CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

INTRODUCTION A. Epithelium Tissue Tissue : A group of cells in which cells are similar in I. Characteristics of epithelial tissue structure , function and origin is called tissue. 1. During embryonic development epithelium orginates first. Group of similar cells along with intercellular 2. Power of regeneration is present in this tissue while substance perform a specific function such power of regeneration is absent or least power is organisation is called tissue. But in a tissue, cells found in nervous tissue . may be dissimilar in structure and function but they are always similar in origin. 3. This tissue faces either a body fluid or outside environment and thus provide a covering or a lining. Organ : Tissues are organised in specific proportion and pattern to form organ. 4. Word epithelium is composed of two words. Organ system: When two or more organ perform A tissue which grows upon another tissue is called common function by their physical &/or chemical Epithelium. interaction, they together form organ system. Division of labour: Cell, tissue, organs and organ systems splits up the work in a way that they exhibit division of labour. 1. Types of Animal Tissue On the basis of functions & structure tissues are of four types : 1. Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue : Covering & protective tissue . 2. Connective Tissue - To connect structures, provide support to the body and transport substances in the body. 3. Muscular Tissue - Helps in contraction & locomotion. Fig. 1.1 4. Nervous tissue - To generate and conduct nerve Epi - Upon Thelia - growth impulses in body.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND » Word Epithelium was given by - Ruysch » Word animal tissue was coined by - Bichat (Plant tissue by - Grew). » Study of tissue - Histology. » Histology word was given by - Mayer » Father of Histology - Bichat » Detail study of tissue is called Microscopic anatomy. » Founder of microscopic anatomy - Marcello Malpighi CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota 6 | Theory and Exercise Book

5. It always rest upon underlaying connective tissue. (ii) Adhering / Desmosomes - This type of Epithelium is the only tissue in which cells are always (Macula Adherens) Junction consists of arranged in uniform layer. disc - like protein plate with intermediate Epithelium cells are compactly packed with little fibre known as tonofibrils composed of intercellular matrix. keratin like protein. These filaments are 6. Due to absence of intercellular spaces blood vessels, deeply situated in the cytoplasm of lymph vessels & capillaries are unable to pierce respective cell. These structures provide this tissue so blood circulation is absent in epithelium. mechanical support to stratified Hence cells depend for their nutrients on underlying epithelium or performing cementing to connective tissue. keep neighbouring cell together. e.g. 7. Basement membrane : Between epithelium and Stratified epithelium connective tissue, a thin non living acellular basement (iii) Tight Junction - At some places plasma membrane is present which is highly permeable. membrane of adjacent cells become fused Basement membrane consist of 2 layers. to form tight junction to stop substances (a) Basal lamina : Towards epithelium and it from leaking across a tissue. These is made up of glycoprotein, which is structures are mostly found in columnar secreted by epithelium cells. epithelium. (b) Fibrous lamina : Towards connective (iv) Gap Junction - Facillate the cells to tissue, in which collagen and reticular fibres communicate with each other by are suspended in mucopolysaccharide which connecting cytoplasm of adjoining cells for is matrix of connective tissue. rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and Mucopolysaccharide is present in the form sometimes big molecules. of Hyaluronic acid.

Fig. 1.2 So basement membrane is secreted by both epithelium III. Modification of plasma membrane of and connective tissue. epithelial tissue : II. Cell Junction: To provide both structural and (i) Microvilli functional link between its individual cell epithelial 1. These are minute process which are non cells modify to form following structures motile, non contractile. They increase (Intercellular Junctions) : surface area by more than 20 times. (i) Interdigitation - Finger like processes of 2. They help in absorption, secretion and plasma membrane which enter into excretion. cytoplasm of adjacent cell. These These are present in the wall of Intestine, structures are mainly found in transitional Gall bladder, Proximal convoluted epithelium. tubule etc. CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 7

(ii) Cilia or Kinocilia 4. Lining of brain ventricle & central canal of spinal 1. Long cylindrical process, those are motile cord is lined by :- and contractile. (A) Ependyma epithelium 2. These helps in movement of particles or (B) Endothelium mucus in a specific direction. Mainly (C) Mesothelium present in the inner surface of hollow (D) Neurosensory organs. 5. Desmosomes : 3. These are found in e.g. - Fallopian tube, Uterus (Cilia is only (A) Connect the Epithelial cells present in patches). (B) are types of lysosomes - Trachea and Bronchioles (C) are granules of muscle fibres - Ependymal epithelium: (Inner lining of (D) Found in Bone ventricles of brain and central canal of 6. Ciliated Epithelium found in : spinal cord. Function of cilia is to (A) Oviduct (B) Trachea conduct substances in CSF) (C) Brain ventricles (D) All of these (iii) Steriocilia 7. Gap junctions : (i) Long process those are non motile and non (A) help to stop substances from leaking across a contractile. tissue. (ii) Its plasma membrane is thick and rigid. (B) perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells (iii) They increase surface area and found in together eg. - Epididymis - Vasa deferens (C) provide stretchability to the epithelium Origin of Epithelium Tissue (D) facilitate the cells to communicate with each It is the only tissue which originated from all the other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells three primordial germinal layers. 8. Condition necessary for the formation of organ eg. (i) Ectodermal- Epidermis (stratified system: squamous Epithelium) (A) presence of all four basic type of tissues (ii) Mesodermal - Mesothelium (simple (B) Chemical interaction squamous Epithelium) (C) Physical interaction (iii) Endodermal - Inner living of gut (simple (D) All of these columnar Epithelium) 9. Tissue which provide support to the body is : CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS-1 (A) Epithelial tissue (B) Connective tissue (C) Muscular tissue (D) Nervous tissue 1. Epithelial tissue origined from :- 10. Intercellular junction which helps in exchange of (A) Ectoderm (B) Endoderm substances is : (C) Mesoderm (D) All of these (A) Tight junction (B) Gap junction 2. Basement membrane is composed of :- (A) Hyaluronic Acid + glycoproteins (C) Interdigitation (D) Desmosome (B) Only mucopolysacharides ANSWERKEY

(C) Endodermal cells (D) Epidermal cells 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. A 3. Stereocilia present in :- 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. A (A) Epididymis (B) Seminal vesicle 9. B 10. B (C) Ureter (D) Kidney

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 8 | Theory and Exercise Book

IV. Types of Epithelium Tissue | On the basis of number of cell layers

Simple epithelial Tissue Compound epithelial Tissue - Composed of single layer of cells - Consists of 2 or more cell layers - Functions as lining for body cavities, - It has protective function as it ducts and tubes does in our skin

On the bssis of shape / structural modifications of cells

(1) Simple Squamous (2) Simple Cuboidal (3) Simple Columnar (4) Pseudostratified (a) Simple Epithelium Tissue 1. Simple Squamous epithelium (i) Single layer of flat, scale like cell with irregular boundries. (ii) It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile like appearance.

Fig. 1.3 (iii) It is also called Tesselated to its wavy epithelium due appearance.

Functions:

Fig. 1.4 eg. It is found in the lining of : - Bowman's capsule (podocyte)

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 9

- Tubular part of Nephrons Modifications of simple cuboidal epithelium (i) Brush bordered cuboidal epithelium : When microvilli are present on free end of cuboidal cells then it is called as brush bordered cuboidal epithelium. It is found in PCT of nephron. (ii) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium : When cilia present on free end of cuboidal cells then it is called as ciliated cuboidal epithelium. It Fig. 1.5 is found in neck of the nephron and in - Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes) collecting duct. 3. Simple columnar Epithelium (i) Cells are pillar like in shape. (Tall and Slender) (ii) Elongated nucleus is present at the base of cell. Function: It helps in absorption and secretion. eg. Bile Duct, Liver Fig. 1.6 Modifications of Simple Columnar epithelium - Mesothelium - Covering of coelom is called (a) Brush Bordered Columnar epithelium : When as mesothelium.(Tesselated). (Visceral & microvilli are present on free end of columnar Parietal peritonium, Visceral and parietal epithelium. pleura, Visceral and Parietal, (pericardium). e.g. Gall bladder - Endothelium - Inner lining of blood vessels (b) Glandular columnar epithelium : Unicellular and lymph vessels. (Tesselated) mucous secreting goblet cells are also present in - Inner lining of heart wall (Tesselated). between columnar cells. 2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium eg. Stomach, Colon, Rectum (i) Cells are cube like in shape. (c) Glandular Brushbordered columnar (ii) This e pithelium is also called Germinal epithelium: When microvilli present on free end of columnar cells and in between these cells goblet epthelium because in gonads (testis & cells are also present. ovaries) cubodial cells divide to form egg eg. Duodenum and Ileum & sperm . (d) Ciliated Columnar epithelium : When cilia are Functions : This epithelium helps in absorption, present on free end of columnar cells. secretion & excretion.

Eg. - Vesicles of Thyroid gland Fig. 1.7 Eg. Fallopian Tube and Ependymal epithelium of brain ventricles - Acini of Pancreas (e) Sterio ciliated columnar epithelium: When - Sweat glands steriocilia are present on free end of columnar cells. - Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye Eg. Epididymis and Vasa deferens

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 10 | Theory and Exercise Book

Fig. 1.8 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Pseudostratified ciliated columnar glandular epithelium [PSCCGE) : (i) These cells are pillar like in shape so it is also a In this epithelium cillia are present of free end of modification of columnar epithelium. long cells and goblet cells are also present in this (ii) In this epithelium two types of cells are present epithelium. i.e.Long cells, Short cells. eg. Trachea Bronchioles Respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers.

(b) Compound Epithelium It is multilayered and have limited role in secretion and absorption. It provide protection against chemical & mechanical stress.

Fig. 1.9 On the basis of stretching ability it is of 2 types (1) Transitional epithelium :- Stretchable. (iii) Nucleus in both cells are present on (2) Stratified epithelium :- Non-stretchable. different level so it appears bilayered because few 1. Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) cells are too short to reach the top (1) In resting conditions a thin basement membrane is surface. But all cells are present on single basement present but on stretching basement membrane membrane so it is unilayered. almost get disappeared.

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 11

(2) In this epithelium 4-6 layers of cells are persent. (ii) Middle layers are made up of polygonal cells. These cells are interconnected with Desmosomes which provide rigidity or mechanical support. (iii) Cells of outermost layer are scale like flat cells. On the basis of presence of keratin protein in the outer most cells this epitheluim is of two types. 1. Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium. If keratin protein is present in scaly cells Fig. 1.10 and cells become non nucleated dead cells. - Inner most layer of cell is composed of cube like eg. Epidermis of skin, Scale, Hom, Nails, cells. Feathers etc. - Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shaped 2. Non Keratinized Stratified squamous or umbrella shaped cells/Polyheadral cells. epithelium. - Outermost 1 or 2 layers are of oval shaped cells. If Keratin protein is absent. Cells are - These different shape of cells appears only in nucleated and living. resting stage. when this tissue is stretched, all the eg. - Buccal cavity or oral cavity of cells become flattened. mammals - At outermost layer a thin cuticle line is present - Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard which makes this tissue water proof. palate, tonsils, - Cells are interconnected by interdigitation. - Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anal canal, Eg. Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, - lining of vagina Proximal part of male urethra. - Cornea of eye 2. Stratified Epithelium STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM On the basis of shape of the cells of outermost layer 1. lnner most layer is cuboidal. it is of three types. 2. Middle layer - polygonal shaped cells. (A) STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM 3. Outermost layer of cells are cube like & (i) Innermost layer of cells are of cuboidal. These cells cells are nucleated & living. have high mitotic index. They get their nutrition from Eg. Secretory duct of sweat glands, mammary underlaying connective tissue. They divide to from glands and sebaceous gland, pancreas, layers of Stratified epithelium so this layer is called salivary glands. as Germinativum layer. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Outermost layer is composed of pillar shaped cells, cells are nucleated. On the basis of presence of cilia this epithelium is of 2 types (1) Ciliated stratified columnar epithelium. Eg. Buccopharyngeal cavity of Frog. Larynx (B) Non ciliated stratified columnar epithelium. Cilia absent on free end. Fig. 1.11 Eg. Epiglottis.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 12 | Theory and Exercise Book

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

Fig. 1.12 V. GLANDS Secretory matter is comparitively A cell or a group of cells which secretes chemical concentrate. substances are called glands. - Mammary glands. All glands are composed of Epithelium tissue. Some columnar or cuboidal cells get specialised for secretion known as Glandular epithelium. Glands can be originate from all the three germinal layers. Detachment of whole cell alongwith CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS secretory material (a) On the basis of method of the secretion.

