DOCSLIB.ORG

Full Issue 3.1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Full Issue 3.1 Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 3 Issue 1 Article 1 April 2008 Full Issue 3.1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2008) "Full Issue 3.1," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1: Article 1. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss1/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Editor’s Introduction We are very pleased to enter our third year of publication. The editors hope that you found the first two volumes of Genocide Studies and Prevention stimulating and innovative. Our purpose has been to publish the most important, relevant, and interesting material related to the study and prevention of genocide. We will endeavor to maintain what we think has been a successful effort as we enter our third volume year. Accordingly, GSP 3:1 is a general issue with an eclectic array of articles covering important and controversial topics in genocide studies. The lead article, ‘‘The Three ‘Switches’ of Identity Construction in Genocide: The Nazi Final Solution and the Cambodian Killing Fields’’ by Maureen Hiebert, is an addition to some of the theoretical concepts most integral to the study of genocide. Hiebert argues that ‘‘elites decide to commit genocide, and not some less catastrophic policy of repression or violence, when three conceptual ‘switches’ concerning the identity, interests, and future actions of the victim group are ‘turned on’ by the perpetrators.’’ These are closely related to some of the traditional conceptualizations of earlier genocide scholars. For example, the first ‘‘switch’’ involves ‘‘the victim group’’ losing its ‘‘status within the political community and [being] constructed as outsiders to whom rights and obligations are no longer owed.’’ This is really another version of the famous idea Helen Fein first discussed in her pioneering work Understanding Genocide when she coined the term ‘‘the universe of moral obligation’’ and noted that victim groups are often defined as being outside that universe. They are then viewed, as Hiebert notes, as ‘‘dangerous enemies’’ and finally as subhumans ‘‘who can be killed without compunction.’’ Hiebert’s ‘‘switches’’ are very close to the process of dehumanization that has been a consistent component of many theories concerning the genocidal process; in the end, her view of the process also involves a trigger related to economic and political crises. The second article in this issue, ‘‘Value Hierarchies of Holocaust Rescuers and Resistance Fighters,’’ is an empirical examination comparing participants in armed resistance movements with individuals who rescued Jews from the Nazi Holocaust. Using quantitative measures and thematic content analysis, Peter Suedfeld and Stefanie de Best compare forty-seven members of resistance movements and fifty Holocaust rescuers. Finding both differences and similarities, they also examine the implications of their research for the study of altruism in extreme circumstances. As there are few such empirical examinations, this study forms an important building block in the continuing research on helping behavior. In the third contribution, ‘‘Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation,’’ Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Desmond Fernandes compare what they call ‘‘linguistic human rights.’’ Using this term to refer to the right to study the language of the culture of a person’s birth, they accuse Turkey of committing ‘‘linguistic and cultural genocide (according to definition of genocide in Articles 2b and 2e in the UNCG) in relation to the Kurdish nation/minority.’’ The authors examine the different educational outcomes in Turkey and Iraq and discuss some of the reasons for the differences and similarities. Herb Hirsch, ‘‘Editor’s Introduction,’’ Genocide Studies and Prevention 3, 1 (April 2008): 1–3. ß 2008 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.3.1.1 Genocide Studies and Prevention 3:1 April 2008 As a result of this comparison, this is a controversial and interesting analysis with important political and educational consequences. Robert McCormick’s ‘‘The United States’ Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945,’’ examines an incident of genocide that has received little scholarly attention. Focusing on the role of the United States in the genocide engineered in Croatia by Ante Pavelic´ and his Ustasˇe Party, McCormick points out that the atrocities received public scrutiny but were largely ignored by US policy makers, a phenomenon he attributes to the concern that public commentary might ‘‘foster violence in the United States that would weaken the domestic war effort, especially in heavy industry where Yugoslav immigrants tended to work.’’ McCormick concludes that genocide was committed in Croatia while American authorities decided to remain silent and engaged in ‘‘exceedingly pragmatic decisions designed to maintain a peaceful and productive war effort.’’ The last full-length article in the issue examines various aspects of the Holocaust as they were ‘‘prefigured’’ by the Armenian Genocide. As one of the pre-eminent scholars of Armenian history, Vahakn Dadrian is in a particularly advantageous position from which to make such a comparison. He intends, as he notes, to examine ‘‘the common body of knowledge by exploring in more detail the comparative aspects of the two genocides. Such an attempt does not preclude some of the very important other aspects separating the two, nor does it discount the distinct pre-eminence of the Holocaust in the overall picture of genocide studies ...’’ In short, Dadrian is interested in the comparative study of genocide in order to provide insights into the causes and eventual prevention of the crime. GSP 3:1 also gives us an opportunity to offer readers both a review essay and a research note. The review essay, by Taner Akc¸am, is an extended engagement with a book that has generated great concern among genocide scholars. Since Gunter Lewy published The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide in 2004, the book has generated discussion and controversy. Lewy’s main thesis is that because, as he asserts, significant numbers of Armenians openly fought the Turks, Armenians were themselves to blame for any violence that befell them. Akc¸am systematically and critically sets out Lewy’s arguments and just as systematically and critically demonstrates how each is flawed, concluding that Lewy’s ‘‘premises, assessments, and conclusions are based on an incomplete study of the material and [that] he is not in command of the subject matter.’’ There is little doubt that Akc¸am’s very comprehensive review will not satisfy those who continue to deny the fact that the massacre of the Armenians was, in fact, a ‘‘genocide,’’ nor will it persuade them of the questionable scholarship of Lewy’s book. The fact that there is a pervasive political dimension to this debate is reinforced continually and is no way more evident than in the recent warning (delivered on 9 October 2007) from the government of Turkey to the United States that, if the US Congress passes a bill recognizing as ‘‘genocide’’ the Ottoman empire’s killing of Armenians, the bilateral relationship between the United States and Turkey will suffer. Therefore, a scholarly disposition and critical analysis of Lewy’s book, such as Akc¸am’s, is essential to bring the discussion back to a semblance of rationality. Finally, we offer our first ‘‘research note.’’ Research notes, as we see them, are shorter pieces in which interesting, controversial, and ongoing research is discussed in a format shorter than article length. The present contribution, ‘‘Fear Not, For You Have Brothers in Greece’’ by Hikmet Karcˇic´, examines a virtually unknown aspect of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. It is a little-known fact that, during the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, volunteers from many 2 Introduction Orthodox countries fought in the Army of the Republika Srpska. These volunteers included, according to the author, Ukrainians, Romanians, Greeks, and Russians. Karcˇic´ points out that this topic is ‘‘important’’ and ‘‘controversial’’ and ‘‘has been little investigated’’; his research note explores the role of Greece and Greek fighters and attempts to put them in the historical perspective of the conflict. We, the editors, hope that this third volume will continue our record of publishing high-quality, interesting, and controversial research as we strive to stimulate further interest in studying and preventing genocide. Herb Hirsch GSP Co-editor 3 The Three "Switches" of Identity Construction in Genocide: The Nazi Final Solution and the Cambodian Killing Fields Maureen S. Hiebert Centre for Military and Strategic Studies & Department of Political Science, University of Calgary If we want to understand why political elites choose to commit genocide, we need to inquire into how elite perpetrators reconstruct the collective identity of the victim group such that genocide becomes the only possible policy option. This article argues that elites decide to commit genocide, and not some other less catastrophic policy of repression or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War Prevention Works 50 Stories of People Resolving Conflict by Dylan Mathews War Prevention OXFORD • RESEARCH • Groupworks 50 Stories of People Resolving Conflict
