The British Empiricists, Second Edition
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History of Philosophy Outlines from Wheaton College (IL)
Property of Wheaton College. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 311 Arthur F. Holmes Office: Blanch ard E4 83 Fall, 1992 Ext. 5887 Texts W. Kaufman, Philosophical Classics (Prentice-Hall, 2nd ed., 1968) Vol. I Thales to Occam Vol. II Bacon to Kant S. Stumpf, Socrates to Sartre (McGraW Hill, 3rd ed., 1982, or 4th ed., 1988) For further reading see: F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy. A multi-volume set in the library, also in paperback in the bookstore. W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy Diogenes Allen, Philosophy for Understanding Theology A. H. Armstrong & R. A. Markus, Christian Faith and Greek Philosophy A. H. Armstrong (ed.), Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy Encyclopedia of Philosophy Objectives 1. To survey the history of Western philosophy with emphasis on major men and problems, developing themes and traditions and the influence of Christianity. 2. To uncover historical connections betWeen philosophy and science, the arts, and theology. 3. To make this heritage of great minds part of one’s own thinking. 4. To develop competence in reading philosophy, to lay a foundation for understanding contemporary thought, and to prepare for more critical and constructive work. Procedure 1. The primary sources are of major importance, and you will learn to read and understand them for yourself. Outline them as you read: they provide depth of insight and involve you in dialogue with the philosophers themselves. Ask first, What does he say? The, how does this relate to What else he says, and to what his predecessors said? Then, appraise his assumptions and arguments. -
Malebranche's Augustinianism and the Mind's Perfection
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2010 Malebranche's Augustinianism and the Mind's Perfection Jason Skirry University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Skirry, Jason, "Malebranche's Augustinianism and the Mind's Perfection" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 179. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/179 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/179 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Malebranche's Augustinianism and the Mind's Perfection Abstract This dissertation presents a unified interpretation of Malebranche’s philosophical system that is based on his Augustinian theory of the mind’s perfection, which consists in maximizing the mind’s ability to successfully access, comprehend, and follow God’s Order through practices that purify and cognitively enhance the mind’s attention. I argue that the mind’s perfection figures centrally in Malebranche’s philosophy and is the main hub that connects and reconciles the three fundamental principles of his system, namely, his occasionalism, divine illumination, and freedom. To demonstrate this, I first present, in chapter one, Malebranche’s philosophy within the historical and intellectual context of his membership in the French Oratory, arguing that the Oratory’s particular brand of Augustinianism, initiated by Cardinal Bérulle and propagated by Oratorians such as Andre Martin, is at the core of his philosophy and informs his theory of perfection. Next, in chapter two, I explicate Augustine’s own theory of perfection in order to provide an outline, and a basis of comparison, for Malebranche’s own theory of perfection. -
Chapter One Transcendentalism and the Aesthetic Critique Of
Chapter One Transcendentalism and the Aesthetic Critique of Modernity Thinking of the aesthetic as both potentially ideological and potentially utopian allows us to understand the social implications of modern aes- thetics. The aesthetic experience can serve to evade questions of justice and equality as much as it offers the opportunity for a vision of freedom. If the Transcendentalists stand at the end of a Romantic tradition which has always been aware of the utopian dimension of the aesthetic, why should they have cherished the consolation the aesthetic experience of- fers while at the same time forfeiting its critical implications, which have been so important for the British and the early German Romantics? Is the American variety of Romanticism really much more submissive than European Romanticism with all its revolutionary fervor? Is it really true that “the writing of the Transcendentalists, and all those we may wish to consider as Romantics, did not have this revolutionary social dimension,” as Tony Tanner has suggested (1987, 38)? The Transcendentalists were critical of established religious dogma and received social conventions – so why should their aesthetics be apolitical or even adapt to dominant ideologies? In fact, the Transcendentalists were well aware of the philo- sophical and social radicalism of the aesthetic – which, however, is not to say that all of them wholeheartedly embraced it. While the Transcendentalists’ American background (New England’s Puritan legacy and the Unitarian church from which they emerged) is crucial for an understanding of their social, religious, and philosophical thought, it is worth casting an eye across the ocean to understand their concept of beauty since the Transcendentalists were also heir to a long- standing tradition of transatlantic Romanticism which addressed the re- lationship between aesthetic experience, utopia, and social criticism. -
