“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau – Romania “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi – Romania Politecnico University of Torino – Italy Warsaw University of Technology – Poland “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse – Bulgaria Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences ”Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti”

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014

4-7 June, 2014 Bacau, ROMANIA

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Editors: Gabriel Lazar Valentin Nedeff

Alma Mater Bacau 2014 ISSN: 2360 – 4018

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014

4-7 June, 2014 Bacau, ROMANIA

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Conference organized under the patronage of: INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY & GEOPHYSICS EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION

With the financial support of ROMANIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AGENCE UNIVERSITAIRE DE LA FRANCOPHONIE BACAU CITY COUNCIL

Conference Chair Mioara Mandea – Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris

Scientific Committee Co-chair Gabriel Lazar – „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania

Scientific Committee Salem M. Abdel-Badeeh – Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt Maricel Agop – ”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania Peter M. Atkinson – University of Southampton, UK Hristo Beloev – “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Bulgaria Valeriy O. Dubrovin – National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Stefka Fidanova – Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria Silvia Fiore – Politecnico University of Torino, Italy Vergil Gangu – Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences ”Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti”, Romania Maria Gavrilescu – ”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania Giuseppe Genon – Politecnico University of Torino, Italy Michael Ghil – Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France Marco Gilli – Politecnico University of Torino, Italy Ion Giurma– ”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania Vassilis J. Inglezakis – Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan Alik Ismail-Zadeh – Karlsruhe University, Germany Gheorghe Marmureanu – National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania Nicolay Mihailov – “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Bulgaria Valentin Nedeff – ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania Mihai C. Nicolescu – Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences ”Gheorghe Ionescu- Sisesti”, Romania Alexandru Ozunu – Babes-Bolyai University, Romania Gigel Paraschiv – Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania Marc Poumadere – Institut Symlog, Paris, France Stanisław Radkowski – Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Rajandrea Sethi – Politecnico University of Torino, Italy Gheorghe Sin – Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences ”Gheorghe Ionescu- Sisesti”, Romania Carmen Teodosiu – ”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania Constantinos Varotsis – Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus Gheorghe Voicu – Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania Maria Chiara Zanetti – Politecnico University of Torino, Italy

Local organizing committee Chair: Valentin Nedeff Members: Iuliana Caraman, Elena Ciobanu, Cristina Cirtita Buzoianu, Venera Cojocariu, Cerasela Crisan, Cornelia Danu, Veronica Grecu, Iulian Furdu, Irina Ifrim, Iuliana Lazar, Gabriel Lazar, Emilian Mosnegutu, Elena Nechita, Mirela Panainte, Liliana Sacara, Carol Schnakovszky, Marius Stamate, Cosmin Tomozei, Valentin Zichil

ABSTRACTS

1 RISK FROM EARTH AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT 1. CNES AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CHARTER "SPACE 14 AND MAJOR DISASTERS" Mioara Mandea 2. THE IMPACT OF THE SURFACE ON FIELD FIRE SIMULATION 15 Stefka Fidanova, Pencho Marinov 3. UNCERTAINTIES IN EVALUATION OF HAZARD AND SEISMIC RISK OVER TIME IN 16 ROMANIA Gheorghe Mărmureanu, Alexandru Mărmureanu, Carmen Ortanza Cioflan, Constantin Ionescu, Dragoş Toma 4. INFLUENCE DE METEORES SUR LA IONOSPHERE DE LA TERRE 17 Valeriu Abramciuc 5. ANOMALIES IN THE SCHUMANN SPECTRUM INDUCED BY SEISMIC WAVES 18 Maricel Agop, Alina Gavriluţ, Gabriel Crumpei 6. MODELLING WATER FLOW IN A COMPLEX WATERSHED IN HUMID A TROPICAL 19 AREA USING SWAT: A CASE STUDY OF TAABO WATERSHED IN COTE D'IVOIRE Kouao Armand Anoh, J. P. Jourda, K. J. Kouame, T. J. J. Koua, A. E. Eba, T. A. Anani, Dickens K. N. Atcheremi, J. Biemi, K. C. Abbaspour 7. MODELLING CATCHMENT-SCALE OF FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY USING SWAT 20 MODEL Kouao Armand Anoh, J. P. Jourda, K. J. Kouame, T. J. J. Koua 8. OPTIMIZED METHODOLOGY TOWARDS AN IMPROVED QUANTITATIVE 21 ASSESSMENT OF SITE EFFECTS Andrei Bala 9. GEOPHYSICAL AND GEODETICAL INSIGHTS ON THE GEODYNAMIC SETTING OF 22 2013 GALATI-IZVOARELE QUAKE SWARM Lucian Besutiu, Luminita Zlagnean, Raluca Focsaneanu 10. RESEARCH ON THE FISH CONTAMINANTS 23 Amelia Buculei, Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop), Adriana Dabija 11. PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR THE TERRITORY OF MOLDOVA 24 AND ROMANIA Rashid Burtiev 12. FLOOD HAZARD ASSESMENT BASED ON HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS WITH GIS 25 TOOLS. STUDY CASE: TAITA CATCHMENT Buta Constantin, Stanescu Madalina 13. LE RISQUE "VERT" DANS LE DELTA DU FLEUVE SENEGAL: VEGETAUX 26 AQUATIQUES ENVAHISSANTS (V.A.E) ET IMPACTS Eve Jeanne Lambertine Cabo, Dr Adrien Coly, Gabriel Lazar 14. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL EROSION PROCESSES FROM GHERASIM VALLEY, 27 BACĂU COUNTY, ROMANIA Stelian Cartacuzencu, Gabriel Lazăr 15. THE MOST IMPORTANT HIGH FLOODS IN PRUT RIVER MIDDLE COURSE – CAUSES 28 AND CONSEQUENCES Flaviana Corduneanu, Daniel Bucur, Claudiu Pricop 16. MESO-MICROPOROUS HIERARCHICALLY ZSM-5 BASED NANOSTRUCTURATED 29 HYBRIDS AS ADSORBENTS FOR FOR Pb2+ AND Cd2+ FROM WASTEWATER Ileana Cristina Covaliu, Gigel Paraschiv, Ecaterina Matei 17. ASSAINISSEMENT URBAIN ET RISQUES SUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT A DAKAR 30 Doukoure Ouleymatou Ndiaye Paul 18. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS APPLIED IN CASE OF SEISMIC RISK IN BUCHAREST 31 CITY. CASE STUDY – THE HISTORICAL CENTRE Diana Gheorghe, Iuliana Armas 19. MORPHODYNAMICS OF DAMBOVITA FLOODPLAIN USING DIACHRONIC 32 ANALYSIS Diana Gheorghe, Iuliana Armas

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20. MORPHOGENESIS OF STRUCTURES IN COMPLEX FLUIDS THROUGH THE 33 INFORMATIONAL NON-DIFFERENTIABLE ENTROPY Vlad Ghizdovăț, Iacob Dan Dezideriu, Irina Nicoleta Gațu, Maricel Agop 21. NON LINEAR EFFECTS IN COMPLEX FLUID 34 Irina Nicoleta Gațu, Iacob Dan Dezideriu, Vlad Ghizdovăț, Maricel Agop 22. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS SEEN AS CAUSES OF THE DANUBE FLOODS CASE STUDY: 35 OLTENITA - CALARASI SECTOR Stefania (Omrani) Grigorie, Floare Grecu 23. ETUDE D’IMPACT DE L’EROSION RAVINANTE SUR L’HABITAT ET 36 L’ENVIRONNEMENT URBAINS DE KINSHASA Holenu Mangenda Holy, Lelo Nzuzi Francis, Valentin Nedeff, Narcis Barsan 24. MAPPING THE FLASH FLOOD PRONE AREA IN THE TAITA WATERSHED 37 (ROMANIA) USING TOPOGRAPHIC INDEXES AND HYDRAULIC MODEL Carmen Maftei, Konstantinos Papatheodorou 25. INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL FROM THE TARNITA 38 AREA Victor Jucan, Anca Mihaela Dumitrescu, Alexandra Raluca Iordan, Mircea Nicolae Palamaru 26. ESTIMATION MODEL FOR THE QUALITY OF WATERS OF OITUZ RIVER 39 Carmen-Violeta Popescu, Dorel Ureche, Elena Nechita 27. RETOUR DES POPULATIONS DEPLACEES ET RISQUES DE CONFLIT FONCIER DANS 40 LA COMMUNAUTE RURALE DE NIAGUIS (ZIGUINCHOR) Ndao Mohamed Lamine, Ndiaye Paul 28. LA GESTION DES INONDATIONS DANS LA VILLE DE SAINT-LOUIS 41 Fatime Kanté, Gabriel Octavian Lazar, Adrien Coly 29. RISK EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDITION IN Ocimum basilicum L. 42 CULTURE MEDIA Diana Mirila, Petronel Paval, Stefan Ciobanu, Oana-Irina Patriciu, Irina-Claudia Alexa, Raluca- Ioana Tampu, Luminita Grosu, Daniela Nicuta, Irina Ifrim, Lucian Gavrila, Adriana Finaru 30. SEASONAL INFLUENCE AND CONTAMINATION RISKS OF THE GROUNDWATER IN 43 ARJAAT VILLAGE, MOROCCO François Xavier Nshimiyimana, Maria-Ema Faciu, Abdellah El Abidi, Souad El Blidi, Gabriel Lazar, Mohamed Fekhaoui, Abdelmajid Soulaymani 31. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UTILISED IN CLEANING OLD POLYCHROME WOOD 44 Silvea Pruteanu, Ana-Maria Budu, Viorica Vasilache, Ion Sandu 32. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE COASTAL OF GUINEA: "NATURAL AND 45 ANTHROPICS RISKS" Diaka Sidibé, Chakib Darraz, Mohamed Lamine Keita, Gabriel Lazar 33. LANDSLIDE RISK: STUDY OF SOIL INSTABILITY OF A SITE IN THE REGION OF 46 TETOUAN, OCCIDENTAL RIF (MOROCCO) Diaka Sidibé, Abdelouahed Touhami Ouazani, Adil Zemama 34. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT. 47 STUDY CASE: VASLUI WWTP Madalina Stanescu, Constantin Buta 35. MINIMIZING SEISMIC RISK THROUGHT INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND 48 COMMUNICATION PROGAMS Dragos Tataru, Stefan Florin Balan, Bogdan Zaharia, Bogdan Grecu 36. QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC LOSS ASSESSMENT FOR BUILDINGS IN THE HISTORICAL 49 CENTER OF BUCHAREST Iuliana Armas, Dragos Toma-Danila, Diana Gheorghe 37. CONCEPTUAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR THE SEISMIC RISK 50 ASSESSMENT OF ROAD NETWORKS Dragos Toma-Danila, Iuliana Armas 38. SEISMICITY OF THE NORTHERN PART OF ROMANIA 51 Mihail Diaconescu, Dragos Toma-Danila, Andreea Ani Gabriela Craiu 39. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND USER SCENARIO FOR MOBILE GIS 52 RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Cosmin Tomozei, Iulian Furdu, Simona Varlan, Nick Vercruyssen, Cristian Amancei

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40. COLMARS - COLLABORATIVE RISK AWARENESS RECOMMENDER SYSTEM 53 DEVELOPMENT WITH UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING CAPABILITY Nick Vercruyssen, Iulian Furdu, Cristian Amancei, Cosmin Tomozei, Simona Varlan 41. A NEW IDENTIFICATION METHOD USED FOR SHIP CAPSIZING RISK ASSESSMENT 54 IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Mariusz Andrzejczak, Martyna Ulinowicz 42. A CASE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC INSTABILITY IN MOLDAVIA REGION, AT THE 55 BEGINNING OF THE HOT SEASON Georgiana Lăcătuşu, Marinela Lazar, Ema Fâciu 43. THE SPREAD COURSE VISUALIZATION OF THE FLOOD WAVE CASE STUDY- 56 TROTUS RIVER Roxana Tincu, Ema Faciu, Alina Coman 44. THE PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES OF LAMELLAR AIIIBVI SEMICONDUCTOR 57 JUNCTIONS INTERSPERSED WITH Cd Dumitru Untila, Iuliana Caraman, Nicolae Spalatu, Liliana Dmitroglo 2 RISK FROM INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 1. INDUSTRIAL RISKS RELATED TO NATECH EVENTS IN ROMANIA 58 Ozunu Alexandru 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REGARDING THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY 59 LUBRICATION IN CASE OF SHEET METAL FORMING Aurelian Albuț, Valentin Zichil, Adrian Judele 3. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF ERYTHROSIN B 60 Laura Carmen Apostol, Raluca-Maria Hlihor, Maria Gavrilescu 4. TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE GOLD MININGIN EU – THE SUSMIN PROJECT 61 Soile Backnäs, Raisa Neitola, Kaisa Turunen, Alexandre Lima, António Fiúza, Malgorzata Szlachta, Patryk Wójtowicz, Raluca Maftei, Marian Munteanu, Lena Alakangas, Calin Baciu, Dámaris Fernández 5. APPLICATION OF THE FLOCCULATION PROCESS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL 62 WASTEWATER TREATMENT, Mariana Turcu, Valentin Nedeff, Bârsan Narcis 6. CLIMATIC FACTORS INFLUENCE TO THE NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) POLLUTION, IN 63 BACAU CITY, IN 2010 Doina Capşa, Valentin Nedeff, Bârsan Narcis 7. APLICATION OF THE COAGULATION PROCESS FOR THE MUNICIPAL SEWAGE 64 SLUDGE TREATMENT Jessica Alcaraz, Marine Ridoire, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte, Mariana Turcu, Bârsan Narcis 8. AUTOMATIC CONCRETE BONDING MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON WIRELESS 65 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Piotr Bazydło, Szymon Dąbrowski, Krzysztof Trzcinka, Roman Szewczyk, Wojciech Winiarski 9. ANTHROPOGENIC RISKS IN TAZLAU BASIN-ROMANIA 66 Luminita Bibire, Mihaela-Beatrice Barbieru, Liliana Topliceanu, Adrian Stelian Ghenadi 10. FAILURE RISK OF A HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE MADE FROM REINFORCED 67 CARBON FIBERS UNDER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT Radu Caliman 11. STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON TYPHA LATIFOLIA’S (BULRUSH) ABSORPTION 68 CAPACITY OF HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL Cristian Radu, Valentin Nedeff, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus 12. STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING THE MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE 69 THE PRODUCTION OF LEACHATE AND BIOGAS FROM WASTE LANDFILLS Mihai Belciu, Valentin Nedeff, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus 13. UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS USED TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS FROM 70 POLLUTED WATER Ştefana Cojocaru, Anca Mihaela Dumitrescu, Alexandra Raluca Iordan, Mircea Nicolae Palamaru 14. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH REGARDING THE RISK-FREE 71 WORK OF THE GANTRY CRANES Gheorghe N. Radu, Ioana Sonia Comănescu

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15. STUDY CONCERNING THE METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE MIXING PROCESS 72 EFFICIENCY Mihaela-Elena Dascalu, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Mosnegutu, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Oana Irimia 16. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE POSSIBILITY OF DEPOLLUTING 73 HYDROCARBONS-CONTAMINATED SOILS THROUGH COMBUSTION Andronela Barbulescu, Cristian Deac, Lazar Avram, Valentin Petrescu, Alina Gligor 17. INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF THE FLOW ON THE BODY 74 OF A UAV FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Iulian Florescu, Daniela Florescu, Dragos Iulian Nedelcu 18. DIAGNOSIS BASED ON ENERGY OPERATORS IN THE PROCESS OF LIFECYCLE 75 ASSESSMENT OF GEARS Adam Gałęzia, Robert Gumiński, Marcin Jasiński, Jędrzej Mączak 19. THE IMPACT OF MANGALIA HARBOUR’S BREAKWATERS ON THE SHORE AND 76 CLIFF IN “2 MAI-VAMA VECHE” COASTAL AREA Sunai Gelmambet 20. USE OF MAGNETIC PHENOMENA AND BAYESIAN UPDALING IN THE RISK 77 ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE Szymon Gontarz, Robert Gumiński, Stanisław Radkowski 21. THE INFLUENCE OF RISK ON THE RESTORATION MAXIMUM DURATION OF THE 78 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO CONSUMERS Gheorghe Hazi, Aneta Hazi 22. ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM MOTORWAY’S RUNOFF 79 Antonis A Zorpas, Vassilis J. Inglezakis, Lampis Hlias, Irene Voukkali, Pantelitsa Loizia 23. A SIMULATION OF A JET EJECTOR SYSTEM USED FOR IMPROVE THE HEAT 80 ENERGY RECUPERATION FROM INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Ionel Olaru 24. RISK ANALYSIS AT OPENING OF METALLIC PENSTOCK SUBJECTED TO 81 HYDROSTATIC LOADS Ionel Olaru, Dragoş-Iulian Nedelcu 25. ELIMINATING THE RISK OF INCORRECT MEASUREMENTS DUE TO VARIATIONS IN 82 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY Sorin Eugen Popa 26. STUDY REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC FLOWS OF WASTEWATER 83 IN ROMANIA Mircea-Vlad Mureșan, Elena-Maria Pică 27. MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF SCRAP TYRES PROCESSING 84 Sana Kordoghli, Maria Paraschiv, Radu Kuncser, Mohand Tazerout, Fethi Zagrouba, Ionut Georgescu 28. PASSIVE MAGNETIC IMAGING SYSTEM FOR HIDDEN FERROMAGNETIC OBJECTS 85 DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION Michal Nowicki, Roman Szewczyk 29. A RISK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS ABOUT INTEGRATING CAD-CAM-CAE 86 SOFTWARE IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Ionel Olaru 30. DEVELOPMENT OF GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR GOLD EXPLORATION 87 Raluca-Mihaela Maftei, Emil Rusu, Ovidiu Avram, Ioan Scutelnicu, Antonio Ulmeanu 31. APPLICATION OF MAGNETOELASTIC EFFECTS FOR STRESS ASSESMENT AND 88 RISK MITIGATION IN CONSTRUCTIONS Dorota Jackiewicz, Roman Szewczyk, Adam Bienkowski, Maciej Kachniarz, Jacek Salach 32. STUDY ON SEPARATION OF PURGE GASES FROM AMMONIA PLANT 89 Radu Mihai, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Stănilă Marius 33. INDUSTRIAL FURNITURE AND DIARY WASTES CAPITALIZATION 90 FOR COMPOST PRODUCTION Alexandru Chiriac, Andrei I. Simion, Cristina G. Grigoras, Lidia Favier - Teodorescu, Lucian Gh. Gavrilă 34. CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE OXYGEN TRANSFER AND CONTROL OF 91 DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Roman Marius-Daniel

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35. WASTEWATERS CAPITALIZATION FOR IMPROVING THE FODDER YEASTS 92 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY Andrei I. Simion, Livia Manea, Cristina G. Grigoraș, Lidia Favier - Teodorescu 36. INFLUENCE OF A GRANULAR MIXTURE PARTICLES SIZES AND THE OSCILLATION 93 FREQUENCY ON THE SEPARATION PROCESS AT THE CONICAL SIEVES WITH OSCILLATING MOVEMENT Gheorghe Voicu, Dorel Stoica, Gabriel Alexandru Constantin, Craita Carp-Ciocârdia, Elena Mădălina Ştefan 37. RISK PREVENTION IN FOOD INDUSTRY THROUGH PROFESSIONAL 94 QUALIFICATION OF THE PERSONNEL Liliana Topliceanu, Luminita Bibire, Denisa Nistor 38. RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN POLAND WITH THE USE OF 95 NON-CLASSICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC EVENTS Robert Guminski, Szymon Gontarz, Stanislaw Radkowski, Krzysztof Szczurowski 39. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE SEPARATION PROCESS OF THE 96 GRANULOMETRICAL AGRICULTURAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTS Ovidiu Bontas, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Florin Mosnegutu 40. A GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AROMATIC CARBONYL 97 COMPOUNDS USING RANEY NI-AL ALLOY Mirela Suceveanu, Matei Raicopol, Adriana Fînaru, Sorin I. Roşca 41. EDDY CURRENT TOMOGRAPHY AS A NEW ALTERNATIVE FOR X-RAY 98 TOMOGRAPHY IN NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Jacek Salach, Roman Szewczyk, Dorota Jackiewicz 42. EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED 99 WITH MECHANICAL FAULTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR BLDC Szymon Gontarz, Przemyslaw Szulim 43. BIODEGRADATION OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM 100 CAMEROON’S COAST WATER Lucie Leme Banock, Claudine Ntsama Essomba, Dumitra Raducanu, Iuliana Caraman, Larissa Abologo Azeme, Charles Felix Bilong Bilong, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar 44. RANKING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, DETERMINING IMMISSION 101 CONCENTRATIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS OF MINING AND THERMAL POWER PLANTS Jelena Malenović-Nikolić, Ivica Ristović, Predrag Dašić 45. CORELLATION BETWEEN ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA ACTIVITIES OF THE 102 PHOSPHOGYPSUM DUMP NEAR BACAU TOWN Sorina Zîrnea, Marius Stamate, Marius Popescu, Ciprian Sandu, Gabriel Lazăr 46. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED SITES IN MOINEŞTI CYTY 103 WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Laura Rusăi, Stelian Cartacuzencu, George Găman 47. THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF SOLID PARTICLES IN AERODYNAMIC SEPARATION 104 PROCESS DEPENDING OF HIS FORM Emilian Mosnegutu, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Narcis Barsan, Dana Chițimuș, Mihail Ristea 3 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH RISK 1. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FROM POLLUTED SITES ON REGIONAL AND 105 LOCAL LEVEL: CASE STUDY REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Oleg Bogdevich, Ruslan Melian, Oleg Cadocinicov, Corneliu Busuioc, Tatiana Belous, Vadim Platonov 2. THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WITH MULTICRITERIAL 106 METHODS AND GIS SOFTWARE Sorin Borza, Valentin Petrescu 3. THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS USED IN RESTORATION OF PANEL 107 PAINTINGS UPON RESTORERS’ HEALTH Ana-Maria Budu, Viorica Vasilache, Ion Sandu 4. STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING THE POLLUTION ON THE SIRET RIVER IN 108 THE BACAU-MARASESTI SECTOR Madalin-Ionut Rotaru, Valentin Nedeff, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus

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5. ENGINEERED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MITIGATING ODOROUS EMISSIONS FROM 109 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS Iulia Carmen Ciobotici (Terryn), Iuliana Lazăr, Gabriel Lazăr 6. OCCURRENCE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGICAL AND 110 HEALTH RISKS Elena - Diana Comăniţă, Raluca Maria Hlihor, Cristina Ghinea, Maria Gavrilescu 7. THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE WOODEN SUPPORT OF 111 A PANEL PAINTING ICON Cristache Raluca Anamaria, Budu Ana Maria, Vasilache Viorica, Sandu Ion 8. SOME RECENT ASPECTS ABOUT RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS, LIKE 134Cs AND 112 137Cs IN FOODS Iuliana Sion, Adriana Dabija, Mihaela-Adriana Tita, Amelia Buculei 9. FOOD POISONING PRODUCED BY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FAMILY 113 Adriana Dabija, Iuliana Sion, Lăcrămioara Rusu 10. PREVENTION MEASURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS GENERATED BY 114 UNCONTROLLED STORAGE OF WASTES Mirela Dincă, Gigel Paraschiv, Gheorghe Voicu, Georgiana Moiceanu, Mihai Chiţoiu 11. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AN URBAN AREA PREDICTED BASED ON 115 ROAD TRAFFIC Maria-Ema Faciu, Peter M. Atkinson, Marius Stamate, Irina Ifrim, Iulia Lazar, Gabriel Lazar 12. A PRATICAL UHPLC/DAD METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF CHLOROPHENOLS IN 116 WATER AT NANOGRAM PER LITER LEVEL Yassine Kadmi, Lidia Favier-Teodorescu, Andrei Ionut Simion, Lacramioara Rusu, Dominique Wolbert 13. RISK FROM DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION: 117 FORMATION, MONITORING, REMOVAL Silvia Fiore, Giuseppe Genon, Maria Chiara Zanetti 14. INTRODUCING A METHOD OF URBAN SOIL RISK EVALUATION –CASE STUDY ON 118 URBAN RECREATIONAL AREAS IN CLUJ NAPOCA Andra Cristina Gagiu, Elena Maria Pica, Claudiu Tanaselia, Monica Ursu 15. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS FOR ENERGY FROM BIOMASS AND FOSSIL FUELS 119 G.Genon, D. Panepinto, F.Viggiano 16. REMOVAL OF LEAD(II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ONTO CHEMICALLY 120 MODIFIED NANOMATERIALS Ana-Maria Georgescu, Ileana Denisa Nistor, Françoise Nardou 17. RISK ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLING 121 Cristina Ghinea, Diana Elena Comanita, Isabela Maria Simion, Petronela Cozma, Maria Gavrilescu 18. PCA IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN PHYSCO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 122 INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF PEA BEANS (PISUM SATIVUM) Simona Constantin Ghinita, Mirela Praisler, Gabriela Iordachescu 19. AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF DILL (Anethum 123 graveolens) BASED ON HIERARHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS Simona Constantin Ghinita, Mirela Praisler, Gabriela Iordăchescu 20. THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE STORAGE FACILITY “VIDRA” ON 124 GROUNDWATER Amira-Valentina Gogoanţă, Dan Niculae Robescu 21. ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK OF PESTICIDES APPLIED IN DOUBLE 125 DOSE ON APPLES Raluca Maria Hlihor, Manuela Olga Pogăcean, Maria Gavrilescu 22. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ROMANIA: CURRENT DATA AND APPLICATION OF A 126 DECISION SUPPORT TOOL Vassilis Inglezakis, Mihaela Ambăruş, Nona Ardeleanu, Konstantinos Moustakas, Maria Loizidou 23. THE ORIGIN OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN SOILS OF NORTH HAMEDAN, IRAN: 127 A PEDOLOGICAL APPROACH Shiva Nosratipour, Mohsen Nael, Mohsen Sheklabadi, Ali Asghar Sepahigero 24. INCLUSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL RISK RESOURCES 128 SayedHamid Matinkhah, Mohsen Nael, NargesKhaledi Nael, Alireza Sofianian

