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Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings Jean-Paul Sartre: BasicWritings 'This immensely useful volume makes it possible for readersto get a substantialand comprehensiveknowledge of Sartreanphilosophy. It is a remarkableachievement.' HazelE. Barnes,University ofColorado at Boulder ' ... this is a worthwhile andilluminating book.' BaronessMary Warnock ' ... bringstogether just the right texts,ordered in the right way, to draw the studentinto Sartre.' JohnJ. Compton,EmeritusProfessor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University 'StephenPriest's succinct, analytical introductions are invaluable ... a wide- rangingcollection of extracts.' ChristinaHowells, WadhamCollege, Oxford Jean-PaulSartre is one of the most famous philosophersof the twentieth century. The principal founder of existentialism,a political thinker and famousnovelist and dramatist,his work hasexerted enormous influence in philosophy,literature, politics and cultural studies.lean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings is the first collection of Sartre'skey philosophicalwritings and providesan indispensableresource for all studentsand readers of his work. StephenPriest's clear and helpful introductionsset each reading in context, makingthe volume an idealcompanion for thosecoming to Sartre'swritings for the first time. A key featureof the anthologyis that it includesthe full text of Sartre's famousExistentialism and Humanism. The selectionsare from: Existentialismand Humanism Beingand Nothingness Transcendenceof the Ego The Psychologyof Imagination Whatis Literature? Searchfor a Method Notebooksfor an Ethics The Family Idiot Critique ofDialectical Reason Stephen Priest is Readerin Philosophyat the University of Edinburgh and a Visiting Scholarof Wolfson College,Oxford. He is the authorof The British Empiricists, Theoriesof the Mind, Merleau-Pontyand The Subjectin Questionand also editorof Hegel'sCritique ofKant. This page intentionally left blank: Jean-Paul Sartre: BasicWritings Edited by StephenPriest Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published2001 by Routledge 2 ParkSquare, Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneouslypublished in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 MadisonAvenue, New York, NY 10016 Reprinted2002, 2003,2005 (twice) Transferredto Digital Printing 2005 Routledgeis an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group © 2001 StephenPriest Typesetin Times by BOOK NOW Ltd All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprintedor reproducedor utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,or othermeans, now known or hereafter invented,including photocopyingand recording,or in any information storageor retrieval system,without permissionin writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguingin Publication Data A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Sartre,Jean-Paul, 1905-80 [Selections.English, 2000] Jean-PaulSartre: basic writings I [edited by] StephenPriest. p. cm. Includesbibliographical references. 1. Existentialism.I. Priest,Stephen. II. Title. B2430.S31P75 2000 194-dc21 00-056017 ISBN 0-415-21367-3(hbk) ISBN 0-415-21368-1(pbk) Contents Acknowledgements vii 1 Sartrein theworld 1 2 Existentialism 20 3 Phenomenology 58 4 Imaginationand emotion 89 5 Being 106 6 Nothingness 135 7 The self 148 8 Temporality 163 9 Freedom 177 10 Responsibility 191 11 Bad faith 204 12 Others 221 13 Psychoanalysis 244 14 Writing 258 15 Thework of art 289 16 Politics 300 Bibliography 334 This page intentionally left blank: Acknowledgements Theeditor and the publishers wish to thankthe following for permission to usecopyright material: Jean-PaulSartre, Existentialism and Humanism;translation and intro- duction by Philip Mairet. First publishedin Great Britain in 1948 by Methuen, now Methuen Publishing Limited, 215 Vauxhall Bridge Road,London SWIV lEJ. All rights reserved. Jean- PaulSartre, Esquisse d 'une tMorie desemotions (Sketch for a theory ofthe emotions).Copyright © 1939.Paris, Hermann. Jean-PaulSartre, Being and Nothingness; translated and with an introductionby HazelE. Barnes,1956. Used by permissionof the Philo- sophical Library, New York and InternationalThomson Publishing Services. "The Cogito As Reflective Consciousness"from "the I and the Me" from Transcendenceof the Ego: an ExistentialistTheory of Consciousness by Jean-PaulSartre, translated and annotatedwith an introductionby Forrest Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick. Copyright © 1960, The NoondayPress, Inc., New York. Reprintedby permissionof Farrar, Strausand Giroux, LLC. Jean-PaulSartre, The Psychologyof Imagination. Copyright © 1948. Reprintedby permissionof PhilosophicalLibrary Inc. andInternational ThomsonPublishing Services. Jean-PaulSartre, What is Literature?; translated from French by BernardFrechtman. Copyright © 1950, Methuen.Used by permission of the PhilosophicalLibrary, New