Theory of Knowledge in Britain from 1860 to 1950
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication Volume 4 200 YEARS OF ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY Article 5 2008 Theory Of Knowledge In Britain From 1860 To 1950 Mathieu Marion Université du Quéebec à Montréal, CA Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/biyclc This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Marion, Mathieu (2008) "Theory Of Knowledge In Britain From 1860 To 1950," Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication: Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.4148/biyclc.v4i0.129 This Proceeding of the Symposium for Cognition, Logic and Communication is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Theory of Knowledge in Britain from 1860 to 1950 2 The Baltic International Yearbook of better understood as an attempt at foisting on it readers a particular Cognition, Logic and Communication set of misconceptions. To see this, one needs only to consider the title, which is plainly misleading. The Oxford English Dictionary gives as one August 2009 Volume 4: 200 Years of Analytical Philosophy of the possible meanings of the word ‘revolution’: pages 1-34 DOI: 10.4148/biyclc.v4i0.129 The complete overthrow of an established government or social order by those previously subject to it; an instance of MATHIEU MARION this; a forcible substitution of a new form of government. -
Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings
Jean-Paul Sartre: BasicWritings 'This immensely useful volume makes it possible for readersto get a substantialand comprehensiveknowledge of Sartreanphilosophy. It is a remarkableachievement.' HazelE. Barnes,University ofColorado at Boulder ' ... this is a worthwhile andilluminating book.' BaronessMary Warnock ' ... bringstogether just the right texts,ordered in the right way, to draw the studentinto Sartre.' JohnJ. Compton,EmeritusProfessor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University 'StephenPriest's succinct, analytical introductions are invaluable ... a wide- rangingcollection of extracts.' ChristinaHowells, WadhamCollege, Oxford Jean-PaulSartre is one of the most famous philosophersof the twentieth century. The principal founder of existentialism,a political thinker and famousnovelist and dramatist,his work hasexerted enormous influence in philosophy,literature, politics and cultural studies.lean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings is the first collection of Sartre'skey philosophicalwritings and providesan indispensableresource for all studentsand readers of his work. StephenPriest's clear and helpful introductionsset each reading in context, makingthe volume an idealcompanion for thosecoming to Sartre'swritings for the first time. A key featureof the anthologyis that it includesthe full text of Sartre's famousExistentialism and Humanism. The selectionsare from: Existentialismand Humanism Beingand Nothingness Transcendenceof the Ego The Psychologyof Imagination Whatis Literature? Searchfor a Method Notebooksfor an Ethics The Family Idiot Critique -
Immanuel Kant and the Development of Modern Psychology David E
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Psychology Faculty Publications Psychology 1982 Immanuel Kant and the Development of Modern Psychology David E. Leary University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/psychology-faculty- publications Part of the Theory and Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Leary, David E. "Immanuel Kant and the Development of Modern Psychology." In The Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth- Century Thought, edited by William Ray Woodward and Mitchell G. Ash, 17-42. New York, NY: Praeger, 1982. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Immanuel Kant and the Development of Modern Psychology David E. Leary Few thinkers in the history of Western civilization have had as broad and lasting an impact as Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). This "Sage of Konigsberg" spent his entire life within the confines of East Prussia, but his thoughts traveled freely across Europe and, in time, to America, where their effects are still apparent. An untold number of analyses and commentaries have established Kant as a preeminent epistemologist, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, aestheti cian, and metaphysician. He is even recognized as a natural historian and cosmologist: the author of the so-called Kant-Laplace hypothesis regarding the origin of the universe. He is less often credited as a "psychologist," "anthropologist," or "philosopher of mind," to Work on this essay was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. -
Aspects of Early Modern British Philosophy