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25. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE PARAMETERS’ DYNAMICS. CASE STUDY - 129 SIRET RIVER IN GIURGIULESTI AREA Gabriel Murariu, Mihaela Timofti, Paula Popa, Lucian Georgescu 26. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FALL AND WINTERTIME GROUND–LEVEL NOX, CO 130 AND NO2 IN THE CENTER OF BRAILA CITY Gabriel Murariu, Mihaela Timofti, Paula Popa, Lucian Georgescu 27. OPTIMIZING WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN ORDER TO AVOID EUTROPHICATION 131 RISKS Elena Elisabeta Manea, Lăcrămioara Diana Robescu 28. OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL REMEDIATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT 132 Doru Lucian Manea, Ionut Georgescu, Elena Elisabeta Manea, Dan Niculae Robescu 29. APPORT DES TECHNIQUES GEOSPATIALES POUR EVALUER LES RISQUES DE 133 POLLUTION DES EAUX SOUTERRAINES DE LA REGION D’EHANIA DANS LE SUD- EST DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE Arthur Brice Konan-Waidhet, Brou Dibi, Konan Emmanuel Kouadio, Issiaka Savane, Gabriel Lazar 30. HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS, ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE AND RISK EXPOSURE BY 134 CONSUMPTION OF FISH FROM BLACK SEA, ROMANIA Oana Jitar, Carmen Teodosiu, Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru, Mircea Nicoară, Gabriel Plavan 31. GRASSLANDS MANAGEMENT THROUGH OVERSEEDING TO REDUCE THE RISK OF 135 DEGRADATION Dragoș Manea, Gigel Paraschiv, Gheorghe Voicu, Eugen Marin 32. GENERAL ASPECTS CONCERNING THE ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN ROAD 136 TRAFFIC NOISE Alina Petrovici (Contu), Claudia Tomozei, Florin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte 33. RECOVERY OF LIQUID FRACTIONS THROUGH PYROLYSIS OF HAZARDEOUS 137 HOSPITAL PLASTIC WASTE Radu Kuncser, Maria Paraschiv, Mohand Tazerout, Ionut Georgescu 34. TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A STAND-ALONE PV-WIND-DIESEL HYBRID 138 ENERGY SYSTEM Simona L. Paraschiv, Spiru Paraschiv, Ion.V. Ion 35. SPINACIA OLERACEA PROTECTIVE EFFECT AGAINST HYDROCHLORIC ACID 139 MEDIA COROSION ON ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Madalina Pirvan, Cristina Patrascu, Raluca-Ioana Tampu, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita, Eugen Herghelegiu, Oana-Irina Patriciu, Irina Alexa, Luminita Grosu, Irina Ifrim, Lucian Gavrila, Adriana Finaru 36. THE RISKS OF CONSUMPTION OF DRINKING WATER POLLUTED WITH NITRATES 140 Maria Prisecaru, Tina Oana Cristea, Ionuţ Stoica, Antoaneta Dobreanu, Lenuţa Rusăscu, Florian Prisecaru 37. MINIMIZING THE RISK OF STROKE BY INTEGRATING A REAL-TIME 141 MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE INTELLIGENT HOUSE Petru Gabriel Puiu, Cornel Toma 38. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER 142 Iuliana Radosavlevici, Diana Lăcrămioara Robescu 39. PERCCOTTUS GLENII DISTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE ON NATIVE FISH SPECIES IN 143 SIRET RIVER, ROMANIA, BASED ON TROPHIC SPECTRUM Marius Andrei Rău, Gabriel Plavan, Ștefan Adrian Strungaru, Mircea Nicoară, Dorel Ureche 40. FLY ASH-DERIVED ZEOLITES AS ADSORBENTS FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM 144 WASTEWATER Lacramioara Rusu, Christophe Vial, Fabrice Audonnet, Maria Harja, Daniela Suteu, Lidia Favier, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar 41. EVALUATION DE L’ACTIVITE ANTIFONGIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE 145 DEUX PLANTES AROMATIQUES Marguérite Simo, Jean Baptiste Hzounda, Issakou Bakarnga, Flavie Kenfack, Elisabeth Zeuko’o, Pierre Jazet, Fabrice Fekam, Chantal Menut 42. EVALUATION DES ACTIVITES ANTIOXYDANTE ET ANTI-INFLAMMATOIRE DE 146 DEUX HUILES ESSENTIELLES Marguérite Simo, Jean Baptiste Hzounda, Issakou Bakarnga, Flavie Kenfack, Elisabeth Zeuko’o, Pierre Jazet, Fabrice Fekam, Chantal Menut

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43. ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR 222Rn AND 220Rn CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT BACAU, 147 ROMANIA: A DETERMINISTIC APPROACH Marius Stamate, Iuliana Caraman 44. WOOD WASTES AS A RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 148 Daniela Suteu, Carmen Zaharia, Catalin Popovici, Teodor Malutan, Lacramioara Rusu, Lucian Tabacaru 45. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY – IMPORTANT TOOL FOR RISKS DETERMINATIONS 149 IN FOOD INDUSTRY Raluca-Ioana Tampu, Adriana Finaru, Claire Elfakir 46. REDUCING CORROSION RISK FOR MILD STEEL BY USING Raphanus Sativus AND 150 Spinacia Oleracea EXTRACTS AS GREEN CORROSION INHIBITORS Raluca-Ioana Tampu, Oana-Irina Patriciu, Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Irina Alexa, Luminita Grosu, Irina Ifrim, Lucian Gavrila, Adriana Finaru 47. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MECHANICAL WATER 151 FILTERING PROCESS Oana Ţîrţoacă (Irimia), Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Moșneguțu, Mirela Panainte, Claudia Tomozei 48. THE EXTERIOR NOISE IMPACT ON THE ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED IN A TEACHING 152 ENVIRONMENT Claudia Tomozei, Florin Nedeff, Alina Petrovici (Contu), Mirela Panainte, Oana Irimia 49. INFLUENCE OF SOME CHEMICAL FACTORS ON THE FISH FAUNA OF THE RIVER 153 TROTUS (ROMANIA) Dorel Ureche, Vasilica Alisa Aruș, Ileana Denisa Nistor, Camelia Ureche 50. EMERGING RISKS ON THE RIVER BISTRITA, NEAR BACAU CITY (ROMANIA) 154 Camelia Ureche, Vasilica Alisa Aruș, Ileana Denisa Nistor, Dorel Ureche 51. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BIODIESEL USE IN 155 DIESEL ENGINES, IN COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS Valentin Zichil, Adrian Judele, Aurelian Albut, Emilian Mosnegutu 52. RAINFALL INFLUENCE ON QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL 156 AREA OF BACAU TOWN Georgiana Lăcătuşu, Ema Fâciu, Ana-Maria Macsim-Vasilachi, Elena Golban, Cristina Grigoraş, Andrei-Ionuţ Simion 53. HEALTH RISKS INDUCED BY TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION 157 METHODS Ciprian Sandu, Marius Popescu, Oana Acatrinei – Însurăţelu, Cenuşă Cristiana – Ioana, Irina Ifrim 54. IDENTIFICATION AND PREVENTION OF POTENTIAL RISKS IN BIOGAS 158 TECHNOLOGIES Cocarcea (Rusei) Andreea, Gigel Paraschiv, Lazar Gabriel 55. EFFETS DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LA GERMINATION 159 DES SPORES DES BACILLUS Stève Voundi, Maximilienne Nyegue, Iuliana Lazar, Dumitra Raducanu, Florentine Ndoye, Chantal Menut, François-Xavier Etoa 56. EFFET ANTI-INFLAMMATOIRE ET CYTOTOXIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE 160 QUATRE OCIMUM CAMEROUNAISES Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou, Pierre Michel Jazet Ndongmo, Madeleine Nina Ngo Mback, Steve Henri Voundi, Daniela Nicuta, Dumitra Răducanu, Emmanuel Bassene, Fabrice Fekam Boyom, Iuliana Lazar 57. CARACTÉRISATION SPECTROSCOPIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE QUATRES 161 OCIMUM D’ORIGINE CAMEROUNAISE Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou, Pierre Michel Jazet Ndongmo, Madeleine Nina Ngo Mback, Dumitra Răducanu, Iuliana Caraman, Emmanuel Bassene, Fabrice Fekam Boyom, Iuliana Lazar 58. THE EFFECT OF ROSEHIP POWDER ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT FLOUR 162 Nicoleta Vartolomei, Vasilica Alisa Arus,Alina Mihaela Moroi, Maria Turtoi 59. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VARIATION OF ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF WATER BY 163 ABIOTIC TYPOLOGY IN SIRET RIVER BASIN Roxana Nechifor, Maria-Ema Faciu, Camelia Ureche, Dorel Ureche, Iuliana Lazar

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60. ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM ON BRASSICA NAPUS L, 164 TRITICUM SPP AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE Sorina Zîrnea, Dumitra Răducanu, Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou, Ana Maria Vasilachi-Macsim, Elena Goldan, Iuliana Lazăr 61. DETERMINATION DE LA TOXICITE IN SILICO DES L’HUILES ESSENTIELLES 165 D’OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L DE YAOUNDE ET DE DSCHANG, CAMEROUN F.J.B. Hzounda, T.I.F. Kenfack, I. Barkanga-via, D.P.M. Jazet, B.F Fekam 62. ACTIVITE ANTIFONGIQUE DE HYPERICUM LANCEOLATUM, HYPERICUM RIPARIUM 166 ET GNIDIA GLAUCA Jean B. Hzounda Fokou, Lile C. Nguemang Mabou, Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem, Marguerite Simo Kamdem, Issakou Barkanga-via, Patric V. Tsouh Fokou,Vincent Ngouana, Pierre M. Jazet Dongmo, Fabrice Fekam Boyom 63. BIOMONITORING THE QUALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS USING NON- 167 DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES Marius Nadejde, Petronela Bran, Camelia Ureche, Dorel Ureche, Gabriel Lazar, Irina Ifrim 64. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWN TO 168 POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONTAMINANT AREA Mioara Rachieru (Săndulache), Adriana Luminiţa Fînaru, Dumitra Răducanu, Irina Loredana Ifrim, Ema Maria Făciu 65. CHARACTERIZATION OF RHODEUS AMARUS BY FOURIER TRANSFORM 169 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Alina Ioana Diaconescu, Dorel Ureche, Iuliana Caraman, Camelia Ureche, Iuliana Lazar, Gabriel Lazar 66. A VERSATILE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE RISK OF CHRONIC/ ACUTE 170 INTOXICATION WITH VOC IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Florin Nenciu, Ionut Georgescu, Elena Elisabeta Manea 67. AIR QUALITY ALERT DETERMINATION FOR PATIENTS WITH CARDO- 171 RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS IN MURES COUNTY Valentin Nadasan, Laszlo Barna Iantovics, Elena Nechita, Vladimir Bacarea 68. RISK RELATING AN INAPPROPIATE PHONIC TREATMENT OF ENCLOSURES 172 Florin Nedeff, Claudia Tomozei, Gabriel Lazar 69. PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF CROP PLANTS IN INDUSTRIAL HEAVY 173 METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL IN THE UPPER MUREŞ RIVER BASIN Florica Morar, Adrian Gligor, Laszlo Barna Iantovics 70. MICROCLIMATIC AND ANTHROPIC INFLUENCE ON PAINTED WOOD 174 Ioana Huțanu, Liliana Nica, Ion Sandu, Viorica Vasilache 71. STUDY OF STOPING THE XYLOPHAGOUS ATAC ON A XIX-TH CENTURY ICON 175 PANEL, BY MODIFYING THE LEVEL OF OXIGEN INSIDE THE CRYPTOCLIMAT Marius Munteanu, Ion Sandu, Viorica Vasilache, Ana-Maria Budu 72. MICROCLIMATE EFFECTS ON OLD WOOD PAINTED 176 Liliana Nica, Ioana Huțanu, Ion Sandu, Viorica Vasilache 4 RISK FROM AGRIGULTURE ACTIVITIES 1. A MÉNAGEMENTS HYDROAGRICOLES ET RISQUES DE PRODUCTION EN RIZ DANS 177 LE BASSIN VERSANT DU MARIGOT DE BIGNONA Léopold Mougabie Badiane, Adrien Coly, Boubou Aldiouma Sy 2. MUNGBEAN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE 178 AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ON ENVIROMENT Teodor Robu, Creola Brezeanu, Petre Marian Brezeanu, Silvica Ambăruș, Tina Oana Cristea, Maria Călin 3. DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL SYSTEM AT TOMATOES 179 CULTIVATED IN PROTECTED AREA Creola Brezeanu, Petre Marian Brezeanu, Silvica Ambăruș, Elena Drăghici, Maria Călin, Tina Oana Cristea 4. STUDY OF THE CONTAMINANTS EVOLUTION ON FLOUR - BREAD CHANNEL 180 Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop), Monica Dinu, Adriana Dabija 5. BALANCING THE DEEP LOOSENING MACHINE WITH ACTIVE FURROWS 181 David Alexandru-Dorin, Voicu Gheorghe

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6. RESEARCH ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION 182 OF WHEAT FLOUR FROM ROMANIAN CROPS Monica Dinu, Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop) Amelia Buculei 7. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SOLID BIOFUELS PRODUCTION FROM AGRO BIOMASS 183 Valeriy Dubrovin, Semen Drahniev, Saveliy Kukharets 8. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF INPUT OF THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 184 OF QUALITY IN AGRARIAN SPHERE Valeriy Dubrovin, Tavlui Inna 9. BIOGAS INSTALLATIONS WITH ROTATIONAL TYPE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS 185 Gennadiy Golub, Vasiliy Goh, Olga Sydorchuk 10. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOFUEL USE IN UKRAINIAN AGROECOSYSTEMS 186 Gennadiy Golub, Valeriy Dubrovin, Maxim Pavlenko, Vyacheslav Chuba 11. TRICHOGRAMMA PRODUCTION AND USING EFFICIENCY 187 Oleh Marus, Gennadii Golub 12. RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE PLANTING AND CULTIVATION OF CHERRIES IN 188 SERBIA Ines Stipankov, Dejan Pecić 13. ASPECTS OF RISKS INDUCED BY THE MECHANIZATION WORKS IN SUSTAINABLE 189 AGRICULTURE Mihai C. Nicolescu 14. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY COMSUMPTION AT GRINDING MULTIPLE 190 TYPES OF VEGETAL BIOMASS Georgiana Moiceanu, Gigel Paraschiv, Gheorghe Voicu, Mirela Dincă, Mihai Chiţoiu 15. RESEARCH ON THE MORPHOGENETIC REACTION OF SOME GOJI BERRY 191 EXPLANTS CULTIVATED IN VITRO Daniela Nicuţă, Ciobanu Ştefan, Bran Petronel 16. CYTOGENETIC OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE ACTION OF SOME SOLUTIONS 192 OF EPURATED MUD ON CELL DIVISION IN ALLIUM CEPA L. SPECIES Daniela Nicuţă, Dumitra Răducanu, Iuliana Mihaela Lazăr 17. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM ON THE NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN 193 THE BRASSICA RAPA OLEIFERA AND TRIFOLIUM Ioana Adriana Stefanescu, Dumitra Raducanu, Sorina Zirnea, Iuliana Sion, Iulia Lazar 18. ESTIMATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INDUCED BY RADIATION ON 194 SEWAGE SLUDGE Dumitra Raducanu, Voundi Olugu Steve Henri, Marius Stamate, Maria Prisecaru, Lucie Leme Banock, Ioan Viorel Rati, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar 19. VARIATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AFTER 195 DIFFERENT METHODS OF SOIL STERILIZATION Dumitra Raducanu, Steve Henri Voundi Olugu, Lucie Leme Banock, Marius Stamate, Ioan Viorel Rati, Maria Prisecaru, Iuliana Lazar 20. ON ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS INDUCED BY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES 196 Gheorghe Sin 21. ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND EDIBLE VEGETABLE 197 Vasile Stoleru Maria Gavrilescu, Neculai Munteanu, Carmen Hura 22. DESIGNING OF AIRBLAST SPRAYERS FOR VINEYARDS WITH APPLICATION OF 198 THE THEORY OF AEROSOL FILTRATION Kateryna Syera 23. INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE TYPE ON UNIFORMITY DISTRIBUTION OF SPRAYING 199 DEVICES AND REDUCING SOIL POLLUTION Valentin Vlăduţ, Gigel Paraschiv, Mihai Matache, Mihaela Niţu, Sorin Bungescu, Sorin Biriş 5 BUSINESS RISK 1. RISK OF IMAGE IN THE TRIAD: CONSUMER – FIRM - NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 200 Marcela-Cornelia Danu 2. THE IMPACT OF THE RISK OF POVERTY ON SEGMENTS OF THE MARKET OF 201 ROMANIA Marcela-Cornelia Danu 3. RISK AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ROMANIA 202 Catalin Drob

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4. NEW PORTFOLIO RISK OPTIMISATION METHOOD FOR STRONGLY DEPENDENT 203 ASSETS Piotr Frydrych, Roman Szewczyk 5. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING CONSUMER PERCEIVED RISK 204 Laura Timiras, Bogdan Nichifor 6. RISK APPROACH IN MARKETING DECISION MAKING 205 Ioana Olariu 6 EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RISK 1. ACTIVITÉS ENVIRONNEMENTALES DANS LES LEÇONS DE PHYSIQUE 206 Adela Cirimpei, Valeriu Abramciuc 2. RISKS FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG ENGINEERS UNDER THE 207 CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC STAGNATION: A CASE STUDY FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF RUSE Ognyan Dinolov, Nikolay Mihailov 3. RISKS RELATED TO THE SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL INSERTION OF BEGINNING 208 TEACHERS Constanţa Dumitriu, Gheorghe Dumitriu, Cristina Iulia Timofti 4. ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF THE USE OF MODERN TEACHING, LEARNING AND 209 ASSESSMENT MEANS, Costica Lupu 5. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PERFORMANCE AND RISK IN THE SCIENCE 210 EDUCATION Gheorghe Dumitriu, Vasile Postolică 6. ON THE EXPOSURE TO RISKS THAT MAY APPEAR IN THE EDUCATIONAL 211 ACTIVITY - CASE STUDY: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, "VASILE ALECSANDRI" UNIVERSITY OF BACĂU, ROMANIA Mirela Panainte-Lehăduș, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Moșneguțu, Tomozei Claudia, Gabriela Telibașa, Oana Irimia 7. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT LESSON DESIGN USING REAL LIFE STUDY 212 CASE OF AQUATIC SYSTEM Andreea Cocarcea (Rusei), Marius Popescu, Ciprian Sandu, Oana Acatrinei – Insuratelu, Alina Diaconescu, Maria-Ema Faciu 8. IN-SERVICE TEACHERS’ NEEDS TOWARDS USING THE INTERACTIVE 213 EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Venera Cojocariu, Liliana Mata, Iuliana Lazar 9. THE IMPACT OF ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF 214 PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCES Liliana Mata, Venera Cojocariu, Iuliana Lazar 10. LE MANQUÉ DE L'ÉDUCATION POUR LA CARRIÈRE ET LE RISQUÉ DE 215 L'INTÉGRATION SOCIALE Otilia Dandara 7 RISK IN IT&C 1. MANAGING RISKS IN THE ITSM BUSINESS 216 Valentin Petru Măzăreanu 2. THE INFLUENCE OF UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS ON THE TRAVELER SALESMAN 217 PROBLEM WHEN USING ANT SYSTEM Gloria Cerasela Crişan, Camelia-M. Pintea 3. ROLE OF ICT IN SUPPORTING THE CIRCLES OF SUSTAINABILITY. AN 218 INFORMATIONAL APPROACH AND A CASE STUDY Elena Nechita, Doina Păcurari, Venera-Mihaela Cojocariu, Cristina Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu 4. ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY OF THE ON-BOARD SYSTEMS IN MODERN VEHICLES 219 Krzysztof Rokicki, Marcin Jasiński, Jędrzej Mączak, Krzysztof Szczurowski 5. EFFICIENT DETERMINATION OF BICLIQUE PARTITIONS AND THEIR 220 APPLICATIONS IN NETWORK SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT Mihai Talmaciu 6. ADAPTABLE ROBO - INTELLIGENCES 221 Dumitru Todoroi

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8 RISK-TAKING: LITERARY, LINGUISTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE PERSPECTIVES 1. LE SILENCE, UN RISQUE A ASSUMER DANS LA CONVERSATION 222 Raluca Bălăiță 2. JANE EYRE AS A RISK-TAKER 223 Cătălina Bălinişteanu 3. RISK-TRIGGERING FACTORS OF DEMOTIVATION IN LEARNING AND USING A 224 FOREIGN LANGUAGE Elena Bonta, Raluca Galiţa 4. ENVIROMENT PROTESTS IN ROMANIA. ROŞIA MONTANĂ CASE 225 Cristina Cirtita-Buzoianu, Corina Daba-Buzoianu 5. THE RISK OF LOSING NATIONAL IDENTITY IN 21st CENTURY ROMANIA, OR 226 NATIONAL IDENTITY FROM ADAPTATION TO SELF-CENSORSHIP Andreia-Irina Suciu,Mihaela Culea 6. MEDIA COVERAGE OF RISKS RELATED TO MOBILE PHONE BASE STATIONS IN 227 ROMANIA Loredana Ivan, Corina Daba-Buzoianu, Alina Duduciuc 7. LE PARI RISQUE DU FRANÇAIS : LA DIVERSITE A L’HEURE DE LA 228 MONDIALISATION Veronica Grecu 8. RISK-ASSESSMENT FOR STYLISTIC PROBLEMS IN WRITING AND TRANSLATING 229 TECHNICAL TEXTS Nadia Morăraşu, Luminița Drugă 9. A STUDY ON RISK-TAKING AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN ESP STUDENTS 230 Roxana-Iuliana Popescu 10. LES RISQUES DE PRENDRE LA PAROLE : COMMUNICATION, ARGUMENTATION ET 231 MISE EN DISCOURS Simina Mastacan 11. NE PAS ENSEIGNER LA PHONETIQUE DANS LA CLASSE DE FLE RISQUE UNE 232 MAUVAISE PRONONCIATION DES ELEVES Adriana-Gertruda Romedea 12. THE RISKS OF COLONIALIST EXPANSION: RE-READING ROBINSON CRUSOE AND 233 HEART OF DARKNESS Ioan Sava 13. THE METHODOLOGICAL RISKS OF AN ENGLISH-ROMANIAN CONTRASTIVE 234 COLLECTION OF FOOD IDIOMS AND PROVERBS Petronela Savin, Ioana Boghian, Florinela Floria 14. AN EXPERIENTIAL MODEL OF CULTURAL FOOD EDUCATION 235 Petronela Savin 15. RISQUES ET ATOUTS DE LA PRATIQUE DE L’AUTOBIOGRAPHIE LINGUISTIQUE 236 Maricela Strungariu 16. RISKS IN INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING SCIENCE-RELATED AND 237 TECHNOLOGY-BASED IDIOMS Gabriela Telibaşa, Nadia-Nicoleta Morăraşu 17. TRANSLATING POETRY: DILEMMAS AND RISKS 238 Elena Ciobanu 18. RISKS OF ENCODING AND DECODING NONVERBAL MESSAGES IN 239 COMMUNICATION Brindusa-Mariana Amalancei 9 RISK MANAGEMENT 1. RISK INTELLIGENT PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS A FRAMEWORK FOR RISK 240 MANAGEMENT Dan Cimpean 2. RISK MANAGEMENT PLANNING WITHIN ROMANIAN COMPANIES 241 Costel Ceocea, Luminița Bibire, Adrian Stelian Ghenadi

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3. THE PRESENCE OF MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF GREEN PRODUCTS 242 ON ROMANIAN MARKET Iuliana Caraman, Mirela Panainte, Gabriel Lazar, Valentin Nedeff 4. RISK MANAGEMENT IN NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 243 Nicoleta Ciucescu 5. RISK MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY FOR INVESTMENT PROJECTS WITH 244 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Elena Gindu, Aurel Chiran, Benedicta Drobotă, Andy-Felix Jităreanu, Ionuț Drobotă 6. FEATURES OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL 245 PROTECTION Andreea Feraru, Roxana Mironescu, Ovidiu Leonard Turcu 7. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS IN ESTABLISMENTS WHERE 246 DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES ARE USED Daniel-Cătălin Felegeanu, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Mircea Horubet 8. THE OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE ROMANIAN SMEs 247 Roxana Mironescu, Ovidiu Leonard Turcu, Costel Ceocea 9. RISK MANAGEMENT OF IMPLEMENTING PATIENT TRANSFERS AND ASSISTIVE 248 DEVICES IN HOME CARE CENTER FOR ELDERLY Gabriela Raveica, Ionel Raveica 10. FLOOD RESILIENCE PLANNING FOR THE CITY VALLEY OF GALATI, ROMANIA 249 Atanasia Stoica, Luminita Dumitriu 11. URBAN PLANNING OF FLOOD-PRONE AREAS OF GALATI (ROMANIA) BASED ON 250 SATELLITE IMAGERY AND VECTOR EDITING TECHNOLOGY Atanasia Stoica, Luminita Dumitriu 12. THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER 251 TREATMENT IN ROMANIA Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru, Mircea Nicoară, Oana Jitar, Marius Andrei Rău, Gabriel Plavan 13. ENERGETIC AUTONOMY OF RURAL COMMUNITIES TROUGH VALORIZATION OF 252 RENEWABLE SOURCES Liliana Topliceanu, Konstantinos Sioulas

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CNES AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CHARTER "SPACE AND MAJOR DISASTERS"

Mioara Mandea

Programme Manager, Solid Earth Earth Observation / Directorate for Strategy and Programmes, CNES - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales Paris, France

Corresponding author: Mioara Mandea, [email protected]

Abstract: Following the UNISPACE III conference held in Vienna (July 1999), the European and French space agencies (ESA and CNES) initiated the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters", with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The International Charter aims at providing a unified system of data acquisition from space platforms and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters through Authorized Users. Each member agency has committed resources to support the provisions of the Charter and thus is helping to mitigate the effects of disasters on human life and property. Promoting the cooperation between space agencies and space system operators in order to use space facilities as a contribution to the management of crises, the Charter seeks to supply during periods of crisis data providing a basis for critical information for the anticipation and management of potential crises and to participate, by means of this data and services resulting from the exploitation of space facilities, in the organisation of emergency assistance or subsequent operations. A general presentation of the Charter is supplemented by a few examples related to the coordinated use of it during some natural or technological disasters.

Key words: disaster, space platform, risk management

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF THE SURFACE ON FIELD FIRE SIMULATION

Stefka Fidanova, Pencho Marinov

Institute of Information and Communication Technologies- Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria

Corresponding author: Stefka Fidanova, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Every year a lot of hectares of forest are burn in Europe. Especially south part of Europe where the climate is hot and dry during the summer. Last decades with a climate change this part of the Europe becomes dryer and increase of the field fires is observed. The same problem arise in northern America. A model field fire spread can have several applications. The prevision of the fire front can help the fireman to optimize their work, and to reduce the damages. Another application is prevention. Possible scenarios can be played and the computer model can show the dangerous places. Risk management is a very important especially in the areas with a high risk of field fires. Risk assessment is very important at construction of factories and stores for combustible materials. Existing models are fare to be satisfactory or they are very complicate and slow to be used in real time. The empirical models are based on empirical correlations found in actual fires and on characteristics of different vegetations types. Among them is one developed by Rothermel, used in most North American models. These models predict the position of the fire front, but many relevant physical variables of the fire are unknown. Because they use correlations coming from real situations, their use with different physical conditions is hard. Combustion models intend to keep track of the real physical variables involved in a fire. They are usually posed on a bidimensional domain. These approaches are based on describing the processes with a system of differential equations. Several important physical effects like wind, moisture, tilt or radiation are evaluated. The initial system of differential equations is complex and some authors try to simplify it. These methods model the fire propagation more close to the real fire spread, despite of the simplification they are very slow and hard to be use in real time computations. We apply Game Method (GM) which is a kind of cellular automate. In our application the cells are hexagonal, which is closer to the circle (the form of fire spread) than the square cells. Every cell has his initial state, which is presented by parameters: how many time the combustible in the cell needs for ignition; how many time the combustible in the cell needs to be totally burned; force and direction of the wind; altitude of the centre of the cell. At the beginning of our work we started with the simplest model, when the surface is flat and there are not a wind. After, we include the wind. In this work we include the surface in a model. We test our simple model on several scenarios and the results looks realistic. We study the impact of the surface on the fire spread.

