemented to 2 reduce the vulnerability of populations most at risk. 3 Economic and productive sectorial policies and plans have been 4 implemented to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities. 4 Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster 4 risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes. 5 Disaster risk reduction measures are integrated into post disaster 2 recovery and rehabilitation processes. 6 Procedures are in place to assess the disaster risk impacts of major 2 development projects, especially infrastructure. Priority #5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels Core Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator* Achieved 1 Strong policy, technical and institutional capacities and mechanisms 4 for disaster risk management, with a disaster risk reduction perspective are in place. 2 Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all 4 administrative levels, and regular training drills and rehearsals are held to test and develop disaster response programs. 3 Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to 4 support effective response and recovery when required. 4 Procedures are in place to exchange relevant information during 4 hazard events and disasters, and to undertake post-event reviews.

Table Notes: *Level of Progress: 1 – Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy 2 – Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment 3 – Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial 4 – Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities 5 – Comprehensive achievement with sustained commitment and capacities at all levels Table 4: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the HFA for Vietnam (cont.)

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Future Outlook Area 1: The more effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction. Challenges: Inter-sectoral coordination for the elaboration and implementation of the plans is still an area that requires further work. This is not only important for DRR but more broadly for sustainable socio-economic development. There is need for improved inter-sectoral coordination in order that plans do not conflict, compromise the effectiveness of other plans to reduce vulnerabilities or indeed through their cumulative effect actually serve to increase disaster risk impacts or vulnerabilities. There is also a need for a more coherent, integrated, structured and holistic approach towards DRM planning as opposed to dealing with specific hazards such as floods individually. Future Outlook The legal documents related to the issue of disaster risk reduction are currently Priorities: scattered in many different places and further consolidation and coordination in implementation is required. The Law on Disaster Prevention and Control is a strong base to strengthen this process.

Future Outlook Area 2: The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards. Challenges: Challenges exist in terms of institution building and the implementation of policies, legal documents, projects, programs and activities on DRM. In Vietnam most disasters are water related, and state management of water resources still overlap and are inconsistent. A lack of close collaboration between DRR and Climate Change works persists. Enhanced information sharing, communication and legal requirements are required to ensure closer integration of these two communities. Future Outlook Vietnam’s new Disaster Prevention and Control Law (2013) aims to strengthen Priorities: institutional structures and coordination mechanisms with the intention being to streamline CCA and DRR. It also proposes a new Department for Disaster Prevention and Control within MARD. This will assist considerably with institutional coordination, in ensuring that DRR considerations are better mainstreamed and potentially facilitate inter-sectoral planning and integrated approaches to DRM planning.

Future Outlook Area 3: The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programs in the reconstruction of affected communities. Challenges: The increased occurrence, intensity and severity of disasters, combined with a rapidly expanding population and economic growth, with cities and towns particularly with more physical assets of greater economic value, has meant that the costs of post-disaster response, recovery and reconstruction are increasing in real terms. A challenge lies in being able to mobilize financial resources and quickly in order that the economy remains on track and that the country is able to grow and develop sustainably. Future Outlook Implementation of national policy will require further investments of resources Priorities: to ensure that disaster affected communities are able to ‘build back better’. A more structured approach to post-disaster recovery and reconstruction is also required for the future, which will necessarily have to include a fairly substantial reform to the way in which post-disaster recovery and reconstruction is currently financed. Improved tools for conducting damage and needs assessments (recently reviewed in the aftermath of disasters) will assist greatly in determining more accurately the required costs for recovery and reconstruction.

Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future Outlook Areas, Vietnam

68 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Location: Country Profile Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of The information in the Country Profile section is Thailand, , and South China Sea, sourced directly from the CIA World Fact book. as well as China, Laos, and Cambodia Additional numbers on country comparison to the world can be found by going directly to the Geographic coordinates: CIA website.245 16 10 N, 107 50 E Background: Map references: The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became Southeast Asia part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but Area: France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat Total: 331,210 sq. km by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was Land: 310,070 sq. km divided into the communist North and anti- communist South. US economic and military Water: 21,140 sq. km aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but Country comparison to the world: 67 US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, Area - comparative: North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. About three times the size of Tennessee; slightly Despite the return of peace, for over a decade larger than New Mexico the country experienced little economic growth Land boundaries: because of conservative leadership policies, the persecution and mass exodus of individuals Total: 4,616 km - many of them successful South Vietnamese merchants - and growing international isolation. Border countries (3): Cambodia 1,158 km, China However, since the enactment of Vietnam’s “doi 1,297 km, Laos 2,161 km moi” (renovation) policy in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have committed to increased Coastline: economic liberalization and enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and 3,444 km (excludes islands) to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The communist leaders maintain Maritime claims: tight control on political expression but have Territorial sea: 12 nm demonstrated some modest steps toward better protection of human rights. The country Contiguous zone: 24 nm continues to experience small-scale protests, the vast majority connected to either land-use issues, Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm calls for increased political space, or the lack of equitable mechanisms for resolving disputes. Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the The small-scale protests in the urban areas are continental margin often organized by human rights activists, but many occur in rural areas and involve various Climate: ethnic minorities such as the Montagnards of the Central Highlands, Hmong in the Northwest Tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, Highlands, and the Khmer Krom in the southern rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry delta region. season (October to March)

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Terrain: Environment - international agreements: Low, flat delta in south and north; central Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, northwest Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Elevation: Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands Mean elevation: 398 m Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China agreements Sea 0 m Geography - note: Highest point: Fan Si 3,144 m Extending 1,650 km north to south, the country Natural resources: is only 50 km across at its narrowest point Phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth Population: elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower, arable land 97,040,334 (July 2018 est.) Land use: Country comparison to the world: 15 Agricultural land: 34.8% Nationality: Arable land 20.6%; permanent crops 12.1%; Noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) permanent pasture 2.1% Adjective: Vietnamese Forest: 45% Ethnic groups: Other: 20.2% (2011 est.) Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong Irrigated land: 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, Hoa 1%, other 4.3% 46,000 sq. km (2012) Note: 54 ethnic groups are recognized by the Natural hazards: Vietnamese Government (2009 est.) Occasional typhoons (May to January) with Languages: extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Environment - current issues: Chinese, and Khmer, mountain area languages Logging and slash-and-burn agricultural (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) practices contribute to deforestation and soil Religions: degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater Buddhist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, contamination limits potable water supply; Cao Dai 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%, Muslim 0.1%, growing urban industrialization and population none 81.8% (2009 est.) migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Age structure: 0-14 years: 23.27% (male 11,876,141 /female 10,704,895) 15-24 years: 15.81% (male 7,967,981 /female 7,371,016)

70 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 25-54 years: 45.67% (male 22,378,768 /female the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red 21,939,925) River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people 55-64 years: 8.9% (male 4,014,622 /female 4,620,177) Urbanization: 65 years and over: 6.35% (male 2,404,304 /female Urban population: 35.9% of total population 3,762,505) (2018 est.) (2018) Dependency Ratios: Rate of urbanization: 2.98% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) Total dependency ratio: 42.5 Major urban areas - population: Youth dependency ratio: 32.9 Ho Chi Minh City 8.145 million; Da Nang 1.444 Elderly dependency ratio: 9.6 million; Hai Phong 1.219 million; Can Tho 1.175 million; Haiphong 1.075 million; HANOI Potential support ratio: 10.4 (2015 est.) (capital) 1.064 million (2018) Median age: Sex ratio: Total: 30.5 years At birth: 1.1 male(s)/female Male: 29.4 years 0-14 years: 1.11 male(s)/female Female: 32.1 years (2018 est.) 15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female Country comparison to the world: 113 25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female Population growth rate: 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 0.93% (2017 est.) 65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female Country comparison to the world: 120 Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2017 est.) Birth rate: Maternal mortality ratio: 15.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) 54 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 122 Country comparison to the world: 91 Death rate: Infant mortality rate: 5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Total: 16.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 170 Male: 17.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) Net migration rate: Female: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 94 Country comparison to the world: 115 Life expectancy at birth: Population distribution: Total population: 73.9 years (2018 est.) Though it has one of the highest population Male: 71.4 years (2018 est.) densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along Female: 76.7 years (2018 est.) the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with Country comparison to the world: 132

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Total fertility rate: HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 1.79 children born/woman (2018 est.) 0.3% (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 149 Country comparison to the world: 74 Contraceptive prevalence rate: HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 75.7% (2015) 250,000 (2017 est.) Health expenditures: Country comparison to the world: 22 7.1% of GDP (2014) HIV/AIDS - deaths: Country comparison to the world: 79 8,600 (2017 est.) Physicians density: Country comparison to the world: 23 0.82 physicians/1,000 population (2016) Major infectious diseases: Hospital bed density: Degree of risk: very high 2.6 beds/1,000 population (2014) Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and Drinking water source: Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Improved: Japanese encephalitis (2016) Urban: 99.1% of population Obesity - adult prevalence rate: Rural: 96.9% of population 2.1% (2016) Total: 97.6% of population Country comparison to the world: 192 Unimproved: Children under the age of 5 years underweight: Urban: 0.9% of population 14.1% (2015) Rural: 3.1% of population Country comparison to the world: 60 Total: 2.4% of population (2015 est.) Education expenditures: Sanitation facility access: 5.7% of GDP (2013) Improved: Country comparison to the world: 33 Urban: 94.4% of population Literacy: Rural: 69.7% of population Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write Total: 78% of population Total population: 94.5% Unimproved: Male: 96.3% Urban: 5.6% of population Female: 92.8% (2015 est.) Rural: 30.3% of population Total: 22% of population (2015 est.)

