A COMPANION TO BYZANTIUM

Edited by Liz James

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

A COMPANION TO BYZANTIUM BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty - fi ve and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to the Classical Tradition Published Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Edited by Ian Worthington Morstein - Marx A Companion to Ancient Epic A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by John Miles Foley Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to Greek Tragedy A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Justina Gregory Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to Latin Literature A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Stephen Harrison Edited by Daniel C. Snell A Companion to Greek and Roman Political A Companion to the Hellenistic World Thought Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Late Antiquity A Companion to Ovid Edited by Philip Rousseau Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to Ancient History A Companion to the Ancient Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Egbert Bakker A Companion to Archaic A Companion to Hellenistic Literature Edited by Kurt A. Raafl aub and Hans van Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss Wees A Companion to Vergil’ s Aeneid and its A Companion to Julius Caesar Tradition Edited by Miriam Griffi n Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. A Companion to Byzantium Putnam Edited by Liz James A Companion to Horace A Companion to Ancient Egypt Edited by Gregson Davis Edited by Alan B. Lloyd In preparation In preparation A Companion to the Latin Language A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Edited by James Clackson Edited by Ian Worthington and Joseph Roisman A Companion to Greek Mythology A Companion to the Punic Wars Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone Edited by Dexter Hoyos A Companion to Sophocles A Companion to Sparta Edited by Kirk Ormand Edited by Anton Powell A Companion to Aeschylus Edited by Peter Burian L ITERATURE AND CULTURE A Companion to Greek Art Published Edited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos A Companion to Classical Receptions A Companion to Families in the Greek and Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Roman World Stray Edited by Beryl Rawson A Companion to Greek and Roman A Companion to Tacitus Historiography Edited by Victoria Pag á n Edited by John Marincola A Companion to the Archaeology of the A Companion to Catullus Ancient Near East Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner Edited by Daniel Potts A Companion to Roman Religion Edited by J ö rg Rü pke A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden A COMPANION TO BYZANTIUM

Edited by Liz James

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2010 © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Byzantium / edited by Liz James. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-2654-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Byzantine Empire–History. 2. Byzantine Empire–Civilization. I. James, Liz. DF552.C63 2010 949.5′02–dc22 2009034191

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 10 on 12.5 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in Singapore

01 2010 Contents

List of Figures ix List of Maps xiii Notes on Contributors xv Acknowledgments xix Some Relevant Dates xxi List of Byzantine Rulers xxv List of Abbreviations xxix 1. Byzantium: a Very, Very Short Introduction 1 Liz James 2. Writing Histories of Byzantium: the Historiography of Byzantine History 9 F. K. Haarer

Part I Being Byzantine 23

3. Economics, Trade, and “Feudalism” 25 Peter Sarris 4. Byzantium = Constantinople 43 Paul Magdalino 5. Provinces and Capital 55 Catherine Holmes 6. Insiders and Outsiders 67 Dion C. Smythe vi Contents

7. Young People in Byzantium 81 Cecily Hennessy 8. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 93 Myrto Hatzaki 9. The Memory Culture of Byzantium 108 Amy Papalexandrou 10. Emotions in Byzantium 123 Martin Hinterberger 11. Having Fun in Byzantium 135 Shaun Tougher

Part II God and the World 147

12. Byzantine Views of God and the Universe 149 Mary Cunningham 13. Giving Gifts to God: Aspects of Patronage in 161 Vassiliki Dimitropoulou 14. Orthodoxy and Northern Peoples: Goods, Gods and Guidelines 171 Jonathan Shepard 15. Christology and Heresy 187 Andrew Louth 16. Beyond Byzantium: the Non-Chalcedonian Churches 199 Niall Finneran

Part III Reading Byzantine Texts 225

17. No Drama, No Poetry, No Fiction, No Readership, No Literature 227 Margaret Mullett 18. Rhetorical Questions 239 Mary Whitby 19. Text and Context in Byzantine Historiography 251 Roger Scott 20. Byzantine Narrative: the Form of Storytelling in Byzantium 263 Emmanuel C. Bourbouhakis and Ingela Nilsson 21. Byzantine Book Culture 275 Judith Waring Contents vii

Part IV Some Questions in Material Culture 289

22. Archaeology 291 James Crow 23. Makers and Users 301 Anthony Cutler 24. The Limits of Byzantine Art 313 Antony Eastmond 25. Icons and Iconomachy 323 Leslie Brubaker 26. The Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Renaissance 338 John Hanson 27. Late and Post-Byzantine Art under Venetian Rule: Frescoes versus Icons, and in the Middle 351 Angeliki Lymberopoulou Bibliography—Primary Sources 371 Bibliography 384 Index 443