Key words: field fire, game method for modelling, surface impact, cellular automata.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

UNCERTAINTIES IN EVALUATION OF HAZARD AND SEISMIC RISK OVER TIME IN ROMANIA

Gheorghe Mărmureanu, Alexandru Mărmureanu, Carmen Ortanza Cioflan, Constantin Ionescu, Dragoş Toma

National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP), Bucharest,12 Călugareni Str., POBox:MG-2, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Mărmureanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The world is full of uncertainties, ranging from natural disasters, climate change, financial markets, terror attacks, and personal health to the measurements of the most fundamental elements of all: time and space. Dealing with uncertainty is a given in life, and any decision is always made under a certain degree of uncertainty. Hazard is a threat not the actual event. Risk, on the other hand, is the probability of harm if someone or something is exposed to a hazard. Simply defined, the word risk denotes some measure of uncertainty. The researches in this area as part of knowledge are with rest, that is, the results are with interpretable questions with open answers. The knowledge can not be exhausted by results.Over time in seismic hazard evaluation and risk mitigation there were many random and epistemic uncertainties. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is common used in civil engineering, nuclear power plants, bridges, dams etc. When the causality dies, its place is taken by probability, prestigious term meant to define the inability to predict the course of nature… Any measurement is a disturbance, the subject is changing the real value to the point that we can’t say how much contaminated the real value (Niels Bohr, 1920). PSHA was developed from mathematical statistics and is not based on earthquake science (invalid physical models- point source and Poisson distribution; invalid mathematics; misinterpretation of annual probability of exceeding or return period etc.) and become a pure numerical “creation”. The authors are coming with last alternative to seismic hazard assessment, inclusively new data on large earthquakes since 1471 by studying in last time a collection of „Orthodox Monasteries”. On the other hand, deterministic and (neo)deterministic hazard analyses are developed in last time by our institute and ICTP Trieste. Unfortunately, none of these methods is completely true. Finally, a new isoseismal map of the maximum credible or probable Vrancea earthquake (MW =7.8-7.9), MMI or MSK intensities scales. The most important consequence of the paper will be a new vision with new results on seismic hazard on Romanian territory by making a clear evidence of uncertainties, the uncertainty in the estimate of uncertainty on hazard and seismic risk analysis and promoting the new concept of nonlinear seismology in deterministic and (neo)deterministic analysis by National Institute for Earth Physics(NIEP).

Key words: Seismic hazard, Seismic risk, Determnistic &(Neo)deterministic analyses, Uncertainties, Nonlinear seismology.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE DE METEORES SUR LA IONOSPHERE DE LA TERRE

Valeriu Abramciuc

Université d'Etat "A. Russo" de Bălți, Moldavie, Département des Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénierie

Courriel de l'auteur: [email protected]

Résumé: L'article présente quelques résultats de la recherche sur la influence des météores sur la ionosphère de la Terre. Les météores entrée dans l'atmosphère de la Terre avec très élevées vitesses et, en raison de l'interaction avec le gaz de la mésosphère, elle s'évapore, laissant une traînée de plasma ionisé. De la surface de la Terre, ils sont vus comme des étoiles filantes. Les ions métalliques d'origine météorique ont une durée de vie beaucoup plus élevé que les ions de la mésosphère. Action commune du champ géomagnétique et de vents ionosphériques de ces ions métalliques ont l'effet de l'accumulation d'ions dans les couches de faible épaisseur avec une haute concentration. Il a été établi une corrélation entre l'intensité des flux de météores qui traversent l'atmosphère de la Terre au cours de l'année et la probabilité de formation de neomogenities sporadique dans le région E de l'ionosphère. Il analyse l'impact de neomogenities sporadiques de l'ionosphère sur le changement des conditions de propagation des ondes radio sur une large gamme de fréquences. Il est démontré que à certaines périodes ces inhomogénéités de plasma peuvent dégrader considérablement le couplage électromagnétique terre - satellite et/ou satellite - terre, y compris les communications mobile.

Mots clés: ionosphère, météores, ions métalliques, neomogenities sporadique, ondes radio.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ANOMALIES IN THE SCHUMANN SPECTRUM INDUCED BY SEISMIC WAVES

Maricel Agop1, Alina Gavriluţ2, Gabriel Crumpei3

1 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Physics, Romania, [email protected] 2 Faculty of Mathematics, ''Al.I. Cuza'' University, Carol I Bd. 11, Iaşi, 700506, Romania, [email protected] 3 Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Counselling Center Iaşi, Romania, [email protected]

Corresponding author: Alina Gavriluţ, [email protected]

Abstract: By using an extended model of the Scale Relativity, the dynamics of the terrestrial crust-atmosphere interface is to be analyzed. The Schumann’s result is reobtained and, in the conditions in which the interface is stimulated by a pulse of seismic type, a drag of the Schumann frequency is detected. In such context, a new manner of studying the natural phenomena can be obtained, by considering that the motion of the “physical object” takes place on fractal curves (differentiable and scale-independent) and coexists simultaneously with a stochastic one (non-differentiable and scale-dependent). Thus, this paper analyzes the way in which the dynamics of the terrestrial crust-atmosphere interface and, particularly, the Schumann’s “resonance” is affected by earthquakes.

Key words: Schumann spectrum; Seismic waves; Schumann frequency; Non-differentiable curves; Extended scale- relativity theory.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MODELLING WATER FLOW IN A COMPLEX WATERSHED IN HUMID TROPICAL AREA USING SWAT: A CASE STUDY OF TAABO WATERSHED IN COTE D'IVOIRE

K. A. Anoh1,2, J. P. Jourda1, K. J. Kouame1, T. J. J. Koua1,3, A. E. Eba1, T. A. Anani1, D. K. N. Atcheremi1, J. Biemi1, K. C. Abbaspour2

1 University “Felix Houphouët-Boigny” of Abidjan, laboratory of LATASAH, Côte d’Ivoire 2 Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Switzerland 3 Remote Sensing and hydrology faculty, University of Lausanne, Switzerland

Kouao Armand Anoh [email protected]

Abstract: Taabo Watershed contains huge forest resources and two Lakes used for agricultures, drinking water, stock farming and hydropower. Unfortunately, with population growth and increased human activities, the forest is increasingly converted into agricultural lands and the Lakes polluted. The forest which occupied 78% of the basin total area in 1975s is become 25% in 1990 (Kouassi, 2007). At the Lakes level, the impacts of the pollution are visible through the sedimentation of Kossou Lake (Biemi and Loroux, 2000) and the eutrophication of Taabo Lake (Vei, 2005). As these resources represent a major challenge for Côte d'Ivoire and the West Africa as well, the objective of this study was to implement an agro-hydrological model to model water flow transport in the river network. Côte d'Ivoire landuse in general and Taabo watershed particularly is very complex. Beyond the large industrial plantations, gardens and homes, it is very difficult seen impossible to define with more precision the different areas. The difficulty is the coexistence on the same plot, main culture and many associated cultures (RNA2001, 2004). Thus, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessement Tool) model was chosen to be experienced in the area because it includes in its database, a wide range of cultures with different cultural practices (Biesbrouck et al. 2002, Yann, 2007, Neitsch et al. 2011, Arnold et al. 2012). Despite land use complexity and the data quality and quantity, the implementation of the agro-hydrological model in the Taabo watershed allowed to modelling the hydrological processes of the basin for the period from 1972 to 1990. The calibration/validation and uncertainty analysis (Abbaspour, 2013) of the model performed with the parallel processing option of SUFI-2 (Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Version 2) algorithm produced good model results throughout the basin. Indeed, for both calibration and validation period, the major part of observation stations, meet the performance criteria established by Santhi et al. (2001), Tolson and Shoemaker (2004), Obuobie (2008) and Abbaspour (2013), which correspond to a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) and the coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.5. Concerning the two SUFI-2 stopping criteria (Schuol et al. 2008), only one station had a bad result either 0.36% of measured monthly data bracketed by the 95PPU. The other stations had more than 52% of measurement data bracketed by the 95PPU and R-factor around 1.

Key words: Modelling, SWAT, Taabo watershed, Côte d’Ivoire, SUFI-2, SWAT-CUP

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MODELLING CATCHMENT-SCALE OF FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY USING SWAT MODEL

K. A. Anoh1, J. P. Jourda1, K. J. Kouame1, T. J. J. Koua1

1 University “Felix Houphouët-Boigny” of Abidjan, laboratory of LATASAH, Côte d’Ivoire

Kouao Armand Anoh [email protected]

Abstract: Despite the heavy rainfalls, Côte d'Ivoire is facing problems of drinking water due to inadequate water resources especially in the dry season (Ake, 2010). The problem of fresh water availability is much more apparent in some regions than others. This is the case of Taabo Watershed where anthropogenic activities carried on its surface changed its water system functioning. This study aims to assess the freshwater resources of the basin to ensure long-term drinking water supply of riparian populations. The use of tools such as hydrological modeling (Kouamé et al. 1995, Andréassian 2002, Ardoin et al. 2002, Varado, 2004, Le Lay et Galle, 2005) coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Renaud 2004 and Yann, 2007) that integrate environmental, sociological and economic factors appears as a tool for decision-making to consider. Thus, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model (Arnold et al. 1993), a highly parameterized model was adapted to the climatic and agronomic conditions at the spatial scale of Taabo watershed. The sensitivity analysis of the model focused on nine parameters related to runoff, evapotranspiration and groundwater contribution in the flow channels. Calibration and validation of the model were based on two objective functions which are Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) and determination coefficient (R2) and also uncertainties criteria estimation (P-factor and R-factor). The modelling results will allow to assess and map the spatial distribution of freshwater resources. The freshwater resources of the basin produced by the model can be split as blue water or renewable water resource (IRWR) and green water (Faramarzi et al. 2009). The blue water is quantified from the amount of runoff and the deep aquifer recharge (Schuol et al. 2007). As for the green water, Rockstöm and Falkenmark (2006) define it as the sum of the green water storage (moisture in the soil) and the green water flow (evapotranspiration).

Key words: Freshwater, renewable water resource, green water, SWAT model, Taabo watershed, SUFI-2

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

OPTIMIZED METHODOLOGY TOWARDS AN IMPROVED QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SITE EFFECTS

Andrei Bala, Dragoș Toma

National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest, Department of Lithosphere Structure

Corresponding author: Andrei Bala, [email protected]

Abstract: The evaluation of seismic hazard and mitigation of the seismic risk is one of the permanent and urgent problems facing the Romanian society, equally implying work of seismologists, geologists and engineers. Significant efforts were made to predict the peak values and spectral characteristics of the strong motion in large urban areas, like Bucharest. At the same time, important efforts were made to determine the site effects and microzonation maps for the same city. Bucharest, the capital of Romania, with more than 2 million inhabitants, is considered after Istanbul the second- most earthquake-endangered metropolis in Europe. Four major earthquakes with moment-magnitudes between 6.9 and 7.7 hit Bucharest in the last century. The most recent destructive earthquake of 4-th March 1977, with a moment magnitude of 7.4, caused about 1.500 casualties in the capital alone. All disastrous earthquakes are generated within a small epicentral area – the Vrancea region - about 150 km north of Bucharest. It is already known that, from January 2011, all EC countries are obliged to implement the Eurocodes. Eurocode 8 deals with Earthquakes. The existing European Building Code Eurocode 8 (http://eurocodes.org.ua/) must be critically reviewed by specialists in each country and improvements should be suggested in order to adapt it to the Carpatho-Balkan region and to the specific seismic hazard in Romania. The present study will lead to an improved methodology of assessment of local seismic hazard (microzonation) of sites of specific interest. The paper will comprise the following steps: 1. A review with all the methods and algorithms aimed to assess the local seismic amplification will be done: linear methods; non-linear metods; equivalent linear methods and SHAKE algorithm. The best suited and cost- effective method will be chosen to be applied in the environment of big cities. 2. A number of research projects performed recently under the coordination of the National Institute of Research and Development for Earth Physics - NIEP resulted in a number of seismic in situ measurements in the boreholes and geotechnical analysis of the core samples, and a database with all the measurements are constructed and/or updated with the new measurements of elastic and dynamic parameters of soils and rocks in the upper part of the sedimentary cover down to the bedrock. 3. These elastic and dynamic parameters will be used as input for the method chosen as the best suited in the point 1, able to give a quantitatively modelling to estimate the spectral amplification at specific sites in Bucharest (test area). 4. The results will be calibrated and compared with real seismic acceleration signals from seismic stations placed at the surface, in the test area. 5. The influence of the main input parameters like share-wave seismic velocity, depth of the sedimentary layers until the bedrock and the dynamic parameters of the main layers upon the level of the spectral amplification and the characteristic ground period will be derived. 6. The results from the site-effect analyses will be assembled in an updated and improved methodology for assessment of local seismic hazard (seismic microzonation), with direct application in Bucharest area. This paper will introduce an improved and updated methodology of seismic hazard evaluation (microzonation) of relatively low cost and suitable to be applied in large cities or at industrial objectives of national interest, like nuclear power plant of Cernavoda, big dams, industrial constructions, etc. This will be a direct contribution to reduce the local seismic risk and towards an improved seismic safety in large cities, like Bucharest City, capital city of Romania.

Key words: destructive earthquake; improved methodology of microzonation; analysis of site effects; local seismic hazard.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

GEOPHYSICAL AND GEODETICAL INSIGHTS ON THE GEODYNAMIC SETTING OF 2013 GALATI-IZVOARELE QUAKE SWARM

Lucian Besutiu, Luminita Zlagnean, Raluca Focsaneanu

Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Solid Earth Dynamics Department

Corresponding author: Lucian Besutiu, E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction During September-October 2013, within the Galati - Izvoarele area a swarm of crustal earthquakes (GISW) occurred, followed by intensification of intermediate-depth seismicity within the Vrancea zone. The paper aims at offering a coherent explanation for the both crustal earthquakes in the Carpathians foreland and upper mantle seismicity within Vrancea zone, based on a genuine geodynamic model, confirmed by recent observations on dynamics of Peceneaga-Camena Fault (PCF), and nont-tidal gravity change observed within Vrancea epicentre area. Regional tectonic frame Overall, the GISW area belongs to the NW extension of the North Dobrogea structures beyond the Danube, catched between two major active faults of deep extent: Sfantu Gheorghe Fault to the north, and PCF to south. Local tectonic features Dedicated gravity and magnetic investigations within GISW area have confirmed the presence of a basement uplift in the Pechea zone, based on fault-systems trending NNW-SSE and ENE-WSW along which the horst- like structure steps down towards east, west, and south. Geodynamic setting and Baspunar experiment After the Black Sea opening end, it seems that geodynamic "engine" in the region originates in the active rifting within Red Sea and Aden Bay, acting on the Arabian Plate. The action is transmitted through the microplates located between African and Eurasian Megaplates towards the Carpathians foreland, where appears to be responsible for the unusual seismicity of the eastern Moesian Plate, and Vrancea intermediate-depth events. Based on the idea that rises in a fault slip-rate indicate the increase of tectonic forces over the frictional threshold, the Baspunar Geodynamic Observatory (BGO) was built up to monitor PCF dynamics. Results and conclusions Within GISW area, tectonic stress is shared along the fault system previously mentioned. When tectonic forces overcome the friction, tectonic blocks relatively slip each-other, and earthquakes, mainly with horizontal strike- slip mechanisms may occur. The stress shared along the inclined wedges of Pechea horst-like structure gets also a vertical component, and earhquakes with normal or reverse fault mechanisms may also occur. On the other hand, intensification of tectonic forces provoke an acceleration in sinking into the upper mantle of the Vrancea unstable triple junction (VTJ), with seismic consequences generated by thermal stress and phase transform processes. Among others, densification of the lower part of the sunken lithosphere (mainly through eclogitization) may generate a crust extension that creates a mass deficit. The model suggests that changes in tectonic forces in the Carpathians foreland may be monitored through geodetic observations at the BGO, while, significant sinking of the VTJ central compartment may reflect in the non-tidal gravity change recorded in the epicentre area. The assumption has been confirmed by GISW. It has been preceded by a 14 times increase in the PCF slip-rate, as recorded at the BGO, and followed by a gravity decrease of about 30 microgals within Vrancea epicentre area.

Key words: crust earthquake, intermediate-depth seismicity, fault slip, non-tidal gravity change.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RESEARCH ON THE FISH CONTAMINANTS

Amelia Buculei, Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop), Adriana Dabija

Stefan cel MareUniversity of Suceava, Faculty,of Food Engineering 13 Universitatii str, Suceava, Romania,

Corresponding author: Amelia Buculei e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Food quality and safety are the major problems of the food industry. Currently, a significant contribution is made to the food in the diet of aquatic in freshwater or salt. Currently the focus is on investigating the presence of contaminants that can be transferred from the environment, particularly heavy metals in fish and other marine products, with serious implications for public health. Intoxication with heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium) occurs when the amount of metal body that exceeds a certain value. Some metals can absorb only through ingestion, others and by breathing in fine some even by mere contact with skin. Fish meat could contain such metals, especially given that those living environment that is heavily contaminated fish. Accumulation is more common in predatory fish, just because the cumulative effect and contamination "pyramid" (eat other fish potentially contaminated). Some metals or metal compounds are potentially toxic and if concentrate in food is excessive, it may cause acute or chronic adverse effects on consumers. Closely linked to heavy metal poisoning and poisoning is acute intoxication / chronic lead. Molluscs, crustaceans and fish have the ability to accumulate lead in their body. Lead is primarily carried by the red cells, the surface of which is fixed and thus be distributed throughout the body, which then is accumulated in all the tissues and organs. The aim of this study was to follow the heavy metal contamination of four species of fish, two predators (zander and tuna) and two freshwater fish (crucian and trout). The research goal was to detect the possible presence of lead and cadmium, near other metallic elements. For experimental analyzes it was used a mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma, ICP-MS AGILENT SERIA 7500ce, which could measure trace elements up to parts per trillion (ppt) or quickly scan for more than 70 elements to determine the composition of unknown samples. The experimental results showed that of the four species evaluated, zander contains the highest amount of Pb and crucian contains an insignificant amount of Pb. Zander not contain Zn while tuna has a significant amount (7.85 mg / kg) which is recommended for consumers with zinc deficiency. Sample crucian was the only uncontaminated with Cd.

Key words –trout, crucian, zander, tuna, heavy metals

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR THE TERRITORY OF MOLDOVA AND ROMANIA

Rashid Burtiev

Institute of Geology and Seismology, ASM of the Republic Moldova

Corresponding author: Rashid Burtiev, [email protected]

Abstract: Statistical analysis of macroseismic data of earthquakes occurred on 11.10.1940, 07.04.1977, 31.08.1986, 30.05.1990 and 31.05.1990 is performed. Test criteria indicate that the ellipse is a smoothing of the observed macroseismic field line. In the canonical equation of the ellipse focal axis 5, 6 and 7 of score zones, in all studied earthquakes, is directed along the y-axis, i.e. 5, 6 and point zones extend along the meridians, while the remaining zones are oriented along the parallels. Approximation of the set of points with ellipse is performed using method proposed by Fitzgibbon. Least squares method and method of nets are used to estimate the coefficients of attenuation equation. Coefficient of linear regression on the epicentral intensity I0 magnitude, for the Romanian earthquake was found to be b=1.5. Optimal values of the coefficients of the macroseismic field are: a=1.6; c=7.2; greatest bmax=5.6 and smallest bmin=4.9 intensity decay of concussions; the angle 0 between the major axis of the ellipse and the positive direction of attenuation abscissa γ0=51 . The coefficients of the attenuation equation are also evaluated using regression analysis for the IDP of macroseismic field in moving azimuth sectors. Coordinate system origin coincides with the epicentre of the studied earthquakes, with width θ and discreteness step ω (ω <θ). Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is performed and a map of seismic zoning of Moldova and general maps for the territories of Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania are constructed.

Key words: PSHA, Fitzgibbon method, attenuation equation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FLOOD HAZARD ASSESMENT BASED ON HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS WITH GIS TOOLS. STUDY CASE: TAITA CATCHMENT

Constantin Buta, Madalina Stanescu

University “Ovidius” of Constanta, Department of Civil Engineering

Corresponding author: Buta Constantin, [email protected]

Abstract: Romania has faced, in time, severe hydrological phenomena like drought and floods that lead to significant material losses and impact on the environment. The floods are the most representative risk hydrological phenomena. Flood risk is increasing due to the growth in people and property living in flood plains, and the possible increase in flood hazard associated with climate change. Floods in Romania have a quite large frequency. Unfortunately there are situations when, as proportion and spatial distribution, this phenomenon caused catastrophic losses. Due to these losses, a decision was taken to resume the projects of protection and development plans for Romania against floods. As a result, the European Union Directive 60/2007 was adopted, to deal with flood management and achieve flood risk reduction, in connection and supplementary to the 2000/60 Directive for Water Management, also implemented by member countries. Flood Hazard and Flood Risk maps are now considered a prerequisite for flood management, throughout the EU in this framework. In this work, flood hazard assessment was implemented using hydrological models into a GIS environment (Arc Hydro model) taking into account the geomorphologic characteristics of the study area. The Taita catchment is positioned in the Dobrogea region, between the Danube and the Black Sea into the North Dobrogea Plateau. More specifically, a DEM was used as input data of the Arc hydro model in order to produce the hydrographic network and the hydrological basin layer. The morphologic characteristics such us area, mean slope, mean elevation, were calculated. These factors, all enhancing flood hazard, were combined in a product (by simple multiplication) in order to produce flood hazard map for water basin. After analyzing the flood areas, the localities affected by the floods were highlighted, the water courses which cause these disasters and the defense works were carried out. Processing the data from the Water Management System of Tulcea, collected from two gauging stations (Hamcearca and Satu Nou), concerning the major floods waves within Taita Catchment, the elements of the flash flood were calculated, and afterwards we plotted the hydrograph of levels and the water flow hydrograph. This study ends with some conclusions regarding solutions and recommendations, concerning the risk prevention methods in vulnerable areas (flood prevention and control structural measures, nonstructural methods).

Key words: hydrological analysis, flood hazard assessment, GIS (ArcHydro model).

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

LE RISQUE "VERT" DANS LE DELTA DU FLEUVE SENEGAL: VEGETAUX AQUATIQUES ENVAHISSANTS (V.A.E) ET IMPACTS

Eve Jeanne Lambertine Cabo1, Adrien Coly1, Gabriel Lazar2

1 Université Gaston Berger (UGB) de Saint-Louis, Laboratoire LEIDI, Sénégal 2Université ”Vasile Alecsandri” de Bacau, Roumanie

Corresponding author: Eve Jeanne Lambertine Cabo, e-mail: [email protected]

Résumé: Le delta du fleuve Sénégal, constitue une zone humide caractérisée par la présence d’un réseau hydrographique très dense composé d’un ensemble d’axes hydrographiques et de plans d’eau tels que l’axe Gorom Lampsar, le Gorom Aval, le Diovol, le Kassack, la réserve d’eau de Bango, la retenue d’eau de Diama, etc. Ces cours d’eau sont tributaires du fleuve Sénégal pour leur remplissage. Cependant, cet espace a subi au cours de ces dernières années de profonds bouleversements qui ont laissé leurs empreintes sur le paysage. L’une des mutations qui ont marqué le contexte du delta a été l’édification sur le fleuve Sénégal des barrages de Diama et Manantali dans les années 80. Ces ouvrages ont mise en place de nouvelles conditions hydrologiques (régularisation des crues et des étiages, une augmentation des volumes d’eau disponible, un accroissement du niveau du plan d’eau et aussi une augmentation exponentielle des superficies mises en valeur). Ce contexte d’après-barrage n’est pas sans conséquence sur les conditions écologiques du delta puisque depuis les années 90 on assiste à une prolifération de plantes aquatiques sur les rives du fleuve Sénégal, dans les axes hydrauliques et les voies d’eau. La surface totale occupée par ces végétaux serait estimée en 2001 à plus de 100.000 ha avec une vitesse de propagation de 10% par an. Ces V.A.E représentent aujourd’hui l’un des risques majeurs pour la stabilité écologique et socioéconomique de cette région au regard des menaces qu’elles engendrent sur le plan environnemental, hydraulique, socioéconomique. Sur le plan hydrauliques résultats de recherches ont que la présence des V.A.E a entrainé une réduction considérable des capacités hydrauliques des cours d’eau (faiblesse et baisse des débits, disponibilités faibles en eau) et des sections d’ écoulement, et une variation considérable de la rugosité en fonction de l’état d’enherbement des cours d’eau Ceci augmente le colmatage des axes hydrauliques et limite l'efficacité des ouvrages hydrauliques à transiter les débits souhaités pour les usages (irrigation, notamment). Sur le plan écologique, nos recherches ont mis en évidence une dynamique de recolonisation des plantes aquatiques malgré les tentatives de maitrise mises en œuvre chaque année, notamment la lutte mécanique avec le faucardage réalisé sur le fleuve et les axes hydrauliques. Les résultats sur le terrain révèlent alors la nécessité de d’approfondir les recherches sur les VAE vers de nouvelles pistes de réflexions. L’une des finalités de cet article est d’orienter les réflexions vers un nouveau modèle de prise en charge de ces plantes aquatiques et des risques qu’elles posent, un modèle non plus axé sur la lutte (mécanique, chimique) longtemps menée et qui a montré ses failles, mais un modèle tourné vers la gestion des VAE qui soit un cadre d’équilibre, de compromis entre fonctionnalité du milieu (systèmes hydrologiques, disponibilités en eau, usages), système écologique (diversité biologique) et sociosystème (avantages pour les systèmes sociaux, liés à la présence des VAE).

Mots clés: VAE, Delta du fleuve Sénégal, risque vert, impacts

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL EROSION PROCESSES FROM GHERASIM VALLEY, BACĂU COUNTY, ROMANIA

Stelian Cartacuzencu, Gabriel Lazăr

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Stelian Cartacuzencu, [email protected]

Abstract: Soil erosion represents one of the most serious damage mechanisms of lands. The aim of this study is represented by the analysis of erosion processes regarding the modelling of the relief from Gherasim torrential valley. This is located at the Western side of Vâlcele Locality. It belongs to the administrative territorial unit of Târgu Ocna Town, Bacău County, Romania. Also, Gherasim valley is a torrential valley which presents drainage only during the rainy periods and which is discharged into Vâlcele rivulet. It lacks flank springs. Only at the Soth limit of the perimeter, is present a spring, the flow of which is intermittent. The emplacement of the lithological layers has a predominantly vertical disposal. The frequency of direction changes of the studied perimeter ensures a predisposition for the development of some intense geomorphologic processes. The particularity of this perimeter is determined by the presence of some gyps structures. On the lower sector of Gherasim torrential valley, there is a natural levee. The topographic plan it was achieved by the Leica Total Station, Series TPS400. The equipment used for the determination of the site points using the design system Stereo 70 Black Sea was GPS RTK ROVER S82V. For the calculation of points and coordinates measured in the field, the application CalTop 2000 was used. The transposition of results obtained was achieved in Autocad 2009. Gherasim torrential valley has a surface area of 8.523 hectares. The surface erosion is caused preponderantly by the flow of pluvial waters at the soil surface, on slopes. It can be noticed that the weakly and moderately eroded lands occupy 46.5%. The intensely, very intensely and excessively eroded soils have a significant weight, with all the preponderance of grazing-lands and woods. The depth erosion is actively present on about one third of Gherasim valley area. These lands are occupied by woods in the upper basin. On Gherasim torrential valley, the landslides extend on 6.308 ha, representing 74 % of the researched perimeter. According to the discussions held following the results obtained, the necessity of taking some measures was imposed, as regards the improvement of evolutions of the surface and depth erosion and of the landslides from Gherasim torrential valley. The presence of sinkhole relief forms on the site is unique at the level of Bacău County space. According to the data presented, it is necessary that the status of protected area, as national importance geomorphologic site, be imposed on Gherasim torrential valley.