    OXFORD • RESEARCH • GROUP war prevention works 50 stories of people resolving conflict by Dylan Mathews war prevention works OXFORD • RESEARCH • GROUP 50 stories of people resolving conflict Oxford Research Group is a small independent team of Oxford Research Group was Written and researched by researchers and support staff concentrating on nuclear established in 1982. It is a public Dylan Mathews company limited by guarantee with weapons decision-making and the prevention of war. Produced by charitable status, governed by a We aim to assist in the building of a more secure world Scilla Elworthy Board of Directors and supported with Robin McAfee without nuclear weapons and to promote non-violent by a Council of Advisers. The and Simone Schaupp solutions to conflict. Group enjoys a strong reputation Design and illustrations by for objective and effective Paul V Vernon Our work involves: We bring policy-makers – senior research, and attracts the support • Researching how policy government officials, the military, of foundations, charities and The front and back cover features the painting ‘Lightness in Dark’ scientists, weapons designers and private individuals, many of decisions are made and who from a series of nine paintings by makes them. strategists – together with Quaker origin, in Britain, Gabrielle Rifkind • Promoting accountability independent experts Europe and the and transparency. to develop ways In this United States. It • Providing information on current past the new millennium, has no political OXFORD • RESEARCH • GROUP decisions so that public debate obstacles to human beings are faced with affiliations. can take place. nuclear challenges of planetary survival 51 Plantation Road, • Fostering dialogue between disarmament.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    BOOK REVIEWS (KİTAP TAHLİLLERİ) Turgut Kerem TUNCEL Specialist at the Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM) [email protected] Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide Auhor: Thomas de Waal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015) 313 pages, ISBN: 9780199350698; Language: English; Amazon.com price (hardcover) $22.17 (01.02.2015). homas de Waal is a senior associate in the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a Thighly esteemed global network of policy research centers in Russia, China, Europe, the Middle East and the United States, founded in 1910 in the United States. Prior to the Carnegie Endowment, in the years between 2002 and 2009 de Waal worked as an analyst and project manager on the conflicts in the South Caucasus at the London-based NGOs Conciliation Resources and the Institute for War and Peace Reporting. He BOOK REVIEWS has reported for the reputable media outlets such as the BBC World Service, The Moscow Times and The Times1. Thomas de Waal is a renowned specialist on the South Caucasus region and the wider Black Sea region. He co-authored the book Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus (New York University Press. 1997) with Carlotta Gall. He is the author of the books Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War (New York University Press. 2003) and The Caucasus: An Introduction (Oxford University Press. 2010). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War is a widely-acknowledged study and one of the main reference books on the Karabakh conflict2. Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide 1 http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/?fa=479; http://carnegieendowment.org/about/ (latest access 05.02.2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Service of the United States
    FOREIGN SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR CORRECTED UAR 1 1 27 TO JAN Y , 9 " “ NOTE : To av oid delay and insure prompt atten tion Corr s on n h uld , e p de ceuponcensulat business s o be addressed To the American Consul o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o WAS HIN G TO N AD D IT ION A L CO P IES THIS P UBLICATI ON M AY BE P E ocuEED FROM TH E sUP ERINI' ENDENT OE DOCUM ENTS GO V ERN MENT P RINTING OFFICE. WASHIN GTON, D . 0 . AT 20 C E N T S P E R C O P Y CONTENTS F T H E UN D 1 . FOREIGN SERVICE O ITE STATES ania Ar entina 1 ° Austria 1 ° Bel ium 2 Bolivia 2 Brazil 2 B ritish E m ire Alb , 1 ; g , , , , g , ; , ; , ; p , 3 ° Bul aria 8 ° Chi1e 9 China 9 C olombia 1 1 C osta Rica 1 1 Cuba 1 1 C zecho , g , , , ; , ; , ; , ; , ; slovakia 1 2 D anzi F ree C it O f 1 2 Denmark 12 D ominican Re ublic 1 2 , ; g, y , , , ; p , ador 1 2 E t 1 3 Estonia 1 3 ° Finland 1 3 France and P os sess ions 1 3 E cu , ; gyp , ; , , ; , , rman 1 5 Greece 1 6 Guatemala 17 HaItI 1 7 Honduras 1 7 Hun ar 1 7 ° Ge y, ; , , ; , , ; g y, al 1 ° a an Em ir 1 Latvia 20 iberia 2 0 18 ; It y, 8 J p ese p e, 9 ; , ; L , , Lithuania 20 LuxembIIr 2 0 Mexico 20 M orocco 2 ° Netherlands and , ; g, ; , ; , 2 P 2 Ni ara ua 2 Norwa 2 ° P alestine 2 P anama 23 P ara osses sions , 2 ; c g , 3 ; y , 3 , 3; , ; a 24 P rsia 2 4 P eru 2 4 P oland 2 4 P ortu al and P osses sions 2 5 gu y , ; e , ; , ; , ; g , ; umani 2 Salvador 2 5 SOrbs C roats and SlO venes in domOf the R , 5; , ; , , g g , a .