72 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Total: 7.2% Giang, Tra , Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai Male: 7.1% Municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Ha Noi Female: 7.2% (2016 est.) (Hanoi), Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Country comparison to the world: 140 Independence: Country name: 2 (from France) Conventional long form: Socialist Republic of National holiday: Vietnam Independence Day (), 2 September Conventional short form: Vietnam (1945) Local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Constitution: Viet Nam History: several previous; latest adopted 15 April Local short form: Viet Nam 1992, effective 1 January 1995 Abbreviation: SRV Amendments: proposed by the president, by the National Assembly’s Standing Committee, or Etymology: “Viet nam” translates as “Viet south,” supported by at least two-thirds of the National where “Viet” is an ethnic self-identification Assembly membership; a decision to draft an dating to a second century B.C. kingdom and amendment requires approval by at least a two- “nam” refers to its location in relation to other thirds majority of the Assembly membership, Viet kingdoms followed by the formation of a constitutional Government type: drafting committee to write a draft and collect citizens’ opinions; passage requires at least two- thirds majority of the Assembly membership; the Assembly can opt to conduct a referendum; Capital: amended 2001, 2013 (2018) Name: Hanoi (Ha Noi) Legal system: Geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E Civil law system; note - the civil code of 2005 reflects a European-style civil law Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) International law organization participation: Administrative divisions: Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt 58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thanh , singular and plural) Citizenship: Provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Citizenship by birth: no Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Dien must be a citizen of Vietnam Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Dual citizenship recognized: no Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, , Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri,

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Suffrage: Judicial branch: 18 years of age; universal Highest court(s): Supreme People’s Court (consists of the chief justice and 13 judges) Executive branch: Judge selection and term of office: chief justice Chief of state: Nguyen Phu TRONG (since elected by the National Assembly on the 23 October 2018); note - President Tran Dai recommendation of the president for a 5-year, QUANG (since 2 April 2016) died on 21 renewable term; other judges appointed by the September 2018 president for 5-year terms Head of government: Prime Minister Nguyen Subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; Xuan PHUC (since 7 April 2016); Deputy Prime administrative, civil, criminal, economic, and Ministers Truong Hoa BINH (since 9 April labor courts; Central Military Court; People’s 2016), Vuong Dinh HUE (since 9 April 2016), Special Courts; note - the National Assembly can Vu Duc DAM (since 13 November 2013), Trinh establish special tribunals Dinh DUNG (since 9 April 2016), Pham Binh MINH (since 13 November 2013) Political parties and leaders: Cabinet: Cabinet proposed by prime minister, Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nguyen appointed by the president, and confirmed by the Phu TRONG] National Assembly Note: other parties proscribed Elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National Assembly from among its International organization participation: members for a single 5-year term; election last held on 2 April 2016 (next to be held in spring ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CP, EAS, 2021); prime minister appointed by the president FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), from among members of the National Assembly, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, confirmed by National Assembly; deputy prime IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ministers appointed by the prime minister, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, confirmed by National Assembly UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Election results: Nguyen Phu TRONG (CPV) elected president; percent of National Assembly Diplomatic representation in the US: vote - 99.8%; Nguyen Xuan PHUC elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - Chief of mission: Ambassador Ha Kim NGOC 91% (since 17 September 2018) Chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Legislative branch: Washington, DC 20036 Description: unicameral National Assembly or Quoc Hoi (500 seats; members directly elected Telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737 by absolute majority vote with a second round if FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917 needed; members serve 5-year terms) Consulate(s) general: Houston, San Francisco Elections: last held on 22 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2021) Consulate: New York Election results: percent of vote by party - CPV Diplomatic representation from the US: 95.8%, non-party members 4.2%; seats by party - CPV 473, non-party CPV-approved 19, self- Chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel nominated 2; note - 496 candidates elected, 2 KRITENBRINK (since 6 November 2017) CPV candidates-elect were disqualified

74 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Embassy: 7 Lang Ha Street, Hanoi addition, the country is committed to continuing its global economic integration. Vietnam joined Mailing address: 7 Lang Ha Street, Ba Dinh the WTO in January 2007 and concluded several District, Hanoi; 4550 Hanoi Place, Washington, free trade agreements in 2015-16, including DC 20521-4550 the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (which the EU has not yet ratified), the Korean Free Telephone: [84] (24) 3850-5000 Trade Agreement, and the Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement. In 2017, Vietnam FAX: [84] (24) 3850-5010 successfully chaired the Asia-Pacific Economic Consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City Cooperation (APEC) Conference with its key priorities including inclusive growth, innovation, Flag description: strengthening small and medium enterprises, food security, and climate change. Seeking to Red field with a large yellow five-pointed star diversify its opportunities, Vietnam also signed in the center; red symbolizes revolution and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement blood, the five-pointed star represents the five for the Transpacific Partnership in 2018 and elements of the populace - peasants, workers, continued to pursue the Regional Comprehensive intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to Economic Partnership. build To continue its trajectory of strong economic National symbol(s): growth, the government acknowledges the need to spark a second wave’ of reforms, including Yellow, five-pointed star on red field; lotus reforming state-owned-enterprises, reducing red blossom; national colors: red, yellow tape, increasing business sector transparency, reducing the level of non-performing loans in the National anthem: banking sector, and increasing financial sector transparency. Vietnam’s public debt to GDP ratio Name: “Tien quan ca” (The of the Marching is nearing the government mandated ceiling of Troops) 65%. /: Nguyen Van CAO In 2016, Vietnam cancelled its civilian nuclear Note: Adopted as the national anthem of the energy development program, citing public of Vietnam in 1945; it concerns about safety and the high cost of became the national anthem of the unified the program; it faces growing pressure on Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976; although energy infrastructure. Overall, the country’s it consists of two verses, only the first is used as infrastructure fails to meet the needs of the official anthem an expanding middle class. Vietnam has demonstrated a commitment to sustainable Economy - overview: growth over the last several years, but despite the recent speed-up in economic growth the Vietnam is a densely populated developing government remains cautious about the risk of country that has been transitioning since 1986 external shocks. from the rigidities of a centrally planned, highly agrarian economy to a more industrial GDP (purchasing power parity): and market based economy, and it has raised incomes substantially. Vietnam exceeded its $647.4 billion (2017 est.) 2017 GDP growth target of 6.7% with growth of 6.8%, primarily due to unexpected increases $609.5 billion (2016 est.) in domestic demand, and strong manufacturing $571.4 billion (2015 est.) exports. note: data are in 2017 dollars Vietnam has a young population, stable political system, commitment to sustainable growth, Country comparison to the world: 36 relatively low , stable currency, strong FDI inflows, and strong manufacturing sector. In