Key words: Soil erosion, amelioration, torrential valley, lithology.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE MOST IMPORTANT HIGH FLOODS IN PRUT RIVER MIDDLE COURSE – CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Flaviana Corduneanu1, Daniel Bucur 1, Claudiu Pricop 2

1 University of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, of Iasi, Department of Pedotechnics 2Water Basin Administration Prut - Bârlad

Corresponding author: Flaviana Corduneanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The geopolitical importance of the Prut basin is that the river which drains this area is the eastern border of the European Union and NATO. Prut River is a first order left tributary of the Danube and springs in the north – eastern side of the Cerna - Hora ridge (Wooded Carpathians - Ukraine), at an altitude of 2068 m. In Ukraine, Prut river has a total length of 251 km and 695 km form the natural border between Romania and Moldova. The studied area is characterized by a temperate climate with excessive influences. Knowing the floods’ genetic factors, this paper proposes an analysis of their frequency in the last 35 years on the middle course of the Prut river. Statistical analysis focused on the maximum flows recorded at Radauti – Prut, Stanca-Aval, respectively at Ungheni stressed the multiannual maximum flow variability during 1978 - 2013. The significant values of 1981, 1988, 1991, 2005, 2008 and 2010 characterized the floods manifested across the middle course. The analysis of monthly maximum flows recorded at the three stations indicates spacial differences caused by local conditions and climatic characteristics of the periods in which they occurred. For the Prut river, the largest flow recorded in the period 1978 – 2013 was 4240 m³ /s at Radauti – Prut in July 2008, as a result of heavy rainfall which fell in Ukraine. In Romania, the rainfall average in July 2008 at this hydrometric station was 161.1 mm. The spacial location of the Stanca – Costesti reservoir on the middle course of the Prut river outlined a downward trend of the flows recorded at the hydrometric stations located downstream, due to the mitigating role. In 2008 and 2010 the maximum flow recorded at Stanca – Aval was 1050 m³ /s and 885 m³ /s, although the damming of the Prut river allows a discharge flow of 756 m³ /s. Upstream is highlighted a clear upward trend, the flood peak from 2008 exceeded the ensuring flow of 1 %. Floods study is an important aspect as the monitoring infrastructure of water resources are unevenly distributed and equipped in the middle course. It is necessary to ensure the consistency between quantitative and qualitative management policies applied in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. Anthropogenic intervention in the Prut river basin triggered negative reactions, and these major imbalances made the floods to emerge stronger.

Key words: flood, variability, risk, maximum flow

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MESO-MICROPOROUS HIERARCHICALLY ZSM-5 BASED NANOSTRUCTURATED HYBRIDS AS ADSORBENTS FOR FOR Pb2+ AND Cd2+ FROM WASTEWATER

Ileana Cristina Covaliu1, Gigel Paraschiv1, Ecaterina Matei2

1 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, Bucharest, Romania 2 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Covaliu IleanaCristina, [email protected]

Abstract: Core-shell nanostructured hybrid materials having ZSM-5 zeolite as core and chitosan as shell may have a great potential application for Pb2+ and Cd2+ from wastewater that can be assigned on one side to the unique 3-dimensional pore channel system of the core and on the other side to the metal binding centers of the shell (Fig.1). The purposes of this research were the synthesis and characterization of hybrids based on meso- microporous hierarchically Na-ZSM-5 and NH4-ZSM-5. The Na-ZSM-5 and NH4-ZSM-5 were synthesized by sol-gel method combined with hydrothermal method. The products formed were washed, dried and finally calcined at 4000C. The obtained nanostructured hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were measure for revealing the specific surface area values, the pore size distribution and the existence of the meso-microporous structure sustaining the application as adsorbents for removal of the two heavy metals (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from wastewater (Fig.2).

60

50

40

Effciency, % 30

20

10

0 15 minute 30 minute 60 minute ZSM - sample 1, Pb 55.056 52.524 52.95 ZSM - sample 2, Pb 55.504 49.674 50.038 ZSM - sample 3, Pb 51.086 49.536 48.866 ZSM - sample 4, Pb 50.382 48.308 48.388 ZSM - sample 1, Cd 53.952 53.248 52.95 ZSM - sample 2, Cd 54.026 58.658 50.038 ZSM - sample 3, Cd 53.758 53.744 48.866 ZSM - sample 4, Cd 50.892 58.886 48.388 Time Fig.1. Zeolites Eficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal from Fig.2. Scheme of hybrid materials wastewater consisting of ZSM-5 zeolite core and chitosan shell proposed for investigation

Keywords: ZSM-5, doxorubicin, chitosan

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ASSAINISSEMENT URBAIN ET RISQUES SUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT A DAKAR

Doukoure Ouleymatou1, Ndiaye Paul2

1Université Gaston Berger de Saint Louis (UGB)/Sénégal. 2Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar(UCAD)/Sénégal.

Doukoure Ouleymatou, [email protected]

Résumé: L’assainissement collectif des eaux usées domestiques de la ville de Dakar date de très longtemps. Le système collectif avec le tout à l’égout y est installé partiellement. Cette zone enregistre des dysfonctionnements dus à plusieurs causes. Ces dernières ont été identifiées à la suite d’observations directes sur le terrain, d’interviews auprès des personnes ressources et des enquêtes parcellaires de terrain. Ainsi, les causes sont liées aux facteurs techniques, socio démographiques, socio anthropiques et aux facteurs conjoncturels qui peuvent avoir des risques sur l’environnement immédiat et sur la santé des populations à travers plusieurs nuisances. De plus, les eaux usées passent par des conduites en amiante ciment et des canaux à ciel ouvert et sont évacuées directement sur l’océan. Par ailleurs, l’accroissement rapide de la population influence ainsi les volumes de rejets, alors qu’il y a absence de traitement des eaux usées. Tous ces paramètres peuvent impacter sur les ressources marines locales et réduire les lieux de loisirs. Cela pourrait influer sur l’atteinte des OMD en matière d’assainissement d’eaux usées domestiques si ces pratiques se poursuivent partout sur le littoral sénégalais (Mbour, Joal, St Louis, etc.).

Mots clés: assainissement, urbain, risques, environnement.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS APPLIED IN CASE OF SEISMIC RISK IN BUCHAREST CITY. CASE STUDY – THE HISTORICAL CENTRE

Diana Gheorghe1, Iuliana Armas1

1 University of Bucharest, Department of Geomorphology-Pedology-Geomatics

Corresponding author: Diana Gheorghe, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays, because of the ever increasing volume of information, policymakers are faced with decision making problems. Achieving an objective and suitable decision making may become a challenge. In such situations spatial decision support systems (SDSS) have been developed. SDSS can assist in the decision making process, offering support on how a decision should be made, rather than what decision should be made (Simon, 1979). This in turn potentially involves a huge number of stakeholders and criteria. Regarding seismic risk, Bucharest City is highly vulnerable (Mandrescu et al., 2007). The aim of this study is to implement a spatial decision support system in order to secure a suitable shelter in case of an earthquake occurrence in the historical centre of Bucharest City. In case of a seismic risk, a shelter is essential for sheltering people who lost their homes or whose homes are in danger of collapsing while people at risk receive first aid in the post-disaster phase. For the present study, the SMCE Module for ILWIS 3.4 was used. The methodology included structuring the problem by creating a decision tree, standardizing and weighting of the criteria. The results showed that among the most suitable buildings are The National Bank of Romania, The Romanian Commercial Bank and The National History Museum. The present work represents a first step in applying SDSS in the context of seismic risk in Bucharest City and can be extended to other areas or can be used in other purposes. The decision support systems can be used for every problem and are very suitable in situations which involve a lot of stakeholders and a large number of criteria. This kind of support systems, and especially, the spatial decision support systems, can help decision makers in problems like territorial planning, this analysis can be performed in every situation that involves a spatial location or spatial allocation. A limitation for these systems is that, regardless of the mathematical results, the final decision has to be made by the decision maker.

Key words: SDSS, seismic risk, Bucharest, shelter

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MORPHODYNAMICS OF DAMBOVITA FLOODPLAIN USING DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS

Diana Gheorghe1, Iuliana Armas1

1 University of Bucharest, Department of Geomorphology-Pedology-Geomatics

Corresponding author: Diana Gheorghe, [email protected]

Abstract: Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is situated in the Romanian Plain and is drained by Dambovita River. During the last 150 years the natural landscape has been intensely modified by its inhabitants. The most prominent change has been induced in the Dambovita floodplain, where the natural landforms have been completely changed. Besides all the human interventions on the natural landscape, we can still identify the remains of the natural floodplain features such as the slopes of Dambovita floodplain, the meadow, the overbank hillocks, like Negru-Voda Hill and Mitropoly Hill, some old gullies, like Garlita which flowed South from the actual Iuliu Maniu Boulevard. Other geomorphological features refer to the old meanders, such as Tineretului Lake and Carol I Lake. The methodology of this paper consists in a diachronic analysis of historical maps (such as Purcel map, Szatmary map, The Bucharest Plan 1:5.000 from 1911) and of more recent maps (topographical map 1:25.000, ortophotoplans), a historical DEM, from 1911 and a recent LiDAR DEM, from 2008. The present paper aims to identify the geomorphological features and to highlight the major geomorphological changes that Bucharest suffered over the last 150 years. The major human intervention was the improvement of Dambovita channel and the demolition and/or the construction of different buildings during the communist period. Besides the human induced geomorphological changes, there are also a series of natural geomorphological phenomena that are shaping the landscape of Bucharest. Among these, we can find soil creeping, subsidence and elevation mostly in the Dambovita floodplain.

Key words: Bucharest, geomorphology, human intervention, natural floodplain features

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MORPHOGENESIS OF STRUCTURES IN COMPLEX FLUIDS THROUGH THE INFORMATIONAL NON-DIFFERENTIABLE ENTROPY

Vlad Ghizdovăț1, Iacob Dan Dezideriu1, Irina Nicoleta Gațu1, Maricel Agop1,2

1University “Al. I. Cuza of Iaşi”, Department of Physics 2Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Department of Physics

Corresponding author: Vlad Ghizdovăț, [email protected]

Abstract: Using the exact solutions of stationary non-differentiable hydrodynamic model, the morphogenesis of structures in complex systems at low scales and at large scales are obtained within the framework of the Non- Standard Scale Relativity Theory. If, trough the non-differentiable potential, we define the concept of informational non-differentiable entropy, we can show via a maximization variational principle that, such piece of information is stored and transmitted by the “sub-fractal level” in the force field form. Moreover, the same non-differentiable potential is responsible for the uncertainty relations.

Key words: complex fluid, non-differentiability, hydrodinamic model, entropy

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

NON LINEAR EFFECTS IN COMPLEX FLUID

Irina Nicoleta Gațu1, Iacob Dan Dezideriu1, Vlad Ghizdovăț1, Maricel Agop1,2

1University “Al. I. Cuza of Iaşi”, Department of Physics 2Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Department of Physics

Corresponding author: Vlad Ghizdovăț, [email protected]

Abstract: Assuming that the complex fluid particles move on continue but non-differentiable curve, some non- linear effects in the non-standard Scale Relativity approach are analyzed. Thus, splitting complex fluid plume, cnoidal oscillation modes, “cloning” mechanisms, working regimes – holographic principle connection, damping oscillations, chirping effect type etc. are obtained. The theoretical model was validated through experimental data.

Key words: complex fluid, non-linear effects, scale relativity

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FLUVIAL LANDFORMS SEEN AS CAUSES OF THE DANUBE FLOODS CASE STUDY: OLTENITA - CALARASI SECTOR

Stefania (Omrani) Grigorie1, Floare Grecu1

1University of Bucharest, Departament of Geomorphology – Pedology - Geomatics

Corresponding author: Stefania (Omrani) Grigorie, [email protected]

Abstract: The floodplain, the newest part of the Danube Valley, was formed (and it is still developing) by the complex action of the river. For this area, drained by the Danube, several terms are being used, including ‘flooding area’, ‘floodplain’, or some local terms like ‘swamp’ or ‘Danube Floodplain’. The flooding area has been named the Danube Floodplain, regardless the fact that there are some non-flooding portions included in this region. The aim of this paper is to analyse the fluvial landforms, and to identify the main factors that influence the Danube floods. In this sense, it was performed a short analysis of the morphological and morphometric elements of the Danube Floodplain from the Oltenita - Calarasi area, of the wetlands and a correlation between these and floods had been made. Finally, the current situation of embankments was assessed. The methodology used included the following: a DEM of the region, flood maps and various cartographic materials from different periods (Szatmary Map from 1864, Austrian Empire map from 1910, Topographic map from 1980‘s and orthophotoplans from 2009). All the above were analysed in GIS environment, using the QGIS program. Also, some data were obtained from various institutions, such as INHGA, ANIF, SGA Calarasi, Giurgiu SG. For understanding the causes of floodings in the studied area between Oltenia and Calarasi, two aspects should be taken into consideration: morphometric and morphologic properties of the floodplain (low altitudes, low slope, low roughness) and human intervention (drainage of the lakes and wetlands, harnessing measures like irrigation and drainage channels, lack of embankments rehabilitation). Flood risk assessment aims to conduct to the mitigation of the negative consequences for human health, for environment, for cultural heritage and economic activities. In this sense, it is necessary to identify the flooding risk areas from the Danube Floodplain, the factors that lead to their occurrence, to map the flood hazard and flood risk and to develop and to implement the flood risk management plans.

Key words: fluvial landforms, flood risk, Danube, floodplain

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ETUDE D’IMPACT DE L’EROSION RAVINANTE SUR L’HABITAT ET L’ENVIRONNEMENT URBAINS DE KINSHASA

Holenu Mangenda Holy1,2, Lelo Nzuzi Francis1, Valentin Nedeff2, Narcis Barsan2

1Université de Kinshasa/RDCongo, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Geosciences 2Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Faculty of Ingenering

Auteur correspondant: Mangenda Holy Holenu, [email protected]

Résumé : Kinshasa, Capital de la République Démocratique du Congo compte 4500 hectares de terrains collinaires précaires aux prises avec 400 érosions dont 48 ont atteint des dimensions spectaculaires, et une vingtaine catégorisées parmi les plus destructrices là où les sols sont constitués pour l’essentiel de sables fins avec une faible proportion des limons et d’argiles. Ce phénomène qui débute insidieusement par un petit sillon se transforme après quelques tornades en catastrophes naturelles avec la dégradation de l’environnement, de l’habitat, des infrastructures et très souvent avec des cas des décès et des dégâts matériels graves. Les impacts des risques naturels et leur aggravation dans la ville de Kinshasa sont dus aux effets conjugués de la pression démographique et le non-respect des normes urbanistiques.Voilà pourquoi, cet article augure une étude d’impact de l’érosion ravinant dans cette grande métropole d’Afrique, avec une population de plus de 10 000 000 d’habitants et une superficie de 9 965 Km².

Mots clés: impact, érosion, habitat, environnement, Kinshasa

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MAPPING THE FLASH FLOOD PRONE AREA IN THE TAITA WATERSHED (ROMANIA) USING TOPOGRAPHIC INDEXES AND HYDRAULIC MODEL

Carmen Maftei1, Konstantinos Papatheodorou2

1 University “Ovidius” of Constanta, Civil Engineering Department 2 Technological Educational Institute of Serres, Greece, Civil, Surveying & Geoinformatics Department

Corresponding author: Carmen Maftei, [email protected]

Abstract: Major floods which occur in most part of the Dobrogea region are caused by high intensity rainfall. In the last period the frequency of occurence of heavy rainfall events is increasing in that regionA fact which is evident by the mane events recorded recently (August the 28th 2004, 200mm rainfall was recorded at Constanta station; on July the 9th 2010, 116mm rainfall was recorded at Constanta county, which corresponds to 1/3 of annual precipitation and on 13 September 2013 140mm were recorded at Tulcea county). The main goal of this paper is to delineate the flood prone areas in the Taita watershed using widely accepted methodologies. Taita River drains a small catchment (681 km2) situated in the Northern part of Dobrogea region (Romania), in a moderate continental climate. The river is a tributary of Babadag Lake draining the Topraichioi Pond. Precipitation is the main source of Taita River supply, provides almost 74% of the water amount. Selecting the appropriate methodology to use in order to assess flood hazard is a complex procedure because the required results in terms of completeness, reliability and accuracy as well as additional parameters as the required data input and the available tool to implement are the decisive parameters. Methods for delineating the flood prone areas are grouped into five categories: detailed, historical, analytical, physiographic and reconnaissance. The last category provides approximated results whereas the “detailed” methods are considered as the most accurate. All of these methods require the determination of the maximum flow discharge within a given return period (T-years discharge). Along with the emergence of the hydrological model TOPMODEL and the GIS (Geographical Information Systems) a new generation of methods was developed. These methods, are in fact geomorphological models based on the assumption that the topography controls the flow paths.A number of Indices can be produced, indicating the flood prone areas. by estimating the accumulated water flow at any point in a catchment. In this paper, the performance of two indices is evaluated based on their capabilities to predict and delineate the flood prone area. Their results are compared with the results performed with the hydraulic model HEC-RAS. This paper is subdivided as follows: the first chapter contains a background regarding the flash flood and the methodologies used to delineate flood prone areas. Section 2 presents the study site and an analysis of the hydrological regime of Taita River. Section 3 presents the methodologies used to model the extent of flooding and the final results. Conclusions are presented in section 4.

Key words: flash flood, flood prone area, toographic wetness index, hydraulic model.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL FROM THE TARNITA AREA

Victor Jucan1, Anca Mihaela Dumitrescu1, Alexandra Raluca Iordan1, Mircea Nicolae Palamaru1

1 University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iasi, Department of Inorganic Chemistry

Corresponding author: Alexandra Raluca Iordan, [email protected]

Abstract: The environmet is the result of interference between a number of elements create as a result of the human activities and natural elements consist of renewable (water, air, soil, flora, fauna), unrenewable (minerals, fossil fuels) and permanent (solar, wind, geothermal energy) resources. Intensive development of human and economic activities these interfecrences determine significant changes of these interferences that consist in the reduction of biodiversity and disturbance of the regulation mechanisms of climatic systems. Industrial activities are the main source of environmental pollution by water pollution with heavy metals, organic and inorganic waste, soil pollution with residues from mining and non/ferrous metallurgy, air pollution by release of large amounts of toxic gases into the atmosphere. In present paper are presented results about pollution with heavy metals on the water and soil from the Tarnita area. Tarnita was the mining area based on non-ferrous minerals and barite. From the technological flow resulted flotation steril stored in four ponds. It is known that this way of steril stored raises major problems. There is a risk that the steril ponds to crack and to infiltrate into the soil and groundwater. Even if the mining activities from this area were suspended, the steril pollute soil and water for the long time. For example, the mining activities were suspended in 2007 and in 2013 were found Cu and Fe in high amounts (0.009 mg/L, more that 100 g/L allowed concentration). Effect of pollution of Tarnita area with heavy metals from steril it can be seen in this image.

Key words: heavy metals, mining activity, Tarnita area, pollution.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ESTIMATION MODEL FOR THE QUALITY OF WATERS OF OITUZ RIVER

Carmen-Violeta Popescu 1, Dorel Ureche 2, Elena Nechita 1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Educational Sciences 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Carmen-Violeta Popescu,[email protected]

Abstract: Fish contribute with a significant amount to the food of people worldwide. Moreover, fish is also a source of work. Given the importance of preserving the rivers in order to provide good quality fish, we performed a study on the river Oituz and some of its feeders. The paper aims at estimating the quality of the surface waters of Oituz, based on several parameters that have been computed on the data acquired from fish captured between 1998 and 2008. The paper also gives a brief description of the various modeling approaches currently used in fish populations and concludes with some recommendations regarding the adequacy of using the fish in Oituz area for food. Some considerations regarding the evolution of the ecosystems in the target area are also provided, for the entire period under study.

Key words: estimation model, fishery, water cality

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RETOUR DES POPULATIONS DEPLACEES ET RISQUES DE CONFLIT FONCIER DANS LA COMMUNAUTE RURALE DE NIAGUIS (ZIGUINCHOR)

Ndao Mohamed Lamine1, Ndiaye Paul2

1Doctorant en géographie à l’école doctorale SHS au Laboratoire LEIDI à l’UGB Saint Louis /Sénégal 2Chargé d’Enseignement, Département de Géographie, FLSH, UCAD

Auteur correspondant: Mohamed Lamine Ndao, [email protected]

Résumé: Dans la CR de Niaguis, le conflit casamançais a fait plusieurs milliers de déplacés ou refugiés, des villages entiers ont été vidés suite aux violents affrontements qui ont opposé l’armée sénégalaise au MFDC et à la propagation du banditisme. La recherche de terre pour le développement de l’arboriculture fruitière a entrainé le redéploiement des populations non autochtones sur les terres abandonnées. Les occupants ont développé des plantations surtout d’anacardier. Mais la situation d’accalmie constatée dans la zone depuis quelques années, encourage les populations autochtones à revenir dans leurs terroirs. Dans ce contexte, il est important de voir comment retour des populations déplacées ou réfugiées risque d’engendrer des relations conflictuelles entre communautés villageoises, donc de faire planer des incertitudes sur l’établissement d’une paix durable. La méthodologie adoptée a consisté à recueillir des données quantitatives et qualitatives à travers une grille démographique, un questionnaire administré aux arboriculteurs, des guides d’entretien, des observations directes, etc. En effet, les outils employés dans le cadre de cette étude ont favorisé les méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives afin de mieux traiter le sujet. Légitimement, les populations déplacées ont souhaité récupérer leurs terres abandonnées pendant leur absence. Evidemment tout serait simple, si ceux qui se sont appropriés les terres et les ont valorisées durant ce temps pouvaient repartir aussi facilement, mais ils refusent de les rétrocéder à leurs premiers propriétaires. Cette situation est à l’origine de plusieurs tensions qui risqueraient de déboucher sur un confit qui minerait les efforts pour la paix. Il est à craindre qu’un profond sentiment de révolte se développe chez les autochtones. De ce fait, les antagonismes anciens entre autochtones et allochtones, en parti responsables du déclenchement du conflit, peuvent se réactiver. Il y a là un risque de conflits entre villages ou, pire, entre groupes ethniques ce qui peut hypothéquer la paix.

Mots clés: Foncier, conflit, risque, paix.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

LA GESTION DES INONDATIONS DANS LA VILLE DE SAINT-LOUIS

Fatime Kanté1, 2, Gabriel Octavian Lazar2, Adrien Coly1

1Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Section de Géographie 2Université Vasile Alecsandri, Département de génie mécanique et de génie de l'environnement

Auteur correspondant : Fatime KANTE, [email protected]

Résumé: Les inondations dans la ville de Saint-Louis se font de plus en plus récurrentes. Malgré les efforts qui sont faits chaque année par les différents acteurs de gestion des eaux pluviales, il devient de plus en plus nécessaire de trouver des moyens de gestions adéquates pour le long terme. Pour y parvenir, l’analyse des données hydrologiques disponibles et un travail de modélisation hydrologique sur la plate-forme Arc gis ont été privilégiées. Les recherches montrent que malgré une certaine synergie entre les différents acteurs chargés de la gestion des eaux pluviales, il n’existe pas de mesure à long terme à considérer pour ce problème par les autorités municipales. Les différents résultats obtenus montrent qu’il faut aujourd’hui prendre en compte d’autres paramètres naturels et hydrologiques dans la gestion des inondations dans la ville de Saint-Louis.

Mots clés: inondations- gestion- acteurs- modélisation hydrologique.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDITION IN Ocimum basilicum L. CULTURE MEDIA

Diana Mirila1, Petronel Paval1, Stefan Ciobanu2, Oana-Irina Patriciu3, Irina-Claudia Alexa3, Raluca-Ioana Tampu3, Luminita Grosu3, Daniela Nicuta4, Irina Ifrim3, Lucian Gavrila3, Adriana Finaru3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Master CoSAMIB 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Master VRBPM 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 4 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection

Corresponding author: Irina-Claudia Alexa, [email protected]

Abstract: According to the literature, heterocyclic compounds such as chromanones and thiazoles derivatives with potential biological activity were tested as pesticides, herbicides and plant-growth regulators and found greatest application in the various spheres of research. It is well known that growth and morphogenesis of plant tissue cultures can be improved by small amounts of some organic compounds. On the other hand, it is very important to evaluate the risk of organic compounds addition in the plant culture media. O In this view, the addition of some heterocyclic compounds in vitro R medium have been tested for evaluate the influence on plant growth of 1 R' N Ocimum basilicum. The extracts of basil have many utilization in food R R industry, pharmaceutical industry and recently also as inhibitors of O S 2 corrosion. A B As part of our research program, two types of compounds were tested: Figure 1. Structure of tested chromanone and thiazole derivatives, mentioned in the following as chromanone and thiazole derivatives A and B, respectively (Figure 1). The research was conducted using as biologic material the selected seeds of Ocimum basilicum provided by Research Station from Secuieni - Roman (Romania). The seeds were sterilised and inoculated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) without hormones for obtaining sterile plantlets. Apex and nodes were used as explants source for testing the morphogenetic reaction on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of studied compounds A and B. After 1 month, growth rate and biomass accumulation were a b c evaluated for all samples and compared with the control sample (without addition of tested heterocyclic compounds). Figure 2. Influence of tested chromanone and For that, after removal of culture medium, the number of thiazole derivatives on the plantlets growth plantlets, the plant height and weight were recorded. a) A addition; b) B addition; c) without addition Each experiment was performed in triplicate. The compounds A and B were proved to be growth inhibitors of at high concentrations and a growth stimulation effect was registered at low concentration (Figure 2). The best results concerning the ratio of the amount of biomass accumulated compared with control sample, were obtained in the case of A. The benefic effects on biomass accumulation could be exploited to obtain extracts of basil as eco-friendly inhibitors of corrosion. The research concerning these aspects is still in progress.