York and InternationalThomson PublishingServices. viii Acknowledgements Jean-PaulSartre, Search for a Method (New York: Vintage Books, 1963). Originally publishedin Frenchas "Questionsde Methode" in Critique de la RaisonDialectique, Vol. 1. Copyright © 1960 by Editions Gallimard. Reprintedby permissionof GeorgesBorchardt, Inc. andby permissionof Alfred A. Knopf, a Division of RandomHouse, Inc. Jean- PaulSartre, Notebooks for an Ethics; translatedby David Pellauer. Reprintedby permissionof The Universityof ChicagoPress. GustaveFlaubert, The Family Idiot. Reprintedby permissionof The Universityof ChicagoPress. Jean-PaulSartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, Vol. 1: Theory of PracticalEnsembles, translated by Alan SheridanSmith. London: Verso, 1991. Every effort hasbeen made to traceall the copyrightholders, but if any have beeninadvertently overlooked the publisherswill be pleasedto makethe necessaryarrangement at the first opportunity. 1 Sartre in the world StephenPriest LibertYI EqualitYI Fraternity Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80) is one of the greatest French thinkers. A polemical and witty essayist, a metaphysician of subjectivity, a political activist, a revolutionary pol itical theorist, a humanistic novel ist, a didactic playwright, his genius lies in his powers of philosophical synthesis and the genre-breaching breadth of his imagination. In the 1970s, the French journalist Michel Rybalka delivered a lecture on Sartre which divided his intellectual development into three stages: liberty, equality and fraternity. The three concepts of the slogan of the French revolutionaries of 1789 were used to denote three kinds of philosophy which Sartre endorsed: existentialism, from the mid-1930s, Marxism, increasingly from the Second World War, and anarchism, in the last few years before he died in 1980. Rybalka's threefold taxonomy is too neat, too clean and, however appealing, it is an over simplification. The adult Sartre was always an existentialist, a practitioner ofthat style of philosophising which addresses the fundamental problems of human existence: death, anxiety, political, religious and sexual commitment, freedom and responsibility, the meaning of existence itself. It follows that Sartre remained an existentialist during his long Marxist phase and during his final overtly anarchist phase. Sartre's existentialism was never a pure existentialism. One of his outstanding philosophical syntheses is the fusing of existentialism with phenomenology. The Moravian, German-speaking philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) and his Austrian teacher, the psychologist and phi losopher Franz Brentano (1838-1917), are the founders of phenomen- ology. Phenomenology is the attempt to explain the possibility of all knowledge, including philosophy, by describing the content and structure of consciousness. It was Husserl's hope that this partly Cartesian and partly i<antian project would place all knowledge on indubitable and incorrigible foundations. Husserlian phenomenology is Cartesian because 2 lean-PaulSartre: Basic Writings it shares with Descartes the ambition of methodically exposing pre- conceptions and grounding knowledge in certainty. It is Kantian because it shares with the German idealist philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) the 'transcendental' ambition of showing how all knowledge is possible (notably in his Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 and 1787>' The Danish protestant theologian Sfilren Kierkegaard (1813-59) and the German atheistic nihilist Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) are considered the initiators of existentialism. Profound dilemmas of human existence are explored in the works of the Russian novel ist Fydor Dostoievski (1821-81>' H is Notes From the Underground(1864) particu- larly anticipates Sartrean themes. Sartre was not alone or wholly original in marrying phenomenology and existentialism into a single philosophy. Phenomenology had already undergone the profound transformation into 'fundamental ontology' at the hands of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in his large, if incomplete, 1927 masterwork, Being and Time (Sein und Zeit>' The book is an examination of what it means to be, especially as this is disclosed through one's own existence Wasein>. The 1945 synthesis of phenomenology and existentialism in Phenomenology of Perception (Phenomenologie de la Perception) by Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Sartre's philosophical friend and political antagonist, follows hard on the heels of Sartre's own 1943 synthesis, Being and Nothingness (f'Etre et Ie Neant), with which it is partly inconsistent. Sartre's existentialism, like that of Merleau-Ponty, is 'existential phenomenology'. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61) offers a phenomenology of the body which eschews mind-body
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