Figures

8.1 Calendar icon illustrating the feast days for the months of September to November, eleventh century. Photo: Archive of St Catherine’ s Monastery, Sinai. 100 8.2 The Heavenly Ladder of John Klimakos , twelfth century. Photo: Archive of St Catherine’ s Monastery, Sinai. 102 8.3 Executioner, detail from the Massacre of the Innocents, wall-painting, c.1360–70, Church of the Prophet Elias, Thessalonike. Photo: Ninth Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Thessalonike, as reproduced in E. Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, A. Tourta (1997), Wandering in Byzantine Thessalonike, Kapon Editions, Athens. 103 9.1 Church of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Apse Mosaic. © Dumbarton Oaks, Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Washington, DC. 112 9.2 Bronze signet ring, inscribed “ Lord, help your servant Stephen, Amen. ” (British Museum). From Dalton 1961: Fig. 324. 119 9.3 Ephesos, Church of St John. Impost capitals with monogram of Theodora. © Dumbarton Oaks, Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Washington, DC. 119 21.1 Unpublished catalog from Patmos, November 20, 1307. Paper Roll. Used by permission of the Monastery of St John the Theologian, Patmos. 281 21.2 London, British Library Add. 39610, fo. 206r. Eleventh century. Parchment. Used by permission of the British Library. 284 x Figures

22.1 Skeleton excavated from the later church at Kilise Tepe in Isauria. The bones can be dated by radio - carbon dating to the late twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Photo: Mark Jackson. 295 22.2 The reconstructed fragments of an eighth/ninth- century amphora of the “ Byzantine globular” type, representing a survival from earlier Late Roman forms of LR 1 and 2. Photo: A. Vionis. 298 22.3 Excavations of a tenth- century boat at Yenikapi, Istanbul, 2005. Photo: Author. 299 26.1 David Composing the Psalms, Paris Psalter. (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale ms. Gr. 139) fo. 1v. © Bibliothèque nationale de France. 339 26.2 Io. Wall painting from the House of Meleager, Pompeii. © Stefano Bolognini. 340 26.3 The Veroli casket. London, Victoria and Albert Museum. © V&A Images, Victoria and Albert Museum. 340 26.4 Sacrifi ce of Iphigeneia, detail from the Veroli casket. London, Victoria and Albert Museum. © V&A Images, Victoria and Albert Museum. 341 26.5 The Sacrifi ce of Iphigeneia (after Timanthes). Painting from the House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii. Naples, Museo Nazionale. ALINARI Archives, Florence. 342 26.6 Cleomenes altar: Sacrifi ce of Iphigeneia. Florence, Museo degli Uffi zi. ALINARI Archives, Florence. 343 26.7 Cleomenes altar: Sacrifi ce of Iphigeneia. Florence: Museo degli Uffi zi. (engraving from Raoul Rochette, Monumens Iné dits , 1e partie, 1833, pl. 26, no. 1). The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. 344 27.1 Ioannis, donors in the nave (from left to right: female child, Manuel Melisourgos, Nikitas Sideris, Katerini [Sideri], Demitrios [Sideris]), 1327– 8. Fresco, church of the Archangel Michael at Kavalariana, Kandanos, Selino, prefecture of Chania, Crete. Photo: Author. 354 27.2 Manuel and Ioannis Fokas, Dormition of the Virgin (nave), 1445. Fresco, church of Saint Constantine at Avdou, Pediada, prefecture of Herakleion, Crete. Photo: Diana Newall. Used with permission. 355 27.3 Ioannis Pagomenos, detail with Christ and Angels from the Ascension (sanctuary), 1313– 14. Fresco, church of Saint George at Komitades, Sfakia, prefecture of Chania, Crete. Photo: Author. 358 Figures xi

27.4 Ioannis Pagomenos, Saint George killing the dragon (scene from the cycle of Saint George in the nave), 1313 – 14. Fresco, church of Saint George at Komitades, Sfakia, prefecture of Chania, Crete. Photo: Author. 359 27.5 Unknown painter, Saint George led to prison (scene from the cycle of Saint George in the nave), 1319. Fresco, church of Saint George at Cheliana, Mylopotamos, prefecture of Rethymnon, Crete. Photo: Author. 360 27.6 Unknown painter, male saint (sanctuary), 1383. Fresco, church of Saint John at Margarites, Mylopotamos, prefecture of Rethymon, Crete. Photo: Author. 361 27.7 , Winged Saint John the Baptist, fi rst half of the fi fteenth century. Tempera on panel, 122.3 × 97.5 cm. Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens. Used with permission of the Museum. 362 27.8 Attributed to Nikolaos Zafuris, Madre della Consolazione , late fi fteenth century. Tempera on panel, 56 × 62 cm. Collection Sonti. Used with the owner’s permission. 363 27.9 Michael Damaskinos, The Stoning of Saint Stephen , c.1590. 165.5 × 97.5 cm. Municipal Gallery of Corfu, Collection of Corfi ot Painting (sixteenth to twentieth centuries), Old Palace Section A, Corfu. Used with permission of the Municipal Gallery. 366 27.10 Michael Damaskinos, Noli me Tangere . End of sixteenth century. Tempera on panel, 109 × 87 cm. Saint Catherine’ s Monastery, Herakleion, Crete. Used with permission. 367 27.11 Viktor the priest, Morosini’ s banner, 1667. 190 × 188 cm. Museo Correr, . Used with permission of the Museo. 368

Maps

1.1 Map of the Byzantine Empire, c.AD 400. 4 1.2 Map of the Byzantine Empire, c.1050. 6 27.1 Map of Crete with the four prefectures. Author. 352 27.2 Map of Crete with the nineteen provinces. Author. 353 27.3 Map with the churches signed by Ioannis Pagomenos. Author. 357