Keywords: chromanones, thiazoles, biomass accumulation, Ocimum basilicum L. 42

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

SEASONAL INFLUENCE AND CONTAMINATION RISKS OF THE GROUNDWATER IN ARJAAT VILLAGE, MOROCCO

François Xavier Nshimiyimana1,2, Maria-Ema Faciu2, Abdellah El Abidi3, Souad El Blidi4, Gabriel Lazar2, Mohamed Fekhaoui4, Abdelmajid Soulaymani1

1University Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Maroc, Faculty of Sciences, Genetics and Biometry Laboratory 2“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 3National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco, Hydrology and Toxicology Laboratory 4Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco, Ecotoxicology Laboratory

Corresponding author: François Xavier Nshimiyimana, [email protected]

Abstract: Is seasonal variation (summer and winter), one of the important factors which are influencing on physical and chemical parameters of groundwater? What are the health risks? This study will try to give the response of these questions by an assessment of the physical and chemical parameters and of the level of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn) in the groundwater which is used as drinking water. The samples were taken from 25 wells located in Arjaat village, Rabat Salé Zemour Zaer Region, Morocco, in each season, during the time of the highest agricultural activities. After the analysis, the results have shown the variation of the physical and chemical parameters values and of their correlations, from summer season to winter season. In case of HCO3, during winter it has a strong statistically significant correlation with pH (p=-0.611, Sig. <0.05), conductivity (p=0.505, Sig. <0.05) and Ca (p=0.512, Sig. <0.05) which are not present during summer. Also, the correlation coefficient between HCO3 and SO4 decrease from winter to summer from p=0.571 with Sig. <0.01 to p=0.399 with Sig. <0.05. In case of HCO3 and Mg, the difference between seasons is not significant (in winter p=0.656, Sig<0.01 and in summer p=0.615, Sig<0.01), highlighting a possible common source. In addition to that, in Arjaat village, we have found that Cd, Pb and Zn, are exceeding the WHO limits in drinking water, and thus increasing the health risk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted possible common sources, the concentration levels of each element in each well depending on factors like their localization and the agricultural activities.

Key words: health risk, heavy metals, physical chemical quality, groundwater, seasonal variation, Arjaat village.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UTILISED IN CLEANING OLD POLYCHROME WOOD

Silvea Pruteanu, Ana-Maria Budu, Viorica Vasilache, Ion Sandu

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Interdisciplinary Research and Education Platform ARHEOINVEST Laboratory of Scientific Investigation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage

Corresponding author: Silvea Pruteanu, [email protected]

Abstract: Ecological systems used in cleaning old polychrome wood and intervention methods currently used to remove deposits that should not affect the aesthetics or the time evolution of the state of conservation of the artefact represents a challenge for restaurants. The choice of these systems is closely linked to artistic technique of painting, the ancient state of preservation, the nature of the materials used in the installation, but also to the physico - structural state and natural deposits to be removed (dirt, preservation interventions improper restoration, varnishes clogged or opaque in bold, staining fungal attack, etc.). Depending on the nature and composition of the layers of the painting material affected by the deposits over time, there have been conducted a series of tests, regarding the cleaning process using the so-called compatible mixtures washing tests of various solvents, surfactants / surfactants, ion exchangers and other synergistic. Their capacity of washing was analysed by modern analytical methods for assessing the degree of cleaning that determine the behaviour of these processes while evaluating their effectiveness.

Key words: ecological systems, washing tests, surface active agents / surfactants, modern analytical methods of investigation

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE COASTAL OF GUINEA: "NATURAL AND ANTHROPICS RISKS"

Diaka Sidibé1, 2, Chakib Darraz1, Mohamed Lamine Keita2, Gabriel Lazar3

1University “Abdelmalek Essâadi”, Faculty of Sciences Tétouan, Mhannech 2, BP 2121, 93030 Tétouan, Maroc 2Doctoral School of Scientific Researsch Centre of Conakry Rogbanè, Conakry, Guinée 3“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Calea Mărăşeşti 156, Bacău, 600115, Roumanie

Corresponding author: Diaka Sidibé, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The Republic of Guinea is positioned in West Africa. It covers an area of 245 857 Km2, bordered by Atlantic Ocean more than 300 Km of coastlines. It has the varied relief, landscape going from coastal plains with low altitude to mountainous areas inside the country, in some place, altitudes reaching over 1000 meters. The main objective of this study is given a brief overview on the natural and anthropic phenomena along the Guinean coastal zone. Maritime Guinea can be indicated to serve as a study area in this case, because, it contains the largest rice plains waterfront, and most of the major rivers and streams of Guinea throw to the sea there. In Guinea maritime, the climate change, which is the basis of the atmospheric disturbances, already had a negative impact on the entire country in general and especially on the coastal region. Most socio-economic activities are affected by the impacts of this climate change today. For this study, it was necessary to identify studies and works which were realized during these last decades on this zone, so to have on hand, a tool for decision support. Natural risks and vagaries are mainly due to flooding associated with storm surges, whose potential value increases steadily, in connection with the rise of the sea level, frequency and power of the climatic phenomena. Other risks are also identified such as: - A seismic activity registered in Conakry for several years, fears increased probability of earthquake, whose consequences are difficult to assess. - The vulnerability of coastline unstable, except the peninsula of Kaloum and Cap Verga. The backfills made in Residence 2000 lead to the destruction of the Kaback dikes. - The collapse of the construction due to the exploitation of groundwater in the coastal are (Kipe and Lambandji), secondly because of the weakness capacity of answer and intervention which Guinea has at present. All this analysis leads us to consider the Guinea maritime, region as a vulnerable and exposed to flooding by rivers running through it, and by the rise of sea level induced by the climate change.

Keywords: Risk, flooding, Guinea maritime, elevation, sea.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

LANDSLIDE RISK: STUDY OF SOIL INSTABILITY OF A SITE IN THE REGION OF TETOUAN, OCCIDENTAL RIF (MOROCCO)

Diaka Sidibé1, 2, Abdelouahed Touhami Ouazani1, Adil Zemama3

1 Université “Abdelmalek Essâadi”, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Mhannech 2, BP 2121, 93030 Tétouan, Maroc 2 Ecole Doctorale du Centre de Recherche Scientifique de Conakry Rogbanè, Conakry, Guinée 3 Réseaux de Laboratoires et de Travaux Publics GEORET, Tétouan, Maroc

Corresponding author: Diaka Sidibé, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The Rif is a segment of the Mediterranean alpine chains, that is to say, the chains built mainly Cretaceous to Neogene in the confrontation zone between Africa and Europe. The study area is located in the North of Morocco on the Mediterranean coastline. The geological complexity, morphology steep terrain and relatively abundant rainfall make the Rif, region where slope movement, commonly referred landslides are most frequent in Morocco. If damage in human life in relation to these phenomena is rare, they nevertheless have a significant impact on the land, they directly threaten the infrastructure of the region. As an indication, approximately 50 % of the total budget allocated to DPTP (Provincial Directorates of Publics works) in the Rif for reinforcement work and rehabilitation of roads following landslides (Rmili & al, 1995).Locally, the site of study belongs in its entirety to the Silurian Akaili unit, belonging to the field of Ghomarides whose geological formations are flyschoides composed by limestone, sandstones, conglomerates and shale. Thus, the representative facies are shale sandstones gleaming, pebble conglomerate with quartz stretched, of Silurian and limestone. The purpose of this article is to know the principles of a study of soil stability using geological study and geotechnical test, in order to characterize and to undertake the stability of the areas subject of movement and particularly for landslides. It will also enable to define the nature of soil at the site using mechanical test and the pressumeter tests supplemented by laboratory tests to understand and deduce the risk of instability affecting this zone. The studies and tests have allowed us to highlight a schistose soil. These schist are quite permeable, therefore the flow of water into soil, particularly clays, and when it is saturated in water, its internal cohesion decreases very significantly, which causes the landslides. It is important to understand these instabilities in order to better characterize and define the means of preventions for this area, where the subject of this study.

Key words: risk, landslide, Rif, instability, movement, Tetouan

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT. STUDY CASE: VASLUI WWTP

Madalina Stanescu 1, Constantin Buta 1

1 University “Ovidius” of Constanta, Department of Civil Engineering

Corresponding author: Stanescu Madalina, [email protected]

Abstract: Romania, has declared, by the Governmental Decision nr.352/2005, all its territory as a sensitive area. This implies that, for all urban agglomerations larger than 10.000 population equivalent waste water treatment plants (WWTP) with nutrient removal must be built or upgraded. Under these conditions, Romania needs to implement the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) until the year 2018. The fact that Romania was declared, as a whole, a sensible area, creates large problems regarding waste water treatment. This paper presents the results of the environmental impact assessment of the wastewater treatment plant for city of Vaslui, with main focus on surface water. The selection of the treatment process was made upon the need to improve the quality of treated water, the quality of effluent parameters (CBO5, CCO, total phosphor, total nitrogen, solid suspensions), the requirements of the EU Directives, constrains of the waste water treatment plant site (approximately 52.000 squere meter) and the project's investment and maintenance costs. This research study includes assessment methodology, project description regarding the rehabilitation and extension of the Vaslui waste water treatment plant, data related to water resources, impact assessment on water and proposed mitigation measures. The assessment of the impacts has been performed for the construction and operational phase of the wastewater treatment plant. The construction phase was subdivided into several phases, while in the operational phase the impacts are analyzed following the line for treatment of the wastewater and effluent production, the line for sludge production and drying process, sludge disposal in safety conditions considering the provisions of 86/278/EEC Directive and the line for biogas utilization. Considering the fact that this wastewater treatment plant would be the largest in the region, the presented results and outcomes could be of interest for wider scientific and engineering community in the country. Key words: waste water treatment plant, surface water, environmental risk, mitigation measures

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MINIMIZING SEISMIC RISK THROUGHT INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGAMS

Dragos Tataru1, Stefan Florin Balan2, Bogdan Zaharia1, Bogdan Grecu 1

1 National Institute for Earth Physics, Romanian Seismic Network 2 National Institute for Earth Physics, Department of Engineering Seismology

Corresponding author: Dragos Tataru , E-mail address :[email protected]

Abstract: Romania is located in the Carpathian seismic belt, one of the most active tectonic regions of the world. In the last few decades, the country has experienced several major earthquakes which have claimed thousands lives and millions of property damage (Vrancea, 1940; 1977; 1986). Even so, currently little is done for the general public in order to mitigate the possible effects of a future major earthquake. As intermediate depth earthquakes affect a vast area (up to 400 km from the epicenter), there is a continuous need in raising awareness by sharing information and knowledge in a broader area and to a larger audience. To have a proper framework for engaging new communities and build partnerships, with benefit for all parties involved, a series of pilot projects have been initiated by National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP) researchers. In this study we will mention just two of them: Earthquake Safety Network for Black Sea Basin (ESNET) and Romanian Educational Seismic Network (ROEDUSEIS). ESNET project aims to contribute to the prevention of natural disasters generated by earthquakes in Black Sea basin by developing a joint monitoring and intervention concept. Expected impacts of the project are broad expert knowledge shared on the earthquake related issues for each participating country, support of the public authorities for the elaborated reports and proposed plans, increased cooperation between relevant actors in the participating countries in the field of earthquake monitoring, increased use of modern, effective tools for monitoring and early warning in case of earthquakes, sharing expertise and communication. The partnership among research institutes, public authorities, civil society and emergency intervention structures for preventing natural disasters is essential in order to protect local communities- people and economies. Our view is that the national research institutes should have a leading role in strengthening this cooperation as they can provide useful data regarding earthquakes, thus helping the better understanding of this natural phenomenon. ROEDUSEIS is aiming to increase the people knowledge about the earthquake phenomena and their effects at the earth surface as an important step toward the education of population in high seismic risk regions (but not only) and so contribute to raise the awareness about the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions especially among students and teachers.

Key words: seismic risk, education, earthquake, disaster management, dissemination, society

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC LOSS ASSESSMENT FOR BUILDINGS IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF BUCHAREST

Iuliana Armas1, Dragos Toma-Danila2, Diana Gheorghe1

1 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Department of Geomorphology-Pedology-Geomatics 2 National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania, Department of Earthquake Engineering

Corresponding author: Dragos Toma-Danila, [email protected]

Abstract: As past seismic events showed, Bucharest City (capital of Romania) can be significantly affected by earthquake produced in the Vrancea Intermediate Depth Source, located more than 120 km epicentral distance away, in the curvature of the Carpathian Mountains. With a statistical recurrence period of 2-3 events with moment magnitude greater than 7 per century (latest in 1977, producing 1424 death in Bucharest, mostly in the center), this source poses great danger to the inhabitants of the city. Although most people and authorities are aware of the exposure, the mitigation actions are still precarious. The present paper aims to provide scientifically based answers, through quantitative earthquake loss estimation based on analytical methods, applied for buildings in the historic center of Bucharest. The approach aims to provide a relevant picture of the actual possible damage distribution after an earthquake similar to the 1977 event (Mw 7.4, depth 94 km), in a much circulated and visited area of the city. The focus of analytical methods is on what physically makes certain buildings collapse, compared to empirical methods or non-invasive techniques. The capacity-spectrum methods used in this study rely on the description of structural behavior due to a well-defined seismic input, in earthquake engineering terms. The 358 buildings in the study area are analyzed individually and specific vulnerability curves are assigned to each typology, based on height, construction year and material. The same classification as the Near Real-Time System for Estimating the Seismic Damage for Romania of the National Institute for Earth Physics is used; therefore the results are evaluated in order to be further included in real-time analysis. The methods for obtaining building loss estimates are the Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum (MADRS) and the Improved Displacement Coefficient Method (IDCM). Relevant maps for mean damage ratio and correlations with the possible socio-economical implications in the area are presented and interpreted, also from a statistical point of view. In order to validate the results, a comparison with the HERA Project results and the list of buildings included in the first seismic risk class is performed.

Key words: seismic loss assessment, Bucharest historical center

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CONCEPTUAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR THE SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF ROAD NETWORKS

Dragos Toma-Danila1, Iuliana Armas2

1 National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania, Department of Earthquake Engineering 2 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Department of Geomorphology-Pedology-Geomatics

Corresponding author: Dragos Toma-Danila, [email protected]

Abstract: Earthquakes are one of the most social-economically feared natural disasters in the world, due to their unpredictability and rapid damaging effects on a considerable extent. Road network play a crucial role in the mitigation, rescue and recovery efforts, as also previous seismic events showed. The dysfunctions within this network can determine, beside direct damage, important indirect damage, due to the actual nature of the society which heavily relies on road vehicles for transportation or emergency interventions. The specific risks of the road network can translate into considerable losses on short and long term. Therefore it’s very important to mitigate them, also because so many other systems are linked through this network. In the last years, parts of the seismic risk assessment of road networks started to be included in different disciplines and approaches. This study aims first of all to highlight some of the important initiatives undertaken and the reliability of the results, for general purposes. Because seismic risk analysis of road networks has a very interdisciplinary character, but a clear spatial dimension, we aim to show how multiple approaches for different components and scales can and have to join in a geographic information system (GIS). The focus of the study is on defining a state-of-the art methodology to combine multiple approaches into a GIS environment, respecting the interdependencies and offering own data integration capabilities within the framework, in order to proper adapt it to the specific requirements of the study area. We analyze the possibility to include methods like road obstruction, fragility analysis of individual structures like bridges or tunnels, cost-distance for connectivity analysis, weight scheme, use of economic models for monetary losses and Monte-Carlo simulation, logic tree development for cascading effects or population impact analysis. We also refer to seismic hazard requirements and implications. Through this study we aim to create a concept for a future solution for world-wide applicable risk analysis for road networks, showing scientifically based justifications for the methods chose within it. We also accentuate the idea that road network’s functionality is very important after an earthquake, and it cannot be analyzed without the geographic component.

Key words: road network, seismic risk analysis, GIS

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

SEISMICITY OF THE NORTHERN PART OF ROMANIA

Mihail Diaconescu1, Dragos Toma-Danila1, Andreea Ani Gabriela Craiu1

1 National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest-Magurele

Corresponding author: Dragos Toma-Danila, [email protected]

Abstract:The study of seismic hazard, in the deterministic approach, includes four main steps: a) source definition (identification of active faults that may generate earthquakes). On the Romanian territory the majority of faults do not reach the topographic surface, being used geophysical maps (gravity and magnetics), seismic sections and earthquakes aligments; b) selection of the control earthquake; c) determination of earthquake effects by analysing the displacements induced within the crust, as result of the attenuation processes; d) evaluation of seismic hazard, including estimation of earthquakes effects using specific parameters, such as acceleration or maximum velocity for ground displacements. The paper will contribute to the achievement of two main components that are necessary for the evaluation of seismic hazard: definition and contouring of seismic events sources and selection of the control earthquake, for sources in northern Romania. This paper approaches the crustal seismicity to highlight the seismic sources, their geometry, distribution of epicentral and hypocentral distances, determination of seismic activity, maximum possible magnitude and estimate the maximum possible earthquake magnitude, in order to assess future seismic hazard in the urban areas. Crustal seismicity within Romania manifests moderate seismicity aligments (as magnitude), along the external edge of the Carpathians and along the crustal contact faults between the platforms in front of the Carpathians. The Carpathian arch consists of a basement and sedimentary cover knaps, thrusted and overthrusted, formed during compressional period, during the Cretaceous and Pleistocene period. Contact between these units seems to be seismogenetic. Observed crustal seismicity has not exceeded Mw = 6.0 than in the south Fagaras, Shabla (south of Mangalia on Bulgarian territory) and Crisana (from historical data). In rest of the country reported data were generally limited to Mw = 5.6. In the north and northwest part of Romania, Cris rivers, Satu Mare and Baia Mare areas were observed moderate magnitude earthquakes. Although historical data suggest potential earthquakes Mw> 6 in the Marghita-Carei, only events with magnitude of about 5 degrees has been recorded in the last century. In Oradea area records show a Mw = 4.1 earthquake in 1886 and Mw = 4.2 in 1906. The main epicentral areas from NW part of Romania are: Sighet (01/23/1784 with Mw = 5.3); Baia Mare (30/03/1979 with Mw = 4.5); Halmeu (03/11/1893 with Mw = 4.7); Jibou (05/26/1835 with Mw = 4.1) Valea lui Mihai-Carei (07/01/1829 with Mw = 6.2, Mw = 5.6 10/15/1834 with) and N Oradea (04/29/1906 with Mw = 4.1). Also we discuss the earthquake sequence recorded nearby the Bucovina Seismic Array area between 24 and 30 June 2011.

Key words: earthquake, epicentre, magnitude, fault, distribution

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND USER SCENARIO FOR MOBILE GIS RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

Cosmin Tomozei1, Iulian Furdu1, Simona Varlan1, Nick Vercruyssen2, Cristian Amancei3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Education 2 ISSCO - International Software Solutions, Bacău, Romania 3 Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Department of Informatics and Economic Cybernetics

Corresponding author: Iulian Furdu, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this research is to provide a general framework for the development of risk management through mobile GIS recommender applications. An important purpose is improving the process awareness for the Romanian communities which are exposed to natural, environmental and social risks in certain geographic areas. In this way, generally applicable requirements engineering analysis patterns are taken into account and consequently, additional achievements are to be implemented and tested for specific categories of risks. Based on this framework a mobile recommender GIS application is developed. At first, the functional specifications are defined by means of specialized modelling languages which integrate patterns, templates and diagrams for the functional analysis process. It is very important to distinguish the different categories of actors involved in the use of mobile GIS risk recommender system:  the members of the local communities, as the most important category of users, directly exposed to the risks and simultaneously the ones who have the possibility of offering help to the authorities, in case of need; trust and reputation of the community members play a decisive role in the decision making.  the local authorities, which collect information from the citizens by means of mobile devices and specialized software; data stored on servers may be also offered to the citizens in a form of data services or service oriented architecture data flows, which the community members may access by their mobile devices;  the national and regional institutions which in case of necessity are directly informed by the other categories of actors about the specificity of a risk occurrence, a natural disaster or an anthropic risk in a precise geographical location and with prediction facilities for any further resource allocation for the minimization of risks.  the trustworthy information sources, as actors from the field, which are to verify the correctness and the accuracy of data provided by the citizens, in a collaborative way; each recommendation given to the authorities and to the citizens is based on collaborative filtering and social media channels with mobile user interfaces;  knowledge base administrators, having as the main duty the management of historical data about the occurrence of any particular risk for a well-defined community; queries and filtering operations are implemented in correspondence with actual data from the social media channels;  software developers and GIS specialists from various domains of activity; their main challenge is to harmonize the evolution of software to the new social and technical requirements; consequently, software will become more useful and accurate in the process of automatic decision making. All these actors are integrated in user scenarios for the analysis process. New categories of actors may appear, depending of the type of risks in specific regions of the country. Collaboration between actors is a very important aspect and it is reflected by means of UML diagrams. Each type of actor is included and the way of interacting with the system is studied. A sequence of steps for the use of mobile recommender systems is defined by use-cases for each role played by the actors. Each actor and use case take the form of class diagrams and sequences diagrams and express statically and dynamically the associations and the interaction between entities. Geolocation and Georeferencing are implemented using mapping engines, mobile devices and tracking devices. Each device is enabled with GPS or A-GPS, camera, accelerometer and gyroscope. Each recommendation is based on the accuracy of the geoposition sent by the community members via dedicated social channels. Contextual information becomes very important for the right recommendations. Further decisions are to be customly elaborated by the authorities and transmitted to the community members. The result of this research consists of a well defined methodology for the creation of high quality software.

Key words: Mobile, Recommender systems, GIS, risk management. 52

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

COLMARS - COLLABORATIVE RISK AWARENESS RECOMMENDER SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT WITH UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING CAPABILITY

Nick Vercruyssen1, Iulian Furdu2, Cristian Amancei3 Cosmin Tomozei2, Simona Varlan2

1 ISSCO - International Software Solutions, Bacău, Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Education 3 Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Department of Informatics and Economic Cybernetics

Corresponding author: Cosmin Tomozei, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper outlines the architecture prototyping and development of ubiquitous computing, with mobile and geographical capabilities recommender software based on collaborative filtering and knowledge based filtering approaches. The main purpose of research is to enhance the process of consolidation of the development cycle of GIS applications for early community awareness. Heterogeneous types of risks occurrence effects minimization strategies are applied so as to efficiently allocate the efforts for reliable software development. High quality applications require the use of high performance tools and technologies. Validation is obtained using a set of indicators for the quantitative expression of the quality characteristics of software. Mobile and ubiquitous computing devices are enhanced with multimedia capabilities for the geospatial information processing. Information packages are sent by the members of the community to each other or to the authorities and include the geocoordinate, with the appropriate accuracy, photos from the risk areas and data captured by means of the device sensors. To reduce the effects of the identified risk, geospatial data is processed and added on specific layers by means of classes of objects in recommendation packages for the other members of the community. Taking in consideration different types of risk notification recipients in the community, and the potential increased volume of information packages during alert notifications, the most relevant chronological order of priority is utilized for actual delivery of messages. Simultaneously, the potential delay is proactively analysed, measured and optimized using initiation of extra cloud computing infrastructure in order to support the acute increase of system performance, within predefined limits. The characteristic of ubiquity presumes the existence of heterogeneous software and hardware mobile platforms and devices, on which a layer of abstraction is added, so as to make available the same functionalities. Furhermore, the cross platform facility of ArcGIS Runtime SDK is implemented for Windows Phone, iOS and Adroid. This GIS application becomes available to all community members, which actually have a smartphone or tablet regardless of operating system or manufacturer. For the optimization of user experience, a special type of interface design is required so as to overcome the restrictions generated by the size of screen. It also adds the facility of tapping, through mark-up languages as HTML5 and XAML. The user interface has a dual role, to assist the collaborative work for the announcement of a potential or a real observed risk and to automatically acknowledge the community members, mainly from the risk area, in case of need. Trust and reputation is measured by weighted indicators. Each device capabilities are exploited, as sensors are used for detecting the changes from the environment in case of natural risk. The internal structure of the devices include sensors as gyroscope, accelerometer and compass and some of their data is used as a parameter in the methods of filtering and automatic decision making. Mapping functions and geocoding of locations is implemented as well. Users may also add on specific layers descriptive information regarding risks in certain geographic positions. Spatial analysis is based on the information provided by the mapping functions. The testing process is incrementally realized through emulators and physical devices as Windows Phone, Android and iOS. On the first basis, a small community is considered as target group and further research will expand on larger communities.

Key words: Collaborative filtering, Recommender Systems, Risk management 53

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A NEW IDENTIFICATION METHOD USED FOR SHIP CAPSIZING RISK ASSESSMENT IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Mariusz Andrzejczak1, Martyna Ulinowicz 2

1 OBRUM Ltd. Mechanical Instruments R&D Centre 2 Warsaw University of Technology, Department of Automation and Aeronautical Systems

Corresponding author: Martyna Ulinowicz, [email protected]

Abstract: Sea vessels, which are becoming larger than ever, are exploited for transportation of hazardous goods including chemicals, liquid gas, oil, etc. An accident of such a vessel always causes a tremendous environmental catastrophe and can influence the habitation of large areas of the sea shore for decades. Recent years brought significant development of vessel navigation systems, increase of their accuracy and the ability to process and display navigation information. However as the accurate navigation information is of great importance, still, the supervision, validation of obtained values of parameters describing the ship motion, as well as risk assessment due to current environmental conditions is a responsibility of the ship master. In the paper a new identification method is proposed to obtain accurate parameters of the vessel model and enable capsizing risk assessment in various environmental conditions, especially considering state of the sea and wind. Such a method, integrated with vessel navigation system should increase the safety of sea transportation. In the paper the simulation model of a vessel is constructed using a new off-line identification method performed in two steps. In the first one the adaptive filter is used to smooth the data and prepare it for the next step, in which heuristic method based on Genetic Algorithms enable to search the solution space widely in order to find the model parameters values. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), which joins advantages of the particle filters with the classic Kalman Filter concept is used in order to smooth data gathered from the ship sensors. In UKF algorithm a discrete distribution of sample points, which has the same mean and covariance as the real input, are generated and on this basis the state output is calculated. Data processed in that manner are then used in heuristic procedure based on Genetic Algorithms. The method explores widely the search space to find the solution and it is resistant to convergence to local minima. It is also well suited for parallel computations. It deals well with a large number of variables and variable coupling, which may cause problems in case of other approaches. The preliminary simulation results indicates that proposed identification method converges and enable to obtain accurate parameters of a model of the vessel, which should diminish the risk of ship capsizing by better prediction of ship movement in harsh environmental conditions.

Key words: Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), Genetic Algorithms, vessel capsizing risk assessment, off-line identification, environment influence on vessel movement

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A CASE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC INSTABILITY IN MOLDAVIA REGION, AT THE BEGINNING OF THE HOT SEASON

Georgiana Lăcătuşu1, 2, Marinela Lazăr 2, Ema Fâciu1

1”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, Romania 2Regional Weather Forecasting Service, Bacau, Romania

Georgiana Lăcătuşu, [email protected]

Abstract: In Romania, in general June is the most rainy month of the year. The medium monthly quantity of precipitations in June, in Moldavia is between 60 and 100 l/m. At the end of June 2013, the quantities of precipitations were over 100 l/m2/24 h. This study focuses on the main atmospheric causes that determined the heavy rains on the 30th of June 2013, and on the evolution of convective systems. The instability was measured by low barometric pressure values, by a thalweg at 500 hPa and by some cores cyclonic formed in Black Sea area, which affected the east and south-east of Moldavia. This paper shows the social and economic impact of floods from the affected areas. The results highlight that in the end of June 2013, the quantity of precipitations were in one day over the medium monthly quantity.

