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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313,'761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9401312 The Vietnam war on prime time television: Focus group aided rhetorical criticism of American myths in “Tour of Duty” and “China Beach” Marshall, Scott Wayne, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Marshall, Scott Wayne. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE VIETNAM WAR ON PRIME TIME TELEVISION: FOCUS GROUP AIDED RHETORICAL CRHICISM OF AMERICAN MYTHS IN TOUR OF DUTY AND CHINA BEACH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Scott Wayne Marshall, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by J. Dimmick S.K. Foss J. Darsey / Adviser Department of Communication Copyright by Scott W. Marshall 1993 VITA June 29,1960.....................................................................Born - LaCrosse, Wisconsin 1982 ...................................................................................... B.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1985 ....................................................................................M.A., Communication Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1985 ..................................................................................Visiting Instructor Communication Department, Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, Ohio 1990 - Present...................................................................Assistant Professor, Communication Program, Sangamon State University, Springfield, Illinois PUBLICATIONS Marshall, S.W. & J.P. Williams (1991). Yes, doctor; no, major: rhetorical analysis of a media-generated relationship. In C.Scodari & J.M. Thorpe, Eds., Media Criticism: Explorations in Interpretation, Kendall/Hunt: Dubuque, lA. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Communication Studies in: Rhetorical Criticism, Mass Communication, Feminist Theory 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS VITA ............................................................................................................................. ii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 General Nature of the Topic .......................................................................... 2 Vietnam on Entertainment Television ....................................................... 4 Vietnam Television Drama: Made for Television Movies ...................... 10 The Metnam War and Series Television ..................................................... 11 The Vietnam War on Prime Hme: Tv/o Television Series Emerge ... 15 Realism, Television Drama and Social Issues .............................................. 17 Storytelling and Television M yth................................................................... 19 The Vietnam War: A Divisive American Issue .......................................... 21 H: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................................................. 24 Communication Research and the Vietnam War: General ..................... 27 General Tlreoretical Perspective on M yth.................................................... 34 Myth and Communication Scholarship ......................................................... 38 Myth and Media Criticism............................................................................... 40 Television and M yth......................................................................................... 46 Two Perspectives: Universal or Cultural M yth ............................................ 50 A Distinct American Mythos and Hero C ycle.............................................. 51 Mythic Heroes as Gender Role M odels......................................................... 61 American Myth and the Vietnam War........................................................ 65 Gender Roles and the Vietnam W ar ............................................................ 70 Summary: American Myth, Gender Roles and the Vietnam War on Network Entertainment Television ............................................. 72 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 75 111 Ill: METHOD ................................................................................................................... 80 Critical Theory.................................................................................................... 82 Focus Groups ...................................................................................................... 89 Data Collection.................................................................................................... 94 Criteria for Selection of Focus Group Participants ........................................ 96 Recruitment of Focus Group Participants ...................................................... 97 Focus Group Design ........................................................................................... 100 Recording and Reporting of Focus Group Conversations .......................... 102 Focus Group Protocol and Research Questions: Introduction .................. 103 The Focus Group Protocol: Facsimile ............................................................. 104 Explanation of the Focus Group Protocol by Section.................................... 107 Organization and Analysis of Focus Group Results.................................... 112 Use of Focus Group D iscussions ..................................................................... 114 Focus Group Results and Final Criticism of the Series .............................. 115 IV RESULTS.............................................................................................................. 116 Preliminary Descriptive Criticism: Tour of D uty..................................... 116 Preliminary Descriptive Criticism: China Beach...................................... 122 Summary of Men's Focus Group Responses.................................................. 127 II. Preliminary Questions................................................................................. 127 Regular Viewing and Why the Men Watched...................................... 127 III. Focus Group Questions: Men's Impression of the Series .................... 129 Men's General Impression of the Series and the Basis for I t ................ 130 Messages Men Associated with the Series ................................................ 132 Men's Memorable Qiaracters, Interactions & Conflicts ........................ 133 Men's Memorable Conflicts: Resolutions & Omissions ...................... 135 IV. Focus Group Questions Related to Research Question O ne ............... 141 Global Police Officer: Men's Beliefs Then and N o w ............................ 141 Global Police Officer: Series vs. Men's E xperience ............................. 146 V. Focus Group Questions Related to Research Question Two ...... 150 Men's Assessment of Gender Roles of Series Characters .................... 150 Men's Assessment of Gender Roles in Their Metnam Experience . 153 Men's Discussion of Gender Roles and Modern Warfare.................. 155 Men's Perception of Effect of Military on Gender R o le s...................... 157 Men's Discussion of Series Portrayal of Military's Effect on Gender Roles.......................................................................................... 158 Men's Discussion of Series and Changes in Gender Roles .................. 160 Summary of Women's Focus Responses...................................................... 163 II. Preliminary Questions................................................................................ 163 Regular Mewing and Why the Women Watched.............................. 164 i v III. Focus Group Questions: Women's Impression of Series .................... 165 Women's General Impression of the Series and Basis for I t ................ 166 Message Women Associated with the Series .........................................