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA APPENDICES VOLUME 5 1 MARCH 2001 II III Contents Page Appendix 1 Chronology of Events, 1980-2000 1 Appendix 2 Video Tape Transcript 37 Appendix 3 Hate Speech: The Stimulation of Serbian Discontent and Eventual Incitement to Commit Genocide 45 Appendix 4 Testimonies of the Actors (Books and Memoirs) 73 4.1 Veljko Kadijević: “As I see the disintegration – An Army without a State” 4.2 Stipe Mesić: “How Yugoslavia was Brought Down” 4.3 Borisav Jović: “Last Days of the SFRY (Excerpts from a Diary)” Appendix 5a Serb Paramilitary Groups Active in Croatia (1991-95) 119 5b The “21st Volunteer Commando Task Force” of the “RSK Army” 129 Appendix 6 Prison Camps 141 Appendix 7 Damage to Cultural Monuments on Croatian Territory 163 Appendix 8 Personal Continuity, 1991-2001 363 IV APPENDIX 1 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS1 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE CHRONOLOGY BH Bosnia and Herzegovina CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe CK SKJ Centralni komitet Saveza komunista Jugoslavije (Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) EC European Community EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
    [Show full text]
  • Ermeni Arastirmalari 43 Layout 1
    ERMENİ ARAŞTIRMALARI Dört Aylık, Tarih, Politika ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 2012, Sayı 43 YAYIN SAHİBİ Ömer Engin LÜTEM SORUMLU YAZI İŞLERİ MÜDÜRÜ Aslan Yavuz ŞİR YAZI KURULU Alfabetik Sıra İle Prof. Dr. Kemal ÇİÇEK Prof. Dr. Bayram KODAMAN (Türk Tarih Kurumu, (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi) Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU Dr. Şükrü ELEKDAĞ Doç. Dr. Erol KÜRKÇÜOĞLU (Milletvekili, E. Büyükelçi) (Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri Araştırma Prof. Dr. Temuçin Faik ERTAN Merkezi Müdürü, Atatürk Üniversitesi) (Ankara Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Nurşen MAZICI Prof. Dr. Yusuf HALAÇOĞLU (Marmara Üniversitesi) (Gazi Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖZDEMİR Dr. Erdal İLTER (Siyaset Bilimci) (Tarihçi, Yazar) Prof. Dr. Mehmet SARAY Dr. Yaşar KALAFAT (Tarihçi) (Tarihçi, Yazar) Dr. Bilal ŞİMŞİR Doç. Dr. Davut KILIÇ (E. Büyükelçi, Tarihçi) (Fırat Üniversitesi) Pulat TACAR (E. Büyükelçi) DANIŞMA KURULU Alfabetik Sıra İle Prof. Dr. Dursun Ali AKBULUT Prof. Dr. Nuri KÖSTÜKLÜ (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi) (Selçuk Üniversitesi) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kalerya BELOVA Andrew MANGO (Uluslararası İlişkiler Enstitüsü) (Gazeteci, Yazar) Prof. Dr. Salim CÖHCE Prof. Dr. Justin MCCARTHY (İnönü Üniversitesi) (Louisville Üniversitesi) Edward ERICKSON Prof. Dr. Azmi SÜSLÜ (Tarihçi) (Ankara Üniversitesi) EDİTÖR Ömer Engin LÜTEM Ermeni Araştırmaları yılda üç kez yayımlanır. Yerel Süreli Yayın. Ermeni Araştırmaları hakemli bir dergidir. Ermeni Araştırmaları dergisi TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM tarafından taranmaktadır. Gönderilen yazılar ilk olarak yazı kurulunca bilimsel anlatım ve yazım kuralları yönünden incelenir. Daha sonra uygun bulunan yazılar, alanında bilimsel çalışmaları ile tanınmış üç ayrı hakeme gönderilir. Hakemlerin kararları doğrultusunda yazı yayımlanır ya da yayımlanmaz. Hakemlerin gizli tutulan raporları derginin arşivlerinde beş yıl süre ile tutulur. Yayın İdare Merkezi 2447. Sok. Çınar Sitesi 3. Blok No:32/61 Ümit Mah.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler, Britain and the Hoßbach Memorandum