Keywords: floods, heavy rains, thalweg, cyclone, social and economic impact

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE SPREAD COURSE VISUALIZATION OF THE FLOOD WAVE CASE STUDY- TROTUS RIVER

Roxana Tincu1, Ema Faciu1, Alina Coman2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania 2Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Roxana Tincu [email protected]

Abstract: Flooding risk management is a timely and concerning problem at the present day. The scientific research that has been accomplished till now in this area is based on the hydrologic and hydraulic pattern (which was also realised through distinct techniques). This paper presents the covered phases and applied techniques in order to realise a pattern which can make possible the spread course visualization of the flood waves during downpours. The applications used in this paper for the flood wave modelling on a stream are represented by GIS applications and HEC-HMS model. The acronym HEC- HMS comes from Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System. HEC – HMS model is developed in order to simulate the precipitation – runoff in dendritic watershed systems processes. This model may be used in many other branches, including watershed and urban spaces. The hydrographes which were measured by HEC-HMS can be used directly or along with other water course, urban collector, hydraulic equipment softwares. In this paper HEC – HMS is used along with GIS techniques. Finally, the results of hydrologic and hydraulic patterns will be presented. These results have in view a section of Trotus River and they are based on 2005 flood data.

Key words: modelling, flood, GIS, HEC – HMS, runoff

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES OF LAMELLAR AIIIBVI SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS INTERSPERSED WITH Cd

Dumitru Untila1, Iuliana Caraman2, Nicolae Spalatu3, Liliana Dmitroglo1,

1 The Laboratory of Scientific Research "Photonics and Metrology Physics", Moldova State University 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Dumitru Untila, [email protected]

Abstract: Estimated annual energy consumption for human activities is about ~ 31017 kJ and increases at least twice every 15-20 years. About 30% of it is electric energy produced by burning of fuels. As a result of fuel burning, not only the carbon dioxide is emitted into atmosphere but also environmentally hazardous substances such as oxides and hydrates of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen. The goal of researchers is to find environmentally friendly energy sources. One of alternatives is direct conversion of solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic elements. The paper analyzes the opportunities of using photosensitive elements as photovoltaic cells from laminated semiconductor AIIIBVI type (GaSe, InSe and GaTe) doped or interspersed with Cd from vapor phase. The advantages of these compounds comparison to materials traditionally used as the photosensitive element in photovoltaics (Si, GaAs, CdTe) are tolerance to different radiation. The presence of valence bonds even at the surface and very low density of surface states as well as the good flexibility of thin layers guarantees the stability of the physical characteristics of samples at the mechanical stress and vibrations. The possibility of manufacturing transverse photovoltaic cells based on GaSe-CdSe and CdTe-GaTe junctions in which the photovoltaic characteristics do not depend on diffusion of minority charge carriers it seem to be very perspective. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells in conversion of solar radiation into electricity depends on the width of the band gap of the photosensitive semiconductor. The GaSe, GaTe and InSe photovoltaic cells and cells obtained by intercalation with Cd have been investigated (GaSe - CdSe, GaTe-CdTe and InSe-CdSe).

Key words: AIIIBVI, lamella, photovoltaic cells

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INDUSTRIAL RISKS RELATED TO NATECH EVENTS IN ROMANIA

Ozunu Alexandru1

1 “Babes-Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering

Corresponding author: Ozunu Alexandru, [email protected]

Abstract: NaTechs are technological accidents triggered by natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, extreme weather events, etc. The threat of natural hazards impacting industrial sites and particularly chemical facilities is recognized as an emerging risk, especially in recent years, due to obvious climate changes affecting our planet. The last years set an unfortunate record in the number and scale of natural disasters and once again demonstrated the vulnerability that characterizes our society in terms of the impact of natural events on people and property. During the last 40 years there has been an increase also in technological disasters. An explanation for this fact is the diversification of technologies and substances used, in terms of types and quantities, as well as the possibilities for human error during operation. Given the increasing tendency in the number of natural disasters as well as population growth in urban areas where the majority of technological installations are usually located, one can predict that the number of NaTech accidents will also follow an ascending trend. The paper presents notable NaTech examples and global trends regarding natural and technological disasters, dificulties in addressing these types of accidents and challenges in NaTech risk assessment. The challenge resides in the application of a multi-risk analysis, which considers further possible amplifications due to interaction with other hazards. Main NaTech risks in Romania are presented using hazard maps for earthquakes, landslides and floods, together with the map representing main Seveso sites in the country. There have been notable examples of NaTech accidents in Romania, presented in the paper, the most notorious one being the Aurul tailings dam failure in 2000. The paper describes briefly the details of these accidents, the underlying causes and the impact they had. Disaster risk reduction policies and actions are strongly linked to risk and more specifically in this case NaTech risk research. Some results obtained within the Research Center for Disaster Management (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering) include the elaboration of hazard and risk maps emphasizing the importance of taking into consideration NaTech risk for industrial facilities.

Key words: NaTech, industrial accidents, natural hazards, risk assessment.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REGARDING THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY LUBRICATION IN CASE OF SHEET METAL FORMING

Aurelian Albut, Valentin Zichil, Adrian Judele

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems

Corresponding author: Aurelian Albut, [email protected]

Abstract: In sheet metal forming operations, good lubrication helps to diminish wrinkling, early cracking or fracture, and leads to uniform distribution of the material in the obtained part. This paper present a comparative study between canola oil and a conventional lubricant used for friction reduction in sheet metal forming process. The canola oil is natural, environmentally friendly, and it can be a good alternative in comparison with other lubrication options. In order to determine experimentally the friction coefficient between the sheet material and the forming tools, a pulling test was used. This test consists in measuring the required force to pull out a stripe of material between to plates which are pressed against each other with constant force. The test was done in three different friction conditions: unlubricated, using a conventional lubricant and using canola oil. The performances of the lubricants were also quantified based on three criteria: maximal depth of the formed part, maximal blank holder force and maximal forming force measured at the punch. In order to quantify the lubrication characteristics the experimental tests were done in case of a U shaped part. This simple geometry has been chosen with the purpose to avoid complex forming phenomena which may reduce the accuracy of the measurement. Based on the obtained experimental results, the canola oil lubricant considerably outperformed the other lubrication conditions with respect to the measured friction coefficient and the overall sheet formability. These results point out that the canola oil lubricant has significant potential to offer to the metal forming community a commercially feasible and environmentally friendly alternative that will allow forming of complex geometry parts without harming the planet.

Key words: sheet metal forming, canola oil, environment, lubrication.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF ERYTHROSIN B

Laura Carmen Apostol1,2, Raluca-Maria Hlihor2, Maria Gavrilescu2,3

1”Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering, 13 Universitatii Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 73 Prof.dr.docent D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania 3Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, RO-050094 Bucharest, Romania

Cooresponding authors: Laura Carmen Apostol, E-mail address: [email protected] Maria Gavrilescu, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Risk assessment of dyes used in food conditionning has predominantly focused on the potential adverse health effects and just few studies analyzed the risk of dyes for the environment. The potential environmental impact of food dyes has been analyzed according to chemical ranking and scoring method. Based on the evaluation of the methods available for the evaluation of chemical environmental effects, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management and Strategies (CHEMS) was chosen to be applied for this study, because the date obtained can be used for the next step of the research: life cycle impact assessment, as part of the development of a life-cycle design tool. The coal tar food dye Erythrosine B was chosen for this study in order to accomplish the evaluation of the dye effect for the environment. Environmental effects included a quantitative assessment of mammal (LD50) and fish (LC50) mortality and the NOEL (no observed adverse effect level) values, according to the data collected from different studies conducted in order to establish the effect of foods containing Erythrosin B. According to CHEM algorithm, the value determined for Environmental Effects indicated that the presence of a legal Erythrosine B concentration into the environment has a low impact for the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.

Key words: environmental effect, food dye, hazard value, potential impact

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE GOLD MINING IN EU – THE SUSMIN PROJECT

Soile Backnäs1, Raisa Neitola1, Kaisa Turunen1, Alexandre Lima2, António Fiúza2, Malgorzata Szlachta3, Patryk Wójtowicz3, Raluca Maftei 4, Marian Munteanu4, Lena Alakangas5, Calin Baciu6, Dámaris Fernández7

1Geological Survey of Finland, Eastern Finland Office 2University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Engineering 3Wrocław University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering 4Geological Institute of Romania, Regional and Economic Geology Department 5Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering 6Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering 7Trinity College Dublin, Department of Materials Chemistry and Department of Geology

Corresponding author: Soile Backnäs, [email protected]

Abstract: Although the gold demand has been constantly increasing in past years, the commodity findings have been decreasing and the extraction of gold has complicated due to increasing complexity and decreasing grade of the ores. Gold mining is a chance for Europe to increase economical development, but it has challenges in eco-efficiency and extraction methods (e.g. cyanide). Thus, the novel energy and resource-efficient methods and technologies for mineral processing should be developed to concentrate selectively different gold bearing minerals. Also technologies for efficient treatment of mine waters, sustainable management of wastes, and methods to diminish environmental and social impacts of mining are needed. Thess will be addressed by the three year long project SUSMIN.

The SUSMIN-project identifies and evaluates environmental impacts and economical challenges of gold mining in EU. The objective of the SUSMIN-project is to increase the transnational cooperation and to support environmentally, socially and economically sustainable gold production within EU to decrease import dependency. This research promotes sustainable and economically viable gold production within EU by developing and testing geophysical techniques for gold exploration and eco-efficient ore beneficiation methods and alternatives for cyanide leaching. Additionally, the research will improve treatment methods for mine waters by the development and testing of advanced adsorbents. The research on socio-economic issues pursues to develop tools for enhancing the mechanisms of the corporate social responsibility as well as community engagement and management of the relations with the stakeholders. With the environmental risk assessment and better knowledge of the geochemistry and long-term transformation of the contaminants in mining wastes and mine waters, the mining companies are able to predict and prevent the impacts to the surrounding environment.

The SUSMIN consortium led by Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) includes seven research partners from six EU member states Finland, Sweden, Portugal, Romania, Poland and Ireland. Additionally eight globally on mining industry working industry partners will contribute in the SUSMIN consortium, so implementation of results from the project will translate into direct and significant economic benefits.

Key words: Mining, mineral processing, water treatment, waste management, environmental assessment, social assessment

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

APPLICATION OF THE FLOCCULATION PROCESS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Mariana Turcu1,2, Valentin Nedeff2, Narcis Bârsan2

1S.C. ECO SISTEM PROIECT S.R.L., Calea Romanului, 188 E, Bacau, 600377, Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Marasesti, 156, Bacau, 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Bârsan Narcis, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The flocculation process is applied in wastewater treatment to separate the destabilized colloid particles (or the particles formed during the coagulation phase) by forming flocs. In wastewater treatment processes the flocculation process is applied only when the particles have been destabilized. The flocculation process is the theoretical and practical apllied after coagulation stage. In many wastewater treatment processes are used synthetic organic flocculants due to it advantages creates respectively waters with low solids suspension concentrations and weak solutions. Synthetic flocculants are obtained by monomers polymerization respectively the total number of polymer is the degree of polymerization. Synthetic flocculants are made from different types of monomers such as acrylamide, acrylic acid, ammonium chloride, styrene sulfonic acid etc. In addition to the high efficiency of the flocculation processes, they also have a number of disadvantages such as the fact that they are non-biodegradable products of petrochemical origin, which are non-renewable sources of energy. Application of flocculation process for dispersions from a liquid medium (wastewater), by using synthetic organic flocculants, occurs in principal by the "bridges" conections respectively, the same macromolecule polymer adsorbe several particles from suspension and form flocs with different dimensions and weights. The scope of this research was to identify the predictibility of the synthetic organic flocculants use for the treatment of the wastewater resulted from the petroleum industry. The research was performed at laboratory level and at the industrial scale, by applying the synthetic organic flocculants in a real industrial wastewater treatment process. Research has revealed that an important role in the flocculation process is the electrical character of flocculant and how it interacts with the type of analized wastewater. It was revealed that the speed of flocculation mainly depends on the polymer macromolecule as a result of adsorption, the number of colloidal particles in suspension, the distance that the particles must approach for adsorption and the suspended particles movement.

Key words: flocculation process, wastewater treatment, organic flocculants.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CLIMATIC FACTORS INFLUENCE TO THE NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) POLLUTION, IN BACAU CITY, IN 2010

Doina Capşa1,2, Valentin Nedeff2, Narcis Bârsan2

1Regional Weather Forecasting Bacau, Romania, Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Marasesti, 156, Bacau, 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Bârsan Narcis, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Air pollution has a significant impact on human health and natural ecosystems. Factors affecting the structure and diffusion of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere are highly variable. For example, secondary pollutants (both anthropogenic and natural) are generated from primary pollutants through multiple changes. In some cases secondary pollutants can be more toxic and persistent than the initial compounds. The principal gaseous pollutants compounds result from different types of combustion processes. In this category are included carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), dust and hydrocarbons. Nitrogen oxides are a group of highly reactive gases which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Most of the nitrogen oxides are colorless and odorless gas. The main nitrogen oxides are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These compounds are formed in the combustion process when fuels are burned at high temperatures, but more often they are the result of traffic, industrial activities and electricity producing. This paper tries to highlight the conections between air quality aspects, in Bacau city by analysis of variance for the nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration and the most representative climatic factors. Were used data recorded during 2010 at the Bacau Meteorological Station and at the air quality Monitoring Stations. These data where used to establish conections between cases with maximum allowable concentration exceeding for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the variation of climatic factors. The analyzed climatic factors were: air temperature, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction. Some conclusions of this paper have shown that the wind can intensify the action of the pollutant or an rapid dispersion. Wind direction influences the air quality in a specific urban area based on the shape and size of the city, the type and distribution of the main sources of pollution and geographic location. In the warm seasons in Bacau, enhancing strong solar radiation plays an important role in the activation of chemical reactions in the air pollution (especially nitrogen oxides) which reacts with atmospheric oxygen, causing a complex series of photochemical reactions.

Key words: air pollution climatic factors, nitrogen oxides (NOx)

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

APLICATION OF THE COAGULATION PROCESS FOR THE MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT

Jessica Alcaraz1, Marine Ridoire1, Valentin Nedeff2, Mirela Panainte-Lehăduș2, Mariana Turcu2,3, Narcis Barsan2

1Engineering school “ENSIL” of Limoges, Department of Water and Environment, France 2“Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Marasesti, 156, Bacau, 600115, Romania 3S.C. ECO SISTEM PROIECT S.R.L., Calea Romanului, 188 E, Bacau, 600377, Romania

Corresponding author: Bârsan Narcis, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: All of municipal sewage treatments using classic treatment chain create an amount of organic sludge. The problem produced by the sludge resulted from the wastewater treatment is one of the general problems generated by the biodegradable waste management. These types of the sludge are colloidal systems with a heterogeneous composition formed by: water, colloidal particles, dispersed particles, suspended solids, organic polymers of biological origin. The sludge treatment processes represent a priority when we refer to the municipal wastewater treatment but also for the industrial wastewater recovery and treatment processes. The neutralization of them is essential before any conditioning or reuse. For agronomical recycling or energy-giving optimization, the sludge needs to correspond to some standards. That's why, it exist several treatment of stabilization, packaging and water extraction of sludge. This study deals with sludge chemical treatment by coagulation processes. In the first hand, the coagulation processes allow to break up colloidal aversion between particles in sludge. In a short definition the coagulation process refers to the destabilization of colloidal and suspended solids and the formation of new connections between them. This process is possible by using synthetic or natural organic coagulant which is often cationic because the ionic force of sludge particle usually is negative. On the other hand, the flocculation processes permits particles aggregation in the purpose of improves the next treatment such as filtration, dewatering or thickening. Thanks to experiments in laboratory by analysis of several doses of seven organic cationic coagulants, it has been possible to get performance on total solids suspension (TSS) by spectrometry measurement and consistency of sludge cake by recovery of sludge after dosage and mixture control then filtration. Graphical analyses allow making comparison between organic cationic coagulants and chose the best one for this type of sludge and the kind of treatment used. The aim is to improve quality of sludge, quantity of filtrated volume and quality of water.

Key words: coagulation, sludge, optimization, quality.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AUTOMATIC CONCRETE BONDING MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON WIRELESS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Piotr Bazydło, Szymon Dąbrowski, Krzysztof Trzcinka, Roman Szewczyk, Wojciech Winiarski

Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP

Corresponding author: Piotr Bazydło, [email protected]

Abstract: Concrete bonding process is crucial in case of complex buildings. Wrongly performed procedures during this process may lead to decreased quality of the material. Improperly prepared concrete used in construction can be a major risk for urban territories and can result in the large scale disaster. In order to ensure, that obtained material fulfils standards and design assumption, monitoring system had to be implemented. This wireless measurement system focuses mainly on the temperature, which is the key factor in maintaining proper course of the concrete bonding process. This paper presents wireless, distributed temperature measurement system designed for automatic concrete bonding. It is based on IQRF platform and IQMESH protocol. The main system component is easily exchangeable IQRF radio transmission transceiver module with SIM card format, which guarantee: small size of the application, wide possibilities of default system modelling and high efficiency, which is required in the application. Article includes two main parts: description of prototyped system and test of both radio transmission efficiency (ratio of the received packets to the sent packets multiplied by 100%) and test of concrete bonding process monitoring. RF efficiency tests allowed to designate mathematical models of the distance covered by specified radio transmission modules, depending on RF band (868 or 433 MHz) or antenna mounting (on-board PCB antenna or external antenna). Such models simplify planning of long-range monitoring systems. Tests of the concrete bonding resulted in graphs representing course of the process. In addition, monitoring system may also perform the function of ON/OFF regulator, by switching the power source of heaters. As a result, paper provides information about structure and models of the monitoring system with data acquisition suitable for controlling temperature process, which are vital for the safety of urban constructions. What is more it presents monitored concrete bonding process, which is often underestimated.

Key words: urban construction risk, concrete bonding, wireless temperature monitoring, IQRF

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ANTHROPOGENIC RISKS IN TAZLAU BASIN-ROMANIA

Luminita Bibire1, Mihaela-Beatrice Barbieru2, Liliana Topliceanu3, Adrian Stelian Ghenadi3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering 2 Zonal Training Centre for Civil Protection Bacau, Romania 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems

Corresponding author: Luminita Bibire, [email protected]

Abstract: At the present time, the Romanian legislation asks the local administrative units, institutions and economic operators to study the complex identification, assessment, monitoring and control of risk factors both for the geographical units and the administrative-territorial, too. Complexity and interdisciplinary of this kind work is very high and often these units don’t have human specialized resources to do it. On the other hand, they have not financial resources to outsource this task to specialized companies (as it is done in other EU countries). One might even say that the existing studies are of poor quality and contained information are insignificant and useless in order to ensure effective risk coverage. For this reason, a study such as the one presented in the paper is very important. The study presented in the paper is realized, in situ, and represent centralization of existing data collected both from existing bibliographic material, and databases provided by local authorities. Also, the paper was done as a result of an analysis of the existing situation in the territory of Tazlau Basin. Over time the in Tazlau –Basin, Romania several activity fields were developed. They had a benefic effect on the material aspects of people’s life. On the other hand, like in other countries, they have had negative consequences on environmental and thus on the people’s life, because in Tazlău Basin the anthropogenic impact was realy strong. Areas with lower altitudes 450-500 m have been almost totally deforested, extensive grazing and agriculture have been practiced extensively and irrational, reserves of oil and gas have been exploited etc. Also, in recent decades large amounts of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides were used in agriculture and some great agrozootechnical units have worked. Expanding of settlements on the rivers and building of modern communication routes along their favored the phenomena of flooding and destruction of hydraulic works and bridges, poorly designed or poorly located. All these aspects led to more frequent occurrence of risk events: areolar and rain erosions, landslides, degradation of the beds of rivers, pollution of air, water (underground and surface), vegetation, soil etc..The paper identifies anthropogenic risk factors from Tazlau Basin and analyzes the consequences and proposes measures to avoid these consequences.

Key words: anthropogenic risks, landscape management, allochthonous and autochthonous sources of pollution.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FAILURE RISK OF A HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE MADE FROM REINFORCED CARBON FIBERS UNDER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT

Radu Caliman

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems

Corresponding author: Radu Caliman, [email protected]

Abstract: Combining the suitable properties of different epoxy and carbon fibers, composites is leading to superior impact properties, improving of performance behaviour and reduced risk of failure during the loading phase. High velocity impact damage of composite laminates causes a complex pattern of matrix crack, fibres breakage and delamination in the stressed areas. All this phenomena causes large reduction on the strength and integrity of the main structure. The characteristics of reinforced laminated under high velocity impact load and the failure mechanism could be highly significant in aerospace applications and others edged technologies. The geometry of the part subjected to the impact plays a very important role. The part subject to this research work is a hexagonal tubular structure. Research work has been done with unidirectional composite materials having overlap 16 successive layers made from a polymeric resin and 60% of carbon fibers. The stratified structure was obtained by compressing multiple pre-impregnated strips, positioned manually. The paper presents both numerical and experimental results obtained during simulations and tests. The LS Dyna software was used to simulate the impact phenomenon. During simulations, the MAT54 material has been used because is suitable for large full-scale structural damage simulations and it is a relatively simple material model which requires minimal input parameters, also this type of material do not requires large amount of computing time. Results obtained during experimental tests are in good agreement with the simulations results. The absorbed energy it seems to increase proportionally with the impact energy, fact that makes reinforced composites a material with predictable behaviour. Failure limit and energy absorption of the structure are estimated precisely by the simulations software.

Key words: thin-walled structure, energy absorption, carbon fibers laminates, impact test.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON TYPHA LATIFOLIA’S (BULRUSH) ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL

Cristian Radu1,2, Valentin Nedeff1, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering 2“Romanian Waters” National Administration of Siret Basin, Romania

Corresponding author: Alexandra-Dana Chitimus, [email protected]

Abstract: Our research aimed at determining Typha Latifolia’s (bulrush) absorption capacity of heavy metals from the soil in the industrial area of Piatra Neamt city, downstream of Batca Doamnei dam /Dumbrava Rosie, Romania. Heavy metals present in ecological systems are available to the absorption process only partially, depending on the type of pH of the environment in which they are found, on their chemical composition, as well as on the quantity of heavy metals in the soil, plants, sediments, water, or air. The absorption in the plant by means of the plant roots is the main transfer channel of heavy metals to the plant. The selection of sampling points with the aim of determining the concentration of heavy metals from the soil and plants took place in the areas where pollution sources are located. Soil and plant samples were taken upstream/downstream of the industrial area of Piatra Neamt city, respectively downstream of Batca Doamnei dam /Dumbrava Rosie. Exceeding values for the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and Typha Latifolia are caused by: the activity of economic operators upstream of Piatra Neamt, urban wastewaters discharged into Bistrita River by water cleaning stations in Piatra Neamt city and Dumbrava Rosie locality, Piatra Neamt industrial platform, the improper storage of municipal waste. The investigation of Typha Latifolia’s absorption capacity showed that, in case of nickel, chrome and arsenic, a very low capacity of heavy metals absorption was detected. The experimental values obtained were much lower as compared to those detected in the soil samples. For the same plant, a satisfactory absorption capacity was identified in case of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and mercury. Typha Latifolia’s highest absorption capacity of heavy metals from the soil was recorded in case of zinc. Typha Latifolia can be used in soil phytoremediation processes, particularly in phytoextraction processes (a method used for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils), since it is a very good accumulator of heavy metals on the harvestable side, on river banks, taking into account the expansion of the territory where these plants grow.

Key words: heavy metals, absorption, bulrush, soil.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING THE MAIN FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PRODUCTION OF LEACHATE AND BIOGAS FROM WASTE LANDFILLS

Mihai Belciu1, Valentin Nedeff1, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Alexandra-Dana Chitimus, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper describes a few theoretical aspects regarding the main factors that influence the production of leachate and biogas from waste landfills. Solid Waste includes all products generated by human and animal activities, which are in solid state and discarded because they are no longer useful or desired. In particular, Municipal Solid Waste is the type of refuse collected by communities, that is generated from offices, shops, house-holds, and so on: reason why there is a great diversity on waste composition. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material.The landfills are, from the point of view of planning, management and economic development over time. It can divide the period of "life" of a landfill in four specific times: design and construction of the plant, active management, closure of the plant, passive management - post-operative or post- closure of landfills. To make a good characterization of waste and landfill, we have to specify some important of physical, chemical and biological properties such as: the content of water, the granulometry, weight of the unit of volum, density, permeability, temperature, the calorific power and the stabilised organic fraction.The releases of leachate and biogas are the main problems which must occupy the operator of a landfill system: the first because of the high potential for impact towards environmental matrices, surface water and ground water, and soil, and the second because cause of unpleasant odors at local level and the implications for how greenhouse gases globally. Production of leachate depends mainly of three injections: external inputs like infiltration of rainwater, surface water and groundwater; injections or internal consumption like changes in the moisture of the waste caused by biochemical reactions; water loss with the biogas. Generally, for sake of simplicity, are ignored the contributions of biochemical reactions and biogasification because of small entities or hard to estimate, and considering only the external inputs whose contribution varies appreciably at each site on the basis of four important aspects: meteorology and hydrology of the area, waste characteristics, construction characteristics and management modalities of the landfill.

Key words: solid waste, landfill, leachate, biogas.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS USED TO REMOVE HEAVY METALS FROM POLLUTED WATER

Ştefana Cojocaru1, Anca Mihaela Dumitrescu2, Alexandra Raluca Iordan2, Mircea Nicolae Palamaru2

1 University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iaşi, Department of Environmental Sceince 2University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iaşi, Department of Inorganic Chemistry

Corresponding author: Alexandra Raluca Iordan, [email protected]

Abstract: One of the most dangerous forms of water pollution is its contamination with untreated or insufficiently treated effluents from industrial activities. The risk of pollution is even greater as there are many fragile ecosystems which depend directly on the water. Some of the most polluting industries are the ones which use dyes in areas of production, like textiles, leather, paper, plastic industry etc., as well as mining and agriculture. The dangerous heavy metals which are commonly found in paints, pesticides, or in tailings resulted from mining activities are Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Hg, which have an increased toxicity and are able to bioaccumulate. Even at low concentrations, less than 1 ppm, they show a high risk of biomagnification, spreading across food chains, causing allergic reactions in organisms, diseases of the organs, affecting the nervous system and increasing the risk of cancer to develop. Traditional methods of water treatment (ion exchange, reverse osmosis, chemical precipitation, electrodialysis etc.) proved to be less efficient and more resource - consuming, which is why replacing them with more efficient methods is needed. The present study aims to test an unconventional method of treating water, using composite materials consisting of hydrophilic polymers that have encapsulated inorganic components with magnetic properties. Hydrogels are macromolecular compounds which are able to absorb and retain large amounts of water, up to 90% of the total weight. Their efficiency is due to their low production cost as well as to the fact that the polymers do not dissolve in liquid environment and can be reused. The main focus of the study is testing the composite’s capacity to retain heavy metals from water, and it follows several stages. The first stage will be testing the composites on polluted water, which contains a high content of heavy metals, synthesized in the laboratory. The dry composite material will be suspended in the solution and after a period of time, when it is saturated with water, it will be removed from the solution. Then, the amount of heavy metals retained by the polymer will be determined, thus verifying its efficiency. The second stage of the study will consist of its development and expansion, by testing the obtained composites on polluted water samples, collected from natural sources.