(i) Endocrine glands :- Secretory duct Holocrine absent and secrete hormones. Their products called hormones are secreted directly into the fluid bathing the gland. Pinched off apical (ii) Exocrine gland :- Secretory duct present portion of cell - secretes mucus, saliva, ear wax, oil, milk and enzymes. (iii) Heterocrine/mixed gland :- Both

endocrine & exocrine parts are present. Aporcine eg, Pancreas, Gonads etc. (b) On the basis of nature of secretion :- 3 types Intact cell of glands are there Secretory product (i) Acrine/Merocrine gland :- In these glands secretory cells secrete substances by simple diffusion (Exocytosis). No part of cytoplasm is destroyed in secretion. Merocrine

Eg. Sweat glands, Goblet cells, Salivary Fig. 1.13 gland, Tear gland, Intestinal glands, (iii) Holocrine glands :- The production or Mucous gland. secretion is shed with whole cell leading to (ii) Apocrine gland :- In this type of glands its destruction. i.e Whole cell is shed as secretory products are collected in apical secretion (Secretory matter concentrate) part of secretory cell and apical portion is Example: Sebaceous, meibomian & Zeis gland. also shed alongwith secretory matter. CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 13

On the basis of number of cells

(c) (a) Unicellular glands (Isolated glandular cell) (b) Multicellular glands Eg. Goblet cells, Paneth cells (Consisting of cluster of cell) Fig. 1.14

Unicellular gland

Multicellular gland

(a) (b) Unicellular Multicellular Fig. 1.15

(d) On the basis of Shape of secretory unit

(1) Tubular glands (2) Saccular/Alveolar glands (3) Compound tubulo saccular - Active mammary glands - Parotid gland - Pancreas (A) Simple glands (B) Compound tubular glands eg. - Brunner's gland - Mammary glands of Prototheria - Inactive mammary glands of eutheria

(i) S. Tubular glands eg. Intestinal glands (Crypts of leiberkuhn)

(A) Simple Glands (ii) S. coiled tubular (B) Compound alveolar glands - Sweat glands eg - Sublingual gland - Submandibular gland

(iii) S. branched tubular - Gastric glands (i) Simple Alveolar (ii) Simple branched eg- Cutaneous glands alveolar of frog eg. Sebaceous glands - Poison glands - Mucous glands

Fig. 1.16

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 14 | Theory and Exercise Book

Duct

Simple tubular Simple branched Simple coiled Simple alveolar Simple branched tubular tubular alveolar

Compound tubular Compound alveolar Compound tubuloalveolar

Fig. 1.17

CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS-2 (C) Transitional epithelium (D) Compound epithelium 1. Pseudostratified epithelium is present in : 6. Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is (A) Nephron & Neuron found in : (B) Larynx & Pharynx (A) Skin (B) Stomach (C) Trachea & Bronchi (C) Oesophagus (D) Intestine (D) Urinary Bladder & Intestine 7. Inner lining of gut, stomach & liver is made up of : 2. Transitional Epithelium is found in : (A) Simple squamous (A) Renal pelvis & Ureter (B) Simple cuboidal (B) Urinary bladder (C) Simple columnar (C) Upper part of male urethra (D) Pseudo stratified epithelium . (D) All of above 8. Cells of Peritoneum comprise : 3. Columnar Epithelium with microvilli or Brush Border (A) Ciliated Epithelium is present in : (B) Glandular Epthelium (A) Gall Bladder (B) Stomach (C) Columnar Epithelium (C) Appendix (D) Pharynx (D) Squamous Epithelium 4. The internal lining of blood vessels is called as : 9. Stratified squamous Epithelium :- (A) Mesothelium (A) Outer most layer squamous & Inner most is (B) Endothelium cuboidal (C) Pavement Epithelium (B) Outer most layer cuboidal & Inner most is (D) Stratified Epithelium squamous 5. Which of the following tissue covers moist surface of buccal cavity and pharynx? (C) Outer most layer columnar & Inner most is (A) Cuboidal epithelium cuboidal (B) Columnar epithelium (D) Outer most layer cuboidal & Inner most is columar

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 15

10. The correct statement with respect to epithelial a. COMPONENT OF CONNECTIVE tissue is :- TISSUE PROPER A - cells are compactly packed Connective Tissue Proper is composed of three B - cells have no intercellular matrix components C - cells have little intracellular material (A) Defferent types of cells. D - it is single or multilayered (B) Fibres. (A) A & D (B) B & C (C) Matrix. (C) A, C & D (D) All of these CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE ANSWERKEY PROPER 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B I. FIBROBlAST CELLS 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. D (i) Largest cell of connective tissue proper. 9. A 10. C (ii) Maximum in number. B. Connective Tissue (iii) Branched cytoplasmic process arise from these cells I. Characteristics of Connective Tissue so they appear irregular in shape. (i) O. Hartwig called them Mesenchyme because they originated from embryonic mesoderm (ii) It is most abundant and widely distributed for linking and supporting. II. Types of Connective Tissue

(iii) On the basis of matrix connective tissue is of 3 types. Cytoplasmic 1. Connective Tissue Proper :- Matrix soft processes and fibrous 2 . Connective Tissue Skeleton :- Dense Fig. 1.18 and mineralised matrix. Due to deposition (iv) Main function or primary function of these cells is of minerals it becomes hard. to produces fibres. Fibres are composed of protein. 3. Connective tissue Vascular :- Liquid and (v) They also synthesize most part of matrix of fibres free matrix. connective Tissue. (Chief matrix producing cell) In all connective tissue except blood, cells secretes fibres of structural protein (like collagen & elastin) and matrix. Connective tissue

Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Specialised C.T. (More matrix, less fibres) (More fibres, less matrix)

Areolar Adipose Dense Dense Skeletal C.T. Fluid C.T. tissue tissue regular irregular tissue tissue Matrix solid and liquid and fibre mineralised free matrix eg. Cartilage and bone eg. Blood & lymph Fig. 1.19

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 16 | Theory and Exercise Book

(vi) Old fibroblast cells (fibrocyte) are inactive cells and (iv) In their cytoplasm basophilic granules are present synthesize only little part of matrix. which can be stained with basic dye Methylene (vii) Fibroblast cells are also considered as Blue. undifferentiated cells of connective tissue because (v) It is important cell of connective tissue proper as they can be modified into Osteoblast & they perform important functions. Chondrioblast cells to produce bone & cartilage. (a) Histamine :- Histamine is a amino acid derivative. Function: (1) To produce fibres (B) To secrete It is a vasodilator which dilate blood vessels and matrix increase blood circulation in affected area. II. MACROPHAGES (HlSTEOCYTE) (i) It also increase permeability of blood capillaries. (i) Amoeboid in shape with bean (Reniform) or kidney (ii) When allergic substance enter into body mast cell shaped nucleus. stimulate and secrete histamine so a part of blood (ii) Cytoplasm quantity is more and cytoplasm is comes out from blood capillaries with WBC and agranular but due to presence of more number of accumulate in intercellular spaces. This part of blood lysosome it appears granular. is called as exudate which causes swelling in affected area. This swelling is red, warm & painful. This type of swelling is called inflammation. (b) Serotonin :- (i) It is also called as 5-hydroxy tryptamine. (ii) It is a amino acid derivative. It is a vasoconstrictor. It constricts vessels & decrease blood circulation. (iii) At the site of cut or injury mast cell secrate serotonin Fig. 1.20 which decrease high blood loss. (iii) They are phagocytic in nature. They destroy (c) Heparin :- Heparin is a mucopolysaccharide. It is bacteria & viruses by phagocytosis a natural anti coagulant. It prevents clotting of blood (iv) Also called as scavenger cells of connective tissue in uninjured blood vessels. (Prevent the conversion because they destroy dead or damaged cells to of prothrombin into thrombin). clean connective tissue. (d) Matrix is also synthesized by Mast cells. III. MAST CELLS (MASTOCYTES) IV. ADlPOSE CELLS (i) Amoeboidal in shape. (i) Oval shaped cells which stores fat. (ii) These are like basophils of blood in structure and (ii) Fat is collected in the form of fat globule. Fat globule function . is formed by the fusion of small oil droplets. (iii) In these cells 'S' shaped nucleus is present which is (iii) On the basis of number of fat globules adipocytes divided into 2 or 3 lobes. are of two types. (a) Monolocular adipocytes : (i) In these cells single large and central fat globule is present. (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm is peripheral and cytoplosm is less in amount (iii) Due to compression of fat globule, nucleus become flattened in shape. These adipocytes form white Fig. 1.21 fat.

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 17

(b) Multilocular adipocytes :- In these cells many Function: To produce, Secrete & transport of small fat globules are distributed in the cytoplasm antibody. around nucleus FIBRES (i) Cytoplasm is more in quantity. I. Collagen fibres (White fibres) (ii) Nucleus is rounded & found in the centre. 1. They are bright & white fibres composed of collagen (iii) These adipocytes form brown fat. Brown colour is protein. due to the presence of Cytochrome pigment. 2. It is present in maximum quantity in vertebrates and V. LYMPHOCYTES only collagen fibres constitutes one third part of connective tissue fibres. (i) Amoeboidal in shape with a large nucleus and 3. They are wavy & tough fibres always arranged in cytoplasm is present as peripheral layer. Cytoplasm bundle. Bundle is called fascia. quantity is less. 4. On boiling they convert into gelatin. (ii) It's function is to produce, transport & secretes II. Elastic fibres - (Yellow fibres) antibodies. (iii) They divide to form plasma cells of connective tissue 1. They are yellow in colour and composed of elastin protein. proper. 2. They are branched fibres but always arranged singly. Branches of these fibres form network. 3. In these fibres maximum elasticity is present. 4. They are highly resistant to chemicals. 5. When boiled they do not dissolve. III. Reticular Fibres :- 1. Also known as arzyrophil fibre since they can be stained with silver salts.

Fig. 1.22 2. They are composed of reticulin protein. VI. PLASMA CELL :- CART WHEEL CELL 3. They are highly branched fibres which always form (i) Amoeboidal in shape. dense network. (ii) In these cells rounded nucleus is present in which 4. They are delicate fibres. Elesticity is completely chromatin material is arranged like spokes (radial absent. rows) in a wheel so they are also called as Cart 5. These are mainly distributed in lymphoid organs like wheel cells. spleen or lymph nodes .