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GDP (official exchange rate): Agriculture - products: $220.4 billion (2017 est.) Rice, coffee, rubber, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; pork; GDP - real growth rate: poultry; seafood 6.8% (2017 est.) Industries: 6.2% (2016 est.) Food processing, garments, shoes, machine- building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical 6.7% (2015 est.) fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones Country comparison to the world: 21 Industrial production growth rate: GDP - per capita (PPP): 9.4% (2017 est.) $6,900 (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12 $6,600 (2016 est.) Labor force: $6,200 (2015 est.) 54.8 million (2017 est.) Note: data are in 2017 dollars Country comparison to the world: 12 Country comparison to the world: 159 Labor force - by occupation: Gross national saving: Agriculture: 40.3% 30.7% of GDP (2017 est.) Industry: 25.7% 29.6% of GDP (2016 est.) Services: 34% (2017) 27.5% of GDP (2015 est.) Unemployment rate: Country comparison to the world: 24 2.2% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: 2.3% (2016 est.) Household consumption: 68.5% Country comparison to the world: 21 Government consumption: 6.6% Population below poverty line: Investment in fixed capital: 24.8% 8% (2017 est.) Investment in inventories: 2.9% Household income or consumption by Exports of goods and services: 98.6% percentage share: Imports of goods and services: -101.4% (2017 Lowest 10%: 2.7% est.) Highest 10%: 26.8% (2014) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: Distribution of family income - Gini index: Agriculture: 15.3% 34.8 (2014) Industry: 33.3% 37.6 (2008) Services: 41.3% (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 98

76 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Budget: Commercial bank prime lending rate: Revenues: $49.23 billion 6.8% (31 December 2017 est.) Expenditures: $54.38 billion (2017 est.) 6.96% (31 December 2016 est.) Taxes and other revenues: Country comparison to the world: 122 22% of GDP (2017 est.) Stock of narrow money: Country comparison to the world: 138 $84.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): $73.48 billion (31 December 2016 est.) -2.3% of GDP (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 44 Country comparison to the world: 104 Stock of broad money: Public debt: $341.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.) 58.2% of GDP (2017 est.) $299.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) 59.8% of GDP (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 33 Note: Official data; data cover general Stock of domestic credit: government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other $320.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.) than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include $277.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt Country comparison to the world: 36 consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in Market value of publicly traded shares: the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for $156.7 billion (29 December 2017 est.) the social funds are not sold at public auctions $87.95 billion (31 December 2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 78 $52.39 billion (31 December 2015 est.) Fiscal year: Country comparison to the world: 38 Calendar year Current account balance: Inflation rate (consumer prices): $9.104 billion (2017 est.) 3.5% (2017 est.) $6.14 billion (2016 est.) 2.7% (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 26 Country comparison to the world: 146 Exports: Central bank discount rate: $214 billion (2017 est.) 4.25% (7 October 2017) $176.6 billion (2016 est.) 15% (31 December 2011) Country comparison to the world: 28 Country comparison to the world: 87

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Exports - commodities: Exchange rates: Clothes, shoes, electronics, seafood, crude oil, Dong (VND) per US dollar - rice, coffee, wooden products, machinery 22,425 (2017 est.) Exports - partners: 22,159 (2016 est.) US 20.1%, China 14.5%, Japan 8%, South Korea 6.8% (2017) 22,355 (2015 est.) Imports: 21,909 (2014 est.) $211.1 billion (2017 est.) 21,189 (2013 est.) $175 billion (2016 est.) Energy: Country comparison to the world: 25 Electricity access: Imports - commodities: Population without electricity: 2,600,000 Machinery and equipment, petroleum products, Electrification - total population: 99% steel products, raw materials for the clothing and shoe industries, electronics, plastics, automobiles Electrification - urban areas: 100% Imports - partners: Electrification - rural areas: 98% (2013) China 25.8%, South Korea 20.5%, Japan 7.8%, Electricity - production: Thailand 4.9% (2017) 198.4 billion KWh (2017 est.) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Country comparison to the world: 23 $57.5 billion (10 February 2018 est.) Electricity - consumption: $36.91 billion (31 December 2016 est.) 182.9 billion kWh (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 38 Country comparison to the world: 23 Debt - external: Electricity - exports: $91.79 billion (31 December 2017 est.) 713 million kWh (2017 est.) $84.34 billion (31 December 2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 63 Country comparison to the world: 52 Electricity - imports: Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: 2.361 billion kWh (2017 est.) $318.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 52 $293.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) Electricity - installed generating capacity: Country comparison to the world: 22 45.41 million kW (2017 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: Country comparison to the world: 24 $19.75 billion (31 December 2015 est.) Electricity - from fossil fuels: $18.97 billion (31 December 2014 est.) 55% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 53 Country comparison to the world: 143

78 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Electricity - from nuclear fuels: Refined petroleum products - imports: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) 256,600 bbl/day (2014 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206 Country comparison to the world: 29 Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: Natural gas - production: 42% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) 9.89 billion cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 50 Country comparison to the world: 42 Electricity - from other renewable sources: Natural gas - consumption: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) 9.89 billion cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 212 Country comparison to the world: 48 Crude oil - production: Natural gas - exports: 311,600 bbl/day (2017 est.) 0 cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 31 Country comparison to the world: 208 Crude oil - exports: Natural gas - imports: 136,700 bbl/day (2017 est.) 0 cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 33 Country comparison to the world: 207 Crude oil - imports: Natural gas - proved reserves: 23,710 bbl/day (2017 est.) 699.4 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 62 Country comparison to the world: 29 Crude oil - proved reserves: Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: 4.4 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.) 76.59 million Mt (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 26 Country comparison to the world: 45 Refined petroleum products - production: Telephones - fixed lines: 156,900 bbl/day (2014 est.) Total subscriptions: 4,526,077 Country comparison to the world: 57 Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2017 est.) Refined petroleum products - consumption: Country comparison to the world: 30 422,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: Country comparison to the world: 38 Total subscriptions: 120,016,181 Refined petroleum products - exports: Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (2017 est.) 28,860 bbl/day (2014 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12 Country comparison to the world: 64

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Telephone system: Transportation: General assessment: Vietnam is putting National air transport system: considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system Number of registered air carriers: 4 Domestic: All provincial exchanges are Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, carriers: 140 and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; main lines have Annual passenger traffic on registered air been increased, and the use of mobile telephones carriers: 29,944,771 is growing rapidly Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: International: Country code - 84; a landing point 384,470,240 mt-km (2015) for the SEA-ME-WE-3, the C2C, and Thailand- Vietnam- submarine cable systems; Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable VN (2016) system, completed in 2009, provided new access links to Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - Airports: 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2016) 45 (2013) Broadcast media: Country comparison to the world: 97 Government controls all broadcast media exercising oversight through the Ministry Airports - with paved runways: of Information and Communication (MIC); government-controlled national TV provider, Total: 38 Vietnam (VTV), operates a network of several channels with regional broadcasting Over 3,047 m: 10 centers; programming is relayed nationwide via a network of provincial and municipal TV 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 stations; law limits access to satellite TV but 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 many households are able to access foreign programming via home satellite equipment; 914 to 1,523 m: 9 (2013) government-controlled , the national radio broadcaster, broadcasts on several Airports - with unpaved runways: channels and is repeated on AM, FM, and shortwave stations throughout Vietnam (2018) Total: 7 Internet country code: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 .vn 914 to 1,523 m: 3 Internet users: Under 914 m: 3 (2013) Total: 49.741 million Heliports: Percent of population: 52.7% (July 2016 est.) 1 (2013) Country comparison to the world: 14 Pipelines: Broadband - fixed line subscriptions: Condensate 72 km; condensate/gas 398 km; gas 955 km; oil 128 km; oil/gas/water 33 km; refined Total: 11,269,936 products 206 km; water 13 km (2013) Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 16