Key words: heavy metals, water pollution, hydrogels, depollution.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH REGARDING THE RISK-FREE WORK OF THE GANTRY CRANES

Gheorghe N. Radu1, Ioana Sonia Comănescu 2

1Transilvania University of Brașov, Department of Mechanical Engineering 2Transilvania University of Brașov, Department of Food and Tourism Management and Engineering

Corresponding author: Ioana Sonia Comănescu, [email protected]

Abstract: The approached research starts from the observation that the check imposed by the National Authority I.S.C.I.R. regarding the cranes authorization is necessary but not enough for the assurance of their work safety. The risk of accidents occurance is major. As an example, the portal crane no. 191/19690 S.C. TERMOSERV CRAIOVA S.A., within the validity term of the operating license, suffered a serious accident, having as consequence the injury of the crane’s driver and the damage of the crane in proportion of 80%. For the calculation, designing and check of the gantry crane’s truss, the current normatives contain calculation notes and a succession of indispensable theoretical and experimental tests. They are generally based on classical strength calculations, on the basis concepts of the elasticity theory, but also on modern techniques, using specific software (ANSYS, NASTRAN, FTOOL, ABAQUS etc.). The current specific normatives do not contain provisions concerning the vibratory state of the cranes. Practice shows that the beginning of a work which is outside the normal parameters (changes of the optimum technical state – risk of accidents occurance), appear in their vibratory mark. The present paper deals with some aspects of great technical significance, using the experimental modal analysis and an operating analysis, which are both useful for the periodical check of the gantry cranes. The performed researches (both theorethical and experimental) have as main goal the increase of the work safety and the elimination of the risk of accidents. The operating area of the crane mostly concurs with the activity zone of the workers. The risk of accidents is major, that is the reason why the research regarding the increase of the cranes’ work safety is a significant matter. The study of the above mentioned cranes is the subject of a classical analytical approach and also of a current approach of high interest – the Finite Elements Method (FEM) of the mechanical structures. An experimental approach which confirms the methods and the results yielded through other methods is also achieved. The analysis was performed on a particular structure – a 3D one, consisting mainly on beams, loaded in static and dynamic regime. One emphasizes the fact that this above mentioned structure is a particular one, on which one tries to get some original contributions regarding the improving of the work safety and the removal of accidents risk. The precise knowing and understanding of the state of stress, through adequate techniques and technologies, both of the entire structure and of the components, stands at the base of the work safety. One ascertains that the structure’s answer analysis in static and dynamic regime, expressed mainly by the values of the displacements and stresses fields, is essential for the operating safety. Analysing the current stage of the gantry cranes’ strength and stability studies, considering the current specific normatives, studying the content of the calculations notes, based on the in force experts recommendations, the authors set a consistent conclusion regarding the assurance of the cranes’ operating safety: the current normatives do not approach issues concerning the vibratory state. The authors ascertain that the first signs regarding a bad work and so the risk of accidents is emphasized in the vibratory mark of the structure. The frequency answer functions provide an efficient estimation method, through compound techniques (both theoretical and experimental). The experimental structure analysis is applied in tandem with the FEM theoretical analysis. FEM must use a mathematical model, likely to the experimental one. The results of the complex theoretical and experimental studies are accurate, complementary and are presented in tables and graphs.

Key words: Gantry-crane, stress, strain, vibration, modal analysis.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDY CONCERNING THE METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE MIXING PROCESS EFFICIENCY

Mihaela-Elena Dascalu, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Mosnegutu, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Oana Irimia

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Dascalu Mihaela-Elena, [email protected]

Abstract: Mixing involves the movement of the working environment and the method used to put it into motion and subsequent maintenance in this condition is influenced by the properties of the component materials. The materials which can be combined in a mixture are: gases, liquids and solids. Knowing the phenomena characteristic of mixing process development is an indispensable condition for compiling and choosing the right equipment specific to the mixing, in terms of technological and economic efficiency. The goal of mixing operation is to achieve a distribution of the constituent phases as uniform as possible, homogenization of the mixture, as manifested by the reduction in gradients in temperature or by reducing the concentration gradient inside the stirred system. Thus, by mixing is intended to achieve an uniform distribution of temperature or of the component materials. The paper presents a study concerning the mixing process, tipes of mixtures and methods for evaluating the efficiency of mixing process. The result of the mixing operation, by choosing a certain mixing procedure, must be a superior final sistem, regarding the quality – mixing efficiency (expressed by the concentration homogenization, temperature, viscosity), and it has to be done with low power consumption, considering the economic aspect. Because in a mixing process, the basic problem concerns the identification and proper selection of the mixing method and equipment, and determining the exact mixing time, in the paper there are presented patterns that help us choosing the perfect solution in performing the optimal mixing process. From the methods used to assess the efficiency of the mixing process (the moment when a homogeneous mixture was obtained, and from this moment there is no point in continuing the mixing), there were mentioned: the colorimetric method (combined with PLIF-Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence, which is a technique with a good accuracy in determining the mixing time), the conductometric method and the nephelometric method.

Keywords: mixing, final system, efficiency, methods.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE POSSIBILITY OF DEPOLLUTING HYDROCARBONS-CONTAMINATED SOILS THROUGH COMBUSTION

Andronela Barbulescu1, Cristian Deac 2, Lazar Avram3, Valentin Petrescu2, Alina Gligor 2

1 S.C. CONPET S.A. Ploiesti 2 “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management 3 Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Department of Well Drilling, Hydrocarbons Production and Transportation

Corresponding author: Cristian Deac, [email protected]

Abstract: Soil pollution is one of the worst environmental pollution forms, both due to its multiple negative effects and to its persistance over a long period of time. In the current paper the authors present some experimental researches regarding the depollution through combustion of soil samples that were contaminated with hydrocarbons. The experimental determinations were carried out on a specially built system within the laboratory for Heat transfer processes and thermoenergetics from the Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti. The determinations were carried out on two soil sample types: chernozem-type soils with a very high germinative potential, artificially polluted with an oil-derived fraction with known characteristics and a clay-type soil accidentally polluted with an oil-derived fraction of unknown composition. For each soil type, several combustion tests were carried out, varying the combustion and calcination time. The tests have shown that the calcination time after extinguishing the flames that burn the pollutant does not significantly influence the result. On the other hand, it has been shown that a period of 10 minutes of the soil samples staying in the combustion area is enough to allow the full elimination of the pollutant from the soil's structure. Thus, the viability of the method proposed in the paper could be proven. Future researches will focus on testing also the germinative properties of the treated soils.

Key words: hydrocarbons pollution, contaminated soils, depollution, combustion.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF THE FLOW ON THE BODY OF A UAV FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Iulian Florescu1, Daniela Florescu2, Dragos Iulian Nedelcu3

1, 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Energetic, Mechatronic and Computer Science 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Alma Mater Publishing House

Corresponding author: Iulian Florescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Mirage light aircrafts which included mankind in the twentieth century has led to technical solutions and new design, some bizarre, that used for the propulsion or stability in flight instruments Coanda effect. Currently there are a variety of models and constructive solutions. Vehicle with autosustentaţie analyzed in the paper envisages Coanda effect and represents a first embodiment of a project conducted under PNII and is intended environmental monitoring, recording and atmospheric state parameters of video surveillance of areas of interest such as national parks or protected areas, the average height of several hundred meters with extensions up to 1000 meters. The paper follows the variation of the flow parameters (static pressure, dynamic of the speeds on different lines of the current, Reynolds number of the flow) in the various points of the lines of current flow direction , in order to determine the air flow system of the upper generatrix of the shell device. The theoretical study is based on the simulation using Fluent program for certain air mass flow rate provided by the center hole and evenly distributed supply cabinet through different nozzles. The flow direction was chosen three areas where values were determined hydrodynamic parameters of the flow, and then got their variation graphically. The data obtained by this analysis are certified and by experimental measurements that allowed analysis and interpretation of the influence of design parameters and physicochemical mechanics of air flow. Knowing and understanding the variation of these parameters is a fundamental requirement to avoid the risk of collapse and destruction default device and data collection environment optimum quality.

Key words: UAV, flow, hydrodynamic parameters, Fluent, environmental monitoring, Coanda effect.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DIAGNOSIS BASED ON ENERGY OPERATORS IN THE PROCESS OF LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GEARS

Adam Gałęzia 1, Robert Gumiński1, Marcin Jasiński 1, Jędrzej Mączak 1,

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles

Corresponding author: Adam Gałęzia, [email protected]

Abstract: The possibility of detection of early stages of local faults in helical gears is analysed in the paper. These emerging faults are causing disturbances in the teeth contacts resulting in creation of local and transient anomalies in a diagnostic vibration signal. Analysis of the signal allows not only for detection of anomalies but also permits localisation of defects and life cycle assessment of gears. Presented methods allow detection of local nonstationarities, in the time-domain vibration signal, which could be linked to the fatigue tooth damages such as pitting and tooth base fracture. These methods relies on calculation of different signal parameters for the consecutive meshes and allows for acquiring information about the disturbances in the meshing process for particular tooth pairs. Parameters permit the observation of the energy density changes for the consecutive teeth (or tooth pairs) during the normal exploitation of the gearbox. For this purpose squared signal envelope and Teager-Kaiser energy operator are calculated, analysed and results compared. All the described methods are based on analysis of the time-domain signals. Contrary to the integral methods based on spectral analysis these methods allow not only for precise localisation of gear defects linking them to the particular pinion or gear teeth but also for quantification of the size of the fault. The common feature of all developed methods is a segmentation according to the single transverse pitch of resampled and averaged acceleration signal so the results can be related to the accuracy of the cooperation of the individual teeth of the pinion (or wheel). All presented methods are relatively simple algorithmically, easily giving to implement in surveillance systems equipment, especially working online. They do not require large computational power drivers or high-capacity memory. Additionally they could be used in the procedure of gear manufacturing quality assessment.

Key words: life cycle assessment of gears, gearbox diagnosis, tooth base fracture, squared signal envelope, Teager-Kasiser energy operator

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF MANGALIA HARBOUR’S BREAKWATERS ON THE SHORE AND CLIFF IN “2 MAI-VAMA VECHE” COASTAL AREA

Sunai Gelmambet 1

1 University “Ovidius” of Constanta, Department of Construction

Corresponding author: Sunai Gelmambet, [email protected]

Abstract: The paperwork is part of a substantiation study about the current state of the NW Black Sea coastal area and it consists in the establishment of a reference database regardind hydrotechnical structures, the existing coastal protections, their impact and the identification of risk areas. A high-risk area is “2 Mai-Vama Veche” region, located in The Southern Romanian Coastline, due to the sharp beach erosion and the cliffs instability which endager nearby buildings. The coastal protections, the offshore breakwaters, the industry development in the coastal region and the construction of storage lakes and dams in the river basins have influenced the conditions in which The Romanian Coast is found nowadays. The breakwaters of Mangalia Harbour affected, at their turn, the transportation along the shoreline and the sediment general movement, an amount of sediments being carried offshore. Mangalia Harbour has a significant influence in the cliffs and beaches erosion between 2 Mai and Vama Veche villages. Unlike the maps from 1960 and 1979, there are important changes of the shoreline appearance in this subzone at present. Due to Mangalia Harbour’s breakwater there is a strong erosion of the beaches and the waves reaching the base of the cliffs produce collapses, endangering the nearby buildings. In the Northern part of this subzone the beach is relatively stable because of the influence of Mangalia breakwater. The other areas are affected of a pronounced erosion tendency together with the loss of shore sediments. The cliffs are prone to erosion and collaps by landslides. In this region, in terms of coastal protection, there is a breakwater of rocks and reinforced concrete elements, which is currently used as a dam by the local fishermen. The dam is in an advanced state of decay. Apart from this, there are no other coastal protection measures in this area. It is necessary to carry out urgently rehabilitation and improvement works of the existing coastal defence structures, in order to stop the beach erosion and cliffs instability phenomena. There are proposed rehabilitation works of the existing breakwater and protection works of the base of the cliff, where necessary, together with reducing measures of the impact on habitats.

Key words: coastal area, hydrotechnical structures, coastal protection, erosion.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

USE OF MAGNETIC PHENOMENA AND BAYESIAN UPDALING IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

Szymon Gontarz1, Robert Gumiński 1, Stanisław Radkowski 1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering

Corresponding author: Szymon Gontarz, [email protected]

Abstract: Abstract This article shows the possibility of using magneto-mechanical phenomena in preventive actions to reduce the risk of large power outage due to failure of energy infrastructure. The backgrounds of the works are events that deprive hundreds of thousands of power customers, including the entire city. Ensuring the safety of constructions requires a comparison of carrying capacity and load. Most often this is accomplished by providing a pair or safety factor to design load capacity, which consequently is caused by the uncertainty of the considered volumes (load and load). The reason for this state of affairs is incomplete or uncertain information about the data material, the possibility of the appearance of imperfections, inaccuracies dimensional structure and especially the uncertainty of the actual loads. Additional factors that cause blurring of information are indeterminate conditions of the facility and phenomenon of degradation occurring. Therefore, in the case of objects whose failure can lead to catastrophic consequences is important to analyze the potential risks and their impact on the state of technical safety, including information about working conditions, loads, diagnostic information. In light of the foregoing, the load-carrying capacity and should be treated as random variables with specified dispersion (which can be described as distributions of random variables). It is possible to use a Bayesian approach to reduce the scatter of random variables. The paper shows attempt to use Bayesian Updating and information about changes in magnetism in loaded steel structure, such used in power industry. Introduction to risk analysis of the new information will help to reduce the uncertainty estimation of the actual stress and, consequently, the confidence interval of specified risks. The presented method provides an opportunity to the development and adaptation of models of analysis of the technical, functional assessment methods and methods of optimization and analysis of the processes of maintenance and repair.

Key words: risk, Bayesian Updating, power industry, magneto-mechanical phenomena

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE INFLUENCE OF RISK ON THE RESTORATION MAXIMUM DURATION OF THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO CONSUMERS

Gheorghe Hazi, Aneta Hazi

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Power Engineering

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Hazi, [email protected]

Abstract: An important indicator in assessing the quality of the network connection solutions to electricity consumers is the maximum duration of an interruption recovery. The calculation methodology which is presented in the technical prescriptions specialized, has difficulties in practice when the probability of defect removed by repair is very low. The maximum value of restoration is based on mean reliability indicators of the supply network and the imposed risk that the value determined not to be exceeded. The values of the risk imposed are 0.1, 0.05 and 0.02. In this paper, the authors establish the relationship of computing and propose application solutions different for the situations where the method presented in normative can lead to erroneous results. In the calculation relationship for the restoration maximum duration applies the Poisson distribution, ie the law of rare events. The solutions proposed by the authors are:  approximate determination of the restoration maximum duration and then recalculation of the real risk that this duration to be exceeded. Obviously, in such cases, the real risk is much lower than the risk imposed.  plotting a dependency characteristics between the restoration maximum duration and the risk that the value to be exceeded considering the reference duration higher. Indicators of reliability of a network are reported, according to the norms, at one year. In some cases, the probability of a defect removed by repair is unprobably in a year. Due to the increased duration reference, a rare event is more probably. For example, can use ratio 1 defect/10 years instead of 0.1 defects/year. For an numerical example, the proposed method is used to analyze a supply network for a industrial consumer in Bacau, with an installed capacity of 2 MVA. There are analyzed the average reliability indicators and the guaranteed reliability indicators associated with risk of guaranteed values are exceeded.

Key words: risk, supply network, reliability indicator

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM MOTORWAY’S RUNOFF

Antonis A Zorpas1, Vassilis J. Inglezakis2, Lampis Hlias1, Irene Voukkali3, Pantelitsa Loizia3

1Cyprus Open University, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Environmental Conservation and Management, P.O.Box 12794, 2252, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus, +357-99532025, +357-22411600 [email protected] 2 1Nazarbayev University, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, Kazakhstan 3 EnviTech Ltd, (Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Department of Research and Development) www.envitech.org, [email protected], P.O.Box 34073, 5309, Tel:+35723743440; Fax: +35723743441, Paralimni, Cyprus

Corresponding author: Vassilis J. Inglezakis, [email protected]

Abstract: Treatment systems for highway runoff pollution control are now common structures for environmental impacts. Such systems must be monitored and its performance periodically assessed, in order to understand if they are accomplishing the targets for environmental protection. Wise management decisions must incorporate the soundness of a project, the construction and maintenance costs, and the ability of the system to reduce the pollution to the level required for environmental protection. Road/highway runoff is considered a major source of pollution in developed urban areas where ever in Europe. Road/highway surfaces accumulate significant quantities of pollutants including nutrients, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The paper investigated the pollution from runoff from one of the main highways in Cyprus (A3:to the airport). HRO (high way runoff) samples were collected automatically in several times per day. The samblin point was about 1000 m far from the main entrance of Larnakas International Airport. The first sample known as First Flush was collected immediately and then every 15, 30, 60 min and 24h of rainfall. Overall, more than 80 different samples were collected and analysed over a period of two years. Several parameters were determined like metals, COD, microorganism etc .The results indicated that the first flash consist major pollution due to the fact that all parameters are in high levels. The impact of the nearby environment is considered to be high as several pollutants are presented to be above several standard limits.

Key words: highway pollution, highway runoff, heavy metals, PAH, COD, FOG

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A SIMULATION OF A JET EJECTOR SYSTEM USED FOR IMPROVE THE HEAT ENERGY RECUPERATION FROM INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Ionel Olaru1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems

Corresponding author Ionel Olaru, [email protected]

Abstract: Have been conducted many studies for jet ejectors used in the recovery of solar energy or for their use in refrigeration systems for various industrial applications. Generally these types of ejectors are using water as the working fluid because water have a low cost, a chemical stability and is safe to use. Naturally, can be used and other refrigerants with large-scale application for industry. In such a type of jet ejector, besides selection of the refrigerant is very important design of the ejector with strongly influence to this performance, because the compression ratio depends on the geometry of the nozzle and on the geometry of the diffuser. Compared to other refrigeration systems, those with ejector have some advantages: simplicity in construction, high liability and low cost. However has a coefficient of performance lower than conventional systems, this limited the widespread application of ejector refrigeration systems. Recently researchers have tried to find a wider application of jet ejector systems, in refrigeration and air conditioning applications by using reduced amounts of thermal energy, such as that resulting from solar energy and waste heat of various industrial processes. Some studies have shown that by using a variable geometry of the ejectors may achieve a high performance thereof in different operating conditions. One such refrigeration system with jet ejector consists of: pressure generator, evaporator, condenser, expansion vessel, jet ejector and a circulation pump.

Generator

Pump Jet Ejector Pressure, Pa Condenser

Expansion vessel

Velocity, m/s Evaporator Fluid flow parameters Jet ejector length, m In this system, the fluid with a high pressure which comes from the generator passes through the fluid jet ejector and drives the fluid with low pressure coming from the evaporator. The both fluids are mixed in the ejector center and recover a part of pressure in the ejector diffuser; fluid goes then in the condenser. The condense is divided in two parts: one part is pumped back to the generator, the other part flows through the expansion vessel and enters into the evaporator, the vapor flows again through the jet ejector thus is ended a refrigeration cycle system. If the entire cycle is examined, can be observed that the system obtain heat from the heat source in the generator using the circulating pump, thereby the system produces a cooling effect in the evaporator and then dissipates the heat to the environment through the condenser. From this study we conclude that the ejector is the key component in the refrigeration cycle, the analysis and the optimization of its design can improve overall system performance. In this paper we propose to simulate the process from inside the jet ejector in term to optimize its geometry parameters by analyzing the variation of working fluid flow parameters from inside, entire behavior from the inlet to the ejector exit.

Key words: Jet, ejector, fluid, flow, heat, recuperation. 80

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK ANALYSIS AT OPENING OF METALLIC PENSTOCK SUBJECTED TO HYDROSTATIC LOADS

Ionel Olaru1, Dragoş-Iulian Nedelcu2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Industrial System Engineering and Management 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Energetics, Mechatronics and Computer Science

Corresponding author: Ionel Olaru, E-mail address:[email protected]

Abstract: This paper aims to develop a risk analysis by computer simulation of the hydrostatic action of water on a plan penstock and a debit analysis and how water flow trough the open penstock. From the analysis of forces, pressures and debit at different degrees of openness can be eliminate risk or penstock to crash or water to be discharged improperly. In the literature penstock are defined as hydromechanical equipment serving spillways in order to close or adjust the water flow. From the operational point of view, the penstock has a part of the watered and the other in contact with the atmosphere. A penstock consists of a plan panel with upright movement in supports by means of a handling device (Fig. 1). Fluid flow simulation in the penstock system can give us a a better understanding of the phenomena and help to avoid risks.

Fig. 1. Fluid flow simulation in the penstock system.

Depending on the direction of movement to opening we have: penstock elevated, descending penstock, respectively mixed penstock, consisting of two elements which handles distinct, penstock operation can be manual, mechanical or hydraulic. Risk analysis of vulnerability to open plan metal penstock subjected to hydrostatic loads is viewed as an interactive component of certain input data: - Fundamental loads: the weight of the penstock, hydrostatic pressure, friction forces on supports and sealing; - Accidental loads: forces due to temperature variations, alluvium deposited upstream, forces that arise in case of modifying support position; - Extraordinary loads: forces that occur during installation or repairs, seismic forces. Flat metal penstock have a wide range of uses: sewerage systems for wastewater/pluvial, for wastewater treatment plants, reservoirs/tanks to capture rainwater, purge downloading, irrigation systems or drainage, accumulation of water use fishing, new or refurbished microcentrales or industrial utility for internal use.

Key words: wather, action, penstock, risk.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ELIMINATING THE RISK OF INCORRECT MEASUREMENTS DUE TO VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

Sorin Eugen Popa1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of EMSC

Corresponding author: Sorin Eugen Popa, [email protected]

Abstract: Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, inhaled by human’s leads to intoxication and even death. The emergence of carbon monoxide is caused by incomplete combustion from combustion plants of a heater, cookers, and cars, other sources of open flame fire in unventilated rooms or insufficient ventilation. The purpose of this paper is to develop an effective system for detecting carbon monoxide using a specialized sensor, for example MQ-7, and make real-time correction of sensor values detected by the change of temperature and humidity environment. The sensor used, the MQ-7, detected values of the carbon monoxide, at a concentration between 20 and 2000 ppm, but it is not able to do the correction with the temperature and humidity of the environment. The temperature correction and humidity is made by using a humidity and temperature sensor SHT11 and diagrams of dependence with humidity and temperature sensor MQ-7 provided by the manufacturer. Gas sensor manufacturer provides two sensor sensitivity curves, ie the variation ratio Rs / Ro depending on the amount of CO in the atmosphere, measured at 20°C and relative humidity 65%RH, and two curves change to Rs / Ro in a constant CO concentration of 100 ppm, based on the variation of the temperature and relative humidity of 33% RH and 88% RH. These curves are translated into analytical equations that are used to correct the measured values depending on temperature and humidity sensor. The correction is made in real time by means of a microcontroller, ATMEGA328, on an Arduino development board. To verify the correctness of the calculations, we created a software module test, which has as input different values for CO, temperature and humidity, and the output value of the ratio Rs / Ro compared with data of charts provided of production. The advantage of the software presented in the paper is to obtain a CO meter with high accuracy, eliminating data errors of temperature and relative humidity variation.

Key words: monoxide carbon, humidity, temperature, arduino.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDY REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC FLOWS OF WASTEWATER IN ROMANIA

Mircea-Vlad Mureșan1, Elena-Maria Pică 1

1 Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Departament of Engineering Materials and the Environment

Corresponding author: Mircea-Vlad Mureșan, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper wants to inform the scientific and engineering community on the importance of wastewater treatment plants of small capacity, designed for rural settlements. By analysing the evolution of Romania’s population by towns, on 1st January 2010, the weight of urban population was 55.1%, and the weight of rural population was 44.9% of total population. The rural environment representing 44.9% of total population is grouped into 2860 villages with a degree of connection to wastewater treatment plants of only 11.21%. Taking into consideration the current context of application of European Directive 91/271/EEC and the large number of such treatment plants that will be built, by the application of wastewater treatment technologies carefully selected we can avoid and learn from the mistakes made by developed countries which went through the same stage that Romania is going at this moment. By analysing the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, regarding Romania’s population by towns, we can see that in the rural environment, out of 2860 districts, 84% of them are villages with the maximum capacity of 5000 inhabitants. Therefore, 84% of the number of wastewater treatment plants from the rural environment, which are to be designed, will have the maximum capacity of 5,000 equivalent inhabitants. That is why, we have to pay a special attention to these types of wastewater treatment plants of small capacity. At the moment the design of treatment plants, regardless of the structure and size of the town (urban/rural), is performed in a non-differentiated way, using intensive technological methods, as applicable with continuous or discontinuous flow, noticing a translation of these solutions adopted in case of great urban agglomerations, taking into consideration and in the account: parameters of influent flow, parameters of effluent flow, specific flow of wastewater with value from 50 to 300l/l.e. day . The implementation of these technical solutions in case of small and very small towns’ claims high investment costs and especially operational costs, the efficiency of these solutions being unsatisfactory, because of wrong adoption of sizing parameters, both of specific returned flow, the case studies are highlighting values ranging. From this paper will result, based on case studies, that the specific flow sizing treatment plants is overrated, much too high, resulting in oversized treatment plants.

Key words: wastewater, specific flow, treatment plant, design, Romania

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF SCRAP TYRES PROCESSING

Sana Kordoghli1,2, Maria Paraschiv3, Radu Kuncser4, Mohand Tazerout1, Fethi Zagrouba5, Ionut Georgescu4

1 Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 4, Rue Alfred Kastler, 44300, Nantes, CEDEX 3 France 2 Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Monastir, Avenue Ibn EL Jazzar, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia 3 INCDSB, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania 4 Global Innovation Solution, Department of Waste Management, 18 Paris Street, 011816 Bucharest, Romania 5 Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement de Borj Cédria, Hammam Lif, Tunisia

Coresponding author: Radu Kuncser, [email protected]

Abstract: Thinking on environmental hazards, images of chemicals in waters, or air pollution coming out of industrial furnaces are most often seen. There are some hazards that are overlooked and one of them is scrap tires. Without a good management, scrap tires treatment can threaten not only our environment, but the public health as well. For instant, run-off from scrap tire fires can contaminate groundwater and surface water, and scrap tire sites are an ideal habitat for the breeding of insects carrying disease. Statistics realised in EU industrialised countries and published by European Tyre Recycling Association give an overview of the current disposal methods for scrap tyre; the most representative are energy recovery, representing about 22% and landfilling that reach 31%. In this paper we present an experimental approach on understanding and managing the environmental hazards of co-products resulted during energy recovery processes applied on scrap tyres. As tyre combustion faces serious problems related to harmful emissions, pyrolysis appears as a process that allows the management of toxic compounds. Thus, for the reactions occurs during pyrolysis and combustion of tyres organic matters the main intensive degradation thermal ranges have been established. The work was carried out by coupling thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of tyre samples with bench scale reactor in order to identify the relationships between thermochemical behaviour and products distibution. TGA results afford the study of the kinetics parameters while the laboratory facilities allow the comprehension of tyres behaviours in real conditions. The processing temperature was limited at 700 °C and the measures focused on the mass balance determination and gaseous products analysis. It was found that the three obtained products have a good energetic potential: the solid (20-32 MJ/kg), the liquid (41 – 43 MJ/kg) and the gas (32 -36 MJ/m3). Nevertheless, the liquid need to be upgrading in order to be used as Diesel-like fuel and gases should be treated to remove sulphur compounds. With this purpose some catalysts, known for their ability to increase gaseous fraction have been studied in TGA and an important shift of degradation peaks was identified and discussed.

