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Fish and Tetrapods

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Fish and Tetrapods Fish and Tetrapods Geology 331 Paleontology Phylum Chordata: Subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and: Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha: jawless fish, includes the hagfish, conodonts, lampreys, and ostracoderms (armored jawless fish) Gnathostomes: jawed fish (an evolutionary grade, not a taxon) Class Placoderms: armored fish Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fish Class Osteichthyes: bony fish Subclass Actinopterygians: ray-finned fish Subclass Sarcopterygians: lobe-finned fish Order Dipnoans: lung fish Order Crossopterygians: coelocanths and rhipidistians Class Amphibia Fish-tetrapod phylogeny Prothero, 2007 Urochordates: Sea Squirts. Adults have a pharynx with gill slits. Larval forms are free-swimming and have a notochord. Chordates are thought to have evolved from the larval form by precocious sexual maturation. Tunicates or Sea Squirts mobile larva sessile adult Chordate evolution Prothero, 2007 Cephalochordate: Branchiostoma, the lancelet Pikaia, a cephalochordate from the Burgess Shale Haikouella, a cephalochordate from the Lower Cambrian of China A toothless, jawless hagfish Haikouichthys, vertebrate, Lower Cambrian of China - Chengjiang fauna, scale is 5 mm A living jawless fish, the lamprey, Class Agnatha Jawless fish do have teeth! A fossil jawless fish, Class Agnatha, Ostracoderm, Hemicyclaspis, Silurian Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Athenaegis, Silurian of Canada Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Pteraspis, Devonian of the U.K. Agnathan, Ostracoderm, Liliaspis, Devonian of Russia Jaws evolved by modification of the gill arch bones. The placoderms were the armored fish of the Paleozoic. Grew up to 10 m in length. Placoderm, Dunkleosteus, Devonian of Ohio Asterolepis, Placoderms, Devonian of Latvia Placoderm, Devonian of Australia Chondrichthyes, Great White Shark Fossil teeth of a Great White shark, Megalodon Himantura - a ray Fish Anatomy: Ray-finned fish Osteichthyes: ray-finned fish: clownfish Osteichthyes: ray-finned fish, deep water species Lophius, an Eocene fish showing the ray fins. This is an anglerfish. Osteichthyes, ray-finned fish, Jurassic Leptolepis, ray-finned, Jurassic of Australia Osteichthyes, ray-finned fish, Eocene, Wyoming Fish Anatomy: Lobe-finned fish Bone structure in fins of ray-finned and lobe-finned fish Comparison of Ray Fins and Lobe Fins Osteichthyes, lobe-finned fish, Devonian of Scotland Coelocanth, a living lobe- finned fish: Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygian Skeleton of the coelocanth A Coelocanth Evolution of the tetrapod walking leg from the lobe fin Sauripterus, rhipidistian, Late Devonian, Pennsylvania Evolution of tetrapod legs from lobe fins, late Devonian to early Mississippian Evolution of Tetrapods Prothero, 2007 Late Devonian fin with fingers from a lobe- finned fish, Pennsylvania Tiktaalik rosea from the Late Devonian of Ellsmere Island, Canada, 2006 Tiktaalik rosea from the Late Devonian of Ellsmere Island, Canada, 2006 Tiktaalik rosea on Colbert Report Tetrapods: Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, Devonian of Greenland. Fish or Tetrapods? Skull roof of the Late Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega Acanthostega using its legs to lift its head out of the stagnant water to breathe Hindlimb of Ichthyostega, Devonian of Greenland Fish with Fingers, Jenny Clack Ichthyostega: Photographs of part and counterpart superimposed to show seven digits South American lungfish in its burrow. The lung evolved in early Devonian bony fish and became the swim bladder of ray-finned fish. An Australian lungfish with well developed lobe fins Mudskippers, ray-finned fish acting like amphibians. They gulp air into their swim bladder. A Frog Fish, a modern ray-finned fish with “fingers” The evolutionary step from fish to amphibian was not difficult. Old Theory: Lungs evolved while looking for water in the Devonian when streams dried up during drought. New Theory: Lungs evolved for rapid swimming in the open ocean. Later became the float bladder in most fish. Permian amphibian, Seymouria, with 5 digits Summary of the Mid Paleozoic terrestrial invasion Guiness “Evolution” Video If Jurassic Park Were In Different Geological Eras.
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