MATRIX (Ground substance) - Matrix is compsed of mucopolysaccharide (modified polysaccharide) which is present in the form of hyaluronic acid

Fig. 1.23 (iii) According to scientists these cells are formed by the division of lymphocytes. So they are also called as clone of lymphocytes.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 18 | Theory and Exercise Book

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (a) AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE (Loose Connective Tissue)

Fig. 1.25 (ii) If this tissue is treated with alcohol (organic solvent) Fat Fig. 1.24 will be dissolved completely and adipocytes will (i) Also known as loose connective tissue or spongy become vacuolated. tissue. (iii) On the basis of adipocytes 2 type of fats are found (ii) It is most widely distributed tissue in the body. in animals. (iii) In this tissue maximum intercellular space or (a) White fat (b) Brown fat substances/ matrix is present. (a) White fat :- It is composed of monolocular (iv) Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen adipocytes in which single large fat globule, fibres many gaps are present. These spaces are peripheral cytoplasm and peripheral nucleus is present. called Areolae. Due to less amount of cytoplasm, Mitochondria are (v) In areolae other components of connective tissue are also less in number. So they produce less energy. distributed like fibres, cells & matrix. Eg. Panniculas adiposus :- A thin continuous layer of (vi) Few elastic fibres are present but reticular fibres and white fat under the dermis of skin which is also, reticular cells are completely absent. called hypodermis of skin. (vii) In cells mast cells, macrophage & fibroblast are Yellow bone marow. more in number. Blubber :- Thick layer of white fat found under (viii) In these areolae blood vessels & nerve fibres are dermis of skin. Found in whale, seal elephants. also present. Hump of camel, Tail of marino sheep (ix) It is also present below the skin. (b) Brown fat :- It is composed of multilocular Eg. Tela Subcutanea:- A thin continuous layer which adipocytes in which many fat globules are present. connect skin with underlaying skelatal muscles Cytoplasm is more in amount. Due to more number (Panniculas carnosus) . In mammals skin is tightly of mitochondria it produces 20 times more energy attached with muscles. than white fat. Brown colour of fat is due to Sub mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine presence of cytochrome Pigment. (i) Cold resistance device in new born baby is (b) ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE due to presence of brown fat. (i) It is a modification of areolar connective tissue (Loose connective tissue). But in areolae major (ii) Rodents like rat, shrew. They are component is adipocytes which store fats. Blood hibernating animals & during hibernation vascular system is also present in this tissue. It is they obtain energy from stored brown fat. also present beneath the skin.

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 19

C. Dense Connective Tissue (i) Fibres and Fibroblast are compactly packed.

Fig. 1.26 - Renal capsule  Around kidney. (A) WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Glisson's capsule  Around hepatic lobule (i) In this tissue bundle of collagen fibres are more in - Duramater  Outermost covering of quantity & other components of connective tissue brain. proper are less in quantity. - Cornea of eye (B) YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ii) Yellow fibres & reticular fibres are completely (i) In this tissue yellow fibres are more in quantity but absent. collagen fibres are also present. (iii) In cells fibroblast and mast cells are more in number. (ii) Reticular fibres are absent. On the basis of arrangement of fibres & matrix this (iii) On the basis of distribution of fibres & matrix they tissue occurs in two forms. are of two types. (a) Cord (Dense regular tissue) : (a) Cord (Dense regular) :- In this form bundle of collagen 1. Bundle of collagen fibres & matrix are fibres & matrix distributed in a regular pattern & in distributed in regular pattern (alternate matrix yellow fibres form network. pattern). eg. Ligaments - A structure which connects bones. 2. Fibroblast cells are arranged in a series. (i) Strongest Ligament of body is Ilio femoral ligament. Mast cells are scattered in matrix. (ii) This ligament connects Ilium bone of pelvic girdle eg. Tendon :- A structure which connects muscles with femur bone of hind limb. & bones. (b) Sheath (Dense irregular) :- Irregular distribution of Strongest tendon of the body is Tendocalcaneal fibres and matrix with elastic fibre. eg. - Wall of lymph vessels & blood vessels tendon. This tendon connects gastrocnemius muscle True vocal cords of shank with calcaneum bone of ankle. It is also present in the skin (b) Sheath (Dense irregular) :- In this form there is 4. RETICUlAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE no regular pattern of fibres & matrix. Cells and fibres (i) It is also called lymphoid Tissue. are criss - crossed arranged. (ii) It is mostly found in lymphoid organs. eg. - Pericardium  Outer covering of heart. (iii) Provide support and strength and form the - Periosteum  Outer covering of bone. stroma (Frame work) of soft organs. - Perichondruim  Outer covering of eg. - Spleen cartilage. - Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Payer's Patches). - Epimysium  Covering of muscle. - Endosteum (covering of bone marrow cavity).

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 20 | Theory and Exercise Book

5. MUCOID CONNECTIVE TISSUE (B) Adipose C.T. Also calJed embryonic tissue becasue it is mainly (C) Reticular fibrous C.T. found during embryonic life. Its matrix is composed (D) Areolar C.T. of jelly like material called Wharton's Jelly. 8. a. Monocular b. less mitochondria eg. - Umbilical cord (connect placenta with foetus) c. less energy - Viterous humor -In viterous body of eye. The above three statements are related to - Comb of cock. (A) White fat - rat (B) White fat-new born baby CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS-3 (C) Brown fat - camel hump 1. Muscles are connected to Bone by means of : (D) White fat - yellow bone marrow (A) Cartilage (B) Ligaments 9. Yellow fibrous connective tissue is found in :- (C) Tendon (D) Adipose tissue a. Renal capsule b. True vocal cords 2. Brown adipose cells contain : c. Walls of blood vessels d . Epimysium (A) Only one fat globule (A) a, b (B) b, c (C) c, d (B) More than one fat globules (D) a, b, c (C) Without fat-globules 10. Lymphocytes are more in :- (D) Peripheral nucleus (A) White fibrous connective tissue 3. Histocytes destroy bacteria by : (B) Reticular fibrous connective tissue (A) Phagocytosis (C) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (B) Producing Antitoxins (D) Adipose connective tissue (C) Producing antibodies ANSWERKEY (D) Producing antigen 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 4. Plasma cell : 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D (A) Is modified B - lymphocytes of blood 9. B 10. B (B) Produce antigen b. Specialised Connective Tissue (C) Produce Heparin, Histamine, serotonin (Skeleton Connective Tissue) (D) Produce matrix & Fibres I. Characteristics 5. Yellow , White & Reticular fibres made up of protien (i) Matrix is dense & mineralised. Due to (A) Elastin , Reticulin, Collagen, respectively deposition of minerals it becomes hard. (B) Reticulin , Elastin, Collagen , respectively (ii) Also known as Supporting Tissue i.e . (C) Collagen , Elastin, Reticulin protien Provide support to body. (D) Elastin , Collagen , Reticulin protien Types 6. Which of the following is known as spongy 1. Cartilage 2. Bone connective tissue : CARTILAGE (A) Dense fibrous connective tissue (B) Adipose connective tissue (i) Outermost covering of cartilage is called Perichondrium which is composed of white fibres (C) Areolar connective tissue connective tissue. (D) Reticular fibrous connective tissue (ii) Cartilage producing cells are arranged on periphery 7. Which type of connective tissue used to form of cartilage known as Chondroblast. perimysium : (iii) These are active cell & divide to form (A) Dense fibrous C.T. chondrocytes, and synthesize the matrix of cartilage. CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 21

(c) Sternal part of ribs.(Coastal cartilage) (d) Larynx (e) Articular cartilage :- At the junction of two long bones on articular surface. At the end of long bone periosteum is absent and Hyaline cartilage is present known as Articular cartilage . 2. Fibrous cartilage (A) Elastic cartilage (i) In the matrix of this cartilage yellow fibres form Fig. 1.27 network so it is highly flexible cartilage of body. (iv) Mature cells of cartilage is called Chondrocytes (ii) Colour of matrix is pale yellow. (v) They are found in vacuole like space in matrix called Eg. a. Tip of Nose Lacuna. In which 1 - 4 Chontrocytes are present. b. Ear Pinna (Outer ear joint) (vi) Chondroclast are cartilage destroying cells. c. Epiglottis (vii) Matrix of cartilage is called chondrin composed of d. Wall of Eustachian tube chondromucoprotein having Chondrotin-6-sulphate (B) White fibrous cartilage and mucopolysacchride (Hyaluronic acid) (i) Perichondrium is absent because complete WFCT (viii) Matrix of cartilage provides rigidity & elasticity to is converted into cartilage. cartilage (matrix solid, pliable and resists (ii) In matrix bundle of collagen fibres are more in quantity so it is strongest cartilage. compression) Eg. (a) Pubic symphysis: Pubis bone (Half part of (ix) Blood circulation is absent in the matrix of cartilage but pelvic girdle Os innominatum are interconnected by blood supply present in perichondrium. Type of Cartilage pubic symphysis. - There are following types of cartilage (b) Intervertebral disc: A pad of cushion like 1. Hyaline cartilage structure which absorb mechanical shock & jerks and protect vertebral column. Central part of this (i) It is maximum in human body. disc is soft called as Nucleus pulposus. Slight (ii) Most of the part of embryonic skeleton is composed elongation of body after death or in sleeping posture of this cartilage. So maximum bones of body are is due to relaxation of this disc. cartilagenous bones because they are developed 3. Calcified cartilage from cartilage. (i) It is modified hyaline cartilage but due to deposition of (iii) Outermost covering perichondirum is present. calcium salts. Its matrix becomes hard like bones. (ii) It is hardest cartilage of the body. (iv) Matrix of this cartilage is glass like clear or hyaline (iii) Ca salt deposits in the form of Hydroxyapatite . matrix because fibres are completely absent in the Eg. Head of femur & humerus in man. matrix of this cartilage. BONE (v) Colour of matrix is bluish & it is transluscent/glass (i) Study of Bone - Osteology like. (ii) Process of bone formation - Ossification eg. (a) Nasal septum. (iii) Hardest Tissue - Bones (b) 'C' shaped rings of trachea and bronchi. (Incomplete in dorsal surface)

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 22 | Theory and Exercise Book

Organic part :- 32 - 35% Ossein in which bundle of collagen fibres suspended in sulphated mucopolysaccharide. Structure of long bone : Long bone has three region (1) Epiphysis (B) Diaphysis (C) Metaphysis Epiphysis (i) Ends of long bone is called Epiphysis. This part is Fig. 1.28 composed of spongy tissue. If this part is present at (iv) Softest Tissue - Blood. Hardest substance - Enamel. the joint then on articular surface periosteum is (It is not a group of cell but it is formed by the secretion absent & articular cartilage (Hyaline cartilage) is of ameloblast cells of teeth.) present. (v) Outermost covering of bone is Periosteum composed of (ii) It consist of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular white fibrous connective tissue. pattern of thin columns called Trabeculae. Between (vi) Bone producing cell is called Osteoblast. They divide to form Osteocyte & synthesize organic part of matrix. the trabeculae are present spaces filled up with red (vii) Mature cell of bone is called as Osteocyte which is found bone marrow. in lacuna. Only one osteocyte is found in one lacuna. (iii) It is composed of myeloid tissue which produce (viii) Bone destroying cells are Osteoclast cells blood corpuscles so epiphysis act as a haemopoietic Matrix - Hard and Non-Pliable organ. It has two parts Diaphysis Inorganic Part :- 65 - 68% (i) Middle part or shaft of long bone is diaphysis which Ca3(PO4)2 - 80% max. rest 20% CaCO3 (10%), is composed of compact bone. Mg3(PO4)2 (10%), Flourides (very less). (ii) In this region hollow cavity is present called bone marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow. Function of yellow bone marrow is storage of fat. Metaphysis (i) It formed little part between epiphysis & Diaphysis. (ii) In this region epiphyseal plate is present which is made up of osteoblast cells. They divide to form osteocyte and also synthesize matrix of bone, so epiphyseal plate is responsible for elongation of bone. (iii) After complete development of long bone this plate is destroyed. So in completely developed bone only 2 regions are found while in a developing bone 3 regions are present. Special points: Spongy Bones (i) Bones in which haversian canal systems are absent. In these bones marrow cavity is present in the form of trabeculae filled with RBM. So all spongy bones of body are haemopoietic. Fig. 1.29

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 23

Eg. Ribs, Pubis, Sternum, Vertebrae, These layers of matrix are called Lamellae. Clavicle, End of long Bones, Scapula On the basis of arrangement three types of lamellae Compact Bone are present in the matrix. In this bone haversian system is present. Eg. Diaphysis of long bone. Diploic/Heterotypic  In these bones middle part of bone is composed of spongy bone, in which trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow.While this bone is covered by compact bone on upper & lower surface. Eg. All flat bones of skull. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN BONE It has following major structures. 1. Periosteum 2. Matrix Fig. 1.30 3. Endosteum 1. Haversian lamellae 4. Bone marrow cavity 2. Interstitial lamellae 1. Periosteum 3. Circumferential lamellae. (i) Outermost covering of bone is called Periosteum. Haversian lamellae (ii) It consists of two layers. (i) Concentric layers of matrix which are present (iii) Outer layer consist of white fibrous connective tissue around haversian Canal. in which blood circulation is present. (iv) Inner layer - consists of single layer of osteoblast cells. (v) They divide to form osteocyte and secrete layers of matrix. 2. Matrix It is composed of inorganic & organic compounds. In the matrix of bone two types of canals are present. 1. Haversian canal 2. Volkmann's canal Fig. 1.31 Haversian Canal (ii) Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are Longitudnal canals which are arranged parallel to long also present. axis of bone. In these canals one or two blood (iii) Haversian canal, Haversian lamellae & Osteocyte form Haversian system or Osteon. capillaries and nerve fibres are present. (iv) Presence of haversian canal system is a typical Volkamann's canal feature of mammalian compact bones. (i) These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals. (v) Osteocyte are present in the lacuna. Each osteocyte is inter connected with adjacent osteocyte by their (ii) Haversian canals are interconnected by volkmann's canal. cytoplasmic process. (iii) Matrix of bone is synthesized in the form of layer. Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present in the canals of lacuna called as canaliculi. : [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 24 | Theory and Exercise Book

Interstitial Lamellae These bones are devloped from the connective These layers of matrix are present in the space tissue of dermis or formed by ossification in the between two haversian systems. connective tissue of dermis. Circumferential lamellae Eg. Pubis, Sternum, Clavicle, Scapula bone. Flat bones of skull Circumferential layer of matrix are of two types. 3. Sesamoid Bones 1. Outer circumferential lamellae: (i) These bones are developed by the ossification of - These are present around all haversian system. tendons at the joints. - These are peripheral layers of matrix. Eg. (a) Pisiform (wrist bone) of man. 2. Inner circumferential lamellae : (b) Patella (knee bone) Largest sesamoid bone. - Present around bone marrow cavity. MEMORY BOOSTER 3. Endosteum (i) Decalcified Bones :- If a bone is kept in dil HCL Endosteum consist of two layers. for 3 days then complete mineral part of the matrix 1. Towards bone marrow cavity layer lined with get dissolved in acid & organic part remain in the reticular fibrous connective tissue. bone so bone becomes soft & flexible. 2. Towards matrix of bone endosteum is lined with (ii) Dried Bone :- If a bone is kept in sunlight for long layer of osteoblast cells. They divide to form time then complete aqueous part of the bone osteocyte & synthesize matrix. So growth of bone disappear. In these bones empty lacuna & empty is bidirectional (Periphery & central region). While bone marrow cavity is present. Shape of bone Growth of cartilage is unidirectional. remain unchanged. 4. Bone marrow cavity If a bone is burn or kept into very high temp then  In the central region hollow cavity is present which complete organic part of bone is burn and mineral is filled with yellow bone marrow. It is composed part of matrix remain as such in the form of ash of white fat & its function is collection of fats or called dried bone. storage of fats. (iii) Bright Bone :- If a bone is kept into KOH then complete attached muscle fibres are dissolve in KOH & bone becomes clear & bright called bright TYPES OF BONES bone. Bone will remain unchanged. On the basis of development or location of Eg. Bones of laboratory ossification bones are of four types. (iv) Special Types of Epithelium 1. Cartilagenous bones/Replacing/Endochondral bone - These bones are developed from cartilage or they are formed by the ossification of cartilage. - In the formation of these bones two types of cells are required. 1. Chondroclast :- Which reabsorb cartilagenous matter. 2. Osteoblast :- Which deposit bony matter into cartilage so cartilage is replaced by bone. Hence these bones are also called as replacing bones. Eg. Maximum bones of our body like forelimb and hindlimb bones, Ribs. 2. Membranous bones/Dermal bones/Investing bones Fig. 1.32

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 25

(a) Neuro sensory epithelium : CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS-4

In the structure of this epithelium in between piller 1. Longitudinal channels of Bone called : shaped supporting cells modified sensory cells are (A) Haversian canal (B) Volkmann's canals present. On the free end of sensory cell sensory (C) Narrow cavity (D) Lacunae hair is present by which they receive sensation. Base of these cells is attached with sensory nerve. 2. Glass like cartilage is : Eg. - Gustatory Epithelium - Covering of (A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Fibro cartilage t a s t e (C) Calcified cartilage (D) Elastic cartilage bud of tongue 3. Formation of cartilagenous Bone involves : - receive taste sensation. (A) Deposition of Bony matter by osteoblasts & - Olfactory epithelium - Schneidarian Reabsorption by chondrioclasts membrane receive smell sensation. (B) Deposition of Bony matter by osteoblast only - Stato - acoustic - Lining of internal ear. (C) Deposition of Bony matter by osteoclasts & - In Retina of eye receive optic sensation. Reabsorption by chondrioblast (b) Myoepithelium :- Around mammary and sweat (D) None of above gland (around secretery unit) 4. Major Inorganic components of Bone ; (c) Pigmented epithelium (Cuboidal) :- In Retina (A) Calcium phosphate (B) Calcium carbonate of eye. (C) Sodium hydroxide (D) Potassium hydroxide (v) llio-femoral ligament - strongest ligament. Another strongest ligament is ligamentum flava, 5. Haversian system is feature of : present between two adjacent vertebrae. (A) Amphibian Bones (B) Reptiles Bone (vi) In quardripeds like cow & buffalo strongest ligament (C) Pneumatic Bone (D) Mammalian Bone is ligamentum nuchea present in the neck between 6. Bone desolving cells : two cervical vertebrae. (A) Osteoblast (B) Osteocyte (vii) Sharpey's fibres :- extra bundle of collagen fibres (C) Osteoclast (D) Fibroblast which are present in the outermost layer of matrix called sharpey fibres. Which provide extra 7. Eustachian tube is supported by : mechanical support to bone. (A) Elastic cartilage (viii) Visceral Bones (B) White fibros cartilage (a) If Ossification takes place in the visceral organs (C) Calcified cartilage (D) Hyaline cartilage then visceral bones are formed. These are rare bones, found in few animals. In rabbit & man these 8. Perichondrium is : bones are absent. (A) Adipose tissue Eg. Os Cordis : Present in inter ventricular septum of (B) White fibrous connective tissue deer's heart. (C) Yellow fibrous connective tissue Os Palbebrae : In the eyelid of crocodile. (D) Areolar connective tissue Os Penis (Baculum) : In the penis of rodents rat, ANSWERKEY shrew, bat, whale, tiger. 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A Os rostralis : In the snout of pig. 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. B

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 26 | Theory and Exercise Book

\2. MUSCULAR TISSUE Fine structure of muscle fibre :- Study of muscles known as Myology (Sarcology).  The outer membrane of muscle fibre is called  Muscle of Iris, ciliary body & myoepithelial cell of sarcolemma. sweat gland develop from ectoderm. Conductivity  This cell membrane contain collagen fibres. & contractility are the two main characterestics of  Each muscle fibre contain multinucleated muscle. sarcoplasm. Three types of muscles are found in the body.  Nucleus & sarcoplasm are found in peripheral part. (i) Voluntary or skeletal muscles.  Myofibril are arranged in parallel row & form the (ii) Involuntary or smooth muscles. dark & light line. (iii) Cardiac muscles.  These lines are found in alternate order. (i) Voluntary Muscle–  These lines are made up of actin & myosin protein.  It develops from the epimeric layer of myotome. Both proteins are filamentous proteins.  Skeletal muscles constitutes around 40% of adult  Actin filaments are thin while myosin filaments are body mass in an average healthy person. thick.  They are related to the skeletal system. So also  Light line or band is made up of only actin filament, called as skelatal muscles. these band are monorefractive in polarised light so it is called Isotropic band (I band).  Transverse lines are found at regular interval.  Actin filaments are connected with a disc of Z– Hence these muscles are also called as striped or line protein (Actinin) which is called as Z line striated muscle (Zweichenschiebe) or (Doble's membrane) or  Their contractions are controlled by will power of (Krause's membrane). animal so also called voluntary muscles.  Dark line is made up of actin & myosin filament so (a) Structure of Muscle Fibre it is double monorefractive in polarised light due to overlaping so it is called Anisotropic band.

Fig.1.33

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 27

 The terminal end of actin filament are embeded  Many fasciculi combined to form a muscle. among the myosin filament so peripheral part of A  Muscle is also covered by a layer of connective band is darker as compared to the middle part of A tissue which is called as Epimysium. band which is called as H-Zone or Hensen zone.  Muscle fibre is a cylindrical or tubular shape.  A dark line is also found in the central part of H-zone  The muscle fibres attached to a tough cord of which is called as M line or mesogramme line. connective tissue called Tendon & Tendon is  The distance between two Z–lines is called as further attached with a bone. Sarcomere.  It is structural unit or functional unit of voluntary (ii) INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE muscle fibre.  It is develop from hypomeric layer of Myotome. Sarcomere = 1A band + two half I band  It is not related to the skeleton so also called as The Length of Sarcomere is 2.5 µm. Non skeletal muscle. (I band = 1µm, myosin = 1.5 m)  These muscle are found in the visceral organ so  1 Myosin filament is surrounded by 6 Actin filaments are called as visceral muscles or smooth & 1 Actin filament is surrounded by 3 Myosin muscles. filaments.  Transverse lines are absent so also called as  Muscle fibre is covered by a layer of connective unstriated muscle. tissue which is called Endomysium.  Its contraction is not controlled by will power of  Many muscle fibres are combined to form a group animal. so it is called as Involuntary muscle. which is called fasciculi.  Autonomic nerves are connected to this type of  Each fasciculi is covered by a layer of connective muscle. tissue which is called Perimysium.

STRUCTURE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBRE

Fig.1.34

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 28 | Theory and Exercise Book

 It is spindle shaped, short, Unbranched.  Its contraction period is longer.  Cells are connected through gap junction.  It remain in contracted stage for longer period due  It contains uninucleated cytoplasm to this reason muscle called Nonfatigue muscle.  All cell organelles are found in cytoplasm. (iii) CARDIAC MUSCLE:-  Contractile fibrils are found in the cytoplasm due to  It is special type of muscle which found only in heart this reason this cytoplasm called sarcoplasm. so it is also called as cardiac muscle. On the basis of structure it is striated type of muslce. It is also  This contractile fibre called as myofibril which found cylindrical fibre. Fibre are branched. Many in scattered form. transverse septa are found in the muscle fibre which  Myofibril are made up of actin & myosin but are called as intercalated disc. Junctional region remarkably less than skeletal muscle But filaments b/w the cell membrane called intercalated discs & are not placed in a highly ordered pattern so striation these are made up of sarcolemma. is absent.  Due to septa fibres are divided into many segments  Actin is more than myosin. each segment is Uninucleated. Each segment  Myofibril is functional unit of involuntary muscle. called individuals cells.  The sarcoplasmic reticulum or L tubular system is  Dark & light line also found in the Muscle fibre. not well developed. This makes the contraction of Intercalated disc, helps in the propagation of impulse smooth muscles strongly dependent on the ECF & contraction. It is also Nonfatigue type muscle. Ca++ ions.  Its contraction is not controlled by will power of animal.

Fig.1.35

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 29

 On the basis of function it is involuntary type & control by pacemaker (SA, AV & Purkinje fibres). Both central nerve & autonomic nerves are supplied to this type of muscle.

Striated Non striated Cardiac 1. They are present in Iris of eye (Ciliary muscle of eye) They are present in upper limb & lower limb etc. Urinary bladder, Urinogenital tract, Dermis walls of Heart of skin – Erector pill muscle of dermis 2. Cylindrical Spindle in shaped Cylindrical 3. Fibres Unbranched Unbranched Fibres are branched 4. Multi Nucleated fibres Uninucleated Uninucleated 5. Light and Dark band present Absent Present 6. Oblique bridges & Absent Present Intercalated disc absent 7. Controlled by CNS. ANS Both CNS + ANS 8. Blood supply abundant. Less Richly Blood supply 9. Soon fatigue. Donot get fatigue Never fatigued

3. NERVOUS TISSUE  Centriole is absent or immaturely present in the nerve  Nervous tissue originates from ectoderm and is cell thus cell division is absent. specialized for receiving stimuli(Excitability or  Some other cell organelles like Nissl's granule and Inrritability) and transmit message (conductivity). Neurofibril are also found in nerve cell.

NERVOUS TISSUE Nissl's granules :  Endoplasmic reticulum coils around the ribosome and

form granule like structure called as Nissl's Neuroglia Neuron granules or Tigroid body.  It is the centre of protein synthesis. Cyton Process of Neuron (Neurites)  Chemically – Ribonucleoprotein containing Iron.  Site – Cyton & dendron (Rod shape)  Many small fibrils are found in the cytoplasm called Dendron Axon neurofibrils, these help in internal conduction in the cyton. A. Neuron as Structural and Functional Cell processes : Unit of Neural System Structure of a (i) Dendron :– neuron It is small cell process. It's fine branches are called dendrites. Some receptor's are found on the dendrites, Structure of a neuron : Nerve cell is made up of cell so dendron receive the stimuli & produce centripetal body & cell process – (Dendron and Axon = Neurites) (towards the cell body) conduction. (i) Cell body or Cyton or soma or perikaryon:- (ii) Axon (Long process = Axon = Nerve fibre) –  It contains uninucleated cytoplasm. It is longest cell process of cyton, its diameter is  Except centriole, all cell organelles are found in uniform. It contain axoplasm. cytoplasm.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 30 | Theory and Exercise Book

 Nissl's granules are absent in the axoplasm. (Axoplasm of axon contains only neurofibrils and mitochondria).  Axon is covered by axolemma. Part of cyton where axon arises called axon hillock.  The axon hillock is the neuron's trigger zone, because it is the site where action potential are triggered.  The terminal end of axon is branched in button shape branches which are called as Telodendria.  More mitochondira are found in the telodendria which synthesize Acetylcholine (Ach) with the help of choline acetyl transferase enzyme.  Ach is stored in the vesicles.  Axon is the functional part of nerve cell, therefore term nerve fibre usually refer to Axon.

1.36

Differences between Axon & Dendron

Axon Dendron 1. It is always single. 1. One or more. 2. It has Neurofibrils but no Nissl's granules. 2. It has both. 3. It is long sized process. 3. Small sized 4. Nerve impulse travels away from the 4. Nerve impulse travels towards the cell body. cell body. (Centrifugal) (Centripetal)

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 31

Axon is covered by a layer of phospholipids myelin sheath are called node of Ranvier (sphingomyelin) which is called as medulla or myelin Myelinogenesis in the Central nervous system sheath. (CNS) :– Neurilemma or schwann cells are not  Medulla is covered by thin cell membrane, which is present therefore myelinogenesis process occurs with called as neurilemma or sheath of schwann cells. the help of oligodendrocytes (Neuroglia)  The neurilemma is composed of schwann cells.  Neurons in which myelin sheath is present, are called  Schwann cell takes part in the deposition of myelin medullated or myelinated neurons. In some nerve sheath (myelinogenesis). cells where myelin sheath is absent, called as non  Myelin sheath acts as insulator and prevent's leakage medullated or non myelinated neurons. of ions. Collaterals of Axon – Myelinogenesis in the Peripheral nervous  These are small process or branches of axon. It's system (PNS) :– structure is similar to axon. It help in the conduction  In the peripheral nerves, myelinogenesis begins with of nerve impulse in more area. the deposition of myelin sheath in concentric layer Gray matter :– It is composed of nerve cells. It around the axon by schwann cells. consist of cytons & nonmedullated nerve fibres (Grey  Myelin sheath is discontinuous around the Axon. fibers). These interruptions where Axon is uncovered by White matter – It contain myelinated nerve fibres (White fibres). Nuclei - term use for CNS (Brain and spinal cord) Collection of cytons (Group) Ganglia - outside the CNS term use for PNS Tract — CNS Collection of nerve fiber Nerve — PNS

B. TYPES OF NEURONS

Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar Single process arises from cyton. Two process arises Neuron which have one (1 Axon) from cyton axon but many (1Axon & 1 dendron) dendrons. e.g. Nervous system of embryo e.g. Retina (Rod & cones) e.g. Most of neurons Olfactory epithelium of vertebrates.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 32 | Theory and Exercise Book

Fig.1.37  Apolar/Nonpolar Neuron :– No definite dendron/axon. Cell process are either absent or if present are not differentiated in axon and dendrons. Nerve impulse radiates in all directions. e.g. Hydra, Amacrine cell of Retina.  Pseudounipolar :– In this type, nerve cell has only axon but a small process develop from axon which act as dendron. eg. Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord

Types of Neurons on the basis of function

Inter neuron or Inter connecting neuron or internuncial neuron

C. Synapse  Name synapse was proposed by Charles Sherrington  Telodendria of one neuron form synapse with dendron of next neuron.  It is the junctional region between two neurons where information is transferred from one neuron, to another neuron but no protoplasmic connection. Synapse = Pre synaptic knob + synaptic cleft + post synaptic membrane  Telodendria membrane is called pre synaptic membrane & membrane of dendron of other neuron called as post synaptic membrane. Space between pre and post synaptic membranes is called synaptic cleft. Type of synapse : (i) Axodendritic – b/w axon & dendron (ii) Axosomatic – b/w axon & cyton (iii) Axoaxonic – b/w axon & axon

Electrical Chemical Conduction Fast Slow Synaptic cleft 0.2 nm > 20 nm Neurotransmitter Absent Present Synaptic delay Absent Present Blocking Can not be controlled Controlled by neurotransmitter

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 33

Special point : electrial synapses are rare in our body,

Fig.1.38 D. Neuroglia/Glial cells These are supporting cells which form a packing substance around the neurons. These are of three types :

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microgliocytes Origin :- Ectodermal in origin Ectodermal in origin Mesodermal in origin Morphology :- Large cell Smaller Smallest Numerous process few process With branching Function :- 1. Provide repair mechanism Formation & preservation Scavenger cells of CNS and and replace the damage of Myelin sheath in CNS. phagocytic in nature. tissue. 2. It forms blood brain barrier

Neurotransmitters or Neurohumors or Neurohormones CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS-1

1. Which statement is correct about nerve fibres? Stimulatory Inhibitory (A) All nerve fibres of CNS are enclosed by Schwann cells. stimulates impulse at Inhibit impulse at (B) Only myelinated nerve fibres of PNS are enclosed synapse synapse by Schwann cells. e.g. Acetyl choline e.g. GABA (Gamma (Ach), Nor-epinephrine Amino Butyric Acid) (C) All nerve fibres of PNS are enclosed by Schwann cells. or Nor-adrenaline or Dopamine Glycine (D) Only myelinated fibres of CNS are enclosed by sympathetin schwann cells.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 34 | Theory and Exercise Book

2. Which neuroglial cell helps in formation of blood brain 6. Which of the following is true for Neurilemma? barrier? (A) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier (A) Capillary endothelial cells (B) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by (B) Astrocyte schwann cells (C) Both (A) and (B) (C) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by (D) Oligodendrocyte schwann cells (D) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and made by 3. Which statement is true? oligodendrocytes (A) In PNS, only non-myelinated neuron are found. (B) In CNS, myelinated and non-myelinated neurons 7. Fibres which transmit impulses towards the cell body are found. called as : (C) In PNS, myelinated and non-myelinated neurons (A) Axon terminal (B) Axon are found. (C) Dendrites (D) Axon hillock (D) Both (B) and (C) 8. The axonal membrane is ______to negatively 4. Which structure is not found in white matter? charged proteins present in the axoplasm : (A) Telodendria (A) Selectively permeable(B) Permeable (B) Cell body (C) Semipermeable (D) Impermeable (C) Dendrons and non-myelinated axons ANSWERKEY (D) All of the above 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. Nissl's granules are made up of ? 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. D (A) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria (B) Ribosome and Mitochondria (C) Ribosome and Endoplasmic Reticulum (D) Golgi body and Ribosome

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 35

Exercise - 1 Objective Problems

EPITHELIAL TISSUE 8. Stretchable & Water proof Epithelium :- 1. Epithelial tissue with thin flat cells appearing like (A) Simple cuboidal (B) Simple squamous packed tiles occurs on (C) Simple Columnar (D) Transitional (A) Inner lining of intestine (B) Inner lining of stomach 9. Mesothelium is :- (C) Inner lining of fallopian tubes (A) Lining of coelom which originated from meso- (D) Outer surface of Intestine derm (B) Lining of coelom which originated from ectoderm 2. Germinal Epithelium of ovary is formed of : (C) Lining of heart which originated from Endoderm (A) Columnar Epithelium (D) Lining of heart which originated from Mesoderm (B) Squamous Epithelium (C) Cuboidal Epithelium 10. Lining of brain ventricle & central canal of spinal cord (D) Stratified Epithelium is called as: (A) Ependyma (B) Endothelium 3. Epidermis of skin of vertebrates comprises : (C) Mesothelium (D) Neurosensory (A) Simple Epithelium (B) Stratified Epithelium 11. This epithelium is made up of a single thin layer of (C) Transitional Epithelium flattened cells and is involved in diffusion, it is found (D) Columnar Epithelium in : (A) Walls of blood vessels 4. Inner lining of Blood vessels and heart is tesselleted (B) Ducts of glands Epithelium. Which is : (C) Tubular parts of nephrons (A) Simple squamous due to wavy appearance (D) All of these (B) Simple squamous due to tile like appearance (C) Simple cuboidal due to wavy appearance 12. Exoskeleton originated from (Eg feathers, nail, horn, (D) Simple columnar Epithelium hoofs) : (A) Connective tissue proper 5. Lining of larynx is :- (B) Epithelium tissue (A) Stratified ciliated columnar Epithelium (C) Skeletal tissue (B) Stratified squamous Epithelium (D) Vascular tissue (C) Stratified cuboidal Epithelium (D) Stratified columnar Epithelium 13. Germinative layer of Keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium : (A) Cuboidal (B) Squamous 6. Olfactory Epithelium (Scheneidarian membrane) is com- posed of : (C) Pseudo stratified (D) Transitional (A) Neuro sensory Epithelium (B) Simple squamous Epithelium 14. Mucus cells (Goblet cells) :- (C) Simple cuboidal (A) Unicellular gland (D) Germinal Epithelium (B) Multicellular glands (C) Endocrine glands 7. Basement membrane can not be seen in :- (D) Parietal cells of gastric glands (A) Streched Transitional Epithelium (B) Squamous Epithelium 15. Sweat glands are :- (C) Columnar Epithelium (A) Merocrine (B) Endocrine (D) Unstreched transitional epithelium (C) Holocrine (D) Unicellular : [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 36 | Theory and Exercise Book

16. Ependyma is :- 24. Epithelium of Retina & Thyroid is made up of which (A) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar type of cells : (B) Ciliated columnar (A) Squamous + Cuboidal (C) Ciliated cubical epithelium (B) Columnar + Cuboidal (D) Non Ciliated Columnar (C) Columnar + squamous (D) Only Cuboidal 17. Pigmented Epithelium is found in :- (A) Iris (B) Retina 25. Characteristic of simple epithelium is : (C) Choroid (D) Cornea (A) They are arranged in discriminately (B) They make a definite layer 18. Lining of blood vessel and air sacs of lungs are made (C) Continue to divide and help in organ function up of : (D) Never divide (A) Squamous Epithelium (B) Columnar Epithelium 26. Who is founder of microscopic anatomy : (C) Cuboidal Epithelium (A) Bichat (B) Ruysch (D) Pseudo stratified Epithelium (C) Malpighi (D) Hartwig

19. Lining of uterus (Endometrium) is : 27. Tesselated epithelium is present in: (A) Stratified squamous (A) Ependymal membrane (B) Simple squamous (B) Endothelium (C) Simple columnar epithelium (C) Schnederian membrane (D) Ciliated Pseudostratified (D) Alveoli of lungs

20. In Transitional Epithelium : 28. Basement membrane of epithelium tissue is composed (A) Inner most layer is Cuboidal rest-on underlying of: connective tissue (A) Lypoprotein (B) Polypeptide (B) Inner most layer is Columnar rest-on underlying (C) Mucopolysaccharide connective tissue (D) Mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein (C) Inner most layer is Pear shaped rest-on Base- ment membrane. 29. Germinal epithelium is composed of : (D) Inner most layer is umbrella shaped rest on un- (A) Cubodial epithelium derlying Basement membrane. (B) Columner epithelium (C) Squamous epithelium 21. Lining of sebaceous duct is composed of : (D) Glandular epithelium (A) Cuboidal stratified Epithelium (B) Startified squamous 30. Inner line of vagina is composed of : (C) Simple columnar (D) Simple squamous (A) Stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (B) Cubodial epithelium 22. Choroid of eye lined by : (C) Simple squamous epithelium (A) Cuboidal Epithelium (B) Squamous Epithelium (D) Stratified squamous epithelium (C) Ciliated Epithelium (D) Columnar Epithelium 31. Secretory part of sweat gland is composed of : 23. Brush border Epithelium (Microvilli containing) found (A) Cuboidal epithelium in: (B) Columner epithelium (A) PCT (B) Loop of henle (C) Pseudostratified epithelium (C) Collecting duct (D) Bowman's capsule (D) Squamous epithelium

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 37

32. Glands of vertebrates are originated from : 40. Which of the following is made up of cube like cells? (A) Ectodermal (B) Endodermal (A) Epithelium of fallopian tubes (C) Mesodermal (D) All the above (B) Epithelium of PCT (C) Epithelium of stomach 33. Select the false statement with respect to epithelial (D) Epithelium of alveoli tissue. (A) It has a free surface 41. Sweat glands of human being originate from: (B) It faces body fluids sometimes (A) Ectoderm (B) Mesoderm (C) It faces the external environment sometimes (C) Endoderm (D) All the above (D) it sometimes forms middle structure part of or- gans 42. Mesothelium or peritoneum originate from: (A) Ectoderm (B) Endoderm 34. Gall bladder lined by : (C) Ectomesoderm (D) Mesoderm (A) Simple columner epithelium 43. Vesicles of thyroid gland is composed of: (B) Stratified columner epithelium (A) Simple squamous epithelium (C) Brush border columner epithelium (B) Simple cuboidal epithelium (D) Brush border cuboidal epithelium (C) Stratified squamous epithelium (D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium 35. Which one is a apocrine gland : (A) Oil gland (B) Mammary gland 44. Which gland secretes chemical by simple diffusion: (C) Goblet cell (D) Parotid gland (A) Apocrine gland (B) Holocrine gland (C) Merocrine gland (D) Oil gland 36. Inner lining of stomach, rectum and colon is made of: (A) Simple squamous epithelium 45. Compound squamous epithelium occurs in (B) Simple cuboidal epithelium (A) Stomach (B) Pharynx (C) Simple columner epithelium (C) Intestine (D) Trachea (D) Pseudostratified epithelium 46. Epithelial tissue is 37. Wall of Bowman's capsule in nephron is made up of (A) Protective covering (A) Cuboidal epithelium (B) Reproductive structure (B) Columner epithelium (C) Nerve cells (D) Corpuscles. (C) Squamous epithelium (D) Glandular epithelium 47. Stratified and nonkeratinised squamous epithelium occurs in 38. Lining of salivary glands is made up of : (A) Epidermis of skin (B) Vagina and cervix (A) Stratified Squamous epithelium (C) Buccal cavity (D) Both 2 and 3. (B) Stratified Cuboidal epithelium (C) Stratified columner epithelium 48. Basement membrane is formed of (D) Transitional epithelium (A) Epidermal cells (B) Endodermal cells (C) Both 1 and 2 39. Duct of mammary gland is composed of: (D) None of the above but present below epithelial (A) Stratified cuboidal epithelium cells. (B) Stratified columnar epithelium (C) Stratified squamous epithelium 49. Regeneration after injury is absent in (D) Pseudostratified epithelium (A) Nervous tissue (B) Skin epidermis (C) Tendon (D) Smooth muscles

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 38 | Theory and Exercise Book

50. Brush border epithelium occurs in 58. Supportive connective tissue means : (A) Trachea (B) Stomach (A) Tendon (B) Cartiiage & Bone (C) Small intestine (D) Fallopian tube (C) Ligaments (D) Blood & Lymph

51. Adjacent epithelial cells are held together by means 59. Inter vertebral disc are composed of : of (A) Hyaline cartilage (A) Liposomes (B) Elastic cartilage (B) Glyoxisomes/glyoxysomes (C) White fibrous cartilage (C) Desmosomes (D) Microsomes (D) Calcified cartilage

52. Vertebrate salivary glands and exocrine part of pan- 60. Epiglottis is composed of creas are (A) Hyaline cartilage (A) Apocrine (B) Holocrine (B) White fibro cartilage (C) Epicrine (D) Merocrine (C) Both (D) Elastic cartilage 53. Simple epithelium is made of (A) Noncellular layer of hyaluronic acid 61. Calcified cartilage found in : (B) Actively dividing cells (A) Pubis of frog (C) Loosely arranged cells (B) Diaphysis (shaft of long Bone) (D) Compactly packed single layer of cells. (C) Articular surface of long Bone (D) None 54. Sebaceous glands are (A) Apocrine (B) Holocrine 62. Decalcified Bone is (C) Merocrine (D) Endocrine (A) Bone with organic matter (B) Bone with Inorganic matter 55. Characteristic of epithelial tissues is (C) Bone without living cells (A) Never produce glands (D) Bone without periostium (B) Cells can undergo rapid divisions (C) Abundant vascularisation 63. Femur & Humerus are :- (D) Large intercellular spaces. (A) Membranous Bone (B) Investing Bone CONNECTIVE TISSUE (C) Cartilagenous Bone 56. Volkmann's canal Inter connect : (D) Sesamoid Bone (A) Bone marrow (B) 3rd & 4th ventricle of Brain 64. Pattlela is largest :- (C) Central canals & 4th ventricle (A) Membranous Bone (Develop in dermis) (D) Haversian canals (B) Cartilage Bone (Replacing Bone) (C) Heterotypic Bone (Visceral Bone) 57. Our heart consists of :- (D) Sesamoid Bone (Develop in Tendon) (i) Epithelial tissue (ii) Connective tissue 65. Epiphysis & Diaphysis of bone is :- (iii) Muscular tissue (A) End and shaft of long bone respectiveily (iv) Neural tissue (B) Shaft & end of long bone respectivily (A) Only ii (B) i & iii only (C) Head & neck of long bone (C) ii, iii, iv only (D) All of these (D) Spongy bone only

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 39

66. Clavicle is :- 76. Which of following is lack of blood supply : (A) Membranous bone (B) Cartilagenous bone (A) Bone (B) Cartilage (C) Visceral bone (D) Sesamoid bone (C) Connective tissue (D) All

67. Haversian canal contain : 77. In Hyaline cartilage matrix is : (A) Blood vessels and Nerves (A) Granular (B) Transparent (B) Blood vessels only (C) Agranular (D) Semi transparent (C) Lymphatic only 78. Sprain of body is due to pulling of : (D) Connective tissue only (A) Muscles (B) Ligaments (C) Tendon (D) Nerves 68. All the following cells produces collagen except : (A) Osteoblast (B) Chondroblast 79. Haversian canal occur in : (C) Fibroblast (D) Mast cells (A) Humerus (B) Pubis (C) Scapula (D) Clavicles 69. Alveoli has : 80. Protein present in cartilage & bone : (A) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (A) Chondrin & ossein respectively (B) White fibrous connective tissue (B) Chondrotin sulphate (C) Areolar connective tissue (C) Cartilagein (D) Adipose connective tissue (D) None

70. Wharton jelly in umblical cord is : 81. Which type of connective tissue present in the wall (A) Mucoid connective tissue of bronchiole : (B) Reticular connective tissue (A) White fibrous connective tissue (C) Areolar connective tissue (B) Areolar connective tissue (D) Adipose connective tissue (C) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (D) Reticular connective tissue 71. Vitreous humour is :- (A) Reticular (B) Areolar 82. Macrophages of spleen are : (C) Adipose (A) Microgleal cell (B) Dust cell (D) Mucoid connective tissue (C) Reticular cel l (D) Monocyte cell 83. Hypodermis of Human skin is composed of : 72. Fibro blast secretes : (A) Mucoid connective tissue (A) Matrix (B) Fibres (B) Adipose connective tissue (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Cells (C) Areolar connective tissue (D) Pigmented connective tissue 73. Scavanger cells of alveoli called : (A) Melanophage 84. Skeletal tissue originated from which embryonic ger- (B) Monocytes / Macrophage minal layer : (C) Dust cell (A) Ectoderm (B) Mesoderm (D) Microglial cell (C) Endoderm (D) All the above

74. Mast cell secreat : 85. Scavanger cell of connective tissue proper is called as (A) Anticoagulant: Heparin (A) Fibroblast cell (B) Mast cell (B) Vasodilator: Histamine (C) Plasma cell (D) Macrophages (C) Vaso constrictor: Serotonin (D) All of the above 86. Septa which connect skin with underlaying muscle are made up of : 75. Matrix of cartilage produced by : (A) Epithelium tissue (A) Chondrocytes(B) Chondro clasts (B) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (C) Osteocytes (D) Histiocytes (C) Adipose connective tissue (D) Areolar connective tissue

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 40 | Theory and Exercise Book

87. Which protein is present in largest amount in human 97. Condrin is composed of : body : (A) Condrotin- 6-sulphate and ossein (A) Collagen (B) Elastin (B) MAG and GA (C) Albumin (D) Keratin (C) Condrotin- 6-sulphate and hyluronic acid (D) Condrotin- 6-sulphate and condrocyte) 88. Endosteum is composed of : (A) White fibrous connective tissue 98. Histiocyte of brain is : (B) Reticular connective tissue (A) Reticular cell (B) Microgleal cell (C) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (C) Hessel's granule (D) Monocyte (D) Areolar connective tissue 99. Most of the cells present in areolar connective tissue are : 89. Matrix of connective tissue proper is secreted by (A) Mast cell (B) Plasma cell (A) Mast cell (B) Fibroblast cell (C) Fibroblast (D) Macrophages (C) Fibrocyte cell (D) All the above 100. Cartilage is present in : 90. Yellow fibers are present in : (A) Between adjacent bones of vertebral column and (A) Arrange in bundles limb (B) Singly and branched (B) In middle of the long bone (C) Singly and unbranched (C) Both (D) None (D) Unbranched & arrange in bundles 101. Spleen and lymph nodes are made up of : 91. Arzyrophill fibers are present in : (A) Areolar connective tissue (A) In spleen (B) In tendons (B) White fibrous connective tissue (C) In ligament (D) In blood vessel (C) Reticular fibrous connective tissue (D) Mucoid connective tissue 92. Strongest ligament of human body is : (A) Ligamentum flava 102. Which structure composed of yellow fibrous cartilage (B) Ilio-femoral Ligament (A) Thyroid (B) Cricoid (C) Ligamentum nuchae (C) Epiglottis (D) Tracheal rings (D) Ligamentum arteriosis 103. Heparin is : 93. The covering of articular cartilage is made up of : (A) Protein (B) Fat (A) Areolar connective tissue (C) Carbohydrate (D) Mucopolysacchride (B) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (C) White fibrous connective tissue 104. Transverse channels present in long bones of (D) Reticular connective tissue mammals : (A) Osteal's canal (B) Haversian's canal 94. Maximum cartilage of larynx are the example of (C) Volkmann's canal (D) Vascular canal (A) Calcified cartilage (B) Elastic cartilage 105. Which cartilage present on the end of long bone :- (C) White fibro cartilage (A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Fibrous cartilage (D) Hyaline cartilage (C) Calcified cartilage (D) Elastic cartilage

95. Which of the folloWing are specialised connective 106. Which of the following have hard and non pliable tissue : ground substance : (A) Cartilage (B) Bone (A) Cartilages (B) Bones (C) Blood (D) All (C) Both (D) Areolar tissues

96. Protoplasmic process of osteocytes are present in 107. Marcophages of Lymphnodes are: (A) Central canal (B) Volkman canal (A) Dust cell (B) Monocyte (C) Haversion canal (D) Canaliculi (C) Reticular cell (D) Kupffer cell CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 41

108. Mammalian pinna is supported by 118. Cartilage present in trachea , larynx and bronchi is (A) Hyaline cartilage (A) Fibrous (B) Elastic (B) Calcified cartilage (C) Hyaline (D) Calcified. (C) Elastic cartilage (D) White fibrous connective tissue. 119. Cartilage is (A) Nonvascular (B) Poorly vascular 109. Connective tissue belongs to (C) Highly vascular (D) Irregularly vascular. (A) Ectoderm (B) Mesoderm (C) Endoderm (D) All of the above. 120. An anticoagulant is (A) Heparin (B) Hirudin 110. Which one is unrelated? (C) EDTA (D) All the above (A) Keratin (B) Elastin (C) Dextrin (D) Collagen 121. Collagen and elastin are formed by (A) Macrophages(B) Fibroblasts 111. Protein present in cartilage is (C) Mast cells (D) Chondrocytes (A) Cartilagin (B) Chondrin (C) Ossein (D) Casein 122. Which is not a component of areolar tissue (A) Macrophage (B) Plasma cell 112. Ends of two long bones are 'connected' by (C) Schwann cell (D) Adipose cell. (A) Cartilage (B) Muscles (C) Ligaments (D) Tendons. 123. Bones are mainly formed of (A) Calcuim and Magnesium 113. Regeneration of cartilage can occur from its (B) Calcium and Phosphorus (A) Matrix (B) Plasma (C) Calcium and Sulphur (C) Perichondrium (D) Calcium and Iron. (D) A piece without perichondrium 124. Nasal septum gets damaged. Its recovery requires 114. Mast cells occur in cartilage called : (A) Connective tissue (B) Epithelial tissue (A) Fibrous cartilage (B) Elastic cartilage (C) Skeletal tissue (D) Nervous tissue. (C) Hyaline cartilage (D) Calcified cartilage.

115. White fibrous tissue is 125. What will happen if ligaments are cut or broken : (A) Nervous (B) Muscular (A) Bones will move freely at joints (C) Ligaments (D) Tendons. (B) No movement at joint (C) Bone will become unfix 116. Loose conective tissue is (D) Bone will become fixed (A) Areolar (B) Bone (C) Blood (D) Cartilage. 126. Which one of the following contains the largest quantity of extracellular material :- 117. Ligament is (A) Striated muscle (A) Modified white fibrous tissue (B) Areolar tissue (B) Solid white fibrous tissue (C) Stratified epithelium (C) Modified elastic connective tissue (D) Myelinated nerve fibres (D) None of the above.

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 42 | Theory and Exercise Book

Exercise - 2 NCERT Based Questions

1. How many of the following junctions are found in 6. Identify the given below tissue with its type and select epithelium tissue :- the right option for the two together Tight junction, Gap junction, Adhering and Inter digitation. (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

2. Read the following (1-4) statements. (1) It is made of more than one layer (multi-layered) of cells. (2) It has a limited role in secretion and absorption. (3) Their main function is to provide protection against Option: chemical and mechanical stress (4) It covers the dry surface of the skin and the moist Tissue Type surface of buccal cavity. (A) Cartilage Specialised connective How many of the above statements are correct for tissue compound epithelium :- (B) Tendon Dense irregular (A) Four (B) Three connective tissue (C) Two (D) One (C) Ligament Dense regular connective tissue 3. How many of the following substances are secreted (D) Bone Specialised connective by exocrine glands. tissue mucus, thyroxine, saliva, earwax, insulin, oil, milk, digestive enzymes,melatonin and adrenalin :- (A) Four (B) Five 7. Which of the following is incorrect statement for the (C) Six (D) Seven simple columnar epithelium :- (A) It is composed of a single layer of tall and slender 4. Which connective tissues are present beneath the skin cells (1) Areolar tissue (B) Their nuclei are located at the base (2) Adipose tissue (C) Free surface may have microvilli (3) Dense irregular connective tissue (D) They are found in the walls of blood vessels and (A) Only 2 (B) Only 1 air sac of lungs (C) Only 1 and 2 (D) All 1, 2 and 3 8. Connective tissues includes :- 5. Read the following (A-D) statements :- (a) Cartilage (b) Bone (1) Connective tissue are most abundant and widely (c) Adipose tissue (d) Blood distributed in the body of complex animals (A) a, b, and d (2) They are named connective tissues because of their special function of linking and supporting other (B) a, band c tissues/organs of the body (C) b and d (3) They range from soft connective tissues to (D) All a,b,c and d specialised types, which include cartilage, bone, adipose and blood 9. In multicellular animals a group of similar cells along (4) The cells of connective tissue secrete modified with intercellular substances perform a specific polysaccharides , which accumulate between cells function such an organisation is called :- and fibres and act as matrix (A) Tissue How many of the following statements are correct :- (B) Organ (A) Four (B) Three (C) Body (D) Organ system (C) Two (D) One

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 43

10. Identify the figure of animal tissue given below, along 12. Read the following (1 - 4) Statements :- with it's correct location :- (1) Tight junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue (2) Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together. (3) The simple epithelium consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function. (4) The columnar epithelium is made of a single layer Tissue Location of flattened cells with irregular boundaries (A) Dense regular Heart How many of the above statements are correct Connective tissue (A) Four (B) Three (B) Dense irregular At bone joints (C) Two (D) One Connective tissue (C) Adipose tissue Beneath skin 13. Identify the glands (1) and (2) shown below and select (D) Areolar connective Beneath skin the right option for location and function:- tissue

11. The four sketches (A, B, C and D) given below represent four different types of animal tissues. Which one of these is correctly identified in the option given along with its correct location and function

(1) (2) (1) (2) Gland Location Function (A) Unicellular Alveoli Secrete Gland Saliva (B) Multicellular Oesophagus Secrete gland enzyme (C) Multicellular Alimentary Secrete (3) (4) gland Canal Mucous Tissue Location Function (D) Multicellular Buccal Secrete (A) 2 Simple Fallopian tube Transport gland Cavity Saliva squamous of gamete epithelium 14. Which of the following is correct match of epithelial (B) 3 Simple Wall of blood Diffusion tissue? cuboidial Vessels and boundary (A) Squamous Bronchiole and epithelium air sac of lungs epithelium fallopian tube (C) 4 Compound Skin Protection (B) Columnar Ducts of glands epithelium epithelium and tubular part (D) 1 Simple Tubular part Secretion of nephron columnar of nephron (C) Cuboidial Walls of blood Epithelium epithelium vessels and air sacs of lungs (D) Compound Buccal cavity epithelium and pharynx : [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 44 | Theory and Exercise Book

15. Read the following (1 - 4) statements ;- 24. Which one of the following is transparent tissue? (1) Areolar tissue present beneath the skin (A) Tendon (B) Ligament (2) Adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue (C) Fibrous cartilage (D) Hyaline cartilage (3) Tendons attach one bone to another (4) Ligaments attach skeletal muscles to bones 25. Ciliated epithelium is present in How many of the above statements are incorrect:- (A) Trachea (B) Ureter (A) Four (B) Three (C) Intestine (D) Nasal chamber (C) Two (D) One 26. Difference between bone and cartilage is 16. Ligament connects: (A) Haversian canal (B) Blood vessel (A) Bone to bone (B) Bone to muscle (C) Lymph vessel (D) None of these (C) Muscle to muscle (D) Both B and C 27. Minimum regeneration power is present in 17. Mammary glands are modified : (A) Nervous tissue (B) Connective tissue (A) Sweat gland (B) Sebaceous gland (C) Epithelial tissue (D) Muscular tissue (C) Lacrymal gland (D) Endocrine gland 28. Which of the following cells of connective tissue 18. The tissue which forms the basic structure of secrete antibodies? lymphoid organs , spleen etc, is : (A) Mast cells (B) Reticular cells (A) Lymphoid tissue (B) Cartilage tissue (C) Adipose cells (D) Plasma cells (C) Elastic tissue (D) Areolar tissue 29. The cavities of brain are lined by 19. Haversian canal is situated in (A) Cuboidal cells (A) Glandular connective tissue (B) Polygonal cells (B) Skeletal connective tissue (C) Ependymal cells (C) Fibrous connective tissue (D) Simple squamous cells (D) Nervous tissue 30. Ligament is mainly made up of 20. Stratified squammous epithelium is found in: (A) Reticulin (B) Elastin (A) Pharynx (B) Trachea (C) Myosin (D) Collagen (C) Ileum (D) Bowman's capsule 31. Which is a sesamoid bone? (A) Patella (B) Femur 21. Collagen fibres are secreted by : (C) Ulna (D) Pubis (A) Mast cells (B) Macrophage (C) Histiocytes (D) Fibroblasts 32. Mammary glands are modified : (A) Holocrine 22. Haversian canal is found in the bone of : (B) Merocrine (A) Mammals (B) Reptiles (C) Simple branched alveolar (C) Aves (D) Pices (D) Compound tubulo-alveolar