UK-Japan Special Conference Aspects of Early Modern British Philosophy Organized by the University of Oxford and Japanese Society for British Philosophy, under the auspices of Musashino University Date: 11th and 12th September 2019. Venue: St Peter’s College of the University of Oxford Programme 11 September 9:00-10:15am Hiroyuki Yorozuya (Assistant Professor, Hiroshima Institute of Technology) “Hume, Causation and Agentive Experience” 10:15-11:30 am Jonathan Cottrell (Lecturer, University of Edinburgh) “Interpreting Hume on Mental Representation” 11:30 am Coffee 11:45am-1:00pm Shigeyuki Aoki (Associate Professor, Chuo University) “Locke versus Berkeley revisited – an interpretive essay on historiography” 1:00 pm Lunch 2:15-3:30pm Ruth Boeker (Assistant Professor, University College Dublin) “Shaftesbury on Liberty and Self-Mastery” 3:30 pm Tea 3:45-5:00 pm Masaki Ichinose (Professor of Musashino University, Emeritus Professor of UTokyo) “Locke on language and its privateness” 12 September 9:00-10:15am Clare Moriarty (Visiting Research Associate, King's College London) “Berkeley and Anti-Mathematicism” 10:15-11:30 am Tomokiyo Nomura (Regular Lecturer, Shumei University) “Let others think for you: Berkeley and Assent” 11:30 am Coffee 11:45am-1:00pm James Harris (Professor, University of St Andrews) “Between Locke and Filmer: Hume on allegiance” 1:00 pm Lunch 2:15-3:30pm Taro Okuda (Professor, Nanzan University) “Hume's Moral Sentiments and Moral Particularism” 3:30 pm Tea 3:45-5:00 pm Peter Kail (Associate Professor, University of Oxford) “Berkeley and the Material Attitude” Contact Organiser in Japan: Masaki Ichinose, Musashino University, Tokyo, JAPAN Email: [email protected] Abstracts ●“Hume, Causation and Agentive Experience” Hiroyuki Yorozuya (Assistant Professor, Hiroshima Institute of Technology) In the contemporary philosophy of action, David Hume has widely been assumed to defend the causal theory of action. -
Ebook-Mumford-Laws-In-Nature.Pdf
Laws in Nature What are the laws of nature? Do they control the actions and movements of the other things that exist in our world? Is there a sense in which such laws are real things? Both scientists and philosophers have been attracted by the view that the world contains laws of nature. It is such laws that dictate the behaviour of particulars, rather than any of those things’ intrinsic or internal forces. In this book Stephen Mumford argues against this popular view. He shows that no adequate account has been produced of what such laws in nature would be, or how they would perform the work that has been required of them. In their place, he argues that there are other necessary connections in nature that can do all the work for which we thought laws were needed. This book offers a holistic and connected account of reality in which the world’s elements do not need to be activated or controlled by laws. It is not possible that these elements behave other than they do. The world is more of a jigsaw than a mosaic: its pieces can form only one picture, and laws are no part of it. Stephen Mumford is Reader in Metaphysics in the Department of Philo- sophy at the University of Nottingham. He is the author of Dispositions (1998) and various papers in metaphysics. He is editor of Russell on Meta- physics (2003) and Powers by the late George Molnar (2003). Routledge studies in twentieth-century philosophy 1 The Story of Analytic Philosophy Plot and heroes Edited by Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar 2 Donald Davidson Truth, meaning and knowledge Edited by Urszula M. -
Real Metaphysics
Real Metaphysics Does time fl ow? Do the past and future exist? What are facts? What is causa- tion? Do truths have truthmakers? If so, what are they? The chapters in this collection offer new answers to these fundamental questions, which have preoccupied Hugh Mellor, one of the outstanding metaphysicians of our time and author of titles including The Matter of Chance (1971), Matters of Metaphysics (1991) and The Facts of Causation (Routledge 1995). Real Metaphysics brings together new articles by leading metaphysicians to honour Mellor’s contribution to metaphysics. Some of the most outstanding minds of current times shed new light on all the main topics in metaphysics: truth, causation, dispositions, properties, explanation, and time. At the end of the book, Hugh Mellor responds to the issues raised in each of the fourteen contributions and gives us new insight into his own highly infl uential work on metaphysics. Real Metaphysics stands as a highly original exploration and assessment of some of the most central issues in metaphysics, and will make fascinating reading for anyone interested in contemporary philosophy. Contributors: David Armstrong, Alexander Bird, Tim Crane, Chris Daly, Frank Jackson, Arnold Koslow, Isaac Levi, Hallvard Lillehammer, David Lewis, Hugh Mellor, Peter Menzies, Paul Noordhof, L. Nathan Oaklander, Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gideon Rosen, Peter Smith. Routledge studies in twentieth-century philosophy 1 The Story of Analytic 8 Peter Winch’s Philosophy of Philosophy Social Sciences Plot and heroes Rules, magic and instrumental Edited by Anat Biletzki and Anat reason Matar Berel Dov Lerner 2 Donald Davidson 9 Gaston Bachelard Truth, meaning and knowledge Critic of science and the Edited by Urszula M. -
How Hume Became a Sceptic