80 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Railways: Country comparison to the world: 38 Total: 2,600 km Military branches: Standard gauge: 178 km 1.435-m gauge; 253 km People’s Armed Forces: People’s Army of Vietnam mixed gauge (PAVN, includes Vietnam People’s Navy (with Naval Infantry), Vietnam People’s Air and Air Narrow gauge: 2,169 km 1.000-m gauge (2014) Defense Force, Border Defense Command, Coast Guard) (2013) Country comparison to the world: 66 Military service age and obligation: Roadways: 18-25 years of age for male compulsory and Total: 195,468 km voluntary military service; females may volunteer for active duty military service; conscription Paved: 148,338 km typically takes place twice annually and service Unpaved: 47,130 km (2013) obligation is 18 months (Army, Air Defense), 2 years (Navy and Air Force); 18-45 years of age Country comparison to the world: 28 (male) or 18-40 years of age (female) for Militia Force or Self Defense Force service; males may Waterways: enroll in military schools at age 17 (2013) 47,130 km (30,831 km weight under 50 tons) Maritime threats: (2011) The International Maritime Bureau reports the Country comparison to the world: 4 territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery Merchant marine: against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor Total: 1,818 and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East By type: bulk carrier 81, container ship 34, Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; general cargo 1,259, oil tanker 109, other 335 the number of reported incidents declined from (2017) nine in 2016 to two in 2017, primarily near the Country comparison to the world: 13 port of Vung Tau Ports and terminals: Transnational Issues: Major seaport(s): Cam Pha Port, Da Nang, Disputes - international: Haiphong, Phu My, Quy Nhon Southeast Asian states have enhanced border River port(s): Ho Chi Minh (Mekong) surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese Container port(s) (TEUs): Saigon (5,986,747) squatters and armed encroachments along (2016) border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress Military and Security: on a joint development area with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over Military expenditures: sovereignty of offshore islands; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; 2.44% of GDP (2016) establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute 2.36% of GDP (2015) over the sovereignty of offshore islands; the 2.29% of GDP (2014) decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China 2.18% of GDP (2013) occupies the also claimed by Vietnam and ; Brunei claims a maritime 2.16% of GDP (2012) Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 81 APPENDICES

boundary extending beyond as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Lousia Reef; the 2002 “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea” has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding “code of conduct” desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the ; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Economic Exclusion Zone negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary Refugees and internally displaced persons: Stateless persons: 29,522 (2017); note - Vietnam’s stateless ethnic Chinese Cambodian population dates to the 1970s when thousands of Cambodians fled to Vietnam to escape the Khmer Rouge and were no longer recognized as Cambodian citizens; Vietnamese women who gave up their citizenship to marry foreign men have found themselves stateless after divorcing and returning home to Vietnam; the government addressed this problem in 2009, and Vietnamese women are beginning to reclaim their citizenship Illicit drugs: Minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; government continues to face domestic opium/ heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems despite longstanding crackdowns; enforces the death penalty for drug trafficking

82 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym Definition ADB Asia Development Bank ADINET ASEAN Disaster Information Network AHA Centre ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance APCSS Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APT ASEAN Plus Three ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ARMOR Annual ASEAN Monitor Report ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CBDRA Community-Based Disaster Risk Assessments CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCFSC Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control CCNDPC Central Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CFE-DM Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance CFSC Committee for Flood and Storm Control CICA Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia CP Colombo Plan CPV Communist Party of Vietnam DDPC Department of Disaster Prevention and Control DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DMC Disaster Management Centre DMHA Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance DMPTC Disaster Management Policy and Technology Center DoD Department of Defense DoS Department of State DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency EAS EVN Electricity of Vietnam EWS Early Warning System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations G-77 Group of 77 GDACS Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery GVN Government of Vietnam HAIVN Health Advancement in Vietnam HCT Humanitarian Country Teams HDX Humanitarian Data Exchange HFA Hyogo Framework for Action Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 83 APPENDICES

Acronym Definition HUMP University of Pharmacy and Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICCSO International Chamber of Commerce ICRM Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management ICS Incident Command System IDA International Development Association IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ILO International Labour Organization ILS International Life Saving Federation IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization IMSO International Mobil Satellite Organization IOC Interpol, International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union ISO International Organization for Standardization ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union IWE Institute for Water and Environment JANI Joint Advocacy Networking Initiative JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LMI Lower Mekong Initiative LNDPP Law on Natural Disaster Preparedness and Prevention MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MCIP Multinational Communications Interoperability Program MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MMR Measles-Mumps-Rubella MNFSOP Multinational Standard Operating Procedures MoD Ministry of Defense MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NAM Non-Aligned Movement NCD Non-Communicable Diseases NCHMF National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting NEOP National Emergency Operations Plan OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons PCA Prudential Corporation Asia PCFSC Provincial Committee for Flood and Storm Control

84 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronym Definition PDC Pacific Disaster Center PPC Provincial People’s Committee RCC Regional Consultative Committee RHCC Changi Regional HADR Coordination Center SAR Search and Rescue SDG Sustainable Development Goals SOP Standard Operating Procedure U.S. United States UISS Unclassified Information Sharing Service UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFPA The United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization UPU Universal Postal Union USAID United States Agency for International Development USARPAC U.S. Army Pacific Command VASCO Vietnam Airlines Services Co. VCGM Vietnam Competitive Generation Market VINASARCOM National Committee for Incident, Disaster Response, and Search and Rescue of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam VMHA Vietnam Meteorological Hydrological Administration VNDMA Vietnam National Disaster Management Authority VNRC Vietnam Red Cross Society VPA Vietnam’s People Army VPAF Vietnam’s People Air Force VWEM Vietnam Whole Electricity Market VWU Vietnam Women’s Union WCO World Customs Organization WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WPS Women, Peace and Security WTO World Trade Organization

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 85 APPENDICES

Figure 6: The Organizational Structure of List of References for Figures and Search and Rescue in Vietnam. Photos: Email communication from Thomas Grant, Communications Interoperability Analyst List of Figures USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. Figure 1: Map of Vietnam Map source: CIA World Factbook. 2018. East Figure 7: Vietnam Weather Forecasting & Southeast Asia: Vietnam. Last updated on Map from the National Centre for Hydro- November 13, 2018. https://www.cia.gov/library/ Meteorological Forecasting publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration. National Centre for Hydro- Figure 2: Inform Risk Index for Vietnam meteorological Forecasting (NCHMF). Weather Inform Index. 2018. Vietnam. forecast map. November 7, 2018. http://www. http://www.inform-index.org/Portals/0/ nchmf.gov.vn/Web/en-US/0/158/Default.aspx Inform/2018/country_profiles/VNM.pdf Figure 8: Organizational Structure of Figure 3: Flow Chart on State Management Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defence Agencies on Natural Disaster Management Global Security. Ministry of National Defense. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Vietnam. https://www.globalsecurity.org/ 2017. Flow Chart on State Management Agencies military/world/vietnam/mond.htm on Natural Disaster Management. http:// www.adrc.asia/acdr/2017/documents/6.%20 Figure 9: CFE-DM DMHA Resources for Viet%20Nam%20New%20Viet%20Nam%20 Information Sharing Disaster%20Management%20Authority-%20 The Center for Excellence in Disaster Backgrounds%20and%20challenges,Mr.%20 Management & Humanitarian Assistance. Quan%20Ton%20Nguyen,%20Engineer%20 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/ of%20Hydraulic%20Construction,%20VNDMA. pdf Figure 10: Vietnam Non-Communicable Diseases Country Profile Figure 4: Vietnam National Committee for World Health Organization. Non-communicable Search and Rescue Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. 2018. http:// Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation.2017. www.who.int/nmh/countries/vnm_en.pdf Vietnam National Committee for Search and Rescue. https://www.apec-epwg.org/public/ Figure 11: UN Sendai Framework for Disaster uploadfile/act/3950a47d32e61a723608b3066fa07 Risk Reduction 2015-2030 4c6.pdf PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- Figure 5: Organizational Chart of the 2030. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/44983_ Disaster Management Policy and Technology sendaiframeworkchart.pdf Center Disaster Management Policy and Technology Figure 12: HFA Level of Progress Achieved Center. Organizational Chart of the Disaster Prevention Web. Vietnam: National progress Management Policy and Technology Center. report on the implementation of the Hyogo http://dmc.gov.vn/organization-structure-pt32. Framework for Action (2013-2015). 2015. https:// html?lang=en-US www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v. php?id=42305&cid=190

86 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance List of Tables Photo 3: Floating Market, Mekong Delta “Floating Market, Cần Thơ, Mekong Delta, Table 1: Key Disaster Management Partners in Vietnam” by Dan Searle. , 2009. https:// Vietnam www.flickr.com/photos/dms_303/3859356487 Sources provided in each individual row of the table. Photo 4: Flooding in Vietnam 2011 EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Table 2: International and Domestic Airports Operations’ Photo Stream. Vietnam Flooding in Vietnam 2011. https://www.flickr.com/photos/69583224@ Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security N05/6829456588 Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Photo 5: U.S. Vietnam Table Top Exercise. Hanoi, Vietnam 2016 Table 3: CDC, Travel Health Information for Defense Visual Information Distribution Vietnam Service. U.S. –Vietnam Disaster Response Table Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Top Exercise takes place in Vietnam. Photo Health Information for Travelers to Vietnam. by Melissa Aaron. May 10, 2016. https://www. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/ dvidshub.net/image/2588052/us-vietnam- traveler/none/vietnam?s_cid=ncezid-dgmq- disaster-response-table-top-exercise-takes-place- travel-single-001 vietnam Table 4: National Progress Report on the Photo 6: Vietnam Sanitation Practices Implementation of the HFA for Vietnam World Health Organization. Vietnam: Closer to Prevention Web. Vietnam: National progress bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July report on the implementation of the Hyogo 2015. https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet- Framework for Action (2013-2015). 2015. https:// nam-water-sanitation/en/ www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v. php?id=42305&cid=190 Table 5: HFA Country Progress Report Future Outlook Areas, Vietnam Prevention Web. Vietnam: National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2013-2015). 2015. https:// www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v. php?id=42305&cid=190

