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PAPUA ASSESSMENT USAID/INDONESIA Final Report

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PAPUA ASSESSMENT USAID/INDONESIA Final Report November 2008 – January 2009 PAPUA ASSESSMENT USAID/INDONESIA Final Report 20 FEBRUARY 2009 This publication was produced by GRM International for review by the United States Agency for International Development under Contract No. 497-C-00-09-00002-00 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….………...… i LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………….. iv LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...…… v ACRONYMS………………………………………………………………………………….. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………….... x PREAMBLE……………………………………………………………………………………. xv 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...… 1 1.1 SCOPE, PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………... 1 1.2 APPROACH AND DATA COLLECTION………………………………………. 3 2. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS OF PAPUA…………………………...…. 7 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW…………………………………………………... 7 2.2 NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION……………...………… 9 2.2.1 FORESTS AND FORESTRY………………………………………………. 9 2.2.2 OLI PALM AND BIOFUELS………………………………………………. 11 2.2.3 MINING…………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2.4 FISHERIES…………………………………………………………………. 13 2.2.5 SCOPING LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: SNAPSHOTS FROM WEST PAPUA ……………………………………………………………. 14 2.3 OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT: CUSTOMERY VS. STATUTORY ……… 17 2.4 ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES AND LACK OF CAPACITY FOR REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT…………………………………………………………………. 18 2.5 MODELS OF LARGE SCALE RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND LESSONS LEARNT ………………………………………………………………………….. 19 2.5.1 PT BP INDONESIA – TANGGUH LNG………………………………….. 19 2.5.2 PT FREEPORT INDONESIA………………………………………………. 20 2.5.3 OTHER MAJOR PRIVATE SECTOR ENTITIES IN PAPUA………………. 21 2.6 THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE………………………………………….. 22 2.7 INITIATIVES IN REDEFINING THE PURPOSES OF FORESTS IN PAPUA: POTENTIAL FOR REDD MANAGEMENT OF STORES FOREST CARBON….. 23 2.8 VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS AND CAPACITY TO RESPOND……………………………………………………………………….... 26 2.8.1 INTEGRATION OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN THE PLANNING PRIORITY………………………………………………………………….. 26 2.8.2 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION……………………………………………. 27 2.8.3 DISASTER RELIEF…………………………………………………………. 27 2.8.4 POTENTIAL FOR DONOR ASSISTANCE……………………………….. 28 2.9 DISCUSSION: ISSUES FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND A STRATEGY FOR USAID..…………………………………………………………….………... 28 3. THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETIES IN PAPUA………………………………. 31 3.1 GENERAL PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNIC PAPUAN SOCIETIES 31 3.2 WHAT IS THE ETHNIC AND LANGUAGE STRUCTURE OF PAPUA SOCIETY?................................................................................................................................ 32 3.3 WHAT ARE THE KEYS HISTORICAL AND ON-GOING ISSUES AFFECTING PAPUAN SOCIETY?............................................................................................................. 33 3.4 HOW ARE PAPUAN SOCIETIES ORGANISED?......................................................... 34 3.4.1 HOUSEHOLDS……………………………………………………………. 34 i 3.4.2 KINSHIP…………………………………………………………………… 35 3.4.3 EXCHANGE OBLIGATIONS AND INHERITANCE…………………….. 36 3.4.4 CLANS……………………………………………………………………... 36 3.5 INDIGENOUS PAPUANS IN RELATION TO MAINSTREAM AND EVOLVING MODERN INDONESIA ……………………………………………. 37 3.5.1 DEMOGRAPHY AND PREASSURES OF CHANGE….…………………... 37 3.5.2 HEALTH…………………………………………………………………… 38 3.5.2.1 HIV/AIDS………………………………………………………….. 39 3.5.2.2 Maternal and Child Health……………...…………………………. 40 3.5.2.3 Basic Health Services……………………………………………… 41 3.5.2.3.1 Health Services Providers……………………………... 41 3.5.2.3.2 Health Services Recipients…………………………… 42 3.5.3 EDUCATION AND TRAINING………………………………………….. 42 3.5.3.1 Overview………………………………………………………….. 42 3.5.3.2 Basic Education in Rural Areas……………………………………. 44 3.5.4 DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATION, TRAININ AND HEALTH…………………………………………………………………… 46 3.6 WHY ARE ISSUES OF GENDER SO SIGNIFICANT TO DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR PAPUAN SOCIETIES?............................................................................ 47 3.6.1 OVERVIEW…………………………………………………………….…... 47 3.6.2 IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHANGES……………. 48 3.6.3 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES………………………………………….………... 49 4. THE STRUCTURES OF GOVERNMENT IN PAPUA……………………….. 52 4.1 WHAT IS THE POLITICAL FRAMEWORK IN PAPUAN AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROVINCES, THE DISTRICTS AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT?.................................................................................... 52 4.2 LOCAL CAPACITY: DEFINING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS…………………... 56 4.3 WHAT CAPACITY EXISTS TO DELIVER GOOD GOVERNANCE IN RELATION TO PLANS AND PRIORITIES……………………………………… 59 4.4 DISCUSSION: DRIVERS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS……………………………………………………………………... 60 5. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL STRUCTURES IN PAPUA……………….. 63 5.1 WHAT IS THE BUDGET STRUCTURE AND ITS ANNUAL CYCLE AND HOW DOES THIS INTEGRATE VERTICALLY FROM CENTRAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT?................................................................................................................... 63 5.1.1 NATIONAL PLANNING CYCLE AND BUDGET ALLOCATION……... 63 5.1.2 REGIONAL PLANNING AND BUDGETING……………………………. 66 5.2 HOW ARE FUNDS GENERATED? RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN APBN AND INCOME FROM NATURAL RESOURCES REVENUE SHARING……………… 68 5.3 HOW GOVERNMENT BUDGETS ARE DISBURSED IN SUPPORT OF THE VILLAGE BASED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS PNPM AND RESPEK?................ 73 5.3.1 SITUATION IN PAPUA PROVINCE 1……………………………………. 73 5.3.2 SITUATION IN WEST PAPUA PROVINCE……………………………… 74 5.4 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT BUDGETS AND DONOR ASSISTANCE IN THE FORM OF GRANTS AND LOANS?.................... 75 5.4.1 THE STRUCTURE OF LOAN FINANCING……………………………... 75 5.4.2 GRANTS…………………………………………………………………... 76 1 Provinsi Papua, November 2006. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Papua Nomor 10 Tahun 2006 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) Provinsi Papua Tahun 2006 – 2001. Page 83. ii 5.5 DISCUSSION: IMPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL STRUCTURES FOR POTENTIAL USAID ASSISTANCE………………………... 77 6. INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS IN PAPUA…. 80 6.1 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES IN PAPUA AND WEST PAPUA?.................................................................................................................................... 80 6.2 WHAT INFRASTRUCTURES IS IN PLACE OR PLANNED?.................................... 81 6.2.1 TRANSPORTATION ……………………………………………………... 81 6.2.2 TELECOMMUNICATION2………………………………………………... 85 6.2.3 ELECTRICITY……………………………………………………………… 85 6.2.4 WATER, SANITATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT……………….... 86 6.2.5 FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE…………………………………………. 86 6.3 DISCUSSION: WHAT IS THE PHILOSOPHY BEHIND INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSION PLANS: JUSTIFICATION AND REALITY OF PRO-POOR AND FACILITATION OF SERVICE DELIVERY VS ACCESS TO RESOURCES?............. 87 7. A STRATEGY FOR ENGAGEMENT IN PAPUA: MANAGING CHANGE – BUILDING SELF RELIANCE………………………………………………….... 90 7.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………... 90 7.2 DIRECTIONS: NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL……………………………….. 91 7.2.1 FROM DONORSHIP TO OWNWERSHIP………………………………. 91 7.2.2 PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES: PAPUA……………………. 93 7.2.3 PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES: WEST PAPUA…………….. 94 7.3 WHY DO THE PROVINCES OF PAPUA REQUIRE THEIR OWN PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE?................................................................................. 96 7.4 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK……………………………………………………... 97 7.4.1 THE PLANKS OF THE FRAMEWORK…………………………………… 97 7.4.2 GEOGRAPHIC FOCUS: PAPUA OR WEST PAPUA……………………... 100 7.5 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY………………………………………………… 101 7.5.1 INTEGRATIVE AND CROSS CUTTING APPROACHES………………... 102 7.5.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE ECONOMIC GROWTH PROGRAM 106 7.5.3 DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE…………………………………… 107 7.5.4 EDUCATION PROGRAM………………………………………………… 108 7.5.5 HEALTH PROGRAM……………………………………………………… 110 7.5.6 ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………………….. 111 7.5.6.1 Water and Sanitation……………………………………………... 111 7.5.6.2 Forest Management……………………………………………….. 112 7.5.6.3 Climate Change…………………………………………………… 113 7.5.6.4 Marine and Coastal Management…………………………………. 114 7.5.6.5 Building Capacity for Environmental Management………………... 115 ANNEXES……………………………………………………………………………. 116 Annex 1. List of References………………………………………………………….. 117 Annex 2. List of Respondents………………………………………………………... 120 Annex 3. Donor Project Initiatives in West Papua Province – 2007………………... 126 Annex 4. Donor Partner’s Support Aligned with Papua Province Priorities - 2008 (Source World Bank)……………………………………………………… 129 Annex 5. List of Meetings in Papua and West Papua Provinces……………………... 176 Annex 6. The Tangguh LNG Project Integrated Social Program 2006 - 2010 3…….. 210 2 Ibid. Page 22 iii 3 ADB July 2006. Indigenous Peoples Development Planning Document Tangguh LNG Project.. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Schedule of Project Activities and Events ………………………………. 3 Figure 2: The geographical zones of Papua and West Papua (Government of Papua 2008)…………………………………………………………….. 8 Figure 3: Forest Land Use categories in Papua and West Papua (Government of Papua 20084)……………………………………………………………... 10 Figure 4: Commercial logging concessions in Papua and Papua Barat (Government of Papua 2008 op cit.)……………………………………... 11 Figure 5: Mining concessions in Papua and Papua Barat (Government of Papua 2008 op cit.)………………………………………………………………. 13 Figure 6: The Geographical Zones of Papua and West Papua: Highlands; Foothills and valleys; Lowland Swamps and rivers; Coasts. Beaches and islands (Government of Papua Province 2008)………………………………….. 32 Figure 7: Distribution of the major language groups within Papua and West Papua Provinces (Flassy 19975)…………………………………………………. 33 Figure 8: The demographic
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