    Jonathan Wright and Paul Stafford* Hitler, Britain and the Hoßbach Memorandum The Hoßbach Memorandum is the most famous and most controversial document in the history of the Third Reich. Yet there is no critical edition of it — a telling example of the degree to which historians of the twentieth century are swamped by their sources. Every line of the document deserves close study. It contains one of the classic statements of Hitler's racial philosophy and of the policy of the conquest of living space to solve Germany's economic problems. On this level it is comparable to passages in Mein Kampf and the Memorandum on the tasks of the Four Year Plan. But the Hoßbach Memorandum also offers an insight into another dimension of Hitler's thought: the first recorded detailed argument about when and how the conquest of liv- ing space was to begin. The essence of this argument is that Germany had limited time at its disposal because its relative strength compared to its opponents would decline after 1943—45 and that was therefore the final date for action. Hitler appeared confi- dent about the international situation. The weakness of the British Empire, which he elaborated in some detail, and the domestic divisions of the French Republic, Russian fear of Japan and Polish fear of Russia, the favourable attitude of Italy so long as the Duce was alive, all he declared offered Germany an opportunity to destroy Czechoslo- vakia and simultaneously to absorb Austria with little risk of intervention by other powers. Hitler also discussed two possible developments which would enable Germany to act before 1943—45: a domestic crisis in France which made it unable to go to war, or France becoming involved in war with another power which he saw as an immediate possibility for 1938 arising out of the Spanish civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Was World War II the Result of Hitler's Master Plan?
    ISSUE 18 Was World War II the Result of Hitler's Master Plan? Yl!S: Andreas Hillgruber, from Germany and the Two World Wars, trans. WUliam C. Kirby (Harvard University Press, 1981) NO: Ian Kershaw, from The Nazi DictatoTShip: Problems and Per­ spectives ofInterpretation, 3Id ed. (Edward Arnold, 1993) ISSUE SUMMARY YES: German scholar and history professor Andreas Hlllgruber states that Hitler systematically pursued his foreign policy goals once he came to power In Germany and that World War II was the Inevitable result. NO: Ian Kershaw, a professor ofhistory at the University of Sheffield, argues that Hitler was responsible for the execution of German for­ eign policy that Jed to World War JI but was not free from forces both within and outside Germany that Influenced his decisions. Adolf Hitler and World War II have become inseparable In the minds of most people; any discussion of one ultimately leads to the other- Due to the diabo1-. ical nature of Hitler's actions and the resulting horrors, historical analyses of the war were slow to surface after the war; World War II was simply viewed as Hitler's war, and all responsibility for It began and ended with him. Th.is all changed In 1961 with the publication of A.]. P. Tuylor's The Ori­ gins of the Second World War (Atheneum, 1985). Taylor extended the scope of World War II beyond Hitler and found British and French actions culpable. Fur­ thermore, he stated that Hitler was more of an opportunist than an idealogue and that war was the result of misconceptions and blunders on both sides.
    [Show full text]
  • A Postcolonial Sonderweg ?
    Shelley Baranowski. Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 368 pp. $25.99, paper, ISBN 978-0-521-67408-9. Reviewed by Daniel Becker Published on H-German (July, 2013) Commissioned by Chad Ross "Ambitious" may be one of the best one-word ionable "transnational" and seemingly more "tra‐ epithets to characterize Nazi Empire. "Hybrid" is ditional" national perspectives.[1] If nothing less, probably another. Shelley Baranowski seeks to then, this synthesis of recent research should provide a synthesis of recent research on German prove quite helpful--and not only to newcomers to nationalism, colonialism, and imperialism; pro‐ the subject matter--even though it only offers little pose her own original, interpretive grand narra‐ explicit historiographical discussion or relegates it tive of continuities and discontinuities in modern largely to the footnotes when it does. (Unfortu‐ German history; and present this mix in the for‐ nately, the book also does not include a bibliogra‐ mat of an undergraduate textbook. phy.) On the frst count, the breadth of Baranows‐ Baranowski offers a rockier ride as she delves ki's reading is impressive. She draws on a broad into the treacherous waters of the continuities array of research, in both English and German, question. Following a current inspired by Hannah published over the last two decades. She adeptly Arendt's observations (in The Origins of Totalitar‐ weaves threads from "new imperial histories" of ianism, 1951) on the emergence of modern "race" Germany's overseas adventures and recent stud‐ discourses during the heyday of "high imperial‐ ies on nationalism, antisemitism, and political cul‐ ism" and recently heralded in particular by Jür‐ ture into a colorful tapestry of German mentalités gen Zimmerer,[2] Baranowski suggests that the before which she lets "the drama of German im‐ unusual trajectory of German imperialism--which perialist aspirations" unfold (p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development Path of the Serbian Language and Script Matica Srpska – Members’ Society of Montenegro Department of Serbian Language and Literature
    Jelica Stojanović THE DEVELOPMENT PATH OF THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT MATICA SRPSKA – MEMBERS’ SOCIETY OF MONTENEGRO DEPARTMENT OF SERBIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Title of the original Serbian Edition: Jelica Stojanović, Put srpskog jezika i pisma, Belgrade, Srpska književna zadruga, 2017, The Blue Edition series For the publisher JELICA STOJANOVIĆ Editor DRAGO PEROVIĆ Translation NOVICA PETROVIĆ ©Матица српска – Друштво чланова у Црној Гори, Подгорица, 2020. Jelica Stojanović THE DEVELOPMENT PATH OF THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT Podgorica 2020 MILOš KOVAčEVIć THE DEVELOPMENT PATH OF THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT, MADE UP OF STRAY PATHS Only two years have passed from the two hundredth anni- versary of the beginning of Vuk Karadžić’s struggle for “intro- ducing the folk language in literature”, that is to say, from the introduction of the Serbian folk language in the Serbian literary language, or to put it in the more modern phrasing of today: the standard language. The beginning of that struggle is connected to the year 1814, when, in the royal city of Vienna, Vuk’s first grammar book came out: The Orthography of the Serbian Lan- guage Based on the Speech of the Common Folk, which dealt with resolving the three most important standard-related issues: a) the issue of the Serbian orthography, b) the issue of the morpho- logical structure of the Serbian language, and c) the issue of the name of the language and its national boundaries. Rare are the languages, if, indeed, there are any, which have had such a turbulent history of two hundred years. The histor- ical development of a language can be followed at two histor- ical levels: that of its internal and that of its external history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Worldview of Franklin D. Roosevelt: France, Germany, and United States Involvement in World War Ii in Europe
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE WORLDVIEW OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT: FRANCE, GERMANY, AND UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE Michael S. Bell, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Keith W. Olson Dep artment of History President Franklin D. Roosevelt operated from a remarkably consistent view of the world that grew naturally from his experiences. Before he entered the White House, Roosevelt already possessed a coherent worldview that influenced his thinking and informed his decisions as president. The product of his background and education, his experiences, and his exposure to contemporary ideas, Roosevelt’s worldview fully coalesced by the mid 1920s and provided a durable and coherent foundation for Roosevelt’s thinking as president and his strategic direction in response to the deteriorating situation in Europe in the late 1930s and toward the Second World War. Roosevelt’s “worldview” was his broad perspective and sweeping understanding of the impact and interplay of states, parties, groups, and individual people on the progressive advance of world civilization. His background and personal experiences, understanding of historical events, and ideology shaped Roosevelt’s perspective and enabled him to formulate and deliberately pursue long-range strategic goals as part of his foreign policy. The foundation of Roosevelt’s worldview was a progressive, liberal outlook that provided a durable basis for how he interpreted and responded to events at home and abroad. An essential aspect of that outlook was Roosevelt’s deep conviction that he had a personal responsibility to advance civilization and safeguard the cause of liberal reform and democracy. He believed that he was an agent of progress.
    [Show full text]
  • 90 Pacific Northwest Quarterly Cuthbert, Herbert
    Cuthbert, Herbert (Portland Chamber of in Washington,” 61(2):65-71; rev. of Dale, J. B., 18(1):62-65 Commerce), 64(1):25-26 Norwegian-American Studies, Vol. 26, Daley, Elisha B., 28(2):150 Cuthbert, Herbert (Victoria, B.C., alderman), 67(1):41-42 Daley, Heber C., 28(2):150 103(2):71 Dahlin, Ebba, French and German Public Daley, James, 28(2):150 Cuthbertson, Stuart, comp., A Preliminary Opinion on Declared War Aims, 1914- Daley, Shawn, rev. of Atkinson: Pioneer Bibliography of the American Fur Trade, 1918, 24(4):304-305; rev. of Canada’s Oregon Educator, 103(4):200-201 review, 31(4):463-64 Great Highway, 16(3):228-29; rev. Daley, Thomas J., 28(2):150 Cuthill, Mary-Catherine, ed., Overland of The Emigrants’ Guide to Oregon Dalkena, Wash., 9(2):107 Passages: A Guide to Overland and California, 24(3):232-33; rev. of Dall, William Healey, 77(3):82-83, 90, Documents in the Oregon Historical Granville Stuart: Forty Years on the 86(2):73, 79-80 Society, review, 85(2):77 Frontier, Vols. 1 and 2, 17(3):230; rev. works of: Spencer Fullerton Baird: A Cutler, Lyman A., 2(4):293, 23(2):136-37, of The Growth of the United States, Biography, review, 7(2):171 23(3):196, 62(2):62 17(1):68-69; rev. of Hall J. Kelley D’Allair (North West Company employee), Cutler, Thomas R., 57(3):101, 103 on Oregon, 24(3):232-33; rev. of 19(4):250-70 Cutright, Paul Russell, Elliott Coues: History of America, 17(1):68-69; rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Reviewed Work(S): the Third Reich by Klaus Hildebrand and P. S. Falla Review By: Mark W. Roche Source: the German Quarterly, Vol
    Review Reviewed Work(s): The Third Reich by Klaus Hildebrand and P. S. Falla Review by: Mark W. Roche Source: The German Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 509-511 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Association of Teachers of German Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/406337 Accessed: 30-08-2018 00:16 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms American Association of Teachers of German, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The German Quarterly This content downloaded from 129.74.250.206 on Thu, 30 Aug 2018 00:16:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms BOOK REVIEWS 509 refers to the letter to dAlembert from Nov. 28, 1762, in which "the infamous" is superstition. I in turn refer the reader to Ben Ray Redman's introduction to The Portable Voltaire, in which the infamous is beyond a doubt Christianity--N's great campaign against romanticism and Rousseau's influence was more than a campaign against "superstition." These are minutia, doubtless others will find no fault with any of this. (Copyright page typo!) Unfortunately for Faber, N.
    [Show full text]