List of Photos

Photo 1: Key Population Centers in Vietnam “Peak hour traffic, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam” by David McKelvey. September 5, 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ dgmckelvey/16244754320 Photo 2: USAID, Red Cross Support Disaster Response Drill USAID. Vietnam: Support to Vulnerable Populations: USAID, Red Cross Support Disaster Response Drill in Duy Hoa Commune, Quang Nam Province. Photo credit: Richard Nyberg/USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/ vietnam/photo-gallery/support-vulnerable- populations#slideshow-3

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 87 20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and References (Endnotes) Humanitarian Assistance. June 2015. Vietnam Disaster Management Country Assessment. 21 1 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018 Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// 2 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/vm.html Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018 22 3 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018 Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// 4 USAID. 2017. Vietnam. https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/ www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/vm.html vietnam 23 5 Preventionweb. The National Strategy for Natural WHO. Environmental health in emergencies and Disaster, Response and Mitigation 2020. 2007. disasters: a practical guide. 2002. http://www.who.int/ environmental_health_emergencies/vulnerable_groups/en/ https://www.preventionweb.net/files/60654_ 24 vietnamnatstratfornaturaldisasterpr.pdf Natural Disaster Risk Management Project. (2012). 6 Email communication with Jonathan Baker, USAID. World Bank. https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/natural- disaster-risk-management-project December 3, 2018. 25 7 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- M. Banglore, A. Smith, T. Veldkamp. Exposure to floods, Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. climate change, and poverty in Vietnam. 2018 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-018-0035-4 Email communication with Jonathan Baker, USAID. 26 December 3, 2018. M. Banglore, A. Smith, T. Veldkamp. Exposure to floods, 9 DMPTC. Website last updated 2015. About. http://dmc. climate change, and poverty in Vietnam. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-018-0035-4 gov.vn/about-dmc-pt32.html?lang=en-US 27 10 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/vm.html sanitation/en/ 28 11 United Nations Development Programme. Human Vietnam: Disaster preparedness education saves Development Report 2016: Human Development for lives. (2017) United nations Development Programme. Everyone Viet Nam. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/ https://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/ multimedia/v.php?id=61241 hdr_theme/country-notes/fr/VNM.pdf 29 12 The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Estimation PreventionWeb. Recognize the Strength of Women and Child Mortality. Levels & trends in child mortality. 2017. Girls in Reducing Disaster Risks. Stories from Vietnam. http://www.childmortality.org/files_v21/download/ (2012) https://www.preventionweb.net/files/29260_28791si n15p3je9s5vjcjm6mm1eh2ufuta1.pdf IGME%20report%202017%20child%20mortality%20final. 30 pdf. WHO highlights Vietnam’s unresolved drowning 13 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: epidemic. Thanh Nien News (2014)http://www. Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// thanhniennews.com/society/who-highlights-vietnams- unresolved-drowning-epidemic-34180.html www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 31 geos/vm.html ReliefWeb. Vietnam – Flood OCHA Situation Report No. 14 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- 1 (2001) https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/viet-nam- floods-ocha-situation-report-no-1-3 Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018 32 15 Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in PreventionWeb. Vietnam: New disaster mitigation the United States. . Culture and Society. n.d.http:// initiative focuses on kids. (2016) https://www. preventionweb.net/news/view/51339 vietnamembassy-usa.org/vietnam/culture 33 st 16 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: The Children Law takes effect from June 1 . (2017) Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// http://www.molisa.gov.vn/en/Pages/Detail-news. aspx?IDNews=2637 www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 34 geos/vm.html Human Rights Watch. Vietnam’s Law on Children fulfils 17 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: human rights standards (2017) http://humannationalityvn. Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// blogspot.com/2017/06/vietnams-law-on-children-fulfils- human.html www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 35 geos/vm.html The World Bank in Vietnam Overview. (2018)https:// 18 www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview RMIT University. Annual Review 2010. Global Cities. 36 Ho Chi Minh City – Vietnam. http://mams.rmit.edu.au/ Thanh Nien News. Vietnam rethinks two-child u9cr0k4kl29c.pdf policy amid declining birth rate (2015) http://www. 19 World Bank. 5 Oct 2018. Vietnam Overview. https:// thanhniennews.com/society/vietnam-rethinks-twochild- www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview policy-amid-declining-birth-rate-46409.html

88 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 37 New milestone in partnership with Vietnam Women’s 54 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: Union (2016) http://www.snv.org/update/new-milestone- Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// partnership-vietnam-womens-union www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 38 UNWOMEN. In Vietnam, women are leading disaster geos/vm.html prevention and response. (2017). http://www.unwomen. 55 ADB. 2017. A Region at Risk. https://www.adb.org/ org/en/news/stories/2017/5/feature-in-viet-nam-women- sites/default/files/publication/325251/region-risk-climate- are-leading-disaster-prevention-and-response change.pdf 39 PreventionWeb. Recognize the Strength of Woman 56 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- and Girls in Reducing Disaster Risks (2012) https://www. Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. preventionweb.net/files/29260_28791sin15p3je9s5vjcjm6m 57 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- m1eh2ufuta1.pdf Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 40 USAID. Vietnam: Support to Vulnerable Populations: 58 USAID. 2017. Vietnam. https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/ USAID, Red Cross Support Disaster Response Drill in vietnam Duy Hoa Commune, Quang Nam Province. Photo credit: 59 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- Richard Nyberg/USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/ Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. photo-gallery/support-vulnerable-populations#slideshow-3 60 Smithsonian Institute Global Volcanism Program. 41 Vietnam: Inclusive community based disaster risk Website last updated 2013. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano. reduction assessment. 2017. https://www.preventionweb. cfm?vn=275050 net/news/view/56271 61 Bondarenko V I, Nadezhnyi A M, 1985. Main structural 42 Ministry of Labour – Invalids and Social Affairs features and morphology of the volcanic zone and (2018) http://www.molisa.gov.vn/en/Pages/Detail-news. individual submarine volcanoes in the vicinity of the aspx?IDNews=2863 Catwic-Phu Quy islands on the Vietnamese shelf as 43 United Nations Population Fund in Viet Nam (UNFPA). revealed by continuous seismic profiling data. Volc Seism, Fact Sheet. https://vietnam.unfpa.org/sites/default/ 1985(5): 34-43 (English translation 1989, 7: 701-716) files/pub-pdf/PD_Factsheet_Age%20%26%20Sex%20 referenced from the Smithsonian Istitution, National structure%20in%20Viet%20Nam_printed%20in%20 Museamum of Natural History, Global Volcanism 2016_ENG.pdf Program. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=275060 44 Elderly care in daily living in rural Vietnam: Need and 62 Phuong, Nguyen Hong. December 2013. Earthquake its socioeconomic determinants. (2011) https://bmcgeriatr. Hazard and Risk Assessment in Vietnam. https://www. biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-11-81 researchgate.net/publication/263429265_EARTHQUAKE_ 45 WorldsStatelessChildren. Stateless persons in Asia and HAZARD_AND_EARTHQUAKE_RISK_ASSESSMENT_ the Pacific. (2017) IN_VIETNAM http://www.worldsstateless.org/continents/asia/stateless- 63 ReliefWeb. 2017. South-East Asia: Drought 2015-2017. persons-in-asia-and-the-pacific https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2015-000180-vnm 46 Refworld. UN High Commissioner for Refugees 64 DMPTC.n.d. Disaster Information. http://dmc.gov.vn/ (UNHCR), Good Practices Paper - Action 1: Resolving disaster-infomation-pt32.html?lang=en-US Existing Major Situations of Statelessness, 23 February 65 IFRC. DREF Operation Update. Viet Nam: Typhoon 2015. http://www.refworld.org/docid/54e75a244.html Damrey. DREF update n 1: 19 December 2017. https:// 47 World Bank. 5 Oct 2018. Vietnam Overview. https:// reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview MDRVN017DREF_OU1.pdf 48 Sustainable Development Goals. 2018. Vietnam. https:// 66 ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/vietnam Assistance. AHA Centre Situation Update No. 4: Landslides 49 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: and Flash Floods in Northern Viet Nam, Thursday, 10 Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// Aug 2017, 16:00 hrs (UTC+7). August 10, 2017. https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/aha-centre-situation-update- geos/vm.html no-4-landslides-and-flash-floods-northern-viet-nam 50 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- 67 Viet Nam News. Landslide Threatens Dak Nong Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Province. October 6, 2017. https://vietnamnews.vn/ 51 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: environment/395132/landslide-threatens-dak-nong- Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// province.html#b0UE3v9LVGmedTzi.97 www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 68 ReliefWeb. 2016. Vietnam. https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ geos/vm.html dr-2015-000180-vnm 52 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- 69ReliefWeb. 2016. El Nino event in Vietnam: Agriculture, Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. food security and livelihood needs assessment in response 53 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: to drought and salt water intrusion. Food and Agriculture Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// Organization of the United Nations. (2016) https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/el-ni-o-event-viet-nam- geos/vm.html agriculture-food-security-and-livelihood-needs-assessment 70 ReliefWeb. 2016. Vietnam. https://reliefweb.int/ disasters?country=251#content

