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Thegreatestshowonearth-Indonesian.Pdf 1 PERTUNJUKAN TERHEBAT DI MUKA BUMI BUKTI YANG MENDUKUNG EVOLUSI RICHARD DAWKINS Diterjemahkan oleh Wahyu Ginting Terjemahan ini diterbitkan dan tersedia GRATIS di translationsproject.org 2 Daftar Isi Prakata ............................................................................................................................. 3 BAB 1 HANYA TEORI? ............................................................................................... 5 BAB 2 ANJING, SAPI, DAN KUBIS ......................................................................... 16 BAB 3 JALAN BERTABUR BUNGA MENUJU MAKRO-EVOLUSI ................. 31 BAB 4 KEHENINGAN DAN WAKTU YANG LAMBAT ...................................... 58 BAB 5 DI DEPAN MATA KEPALA KITA .............................................................. 74 BAB 6 MATA RANTAI YANG HILANG? APA MAKSUDNYA, ‘HILANG’? ... 96 BAB 7 ORANG-ORANG HILANG? TIDAK HILANG LAGI ............................. 121 BAB 8 ANDA SENDIRI MELAKUKANNYA DALAM SEMBILAN BULAN .. 139 BAB 9 BAHTERA BENUA-BENUA ....................................................................... 167 BAB 10 POHON KEKERABATAN SEPUPU ........................................................ 188 BAB 11 SEJARAH TERTULIS DI SEKUJUR TUBUH KITA ............................ 222 BAB 12 PERLOMBAAN SENJATA DAN ‘TEODISI EVOLUSIONER’ ........... 245 BAB 13 ADA KEMEGAHAN DALAM CARA PANDANG INI .......................... 260 LAMPIRAN PARA PENYANGKAL SEJARAH................................................... 279 CATATAN ................................................................................................................... 285 DAFTAR PUSTAKA DAN BACAAN LANJUT ..................................................... 293 UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH UNTUK GAMBAR .................................................... 302 BAGIAN GAMBAR BERWARNA ............................................................................. 302 ILUSTRASI DI TEKS .................................................................................................. 304 Terjemahan ini diterbitkan dan tersedia GRATIS di translationsproject.org 3 Prakata BUKTI yang mendukung evolusi kian hari kian bertambah dan kuat. Sebaliknya, di saat bersamaan, posisi kaum oposisi yang miskin informasi pun, seingat saya, tidak pernah sekuat ini. Buku ini adalah rangkuman saya pribadi atas bukti bahwa ‘teori’ evolusi itu sebenarnya fakta – tak terbantahkan, layaknya fakta dalam ilmu sains mana pun. Ini bukan buku pertama yang saya tulis mengenai evolusi, dan saya perlu menjelaskan apa yang berbeda di buku ini. Buku ini bisa dianggap sebagai mata rantai saya yang hilang. The Selfish Gene dan The Extended Phenotype menawarkan visi yang tak biasa atas teori seleksi alam yang kita kenal, tetapi keduanya tidak membahas bukti pendukung evolusi itu sendiri. Tiga buku saya selanjutnya, dengan caranya masing-masing, berupaya menemukenali, dan meruntuhkan, tembok-tembok penghalang pemahaman yang utama. Buku-buku ini, The Blind Watchmaker, River Out of Eden dan (favorit saya dari ketiganya) Climbing Mount Improbable, menjawab pertanyaan seperti, ‘Apa guna setengah mata?’ ‘Apa guna setengah sayap?’ ‘Walau sebagian besar mutasi berefek negatif, mengapa seleksi alam tetap dapat berjalan?’ Akan tetapi, sekali lagi, ketiga buku ini, walau menyingkirkan batu- batu sandungan, tidak menyajikan bukti aktual bahwa evolusi itu fakta. Buku saya yang paling tebal, The Ancestor’s Tale, menghamparkan sejarah panjang kehidupan, sebagai semacam ziarah Chaucerian ke masa lalu untuk mencari nenek moyang. Namun, tetap saja buku tersebut mengasumsikan bahwa evolusi itu benar adanya. Saat melihat kembali semua buku tersebut, saya menyadari bahwa bukti pendukung evolusi itu sendiri tidak disajikan secara eksplisit, dan bahwa ada celah besar yang perlu saya isi. Tahun 2009 tampaknya menjadi waktu yang pas, karena menandai harlah Darwin yang ke-200 dan peringatan 150 tahun On the Origin of Species. Tidak mengejutkan kalau orang lain juga berpikiran sama dengan saya. Tahun 2009 ditandai hadirnya berbagai jilid buku yang sangat baik, dengan Why Evolution is True karya Jerry Coyne sebagai punggawa terdepan. Ulasan saya yang memuji buku tersebut, yang diterbitkan oleh Times Literary Supplement dapat dilihat di http://richarddawkins.net/article,3594,Heat-the-Hornet,Richard- Dawkins. Judul sementara yang digunakan agen saya yang visioner dan tak kenal lelah, John Brockman, saat menawarkan bakal buku ini ke para penerbit adalah Only a Theory. Belakangan kami ketahui bahwa Kenneth Miller telah terlebih dahulu memilih judul tersebut untuk buku tanggapannya atas salah satu dari persidangan-persidangan besar yang kadang digelar untuk memutuskan silabus-silabus ilmiah. (Miller sendiri telah berperan heroik di persidangan tersebut.) Lagi pula, saya memang meragukan kecocokan judul tersebut untuk buku saya, dan saya siap menggugurkannya ketika menyadari bahwa judul yang sempurna ternyata telah lama mengintai. Beberapa tahun yang lalu, seorang pendukung anonim mengirimi saya sebuah kaos dengan sablon slogan bergaya sirkus: ‘Evolution – The Greatest Show on Earth – The Only Game in Town!’ (‘Evolusi – Pertunjukan Terhebat di Muka Bumi – Satu-satunya Penjelasan atas Kehidupan!’). Sesekali, saya memakainya saat memberi kuliah dengan judul yang sama, dan saya tiba-tiba tersadar bahwa slogan itu ideal untuk judul buku ini sekali pun versi lengkapnya terlalu panjang. Saya perpendek menjadi The Greatest Show on Earth (Pertunjukan Terhebat di Muka Bumi). ‘Hanya Teori’, dengan tanda Terjemahan ini diterbitkan dan tersedia GRATIS di translationsproject.org 4 tanya yang sengaja saya tempatkan untuk mengantisipasi perilaku membajak kutipan ala kaum kreasionis, tetap cocok untuk judul Bab 1. Banyak orang telah membantu saya dalam proses penulisan buku ini, termasuk Michael Yudkin, Richard Lenski, George Oster, Caroline Pond, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Jonathan Hodgkin, Matt Ridley, Peter Holland, Walter Joyce, Yan Wong, Will Atkinson, Latha Menon, Christopher Graham, Paula Kirby, Lisa Bauer, Owen Selly, Victor Flynn, Karen Owens, John Endler, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, Sheila Lee, Phil Lord, Christine DeBlase, dan Rand Russell. Sally Gaminara dan timnya di Inggris serta Hilary Redmon dan timnya di Amerika telah memberikan dukungan dan semangat serba bisa yang mengagumkan. Saat buku ini tengah memasuki tahap-tahap akhir produksi, penemuan- penemuan baru yang menggembirakan tiga kali dilaporkan dalam literatur ilmiah. Tiap kalinya, saya dengan malu-malu bertanya apakah prosedur publikasi buku yang tertib dan kompleks boleh dilanggar sedikit untuk mengakomodasi temuan baru tersebut. Pada tiga momen itu, berbeda dari orang-orang penerbitan pada umumnya, Sally dan Hilary menanggapi revisi di menit-menit terakhir ini tanpa rasa jengkel sama sekali; malah menyambutnya dengan antusiasme ceria dan melakukan segala daya dan upaya untuk mewujudkannya. Gillian Somerscales, yang menyunting salinan naskah dan menyusun buku ini dengan kecerdasan serta kepekaan terpelajar, juga sama bersemangat dan ringan tangannya. Istri saya Lalla Ward telah sekali lagi menjaga nyala semangat saya, dengan kritik terkait gaya bahasa dan saran yang khas bergaya. Buku ini mulai saya bayangkan dan tulis pada bulan-bulan terakhir masa bakti saya sebagai profesor Charles Simonyi dan selesai setelah saya pensiun. Purnabakti dari jabatan Profesor Simonyi, empat belas tahun dan tujuh buku setelah pertemuan penting kami, saya ingin sekali lagi mengutarakan rasa terima kasih dan apresiasi saya kepada Charles. Lalla dan saya berharap persahabatan dengan Charles dapat terus berlanjut. Buku ini saya persembahkan untuk Josh Timonen. Teriring rasa terima kasih saya kepadanya dan kepada tim kecil penuh dedikasi yang dahulu bekerja bersamanya untuk membangun RichardDawkins.net. Warganet mengenal Josh sebagai seorang perancang situs web dengan semangat bergelora, tetapi itu hanyalah ujung dari gunung es yang menakjubkan. Bakat kreatif Josh mengakar begitu dalam, tetapi imaji gunung es saja tidak cukup mewadahi luasnya kontribusi yang ia berikan dalam upaya bersama kami, pun hangatnya sikap jenaka yang ia pancarkan bersama kontribusi tersebut. Terjemahan ini diterbitkan dan tersedia GRATIS di translationsproject.org 5 BAB 1 HANYA TEORI? BAYANGKAN Anda seorang guru sejarah Romawi dan bahasa Latin, yang getol membagikan antusiasmenya tentang dunia kuno – tentang elegi Ovid dan ode Horace, tata bahasa Latin yang hemat ketat sebagaimana terlihat dalam orasi Cicero, kerapian siasat Perang Punisia, kepanglimaan Julius Caesar, dan kelewahan menggairahkan para kaisar setelahnya. Itu semua berat dan butuh waktu, konsentrasi, dan dedikasi. Tetapi waktu Anda yang berharga terus diincar, dan perhatian murid di kelas Anda diusik, oleh lolongan sekawanan ignoramus (sebagai sarjana bahasa Latin Anda pasti tahu bahwa kata jamak yang semestinya adalah ‘ignorami’) yang, dengan dukungan politis dan, terlebih, dukungan finansial yang kuat, kasak-kusuk tak kenal lelah untuk mencoba meyakinkan murid-murid Anda yang malang bahwa orang Romawi tidak pernah ada. Kekaisaran Romawi itu tidak pernah ada. Seisi dunia mengada baru-baru ini saja, cuma sedikit lebih awal dari usia ingatan kita. Bahasa Spanyol, Italia, Prancis, Portugal, Katala, Oksitan, Roman: semua bahasa ini dan dialek-dialek terkaitnya telah mencuat tiba-tiba dan sendiri-sendiri, tanpa kaitan sama sekali dengan bahasa pendahulu seperti Latin. Alih-alih mencurahkan perhatian penuh pada bakti mulia sebagai sarjana atau guru sejarah klasik, Anda terpaksa mengalihkan waktu dan
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