2005 How Hume Became a Sceptic c Jennifer McRobert Contents Preface 3 Introduction 11 1 Reading Hume's Treatise 12 2 The Hume Affair 29 3 The First Enquiry 42 4 Hume and the Revolutionary Lens 63 5 Dangerous Philosophy 77 6 Edinburgh Debates the Causal Relation 92 7 Spurious Connections 111 8 The Treatise Revisited 122 9 How Hume Became a Sceptic 139 Postscript 152 Appendix 172 Notes 227 Bibliography 241 2 Preface This book tells the story of how Edinburgh philosopher, David Hume, author of one of the most important works in the history of Western philosophy, became a sceptic. The account, which begins with the 1739-40 publication of A Treatise of Human Nature, draws together two plausible, but quite different, perspectives on Hume and his philosophy. One of these perspectives is philosophical; the other historical. Considered independently, neither gets at the whole of the truth. However, when taken together, the two perspectives yield a rich account of the development of Hume's philosophy and reputation that merits our careful consideration. The first account is that Hume earned his reputation as a sceptic when he wrote and published, in 1739-40, A Treatise of Human Nature. This book, so it was claimed, rejected widely accepted tenets of metaphysics. Book I, Part IV, for example, treats of scepticism with regard to reason and the senses. There, Hume questions the presuppositions that reason supplies a foundation for causal belief, that the senses give rise to notions of independent, continued, external existences, that the soul is immaterial, and so on. -
1 Hutcheson and Kant
1 Hutcheson and Kant: Moral Sense and Moral Feeling Michael Walschots University of St. Andrews [email protected] The eighteenth century is a rich and fascinating period in the history of Germany philosophy for a variety of reasons. Not least among these is the fact that German authors of the period somewhat extensively engaged with the writings of those in other European countries and beyond. The extent to which German philosophers engaged with eighteenth century British philosophy is an excellent example. Describing the reception of British philosophy in eighteenth century Germany, Manfred Kuehn writes that The works of Locke, Shaftsbury, Hutcheson, Hume, Smith, Ferguson, and almost every other British philosopher of note were full of problems that needed solutions and observations that needed to be explained, if German philosophy of the traditional sort was to succeed. (Kuehn 2001, 183-4) Although many German philosophers of the period could read English, the wide reception of these British authors was made possible in large part by the, in some cases rapid, translation of their texts into German. This is certainly true of the Scottish philosopher who will be the focus of this paper: Francis Hutcheson (1694-1747). A translation of Hutcheson’s posthumous System of Moral Philosophy, first published in 1755, was published just one year later in 1756. Translations of Hutcheson’s An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions (1728) and An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725) followed somewhat soon thereafter, appearing in 1760 and 1762 respectively. One of the “problems” that Hutcheson introduced to the German philosophical scene was the existence and nature of a “moral sense”, a concept first introduced by Shaftesbury but given a much more systematic treatment by 2 Hutcheson. -
Empiricist Roots of Modern Psychology
Raymond Martin Department of Philosophy Union College Schenectady, NY 12308 USA Empiricist Roots of Modern Psychology From the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries, European philosophers were preoccupied with using their newfound access to Aristotle’s metaphysics and natural philosophy to develop an integrated account, hospitable to Christianity, of everything that was thought to exist, including God, pure finite spirits (angels), the immaterial souls of humans, the natural world of organic objects (plants, animals, and human bodies) and inorganic objects. This account included a theory of human mentality. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, first in astronomy and then, later, in physics, the tightly knit fabric of this comprehensive medieval world view began to unravel. The transition from the old to the new was gradual, but by 1687, with the publication by Isaac Newton (1642-1727) of his Principia Mathematica, the replacement was all but complete. Modern physical science had fully arrived, and it was secular. God and angels were still acknowledged. But they had been marginalized. Yet, there was a glaring omission. Theorists had yet to expand the reach of the new science to incorporate human mentality. This venture, which initially was called “moral philosophy” and came to be called “the science of human nature,” became compelling to progressive eighteenth century thinkers, just as British empiricism began to seriously challenge an entrenched Cartesian rationalism. Rationalism and Empiricism The dispute between rationalists and empiricists was primarily over concepts and knowledge. In response to such questions as, where does the mind get its stock of concepts, how do humans justify what they take to be their knowledge, and how far does human knowledge extend, rationalists maintained that some concepts are innate, and hence not derived from experience, and that reason, or intuition, by itself, independently of experience, is an important source of knowledge, including of existing [25] 1 things.