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 89 71 ReliefWeb. 2013. Vietnam. https://reliefweb.int/ 92 CARE. Retrieved 2 November 2018. About Us. https:// disasters?country=251#content www.care.org.vn/who-we-are/ 72 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- 93 Oxfam. Retrieved 2 November 2018. About Oxfam. Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. https://www.oxfamblogs.org/vietnam/about/ 73 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- 94 Plan International. Retrieved 6 December 2018. Vietnam. Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. https://plan-international.org/vietnam 74 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: 95 Save the Children. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Vietnam. Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// https://www.savethechildren.org/us/what-we-do/where- www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ we-work/asia/vietnam geos/vm.html 96 The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 2 November 2018. 75 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- Vietnam. https://asiafoundation.org/publication/vietnam/ Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 97 UNICEF. Retrieved 5 November 2018. Vietnam. https:// 76 USAID. November 7, 2018. United States and Vietnam www.unicef.org/vietnam/what-we-do Complete Environmental Remediation At Danang Airport. 98 UNDP. Vietnam. What we do. http://www.vn.undp.org/ https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/press-releases/nov-7- 99 UN Habitat. United Nations in Vietnam. United Nations 2018-united-states-and-vietnam-complete-environmental- Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). https:// remediation unhabitat.org/vietnam/ 77 USAID. 2018. USAID Administrator Mark Green 100 UNFPA. Retrieved 2 November 2018. UNFPA: Vietnam. Announces the Completion of the Clean-Up of Agent https://vietnam.unfpa.org/en Orange in Danang. Vietnam. https://www.usaid.gov/ 101 World Vision. Retrieved 5 November 2018. Vietnam. news-information/press-releases/nov-7-2018-usaid- https://www.wvi.org/vietnam administrator-mark-green-clean-up-agent-orange-vietnam 102 IFRC. Retrieved 30 April 2018. Who we are. http://www. 78 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/ Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 103 Email communication from Gabrielle Emery. Disaster 79 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment- Law Coordinator – Asia Pacific International Federation of Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Asia Pacific 80 Briefing by CCFSC. Natural Disaster Management Regional Office , Malaysia. November 26, System in Vietnam, Hanoi, January 27, 2015 2018. 81 MARD. . Mandate. n.d. https://www.mard.gov.vn/en/ 104 Vietnam Red Cross Society. Retrieved 5 November 2018. Pages/mandate.aspx http://redcross.org.vn/ 82 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. 2017. Vietnam 105 Email communication from Gabrielle Emery. Disaster Search and Rescue to Present Natural Disaster Search and Law Coordinator – Asia Pacific International Federation of Rescue Activities in Vietnam. https://www.apec-epwg.org/ Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Asia Pacific public/uploadfile/act/3950a47d32e61a723608b3066fa07 Regional Office Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. November 26, 4c6.pdf 2018. 83 Humanitarian Library. Website last updated 2018. 106 Email Communication with Jonathan Baker. USAID. Disaster Management in Vietnam: the Central Committee December 3, 2018. for Storm and Flood. https://www.humanitarianlibrary. 107 USAID. Retrieved 5 November 2018. Vietnam Country org/resource/disaster-management-vietnam-central- Profile. https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/documents/ committee-storm-and-flood-0 country-profile-2018 84 DMPTC. n.d. About. http://dmc.gov.vn/about-dmc-pt32. 108 Email Communication with Jonathan Baker. USAID. html?lang=en-US December 3, 2018. 85 ADB. Viet Nam’s Growth Remains Robust Amid 109 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: External, Domestic Challenges — ADB September 26, Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// 2018. https://www.adb.org/news/viet-nams-growth- www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ remains-robust-amid-external-domestic-challenges-adb geos/vm.html 86 CRS. Website last updated 2018. Vietnam. https://www. 110 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and crs.org/our-work-overseas/where-we-work/vietnam Humanitarian Assistance. June 2015. Vietnam Disaster 87 Australian Government. n.d. . Development Assistance Management Country Assessment. in Vietnam. https://dfat.gov.au/geo/vietnam/development- 111 Preventionweb. The National Strategy for assistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-vietnam.aspx Natural Disaster, Response and Mitigation 2020. 88 FAO. Website last updated 2018. Vietnam. http://www. 2007. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/60654_ fao.org/vietnam/fao-in-viet-nam/en/ vietnamnatstratfornaturaldisasterpr.pdf 89 HelpAge. Vietnam: Why we work in Vietnam? n.d. . 112 PreventionWeb. Vietnam Law and Legal Forum. http://www.helpage.org/where-we-work/east-asia/vietnam/ Order No. 07/2013/L-CTN of June 28, 2013, on the 90 IOM. Vietnam. Page last updated 2018. Overview. https:// promulgation of law. (Sang) 2013. https://www.ifrc.org/ vietnam.iom.int/en Global/Publications/IDRL/Law%20on%20Natural%20 91 JICA. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Vietnam. http://www. Disaster%20Prevention%20and%20Control_No%20%20 jica.go.jp/vietnam/index.html 33_IFW.pdf or https://www.preventionweb.net/english/ policies/v.php?id=42335&cid=190

