Actes Du Colloque LES RISQUES NATURELS DANS LE CONTEXTE DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE

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Actes Du Colloque LES RISQUES NATURELS DANS LE CONTEXTE DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Actes du colloque LES RISQUES NATURELS DANS LE CONTEXTE DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Résumés étendus 14 mars – 17 mars 2018 Faculté de Géographie, Cluj‐Napoca, Roumanie Editeurs : Iulian‐Horia HOLOBÂCĂ, Kinga IVAN PRESA UNIVERSITARĂ CLUJEANĂ 2018 ISBN 978‐606‐37‐0361‐4 © 2018 Editorii volumului. Toate drepturile rezervate. Reproducerea integrală sau parţială a textului, prin orice mijloace, fără acordul editorilor, este interzisă şi se pedep‐ seşte conform legii. Autorii își asumă întreaga răspundere pentru conținu‐ tul rezumatelor extinse. / Les auteurs assument lʹentière responsabilité du contenu et de tous les aspects juri‐ diques de leurs manuscrits. Universitatea Babeş‐Bolyai Presa Universitară Clujeană Director: Codruţa Săcelean Str. Hasdeu nr. 51 400371 Cluj‐Napoca, România Tel./fax: (+40)‐264‐597.401 E‐mail: [email protected] http://www.editura.ubbcluj.ro/ Content Brise de mer et pollution atmosphérique au centre‐ville de Sfax (centre‐est tunisien) Dahech S. .................................................................................................................................... 5 Les sècheresses à Rennes : passé, présent et futur Vincent Dubreuil, Chloé Lamy, Olivier Planchon ................................................................... 15 Modélisation hydrologique et hydraulique pour cartographier les zones inondables dans le bassin versant de la rivière Kennebecasis, Nouveau‐Brunswick, Canada Fortin G., Long M.‐A., Thériault F., Goudard G. ................................................................... 23 La dégradation du pergélisol dans les Alpes Italiens : cas d’étude du Col d’Olen Fratianni S., Colombo N., Giaccone E., Bearzot F., Acquaotta F. (1,2), Garzena D. (1), Freppaz M. (2,4), Giardino M. (1,2) ............................................................................................................. 31 Vulnérabilité aux avalanches de neige des sentiers de randonnée dans les monts Parâng (Roumanie) Gavrilă I., Horvath Cs., Meseșan F., Pop O.T. ........................................................................ 39 Inondations sur le cours supérieur de la Tisza dans le dernier demi‐siècle Nicolaie Hodor, Mihai Hotea, Traian Tudose .......................................................................... 45 La perception des aléas hydriques comme desservices écosystémiques : étude de cas au sud de la Roumanie Ioana‐Toroimac G., Zaharia L., Neculau G., Constantin D.M., Stan F.I. .............................. 55 Utilisation de lʹinterférométrie radar (INSAR) pour lʹobservation des glissements de terrain Ivan K., Holobaca I.‐H., Alexe M., Meseșan F., Furtuna P. ................................................... 63 3 Iulian‐Horia Holobâcă, Kinga Ivan (éditeurs) : Actes du colloque : Les risques naturels dans le contexte du changement climatique L’exposition à la sécheresse dans l’avant‐pays des Carpates Orientales Kholiavchuk D. ......................................................................................................................... 69 Les désastres naturels au Brésil : risques et vulnérabilités ‐ les risques hybrides Mendonça F. ............................................................................................................................. 75 Variabilité et extrêmes pluviométriques dans une région vulnérable de l’Afrique : le Sahel Ouest‐africain Nouaceur Z., Murărescu O. ..................................................................................................... 83 L’apport des analyses dendrogéomorphologiques au zonage des aléas avalanche de neige dans les Monts Parâng (Roumanie) et les Monts Pirin (Bulgarie) Pop O.T., Mesesan F., Gavrila I.G., Holobaca I., Decaulne A., Baltakova A., Bozhkov P, Stoyanova S., Krenchev D., Kenderova R ................................................................................. 91 Pluies extrêmes pendant les dix dernières années dans la vallée de Strouma (Bulgarie) Hristo Popov ............................................................................................................................. 95 Lʹévaluation générale du stress thermique dans les grandes zones urbaines de Roumanie Scripcă A.‐S., Croitoru A.‐E. ................................................................................................. 105 Évolution des types de temps perturbés au Liban (1970‐71/2009‐10) Traboulsi M., Mhanna H., Haj Hassan Z. ............................................................................. 113 Severe Weather Conditions Associated to a Mesoscale Convective System on the 17th of September 2017, in Northwestern half of Romania Tudose T. ................................................................................................................................ 125 Processus de pente, changement climatique et risques naturels dans la vallée Tasiapik, Nunavik, Canada Veilleux S., Decaulne A., Bhiry N. ........................................................................................ 133 Evaluation des dommages inondables ‐ étude de cas Zeleňáková M., Ganová L. ..................................................................................................... 143 4 Brise de mer et pollution atmosphérique au centre‐ville de Sfax (centre‐est tunisien) Dahech S. Université de Sfax (Tunisie), Laboratoire SYFACTE ; Université Paris Diderot (PRODIG)[email protected] Résumé : L’objectif est de montrer la variabilité spatio‐temporelle de la pollution de lʹair à Sfax durant les situations de brises littorales. Le travail s’appuie sur des campagnes de mesures réalisée dans la partie méridionale de l’agglomération et dans l’hyper centre. Les mesures ont été menées de façon itinérante à l’aide d’un capteur portatif de type ʺTestoʺ, placé à 1,5 m de hauteur et à moins de 1,5 m des voies de circulation, qui effectue des enregistrements toutes les 5 secondes. Les relations entre taux de CO et trafic automobile s’appuient sur les comptages effectués aux points d’arrêt. Durant la renverse nocturne de la brise de mer, des pics de pollution atmosphérique d’origine industrielle s’ajoutent à ceux causés par le trafic routier. A l’échelle du quartier, la morphologie urbaine agit sur l’écoulement de la brise et ainsi sur la dispersion du CO. Mot‐clé : brise, pollution, morphologie urbaine, Sfax, Tunisie Abstract: Sea breeze and air pollution in downtown Sfax (central east Tunisia). The objective is to show the spatio‐ temporal variability of air pollution at Sfax during littoral breezes. The work is based on measurement campaigns carried out in the southern part of the agglomeration and in the hyper centre. The measurements were conducted in a traveling manner using a portable ʺTestoʺ type sensor, located 1.5 m high and less than 1.5 m from the traffic lanes, which makes recordings every 5 seconds. The relationships between CO rate and car traffic are based on the counts made at the stopping points. During the nocturnal reversal of the sea breeze, peaks of air pollution of industrial origin are added to those caused by road traffic. At the neighbourhood scale, urban morphology affects the flow of the breeze and thus the dispersion of CO. Keywords: breeze, pollution, urban morphology, Sfax, Tunisia Introduction L’impact de la brise littorale sur la pollution atmosphérique est incontestable. En effet, il a été démontré dans plusieurs villes que la brise littorale, en raison de ses caractéristiques thermodynamiques, est favorable à la détérioration de la qualité de l’air. D’abord, la faible vitesse de la brise, particulièrement durant les renverses et la phase nocturne, exhérède la dispersion des polluants (Roussel, 1993). Ensuite, l’alternance brise de mer/brise de terre crée une circulation fermée contrariant la dispersion des polluants (Janoueix‐Yacono, 1995). Puis, l’air ramené par la brise, relativement frais, rend l’atmosphère plus stable près de la côte en sursoyant les mouvements d’ascendance. Cette convection devient très limitée la nuit à cause de l’installation d’une couche 5 Iulian‐Horia Holobâcă, Kinga Ivan (éditeurs) : Actes du colloque : Les risques naturels dans le contexte du changement climatique d’inversion thermique bloquant la dispersion verticale des polluants atmosphériques (Carrega, 1995). Enfin, le temps radiatif caractérisant les situations de brise déclenche la pollution photochimique. Ainsi, « Plusieurs travaux ont montré que des dépassements des seuils préconisés par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) sont relevés dans des villes méditerranéennes par temps de brise comme c’est le cas à Marseille (Michaud, 2013), à Nice (Martin, 2008), à Athènes (Kambezidis et al., 1998), à Barcelone ( Milan et al., 1996), Sfax (Dahech et al., 2006)…etc » (Dahech, 2014). Dans ce travail nous privilégions l’échelle fine en étudiant la variation spatiotemporelle du monoxyde de carbone (CO) à l’échelle de l’agglomération de Sfax et du quartier central par temps de brise en utilisant des capteurs portatifs permettant de multiplier les points de mesures. 1. Cadre spatial, méthodes et données Nous traitons la qualité de l’air dans la partie méridionale de l’agglomération de Sfax englobant administrativement les délégations de Sfax centre, Sfax Ouest, Sfax Sud et Thyna, auxquelles s’ajoute la ceinture périurbaine (fig. 1). Cet espace se caractérise par une densité urbaine élevé, il abrite environ 400 000 habitants. Il se caractérise par l’importance des sources émettrices des polluants atmosphériques. De même nous estimons avoir une bonne connaissance de l’espace étudié. Nous avons choisi
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