23. Tendons and ligaments are specialized types of 33. The main function of ligament is : (A) Nervous tissue (A) Joining of two bones (B) Epithelial tissue (B) Joining of muscles (C) Muscular tissue (C) Joining of muscle to bone (D) Fibrous connective tissue (D) Joining of muscle to nerves

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 45

34. The type of epithelium found in conjunctiva of eye is 38. Bones formed by ossification of a tendon is called (A) Stratified cuboidal (A) Membrane bone (B) Sesamoid bone (B) Stratified columnar (C) Dermal bone (D) Cartilage (C) Stratified squamons (D) Transitional epithelium 39. Epithelial tissues are arise from: (A) Ectoderm (B) Endoderm 35. Haversian canals are found in the : (C) Mesoderm (D) All the aboves (A) Bones of birds (B) Bones of mammals 40. White adipose tissue contains: (C) Bones of frog (A) Multilocular fat cells (D) Cartilage (B) Bilocular fat cells (C) Unilocular fat cells 36. Volkmann's canals are found in :- (D) Alocular fat cells (A) Bones of birds (B) Bones of amphilbians 41. In human fibrous cartilage is found abundantly (C) Bones of mammals (A) Hyaline cartilage of joints (D) Cartilage of mammals (B) Nostrils (C) Intervertebral discs 37. An example of merocrine gland is (D) External ear (A) Sebaceous gland (B) Pineal gland (C) Salivary gland (D) Mammary gland

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 46 | Theory and Exercise Book

Exercise - 3 AIPMT & NEET Previous Year Questions

AIPMT – 2006 AIPMT (MAINS) – 2012 1. Areolar connective tissue joins :- 8. Given below is the diagrammatic sketch of a certain (A) Fat body with muscles type of connective tissue. Identify the parts labelled (B) Integument with muscles A, B, C and D, and select the right option about them. (C) Bones with muscles I (D) Bones with bones 2. Mast cells secrete - II (A) Hippurin (B) Myoglobin III (C) Histamine (D) Hemoglobin

IV Options: AIPMT – 2007 Part-I Part-II Part-III Part-IV 3. In which one of the following preparations are you likely to come across cell junctions most frequently? (A) Macro- Collagen Fibroblast Mast cell (A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Ciliated epithelium phage fibres (B) Mast cell Collagen Fibroblast Macro (C) Thrombocytes (D) Tendon fibres phage (C) Macro- Fibroblast Collagen Mast cell AIPMT – 2009 phage fibres 4. The cell junctions called tight, adhering and gap (D) Mast cell Macro- Fibroblast Collagen junctions are found in :- phage fibres (A) Neural tissue (B) Muscular tissue (C) Connective tissue (D) Epithelial tissue 9. The four sketches (A,B,C and D) given below,

5. The kind of tissue that forms the supportive structure represent four different types of animal tissues. Which in our pinna (external ears) is also found in :- one of these is correctly identified in the options given, (A) Tip of the nose (B) Vertebrae along with its correct location and function? (C) Nails (D) Ear ossicles

6. The epithelial tissue present on the inner surface of bronchioles and fallopian tubes is :- (1) (2) (A) Squamous (B) Cuboidal (C) Glandular (D) Ciliated

AIPMT (PRE.) – 2010 7. The kind of epithelium which forms the inner walls of (3) (4) blood vessels is : (A) squamous epithelium (B) cuboidal epithelium Tissue Location Function (C) columnar epithelium (D) ciliated columnar epithelium

CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 47

(A) (4) Smooth HeartHeart NEET PHASE-(I) – 2016 muscle contraction 13. Which type of tissue correctly matches with its tissue location? (B) (1) Columnar Nephron Secretion Tissue Location and (A) Smooth muscle Wall of intestine epithelium absorption absorption (B) Areolar tissue Tendons (C) (2) Glandular Intestine Secretion (C) Transitional epithelium Tip of nose epithelium (D) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach (D) (3) Collagen cartilage Attach fibres skeletal NEET- 2018 muscles to 14. Which of the following features is used to indentify a male cockroach from a female cockroach? bones (A) Forewings with darker tegmina 10. The supportive skeletal structures in the human (B) Presence of caudal styles external ears and in the nose tip are examples of :- th (A) bone (B) cartilage (C) Presence of a boat shaped sternum on the 9 abdominal segment (C) ligament (D) areolar tissue (D) Presence of anal cerci AIPMT – 2014

11. Choose the correctly matched pair :- NEET- 2019 (A) Tendon-Specialized connective tissue 15. The ciliated epithelial cell are reuired to move particles or mucus in a specific direction. In (B) Adipose tissue - Dense connective tissue humans, these cells are mainly present in: (C) Areolar tissue - Loose connective tissue (A) Eustachian tube and Salivary duct (B) Bronchioles and Fallopian tubes (D) Cartilage-Loose connective tissue (C) Bile duct and Bronchioles RE-AIPMT – 2015 (D) Fallopian tube and Pancreatic duct 12. The function of the gap junction is to : (A) stop substance from leaking across a tissue 16. Select the correct sequesnce of organs in the alimentary canal of cockroach starting (B) performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells from mouth: together (A) Pharyn  Oesophagus  Gizzard  Ileum  Crop  Colon  Rectum (C) Facilitate communication between adjoining cells (B) Pharynx Oesophagus  Ileum  Crop  by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions, Gizzard  Colon  Rectum (C) Pharynx  Oesophagus  Crop  Gizzard small molecules and some large molecules  Ileum  Colon  Rectum (D) separate two cells from each other, (D) Pharynx  Oesophagus  Gizzard  Crop  Ileum  Colon  Rectum

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 48 | Theory and Exercise Book

Exercise - 4 AIIMS | Assertion & Reason Questions

AIIMS – 2006 4. Assertion :- Lymphocyte cells of connective tissue 1. The type of epithelial cells which line the inner surface proper are called as cart wheel cells. Reason :- Lymphocyte cell is largest cell of of fallopian tubes, bronchioles and small bronchi are connective tissue proper. known as :- (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (A) Squamous epithelium (B) Columnar epithelium 5. Assertion :- Lymphocytes are the largest corpuscles. (C) Ciliated epithelium Reason :- Nucleus of lymphocyte is large and kidney shaped. (D) Cubical epithelium (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

AIIMS – 2010 6. Assertion :- Ureter and Urinary bladder are lined with 2. What is the similarity between bronchi and fallopian Transitional Epithelium. Reason :- Transitional Epithelium rest directly on tube? Connective tissue. (A) Pseudostratified epithelium (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (B) Ciliated epithelium (C) Cuboidal epithelium 7. Assertion :- Calcified cartilage is formed by the calcification of hyaline cartilage. (D) Columnar epithelium Reason :- Calcified cartilage is the strongest cartilage. AIIMS – 2011 (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 3. Tendon and ligaments are example of - (A) Dense regular connective tissue. 8. Assertion :- Reticular fibrous connective Tissue is called as embryonic tissue . (B) Dense irregular connective tissue. Reason :- Reticular fibrous connective tissue is (C) Loose connective tissue. mainly found in embryonic stage. (D) Specialised connective tissue. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

9. Assertion :- New Born baby is resistant for cold. ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS Reason :- The immune system of new born baby is Directions for Assertion & Reason questions very well developed. These questions consist of two statements each, (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering 10. Assertion :- Simple columnar epithelium is also called these Questions you are required to choose anyone as Germinal epithelium. of the following four responses. Reason :- Columnar cells of gonads forms gametes. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (A) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. 11. Assertion :- Epithelia are highly regenerative. Reason :- When epithelia gets damaged they (B) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is regenerate more rapidly than other Tissue. not a correct explanation of the Assertion. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

(C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. 12. Assertion :- Bone and cartilage are rigid connective (D) If both Assertion & Reason are false. tissue Reason :- Blood is a connective tissue with fluid matrix. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 49

13. Assertion :- Glands originate from all germinal layers. 23. Assertion :- All diploic bones of body are Reason :- All glands are composed of epithelium haemopoietic. tissue. Reason :- Red bone marrow is present in the diploic (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D bone. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 14. Assertion :- Brown fat produces more energy. Reason :- Brown fat composed of monolocular 24. Assertion :- Most of bones of body are cartilagenous. Adipocyte Reason :- Connective tissue originated first during (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D embryonic development. 15. Assertion :- Simple cuboidal epithelium is also called (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D as germinal epithelium Reason :- Cuboidal cells of gonads forms gametes. 25. Assertion :- Squamous epithelium helps in glomerular (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D filtration. Reason :- It forms inner lining of Bowman's capsule. 16. Assertion :- Mucoid connective tissue is called as (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D embryonic tissue. Reason :- Mucoid connective tissue is mainly found 26. Assertion :- Lower most layer of stratified squamous in embryonic stage. tissue is known as Germinative layer. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Reason :- Lower most layer of stratified tissue is 17. Assertion :- Epithelium cells get their nutrientes from mostly cuboidal in shape and rest directly on Adjacent cells. connective tissue. Reason :- In epithelium tissue large intercellular (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D spaces are present. 27. Assertion :- Cells of epithelium tissue rest on a thin (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D basement membrane. 18. Assertion :- Urinary Bladder is lined by transitional Reason :- Basement membrane has both fibrous and epithelium. basal lamina part secreted by connective tissue and Reason :- Transitional epithelium keeps the size of epithelial tissue respectively. the bladder constant at all times. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 28. Assertion :- Originwise hair are epithelial tissue which 19. Assertion :- Patella bone of knee is a sesamoid bone are of ectodermal origin . Reason :- Skull bones and clavical bones are Reason :- Epithelial tissue can be formed from membranous bones mesoderm and endoderm also. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 20. Assertion :- Epiphysis of long bone is haemopoietic Reason :- In epiphysis yellow bone marrow is 29. Assertion :- Mast cells are undifferent iated cells of present which produce blood corpuscles connective tissue proper. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Reason :- Mast cells modified to form other cells of connective tissue proper. 21. Assertion :- Perichondrium in white fibrous cartilage (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D is absent. Reason :- Perichondrium is a white fibrous 30. Assertion :- Blood circulation is absent in epithelium. connective tissue. Reason :- Power of regeneration is absent in (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D epithelium. 22. Assertion :- Fibrous cartilage posses thick dense (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D bundle of collagen fibre in matrix. Reason :- Fibrous cartilage is the hardest cartilage. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588 50 | Theory and Exercise Book ANSWER KEY

Exercise - 1 Objective Problems

EPITHELIAL TISSUE 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. B 41. A 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. D 48. D 49. A 50. C 51. C 52. D 53. D 54. B 55. B CONNECTIVE TISSUE 56. D 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. D 61. A 62. A 63. C 64. D 65. A 66. A 67. A 68. D 69. A 70. A 71. D 72. C 73. C 74. D 75. A 76. B 77. D 78. B 79. A 80. A 81. C 82. C 83. C 84. B 85. D 86. D 87. A 88. B 89. D 90. B 91. A 92. B 93. C 94. D 95. D 96. D 97. C 98. B 99. C 100. A 101. C 102. C 103. D 104. C 105. A 106. B 107. C 108. C 109. B 110. C 111. B 112. C 113. C 114. A 115. D 116. A 117. C 118. C 119. A 120. D 121. B 122. C 123. B 124. C 125. C 126. B

Exercise - 2 NCERT Based Questions

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. D 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. C 41. C

Exercise - 3 AIPMT & NEET Previous Year Questions

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. C

Exercise - 4 AIIMS | Assertion & Reason Questions

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C 21. B 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C CORPORATE OFFICE : Motion Education Pvt. Ltd., 394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota Structural Organisation in Animals | 51

: [email protected], url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-179999, 8003899588