90 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 113 PreventionWeb. National progress report on the 129 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action United Nations. FAO is helping strengthening early (2013-2015). (2015) https://www.preventionweb.net/ warning system in Viet Nam. January 23, 2018. Hanoi, Viet files/42305_VNM_NationalHFAprogress_2013-15.pdf Nam. http://www.fao.org/vietnam/news/detail-events/ 114 PreventionWeb. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation en/c/1104828/ Workshop on Community Based Disaster Risk 130 GFDRR and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam Management (CBDRM) (2015) https://www. 2016: Rapid Flood Damage and Needs Assessment. https:// preventionweb.net/events/view/45653?id=45653 www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Vietnam%20 115 Global Partnership for Education. Education in Rapid%20Damage_FinalWebv3.pdf Vietnam. https://www.globalpartnership.org/country/ 131 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security vietnam Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 116 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and 132 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance. US-Vietnam Disaster Response Humanitarian Assistance. Disaster Management Country Table Top Exercise kicks off in Vietnam. (2016)https:// Assessment. Vietnam. June 4, 2015. www.cfe-dmha.org/About-CFE-DM/Media/News-2016/ 133 Global Security. Ministry of National Defense. Vietnam. US-Vietnam-Disaster-Response-Table-Top-Exercise-kicks- https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/vietnam/ off-in-Vietnam mond.htm 117 PreventionWeb. Viet Nam National progress report on 134 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action Humanitarian Assistance. Humanitarian Assistance (2013-2015). April 23, 2015. https://www.preventionweb. Response Training (HART) Module: HA/DR Information. net/files/42305_VNM_NationalHFAprogress_2013-15.pdf September 2018. 118 RAND Corporation. Collaborative Disaster 135 Joint Publication 3-29. Foreign Humanitarian Preparedness. Vietnam, the United States, and Regional Assistance. January 3, 2014. http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/ Experiences (Proceedings from Da Nang, Vietnam, August Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_29.pdf 18-20, 2015. Sarah Weilant. https://www.rand.org/pubs/ 136 USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/ conf_proceedings/CF337.html documents/1861/FS_EarlyWarningCapacityDevelopment_ 119 USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/ PDC_Eng.pdf documents/1861/FS_EarlyWarningCapacityDevelopment_ 137 Email Communication with Cassie Stelow. Pacific PDC_Eng.pdf Disaster Center. December 5, 2018. 120 Email Communication with Cassie Stelow. Pacific 138 Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (2012). https:// Disaster Center. December 5, 2018. .org/more-effective-disaster-monitoring-and- 121 Email Communication with Jonathan Baker. USAID. response-system-for-asean-through-collaborative-effort- December 3, 2018. of-aha-centre-and-the-usa/ 122 Save the Children. How SMS Technology Can Ensure 139 ASEAN AHA CENTER. http://adinet.ahacentre.org/ Education Continuity. Early Warning System Innovations main in Vietnam. August 4, 2016. https://scasia.exposure.co/ 140 ASDMP. http://asdmp.ahacentre.org/ASDMP/index.do how-sms-technology-can-ensure-education-continuity 141 AHA Center. https://ahacentre.org/disaster-monitoring/ 123 USAID. Vietnam Flood Modeling and Early Warning 142 USAID.https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/ Capacity Development-Phase II. August 2014. https:// organization/bureaus/bureau-democracy-conflict-and- www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1861/FS_ humanitarian-assistance/office-us EarlyWarningCapacityDevelopment_PDC_Eng.pdf 143 USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/ 124 Email communication from Thomas Grant, documents/1861/FS_EarlyWarningCapacityDevelopment_ Communications Interoperability Analyst PDC_Eng.pdf USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. 144 APAN. Retrieved 6 December 2018. About. https:// 125 Email communication from Thomas Grant, www.apan.org/ Communications Interoperability Analyst 145 Email communication from Thomas Grant, USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. Communications Interoperability Analyst 126 Email communication from Thomas Grant, USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. Communications Interoperability Analyst 146 CFE-DM. Retrieved 6 December 2018. About Us. USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. https://www.cfe-dmha.org/ 127 Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological 147 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Administration. National Centre for Hydro-meteorological Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Forecasting (NCHMF). Overview NHCMF. November 148 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 7, 2018. http://www.nchmf.gov.vn/web/en-US/105/92/ Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Default.aspx 149 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 128 Viet Nam National progress report on the Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 150 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security (2013-2015). April 23, 2015. https://www.preventionweb. Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. net/files/42305_VNM_NationalHFAprogress_2013-15.pdf 151 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018.

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 91 152 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 171 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. 153 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. sanitation/en/ 154 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 172 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. 155 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. sanitation/en/ 156 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 173 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. 157 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. sanitation/en/ 158 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security 174 United Nations Development Programme. Human Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Development Report 2016: Human Development for 159 USAID. Vietnam: Education. Website last updated: Everyone Viet Nam. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/ , 2018. https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/ hdr_theme/country-notes/fr/VNM.pdf education 175 The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Estimation 160 Vietnam.net. Education Minister stresses importance Child Mortality. Levels & trends in child mortality. 2017. of improving education and training quality. October 9, http://www.childmortality.org/files_v21/download/ 2017. https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/education/186044/ IGME%20report%202017%20child%20mortality%20final. education-minister-stresses-importance-of-improving- pdf. education-and-training-quality.html 176 Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 161 Assessing School Safety from Disasters A Global A review of Vietnam’s healthcare reform through the Baseline Report (2012). ISDR Thematic Platform for Direction of Healthcare Activities (DOHA). Volume 22. Knowledge and Education. https://www.preventionweb.net/ Page 74. Published online October 30, 2017. doi: 10.1186/ files/35274_2012schoolsafetyglobalbaseline.pdf s12199-017-0682-z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ 162 UNDP. Vietnam to Integrate Disaster Prevention articles/PMC5664805/ Education in the national School Curriculum. August 30, 177 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health 2018. http://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/ protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. home/presscenter/articles/2018/viet-nam-to-integrate- Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc disaster-prevention-education-in-schools-c.html t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi 163 Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC Vietnam. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/sites/ &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS default/files/documents/drr_vietnam.pdf trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- 164 ADPC. Mainstreaming DRR into Education year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ Sector. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/3928_ XnVBzL78utBckax0f ADPCnewsletterSeptember2020.pdf 178 Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 165 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security A review of Vietnam’s healthcare reform through the Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. Direction of Healthcare Activities (DOHA). Volume 22. 166 ASEAN Centre for Energy. The History and Roadmap of Page 74. Published online October 30, 2017. doi: 10.1186/ Power Sector Reform in Vietnam. April 6, 2018. Aloysius s12199-017-0682-z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ Damar Pranadi. http://www.aseanenergy.org/blog/the- articles/PMC5664805/ history-and-roadmap-of-power-sector-reform-in-vietnam/ 179 Ministry of Health Vietnam, Japan International 167 ASEAN Centre for Energy. Boosting Electrification Cooperation Agency. Handbook for guideline on DOHA Ratio: Lessons from Vietnam. July 15, 2016. http://www. activities in the field of medical services: Hong Duc aseanenergy.org/blog/boosting-electrification-ratio- Publishing House; 2017 lessons-from-vietnam/ 180 Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 168 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to A review of Vietnam’s healthcare reform through the bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. Direction of Healthcare Activities (DOHA). Volume 22. https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- Page 74. Published online October 30, 2017. doi: 10.1186/ sanitation/en/ s12199-017-0682-z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ 169 World Health Organization. Viet Nam: Closer to articles/PMC5664805/ bringing drinking water and sanitation to all. July 2015. 181 Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. https://www.who.int/features/2015/viet-nam-water- A review of Vietnam’s healthcare reform through the sanitation/en/ Direction of Healthcare Activities (DOHA). Volume 22. 170 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Page 74. Published online October 30, 2017. doi: 10.1186/ Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. s12199-017-0682-z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC5664805/

92 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 182 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health 191 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ XnVBzL78utBckax0f XnVBzL78utBckax0f 183 Viet Nam News. Gov’t targets 90% health insurance 192 World Health Organization. Dengue Fact Sheet. coverage. June 30, 2016. http://vietnamnews.vn/ 2018. http://www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/topics/dengue/ society/298859/govt-targets-90-health-insurance-coverage. factsheet/en/ html#CrrSGkXUzEhjEZi3.97 193 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 184 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Page protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. last updated May 21, 2018. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/ Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to- t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi travel/yellow-fever-malaria-information-by-country/ Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC vietnam#seldyfm879 &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS 194 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chapter 4. trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- Vietnam year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ Destination Overview. S.Lyss, J McFarland, & A.Mounts. XnVBzL78utBckax0f Page last updated May 31, 2017. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/ 185 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health travel/yellowbook/2018/select-destinations/vietnam protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. 195 Central Intelligence Agency. . East Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc & Southeast Asia: Vietnam. Page last updated , t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi 2018. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC factbook/geos/vm.html &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS 196 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc XnVBzL78utBckax0f t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi 186 World Health Organization. Western Pacific Region. Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC WHO and Ministry of Health of Viet Nam launch new &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS Cooperation Programme 2018-19. January 24, 2018. http:// trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/mediacentre/releases/2018/ year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ PIPlaunch2018/en/ XnVBzL78utBckax0f 187 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health 197 World Health Organization. Noncommunicable protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. 2018. http://www.who. Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc int/nmh/countries/vnm_en.pdf t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi 198 Ministry of Health. General Department of Preventive Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC Medicine. National Survey On The Risk Factors Of Non- &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS Communicable Diseases (Steps) Vietnam, 2015. Hanoi, trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- Vietnam. 2106. http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/ year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ steps/VietNam_2015_STEPS_Report.pdf XnVBzL78utBckax0f 199 Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 188 Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN A review of Vietnam’s healthcare reform through the to achieve healthy region through ASEAN Plus Three Direction of Healthcare Activities (DOHA). Volume 22. health cooperation. September 2017. https://asean.org/ Page 74. Published online October 30, 2017. doi: 10.1186/ asean-achieve-healthy-region-asean-plus-three-health- s12199-017-0682-z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ cooperation/ articles/PMC5664805/ 189 World Health Organization. Western Pacific Region. 200 Health Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN). The First WHO and Ministry of Health of Viet Nam launch new Annual National Vietnam Medical Education Conference. Cooperation Programme 2018-19. January 24, 2018. http:// December 2017. http://haivn.org/post/the-first-annual- www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/mediacentre/releases/2018/ national-vietnam-medical-education-conference PIPlaunch2018/en/ 201 Health Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN). The First 190 Center for Disease Control. CDC in Vietnam Overview Annual National Vietnam Medical Education Conference. Factsheet. August 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ December 2017. http://haivn.org/post/the-first-annual- countries/vietnam/ national-vietnam-medical-education-conference

Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook | December 2018 93 202 Women, peace and security in Asean: Slow progress 216 Ministry of Health Vietnam. Plan: For people’s health in the age of #MeToo. (2018) https://asiancorrespondent. protection, care and promotion 2016–2020. March 2016. com/2018/07/women-peace-and-security-in-asean-slow- Hanoi, Vietnam. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rc progress-in-the-age-of-metoo/ t=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi 203 Gender-sensitive community-based disaster risk Oiqrh8sXeAhWBCXwKHYNsDWoQFjAAegQIARAC management project in ethnic minority areas of &url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euhf.vn%2Fupload%2FS North-West Vietnam. IFRC http://www.rcrc-resilience- trategic%2520documents%2F82.%2520MOH%25205- southeastasia.org/vietnam/gender-sensitive-community- year%2520plan%2520(Eng).pdf&usg=AOvVaw056G_ based-disaster-risk-management-project-in-ethnic- XnVBzL78utBckax0f minority-areas-of-north-west-vietnam/ 217 World Health Organization. Western Pacific Region. 204 Awareness-raising campaign “For a Safe Community” WHO and Ministry of Health of Viet Nam launch new in Northwest Vietnam. IFRC. www.rcrc-resilience- Cooperation Programme 2018-19. January 24, 2018. http:// southeastasia.org/vietnam/awareness-raising-campaign-in- www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/mediacentre/releases/2018/ northwest-vietnam/ PIPlaunch2018/en/ 205 Rural Train for a Rainy Day (2012) 218 USINDOPACOM. U.S. Secretary of Defense Makes http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/2/rural- Second Visit to Vietnam in 2018, Highlights Growing women-in-viet-nam-train-for-a-rainy-day U.S.-Vietnam Partnership. October 17, 2018. http:// 206 In Vietnam, women are leading disaster prevention and www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/ response (2017) UNWomen. http://www.unwomen.org/ Article/1665121/us-secretary-of-defense-makes-second- en/news/stories/2017/5/feature-in-viet-nam-women-are- visit-to-vietnam-in-2018-highlights-growin/ leading-disaster-prevention-and-response. 219 U.S. Department of State. U.S. Security Cooperation 207 Natural Disasters in Vietnam. A Synthesis From A with Vietnam Fact Sheet. , 2018. https://www. Socioeconomic Perspective. Tran Huu Tuan Bui Dung state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/285176.htm The. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841936.003.0009. 220 USINDOPACOM. Secretary Pompeo’s Meeting With http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acpro Vietnamese Leaders. July 9, 2018. http://www.pacom. f:oso/9780199841936.001.0001/acprof-9780199841936- mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1570165/ chapter-9 secretary-pompeos-meeting-with-vietnamese-leaders/ 208 The Conversation. Vietnam’s typhoon disaster highlights 221 Email communication from Thomas Grant, the plight of its poorest people. September 19, 2017. Communications Interoperability Analyst http://theconversation.com/vietnams-typhoon-disaster- USINDOPACOM, J651, MCIP. November 20, 2018. highlights-the-plight-of-its-poorest-people-84274 222 USINDOPACOM. U.S., Vietnam Share Medical 209 RAND Corporation. Collaborative Disaster Expertise during Pacific Angel 17. Ist Lt. Kellie Rizer. Preparedness. Vietnam, the United States, and Regional September 12, 2017. http://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/ Experiences (Proceedings from Da Nang, Vietnam, August News-Article-View/Article/1307969/us-vietnam-share- 18-20, 2015. Sarah Weilant. https://www.rand.org/pubs/ medical-expertise-during-pacific-angel-17/ conf_proceedings/CF337.html 223 U.S. Army. Partnership between Oregon and Vietnamese 210 PreventionWeb. Vietnam: Law on natural disaster CBRNE teams increase interoperability through training. prevention and control 2013. http://www.preventionweb. September 15, 2017. Tech Sgt. Jason Van Mourik. https:// net/english/policies/v.php?id=42335&cid=190 www.army.mil/article/193969/partnership_between_ 211 PreventionWeb. Vietnam: Law on natural disaster oregon_and_vietnamese_cbrne_teams_increase_ prevention and control 2013. http://www.preventionweb. interoperability_through_training net/english/policies/v.php?id=42335&cid=190 224 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and 212 Email communication with Jonathan Baker, USAID. Humanitarian Assistance. US-Vietnam Disaster Response December 3, 2018. Table Top Exercise kicks off in Vietnam. (2016)https:// 213 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security www.cfe-dmha.org/About-CFE-DM/Media/News-2016/ Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. US-Vietnam-Disaster-Response-Table-Top-Exercise- 214 Vietnam National Progress Report on the kicks-off-in-Vietnam implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 225 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security (2013-2015). http://www.preventionweb.net/files/42305_ Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. VNM_NationalHFAprogress_2013-15.pdf 226 Thanh Nien News. Vietnam joins Cobra Gold military 215 World Health Organization. Western Pacific Region. exercise as observer. February 11, 2016. http://www. WHO and Ministry of Health of Viet Nam launch new thanhniennews.com/politics/vietnam-joins-cobra-gold- Cooperation Programme 2018-19. January 24, 2018. http:// military-exercise-as-observer-59133.html www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/mediacentre/releases/2018/ 227 RAND Corporation. Collaborative Disaster PIPlaunch2018/en/ Preparedness. Vietnam, the United States, and Regional Experiences (Proceedings from Da Nang, Vietnam, August 18–20, 2015). Sarah Weilant. https://www.rand.org/pubs/ conf_proceedings/CF337.html

94 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 228 http://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News- 244 Prevention Web. Viet Nam: National progress report Release-View/Article/605540/readout-of-secretary-of- on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for defense-ash-carters-meeting-with-vietnamese-president-t Action (2013-2015). 2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/ 229 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and english/policies/v.php?id=42305&cid=190 Humanitarian Assistance. December 2014 Trip Report: 245 CIA World Factbook. 2018. East & Southeast Asia: USPACOM-Vietnam Disaster Management Working Vietnam. Last updated on November 13, 2018. https:// Group Collaboration/Synchronization Workshop, 17-20 www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ November 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam. geos/vm.html 230 U.S. Department of Defense. Release No: NR-277-14. May 31, 2014. Readout of Secreatary of Defense Chuck Hagel’s Meeting with Vietnam’s Defense Minister Gen. Phung Quang Thanh. http://archive.defense.gov/releases/ release.aspx?releaseid=16733 231 PDC. ASEAN Tests Regional Disaster Response Readiness prior to Typhoon Haiyan. November 27, 2013. https://www.pdc.org/asean-tests-regional-disaster- response-readiness-prior-to-typhoon-haiyan/ 232 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 233 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 234 United News of India. First ever India-Vietnam Bilateral Army Exercise from Jan 29 in Jabalpur. January 24, 2018. http://www.uniindia.com/first-ever-india-vietnam- bilateral-army-exercise-from-jan-29-in-jabalpur/states/ news/1116530.html 235 Jane’s by IHS Markit. Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment-Southeast Asia. Vietnam. September 25, 2018. 236 U.S. Department of State-Bureau of Consular Affairs. Travel.State.Gov. Entry, Exit, and Visa Requirements. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international- travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/ Vietnam.html 237 U.S. Department of State-Bureau of Consular Affairs. Travel.State.Gov. Embassies and Consulates. https:// travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/ International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Vietnam. html 238 OANDA. Currency Tools: Vietnamese Dong. https:// www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/VND 239 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Information for Travelers to Vietnam. https://wwwnc. cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/vietnam?s_ cid=ncezid-dgmq-travel-single-001 240 PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www. preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworkchart.pdf 241 UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai- framework 242 PreventionWeb.net. Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www. preventionweb.net/files/44983_sendaiframeworkchart.pdf 243 UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai- framework

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Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Avenue, Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam, Hawaii 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org

96 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance