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West Papuan Refugees from Irian Jaya in Papua New Guinea

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West Papuan Refugees from Irian Jaya in Papua New Guinea � - ---==� 5G04AV �1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111�11 � 3 4067 01802 378 7 � THE UNIVERSilY OF QUEENSLAND Accepted for the award of MR..�f.� �f .. kl:�.. .................. on .P...l .� ...�. ��.��. .. .. ��� � WEST PAPUAN REFUGEES FROM IRIAN JAVA IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Susan Sands Submilted as 11 Research Master of Arts Degree at The University of QIU!ensland 1992 i DECLARATION This thesis represents originalsearc re h undertaken for a Master of Arts Degree at the University of Queensland. The interpretations presented are my own and do not represent the view of any other person except where acknowledged in the text ii. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. David Hyndman, whose concern for the people of the Fourth World encouraged me to continue working on this area of study, and for his suggestion that I undertake fieldwork in the Western Province refugee camps in Papua New Guinea. The University of Queensland supplied funds for airfares between Brisbane, Port Moresby and Kiunga and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees arranged for UN transport in the Western Province. I thank both these institutions for supporting my visit to Papua New Guinea. Over the course of time, officials in both government and non-government institutions change; for this reason I would like to thank the institutions rather than individual persons. Foremost among these are the Department of Provincial Government and the Western Province Provincial Government, the Papua New Guinea Departtnent of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Young Women's Christian Association of Papua New Guinea, the Papua New Guinea Department of Health, the Catholic Church Commission for Justice, Peace and Development, the Montfort Mission (Kiunga and East Awin), the ZOA Medical mission, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Canberra and Port More�by). I am grateful to the Papua New Guinean friends who assisted me and made my stay in their country possible. I also owe a debt of gratitude to the late Raymond Straatman, who cared about what was happening to the West Papuan people and over many years brought information and many photographs out of Irian Jaya. Special thanks are due to Don for his support and for giving me the opportunity to travel so extensively especially in the Southwest Pacific and New Guinea regions. My sincere thanks are also extended to those persons who would not wish their names to appear; some were willing at the time to be identified but subsequent events have convinced me their anonymity is necessary. To all the West Papuan refugees in the camps and in Port Moresby who were always helpful and welcoming, and despite their difficulties, so committed to their goal of West Papuan self-determination, I can only hope their resolution is one day rewarded. I thank them all sincerely. iii Abstract The anned resistance movement in Irian Jaya between the indigenous Melanesian West Papuans and the Indonesian military government has persisted for 30 years, despite the lack of international support fo r the West Papuan OPM (Organisasi: Papua Merdeka - Free Papua Movement) and the disinterest of the outside world. West Papuans are resisting ethnocide and fo rced incorporation into the Indonesian state; they identify with a pan-Melanesian nationalism in the Southwest Pacific where other movements, in New Caledonia and Bougainville, continue to challenge colonial and post-colonial governments. In 1984, reaction to intense military action and extensive land take-over for transmigration schemes caused over 10,000 refugees to flee from Irian Jay a into Papua New Guinea. This forced some acknowledgment of the problem but the fate of the refugees has not been resolved This thesis examines the situation of refugees who have waited for nearly a decade for a resolution of their predicament. Fieldwork was carried out at the East Awin refugee camp in Papua New Guinea where refugees were forcibly relocated away from the Irian Jaya/Papua New Guinea border. The possibility of future sustainability of the camp site and environmental problems associated with large-scale settlement were investigated. Refugees were well aware of the problems; their insecurity was increased by the failure of the Papua New Guinea government to finalise the purchase of the land from the local landowners. This lack of a sustainable subsistence and legally approved land base means that a permanent, independent settlement at East A win is unlikely. Projects designed to assist refugees to integrate into the wider community were studied in Port Moresby. The persistent refusal of a Third country to accept them, world-wide economic recession, exacerbated in Papua New Guinea by the close-down of the Bougainville copper mine, means that refugees who leave the camps also face a bleak future. iv Note In the text, New Guinea refers to the geographical landmass and surrounding islands. Irian Jaya ('Irian victorious') is an acronym from the Indonesian slogan lkut Republik Indonesia Anti-Netherlands ('follow Indonesia against Holland') and Jaya ('victorious'). Irian is a Biak word meaning 'hot (or steamy) land rising from the sea'. The name Irian Barat (West Irian) was used during the years of the Indonesian take-over, and persisted after the renaming to 'Irian Jaya' in March 1973. The indigenous Melanesians refer to their country as West Papua and themselves as West Papuans (Sharp 1977a). However, unless another name is more suitable in a particular historical context, Irian Jaya is used here, as the country is generally not well known and the name Irian Jaya is accepted in common usage at this time. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgments 11 Abstract iii Note iv CHAPTER ONE REFUGEES AND RAINFOREST 1 CHAPTER TWO l\1ELANESIAN NATIONALISM 9 CHAPTER THREE RESISTANCE AND IDENTITY 25 CHAPTER FOUR STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION. 41 CHAPTER FIVE BORDER DEVELOPI\1ENT 53 CHAPTER SIX TRANSI\flGRATION 65 CHAPTER SEVEN REFUGEE5- REPATRIATION OR RESETTLEMENT 88 CHAPTER EIGHT THE CAI\1P AT EAST A WIN 106 CHAPTER NINE PROSPECTS FOR REFUGEES 131 REFERENCES 142 MAPS Map 1: The border between Papua New Guinea vii and Irian Jaya (West Papua) and the East Awin camp in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Inset: mainland New Guinea showing the Western Province. Map 2: Indigenous peoples whose lands were viii divided by the imposition of the international border (after Hyndman 1991). vi FIGURES: Pages ix- xv Photographs by S. Sands except where acknowledged. Figure 1: Refugees on the river's edge near the border in southern PNG in 1978. Figure 2: Refugees in the same area with banner: "MelanesianUnity from Gag to Samarai." Figure 3: The road from the Fly River to East Awin. Figure 4: PNG road gang worldng on a new stretch of the road. Figure 5: Transmigration site close to the border in Southern Irian Jaya, 1989 (A. Jamieson). Figure 6: Transmigrationsite dwelling and imported cattle, 1989 (A. Jamieson). Figure 7: The old and the new hospital at Iowara, East Awin camp. Figure 8: Selling home-made bread at the Iowara market Figure 9: Iowara, the East Awin camp headquarters. Figure 10: The mystical morning star marks each grave at East Awin camp. Figure 11: Children and teachers outside their bush material school. Figure 12: The teacher's house beside the Arnold Ap Memorial School atBlackwater, East Awin. Figure 13: A woman returns to the camp from her garden in the newly cleared forest. Figure 14: Wamena, named for their former home by highland refugees. vii •Nomad l I I UJ L_, z I �I "" �I "" �I 1 "" 8 �1 N """ �· """ -< I <t :;; I �I :::J Z I Q_ �,� �I Q_ PROVINCE I --- ' I --- "' ' \ Map 1: The border between Papua New Gui!lea and Irian Jaya (West Papua) and the EastA win camp in the Western Province of PNG. Inset: mainland New Guinea showing the Western Province. viii 0 km. 100 Map 2: Indigenous peoples whose lands were divided by the imposition of the international border (after Hyndman 1991). Figure l: Refugees on the river's edge near the border in southern PNG in 1978 Figure 2: Refugees in the same area with banner: 'Melanesian Unity from Gag to Samari.' Figure 3: The road from the Fly River to East Awin. ,A I I I "('!1 . ... , - Figure 4: PNG road gang working on a new stretch of the road. Figure 5: Transmigration site close to the border in Southern Irian Jaya, 1989. (A. Jamieson). Figure 6: Transmigration site dwelling and imported cattle, 1989. (A. Jamieson). IOLIJ�IIA !:ilJB �EW"H C£HTilC EAt;T AWIN Figure 7: The old and the new hospital at Iowara, East Awin camp. Figure 8: Selling home-made bread at the lowara market. Figure 9: Iowara, the East Awin camp headquarters. Figure 10: The mystical morning star marks each grave at East Awin camp. Figure 11: Children and teachers outside their bush material school. Figure 12: The teacher's house beside the Arnold Ap Memorial School at Blackwater, East Awin. Figure 13: A woman returns to the camp from her garden in the newly cleared forest. Figure 14: Wamena, named for their former home by highland refugees. 1. CHAPTER ONE REFUGEES AND RAINFOREST INTRODUCTION The on-going problem of refugees camped inside the Papua New Guinea border and living in refugee camps in the border regions of the West Sepik (Sandaun) and Western Provinces has complicated relations between the independent state of Papua New Guinea and the Republic of Indonesia. Since Indonesia annexed the western half of the island of New Guinea, previously Dutch New Guinea, formal relations between these neighbouring countries have been strained and in fact, a war between Indonesia and the West Papuan resistance fighters has persisted with serious implications for Papua New Guinea/Indonesia relations.
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