Key words: energey recovery, tyre wastes, pyrolysis, TGA

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PASSIVE MAGNETIC IMAGING SYSTEM FOR HIDDEN FERROMAGNETIC OBJECTS DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION

Michal Nowicki1, Roman Szewczyk 1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering

Corresponding author: Michal Nowicki, [email protected]

Abstract: Application of planar magnetic scanning method for passive detection and localization of small, potentially dangerous ferromagnetic objects is presented. The application of passive magnetic imaging system is vital, because the active metal detectors alternating induction field can be sensed by the specially constructed detonators. The detonators of this type are banned by the international treaties, such as the Ottawa treaty, but present a great risk for the minesweeper’s life nonetheless. This applies particularly to the new generations of booby traps and IED’s (improvised explosive device), reacting to the presence of active detectors, and to some extent to magnetic influence AT mines. Existing passive gradiometer systems are designed for deep-level search of relatively big targets, such as unexploded aircraft bombs, and even if using data logging and GPS systems are utilized for magnetic imaging, have very low resolution. Therefore a high-resolution scanning system designed for search of small targets from small distance, such as in suspicious baggage, is developed. The magnetic imaging system consists of sensitive triaxial magnetoresistive sensor, actuator arm and data logging and processing PC. The sensor gathers full information about the value and direction of the magnetic field vectors in the measurement plane, which allows for detection of disturbances in the geomagnetic flux caused by ferromagnetic objects in close proximity. The developed methods allow a visualization of the magnetic induction vectors absolute values, its gradient as well as the value and direction of the said vectors in different measurement points. Experimental investigation allowed for direct measurement of permeability and remanence-related distortion effect. The magnetic remanence related distortion was greater, but the measurements prove that the permeability related distortion is of comparable magnitude, and could work also for seemingly demagnetized, but still ferromagnetic, objects. Part of the conducted experiments was to find the sample hidden from the operator, using only this method. Based on the results, the location and size of the object can be determined, which is very useful from practical point of view. This opens the way to use passive magnetic imaging in security systems, in particular for the detection of dangerous objects by forensic police robots currently under development.

Key words: magnetic imaging, public security systems, magnetoresistive sensors, geomagnetic disturbances

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A RISK MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS ABOUT INTEGRATING CAD-CAM-CAE SOFTWARE IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Ionel Olaru1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Industrial Systems

Corresponding autho: Ionel Olaru, [email protected]

Abstract: Using programs such as CAD-CAM-CAE (Computer Aided Desing – Computer Aided Manufacturing – Computer Aided Engineering) can be performed several case studies to analyze some industrial risks which may occur in achieving, manufacturing and and the functioning of certain components, before they can be manufactured and put into operation under normal conditions of functioning (Figure 1). Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) provides a virtual modeling and analysis of them based on the finite element method helps to decrease of industrial risks by evaluating the type of risk, controlling and its revision before to achieve the physical model. DEMAND DESIGN MANUFACTURING PRODUCT CAD CAM Conceptual design Process design Mathematical analysis Process planning CAE Graphical representation Tool management Computer Integrated Manufacturing CIM Fig. 1. The structure of CAD/CAM/CAE systems.

In industry, the production of machinery and equipment entail greater risks or smaller is necessary that some of them to be assumed by those concerned, should be considered in respect for the basic requirement because industry-specific risks must be known respectively identified, analyzed and evaluated, afterwards to be elaborate the strategy of preventing and their consequences. The information obtained by using computer simulations will be thoroughly analyzed based on their design team establishing measures to be taken to improve the product quality. Delayed implementation of these measures will certainly generate losses for which coverage will require additional efforts from the entire industrial sector. Virtual manufacturing involve people, processes, practices and technologies that use information provided by specialized software to plan, design and build the first appearance of a prototype to organize the industrial sector in order to optimize production and manufacturing, monitoring, capturing other aspects of the life cycle for the remaining production. To achieve a better analysis of industrial risk management system can be integrated in the industry sector of a several risk management systems. Integration of two or more management systems in an integrated management system offers the following advantages: simplification of existing management systems, increasing the benefits of each system, optimization of resources used and reduce the cost of maintaining multiple parallel management systems. Usually a global design CIM system of an industrial sector include: selection of machine tools for processing of the product who respect the specifications of technology, arranging of machine tools in factory by the technological flux, selection and optimization of processing tools, selecting other resources necesary to verify after processing operations, selection of other resources for assembly operations and finaly optimizing of the necessary assembly parts. Computer integration manufacturing systems with use of the specialized software allow a more complete analysis of risk factors, many of these risk factors may be corrected since the virtual prototype realization phase.

Key words: risk management, specialized software, simulation, industry. 86

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DEVELOPMENT OF GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR GOLD EXPLORATION

Raluca-Mihaela Maftei1, Emil Rusu1, Ovidiu Avram1, Ioan Scutelnicu1, Antonio Ulmeanu1

1Geological Institute of Romania, Department of economic and regional geology

Corresponding author: Raluca-Mihaela Maftei, [email protected]

Abstract: The geophysical techniques suitable for mineral exploration have developed rapidly over the last years and there is now a wide range of methods available, several of which have not been used extensively in Romania. All geophysical techniques depend upon detecting variations in one or more of the physical properties of rocks. These properties vary within wide limits and it is usually desirable to make measurements on samples from within the area to be surveyed; but it is also essential to have some prior knowledge of the limits in order to decide what type of geophysical survey is required to solve a particular problem. All the ore minerals which provide the targets for a mineral exploration programme have very low electrical resistivities compared with the rock types with which they are associated. This characteristic is used in the electrical method (electrometry). For disseminated polymetallic and gold-silver mineralization, the only geophysical method used, with positive result, is induced polarization. Due the similar physical properties of waste rock and mineralized rock, the only physical property that can differentiate them is electric polarizability. Geophysics is expected to play an important role in the definition of a 3D model. For example, SuperSting equipment can achieve automatic and manual measurements of induced polarization and resistivity to depths of 100-120 m. This study will be carried out in the framework of the EU-FP7-ERAMIN project SUSMIN: Tools for sustainable gold mining in EU

Key words: geophysics, electrometry, gold exploration

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

APPLICATION OF MAGNETOELASTIC EFFECTS FOR STRESS ASSESMENT AND RISK MITIGATION IN CONSTRUCTIONS

Dorota Jackiewicz1, Roman Szewczyk2, Adam Bienkowski2, Maciej Kachniarz1, Jacek Salach2

1 Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP 2Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering

Corresponding author: Dorota Jackiewicz, [email protected]

Abstract: The magnetoelastic effect is connected with changes of flux density B (for given magnetic field H) under influence of mechanical stresses . The extreme at the B()H relation is known as the Villari point [1]. Magnetoelastic effect may be utilized in construction of robust mechanical sensors [2]. However, this effect creates a new possibility of monitoring of constructions and risk mitigation. On the base of observation of changes of magnetic properries of construction steel, value of its stresses may be calculated. Moreover, the changes of miscrostructure of construction stell significantly influence its magnetic properties. These effects were previously successfully utilized for monitoring of pipelines [3]. On the other hand, the possibility of application of magnetoelastic Villari effect for stress assessment and risk monitoring in large constructions (such as trusses) was still not verified. Presented paper is trying to fill this gap. The subjects of the investigation were samples made of 13CrMo4-5 construction steel. Method of magnetoelastic investigation presented in this paper creates new opportunity for description of magnetic characteristics stress dependences of construction steels. Developed test stand allows for precise determination of these characteristics, which allow for the proper assessment of the stress state in the construction steel elements. Presented frame-shaped samples based methodology allows to bridge the gap in knowledge about magnetoelastic characteristics of different types of construction steels. Results of experimental tests of the magnetoelastic properties of 13CrMo4-5 construction steel validated proposed methodology of investigation. It was observed, that under the tensile stresses, for lower values of amplitude of magnetizing field Hm, the flux density B changes significantly. For this reason, presented experimental results confirm feasibility of use of magnetoelastic effect based measurements in industry- applicable non-destructive testing of elements made of construction steels. Presented results confirm that magnetoelastic effect creates new posiblity of stress assessment and risk mitigation in constructions (such as trusses). However, industrial application of magnetoelastic effect requires detailed information about magnetoelastic characteristics of different steels as well as it sensitivity on environmental conditions, especialy temperature.

[1] Sablik M., Jiles D. “Coupled magnetoelastic theory of magnetic and magnetostrictive hysteresis” IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 (1993) 2113. [2] Bieńkowski A., Szewczyk R., Salach J. “Industrial application of magnetoelastic force and torque sensors “ Acta Physica Polonica A, 118 (2010) 1008. [3] Bartels, K., C. Dynes, and H. Kwun. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Prestressing Strands with Magnetostrictive Sensors," Structural Materials Technology III-An NDT Conference, edited by R. D. Medlock and D. C. Laffrey, SPIE 3400 (1998) 326.

Key words: magnetoelastic effect, steels, stress assessment, risk mitigation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDY ON SEPARATION OF PURGE GASES FROM AMMONIA PLANT

Mihai Radu1, Valentin Nedeff1, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus1, Marius Stănilă 1

1Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.

Corresponding author: Radu Mihai, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: One way to reduce the level of pollution resulting from industrial activities is the implementation of methods for purifying gases from production processes. A process in the production of ammonia is the recovery of ammonia in the form of ammonia water (the product can be marketed). This process also allows the recovery of hydrogen. This paper shows the effectiveness of the purge gas separation system in the production of ammonia by: the recovery of ammonia as ammonia water, separation and re-introduction of hydrogen into the synthesis gas, as well as the re-introduction other waste gases into the re-combustion. The selectivity for hydrogen allows its retention in the pores of wood fiber membranes and its exit through the hydrogen nozzle set at the base of the hydrogen separator. Unadsorbed gas is fed inside the installation into the combustion system.

Key words: purge, ammonia, hydrogen, ammonia water, recovery

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INDUSTRIAL FURNITURE AND DIARY WASTES CAPITALIZATION FOR COMPOST PRODUCTION

Alexandru Chiriac1, Andrei I. Simion2, Cristina G. Grigoras2, Lidia Favier - Teodorescu3, Lucian Gh. Gavrilă2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71 Mangeron Blvd, Iasi 700050, Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115 Bacau, Romania 3Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35700, Rennes Cedex 4, France

Corresponding author: Andrei I. Simion, [email protected]

Abstract: Wastes represents an important problem for various industrial activities. Obtained in large amounts, they can constitute a valuable raw material for compost production. This biooxidative process is among the waste management strategies that are gaining interest as a suitable option for organic waste disposal with economic and environmental profits. It involves the mineralisation and partial humification of the organic matter leading to a stabilised product, free of phytotoxicity and pathogens and with certain humic properties that can be used to improve and maintain soil quality and fertility. The present paper was directed to find alternative ways to use wood wastes such as bark, sawdust and wood chops from furniture industry by composting. In order to achieve compost with high level of nutrients, maturity and stability the whey from diary industry was added. This selection was based among others on the capacity of whey to replace the water in moisture correction process. Due to its chemical composition, the whey is also a source of minerals such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc and manganese. As consequence, it can correct the compost mineral deficiencies. In the same time, it can contribute to the carbon/nitrogen ration which is known as one of the most significant factors affecting the composting process. The optimized parameters (quantities of the composting recipe, initial C/N value and time) were found by applying the Surface Response Methodology. Maturity and stability of the obtained compost were followed by evaluation of the final nitrogen- carbon ration, total organic content (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CO2 and NH3 content ® (headspace CO2 and NH3 Solvita method). The realized study revealed that the used combination of industrial wastes from furniture and diary industries can be successfully employed in composting processes. This conclusion is sustained by the fact that the necessary period for obtaining the compost was reduced from 120 days (as usually required) to around 90 days. The resulted product was characterized by a carbon-nitrogen ration with a value inferior or equal to 30. Moreover, according to Solvita® method, in terms of maturity and stability, the final compost reached good values of 6-7 and respectively 4-5.

Key words: wood chops, bark, sawdust, whey, compost, carbon-nitrogen ration, mathematical optimization

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE OXYGEN TRANSFER AND CONTROL OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Marius-Daniel Roman

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Building Services Engineering Department

Corresponding author: Roman Marius-Daniel, [email protected]

Abstract: The most common process for removing organic matter is biological oxidation, which involves microorganisms feeding on the carbon and the oxygen in the water. Around half of the organic matter is used for the growth of the microorganisms, in other words to increase the body mass. Half of the organic matter is converted into carbon dioxide. To aerate the biological reactors is an energy consuming process. This means that the aerator has to be controlled so that it balances between the biological need for oxygen and the energy cost to supply the air. With too little DO the microorganisms will suffocate and the process rate will be significantly reduced. In the extreme case the organisms will die. The opposite applies to the denitrification, so the higher level of dissolved oxygen the lower the rate. In the paper the authors presents the determination of oxygen transfer and the importance of oxygen concentration in a wastewater treatment plant. For this study was used a wastewater treatment plant with 20 000 population equivalents. The efficiency of oxygen transfer depends on many factors including the type, size and shape of diffusers and the tank geometry. The results of the study showed that, both the depth of water and the extent of coverage area of diffuser had a significant effect on the tested parameters. The value of oxygen transfer capacity (OC) was 283.59 kg.O2/h. Oxygen transfer capacity (OC) control strategies have been compared in simulation studies. The real time monitoring of dissolved oxygen can tell a lot about the biological system and give hints of what is happening. Until now have been completed using real-time aeration duration control based on pH and DO monitoring in a low DO system. The real-time monitoring of pH and DO had significant effects on stable partial nitrification and energy saving. The advantages of LDO sensor provide a new alternative. In comparison with the electrochemical methods, optical methods offer users considerable advantages in terms of the quality of the measured values and the optimum maintenance.

Key words: oxygen transfer, dissolved oxygen, diffusers, aeration systems, LDO.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

WASTEWATERS CAPITALIZATION FOR IMPROVING THE FODDER YEASTS NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

Andrei I. Simion1, Livia Manea2, Cristina G. Grigoraș1, Lidia Favier - Teodorescu3

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115 Bacau, Romania 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71 Mangeron Blvd, Iasi 700050, Romania 3Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35700, Rennes Cedex 4, France

Corresponding author: Andrei I. Simion, [email protected]

Abstract: Yeasts are microscopic single-cell organisms abundant throughout the environment. They can be found on cereal grains, grain by-products, silages, hays and are even present in soil and water. Candida utilis and Candida arboreea strains present the ability to support high protein yield and to utilize a large variety of low-cost carbon sources such as molasses from sugar industry, pineapple cannery effluent, apple pomace or wastewaters rich in fermentable sugars. In pulp and paper industry the wastewaters from technological process of de-crusting of resinous wood with NaHSO3, have a variable content in fermentable monosaccharides due to the boiling conditions. The resulting monosaccharides, predominantly mannose from acid hydrolysis of cellulose during sulphite pulping can be fermented to produce fodder yeasts and/or ethanol. Depending on the variation of temperature (125-148 ºC) and boiling time (6.3-11.8 hours) the fermentable monosaccharides concentrations are between 32 to 80 g/L. The aim of this study was the diversification of fodder yeast assortments with viable economic effects while reducing the pollution to the environment by capitalisation of wastewaters with high monosaccharides content from pulp and paper industry. As inoculum, in the bioreactor, a mixture of two species of yeasts Candida utilis and Candida arboreea (1:1 ratio) was used at 38 °C, pH 5.5 and an air flow of 0.02 L/h. The main carbon source was represented by the above mentioned wastewaters having a content of 59 g/L fermentable monosaccharides (galactose 17%, glucose 10%, mannose 44%, xylose 7%, arabinose 4%, glucuronic acid 21%). (NH4)2HPO4 2 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 2 g/L, KCl 1 g/L, MgSO4 1 g/L, ZnSO4 between 0.8 and 1.6 g/L, MnSO4 between 0.8 and 1.2 g/L, FeSO4 between 0.6 and 1.0 g/L (variation imposed by the experimental algorithm) were added. In order to obtain a biofort with a higher mineral content, the necessary quantities of iron, zinc and manganese salts in the fabrication recipe have been optimized according to an experimental program based on a mathematical model with protein, biomass and ash percentage as response functions. The optimized values were: 1.2 mg/L zinc sulphate, 1.0 mg/L manganese sulphate and 0.8 mg/L ferrous sulphate. In these conditions the final product has 55.26% protein content, w/w, 6.03 g/L biomass, w/w, and 3.72% ash, w/w. The target minerals content in 3.72% ash (w/w) were: 0.09% Mn2+, 0.2% Zn2+, and 0.3% Fe2+.

Key words: fodder yeast, Candida arboreea, Candida utilis, mathematical optimization, wastewater, pulp and paper

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE OF A GRANULAR MIXTURE PARTICLES SIZES AND THE OSCILLATION FREQUENCY ON THE SEPARATION PROCESS AT THE CONICAL SIEVES WITH OSCILLATING MOVEMENT

Gheorghe Voicu1, Dorel Stoica 1, Gabriel Alexandru Constantin1, Craita Carp-Ciocârdia1, Elena Mădălina Ştefan1

1 Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering

Corresponding author: Dorel Stoica, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the results of experimental researches on the working process and his efficiency for a sieve with external conical surface with alternative periodic motion. The sieve is suspended at the top and bottom with three elastic threads (of silk), with thread diameter 1.5 mm and is provided with circular apertures of 4.2 mm. Feeding of sieve is done central, from the top, through a tube with diameter 25 mm with adjustable position to the sieve in order to obtain different working flows. The separated material is collected from the underside of the sieve in a box with several concentric circular segments of different diameters. Vibratory motion was obtained with an eccentric mechanism, placed horizontally and acting on tangential direction to the sieve at adjustable distance. The sieve was used for sorting of canola seeds having sizes between 1.25 mm and 2.5 mm, in percent of 95%. Experimental researches have been made, mainly, to test the effectiveness of such a sieve, results being encouraging. It was followed, in the main, distribution of canola seeds collected under the sieve, and loss of seeds that has passed the edge of the sieve. To estimate the coefficient of sorting seeds were performed experimental determinations by sorting on fractions of the material collected in each of the boxes under the sieve to identify the fraction with the highest percentage in the box (sorting was done on four size classes: 1- 1.25 mm; 1.25- 1.6 mm; 1.6 – 2 mm; 2 – 2.5 mm). Estimation of the influence of oscillation frequency on the sorting process of seeds on sieve was performed by regression analysis of the experimental data (in %) with Gaussian distribution function, for which have been determined the correlation coefficient χ2 and R2 values. Conical sieve with oscillatory movement around the axis of the cone can be used successfully at separation of impurities from the mixture of cereals crops, technical or legumes, if the separation surface is appropriately selected. Regarding the use of conical sieves for sorting by size, researches from this paper were not very conclusive, but if working regime parameters (amplitude, frequency and feeding rate) are chosen properly can be obtained good results. It is necessary so, further research for lower oscillation frequencies and lower inclination angles of sieve in the case of sorting canola seeds on experimented sieve with apertures and also seeds of other crops.

Key words: conical sieve, Gaussian distribution function, oscillatory movement, rapeseeds, sorting seeds, oscillation frequency.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK PREVENTION IN FOOD INDUSTRY THROUGH PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE PERSONNEL

Liliana Topliceanu1, Luminita Bibire 2, Denisa Nistor 3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Department of Chemical and Food Engineering

Corresponding author: Liliana Topliceanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents some of the obtained results within the project: - Quality Food & Drinks European Training Plan, project, financed throught the Long Life Learning program, subprogram of Leonardo da Vinci- Partnerships. European Technology Platforms “Food for Life” was created in 2005 under the auspices of the Confederation of Food and Drink Industries of the European Union (CIAA), following the principles of the Lisbon Strategy. In the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda1 there are pinpointed the main strategies for the food industry development in the upcoming years. Qualification and training of the professionals was identified as a main driver for “acceptance and application of innovation” and “a key component in increasing competitiveness”. The acute problem of the quality and safety of alimentation in the European Union countries dictates a rethinking of the abilities of the personnel working in this domain. Changing the fabrication's technology, the quality of the raw material, of the recipes, the automation of the processes, the preoccupation for the environmental protection are just some of the new requirements which crave for a modern way of forming the personnel and a better adaptation to the actual requirements of the labor market. Starting from this point of view, the first interested in the quality of a way of forming the personnel are the employers. Within the projects, the results of a survey are presented, realized throughout the firms in the feeding industry department, so that we can identify the degree of satisfaction of these firms in relation to the present capacity of the personnel working in the field of control of food quality and safety. A radiography of the training level of the personnel from different hierarchy points of the control system for the food products is also conducted. The capacities, abilities and last, but not least, the personality traits required for the present labor market which are wanted by employers are also synthesized. The project makes a comparison in regards to the outcome of the survey realized in Romania with the one made in other European countries participating in the project. An interesting result highlights the fact that beyond the borders of the countries, the employers' requirements are very similar. Summarizing the obtained conclusions from the different countries in which the survey took place, the project presents the joint results which impose new capacities and the rethinking of the way the professional forming of the personnel takes place from the field of food quality and safety.

Key words: food quality and safety, professional competences.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN POLAND WITH THE USE OF NON-CLASSICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC EVENTS

Robert Guminski1, Szymon Gontarz 1, Stanislaw Radkowski 1, Krzysztof Szczurowski 1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering

Corresponding author: Krzysztof Szczurowski, [email protected]

Abstract: To assess the risk of the transport system one must choose an appropriate model that will predict whether a further upward as well as the dynamics of change. Analyzing properly selected model, we attempt to influence the course of the variables of interest, resulting in a different distribution of the number of accidents at the time. For the modeling of the transport system can use multiple types of input data. The following paper proposes the use of signals possible in the application of intelligent road infrastructure such as acoustic signals, vibration and magnetic field changes. In the world there is lot of systems related to transportation developed, such as Advanced Traffic Management System, Advanced Traveler Information System, Commercial Vehicle Operations, Advanced Public Transit System, commercial and emergency information service, real-time adaptive traffic signal control and many others. However, it is clear that the base of functioning of both ITS systems (ITS - Intelligent Transportation System), as well as proactive operation is widely understood "information" about the functioning of the transport system. The ITS concept takes into account the need of interference in the road infrastructure to install appropriate sensory systems. Transport infrastructure facilities associated with appropriate sensors can provide effective monitoring vehicle speed, traffic measurement, detecting the presence of vehicles in unauthorized areas (separated lanes transportation, pedestrian crossings, driving through green belts, drive "against the current"), the classification of vehicles and mass measurement the vehicle in motion. Such information is necessary to achieve those objectives: efficient use of existing road infrastructure, improve conditions and increase ride comfort and road safety.

Key words: transportation system, risk assessment, multi source information.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE SEPARATION PROCESS OF THE GRANULOMETRICAL AGRICULTURAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

Ovidiu Bontas1, Valentin Nedeff2, Emilian Florin Mosnegutu2

1“George Bacovia” University of Bacau, 96 Pictor Aman, 600164 Bacau, Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115 Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Ovidiu Bontas, [email protected]

Abstract: This article presents the research methodology for separation process of ganulometric vegetable agricultural products on a flat swing. To study the behavior of a particle on a flat oscillating surface there were designed several groups of experiments, so that we can study the influence of various factors relating both to the mixture of particles and the parameters of the practice laboratory stand.There was followed the influence of each factor, considering the other factors as being constant for each group of experiments. There were settled the types of particles which were then studied from the point of view of their behaviour on a flat oscillating surface.The entire research, in all phases of testing and processing, was performed accurately and conscientiously so that the test results truly reflect the essential characteristics of the separation process. The studied particles were taken from different types of raw materials of plant origin, thus forming groups. Extraction of samples was conducted from products in bulk to meet current standards. In each lot there was intended that the selected particles for experiments to be representative of the species and to be minimally injured. Within the working methodology there was designed an algorithm for the identification of the following parameters: total real distance traveled by the studied particle; the theoretical distance which is the sum of distances from each individual study plan; time required for the particle displacement upon the marked distance; the average velocity with which the particle crosses the marked distance.

Key words: solid particle, oscillating flat surface, time, distance, speed.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AROMATIC CARBONYL COMPOUNDS USING RANEY NI-AL ALLOY

Mirela Suceveanu1, Matei Raicopol2, Adriana Fînaru1, Sorin I. Roşca2

1„Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Calea Marasesti 157, 600115 Bacau, Romania 2„Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry, Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Mirela Suceveanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The reduction of aromatic carbonyl compounds using Raney type alloys is one of the most important reactions for the synthesis of drugs, fine chemicals or natural products in laboratory as well as on industrial scales. It is obvious that the reactivity of organic compounds towards the reduction reactions depends on the organic functions present in the molecule, as well as on the steric characteristics. In addition, during the attack on Ni-Al alloy with an aqueous solution of NaOH, there is a change of nanometer dimensions of the cavities created by the elimination of the aluminum atom from the network alloy, concomitantly with the modification of the relationship between the reduction through electrons transfer from aluminum and the catalytic reduction on nickel. These effects will lead to changes in interaction with various organic substrates with structural and/or stereo differences. We are interested in adapting the reaction medium and in developing an eco-friendly methodology for the synthesis of corresponding alcohols in reasonably yields. A part of our on-going research program is directed toward the mechanistic aspects and preparative application of the reduction with Ni-Al alloy of various classes of organic substrates. In this paper we report our results focused on the reduction of aromatic carbonyl compounds with Ni-Al alloy in aqueous alkaline medium. The reaction was carried out in two versions that differ by the concentration of the alkaline solution: the standard version with 20 wt% aq NaOH and a minimum quantity of solvent and the version with 1 wt% aq NaOH without organic solvent. The structures of the reaction products are rigorously proven by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry method (comparison with data library and detailed analysis of the mechanism of ion fragmentation). We have shown the influence of the concentration of NaOH solution without organic co-solvents on the conversion and type of reaction products. In contrast with the conventional reduction reaction of aromatic aldehydes, there was observed an increase of the reduction reaction rate when we used 1 wt% aq NaOH without the addition of co-solvent. For a good part of the studied substrates (salicylaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3- methoxybenzaldehyde, tereftalaldehyde) high conversion and selectivity were achieved by employing mild reaction conditions, minimal environmental pollution and simple work up procedure, foreshadowing yields above 90% and representing candidates for convenient preparative applications.

Key words: GC-MS, Ni-Al/NaOH reducing system, reductive dehalogenation, substituted benzaldehydes

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EDDY CURRENT TOMOGRAPHY AS A NEW ALTERNATIVE FOR X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY IN NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Jacek Salach 1, Roman Szewczyk 2, Dorota Jackiewicz 2

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, sw. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland 2 Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Al. Jerozolimskie 202, 02-486 Warsaw, Poland

Corresponding author: Jacek Salach, [email protected]

Abstract: Tomographic research is intensively developing field of non-destructive testing. The main advantage of this type of research is the possibility of obtaining detailed information on the nature and shape of a discontinuity in the test piece. However, commonly used tomography using X-ray carries a number of risks typical of X-ray technique. As a result, this technique is expensive and difficult to use in industrial environments. Tomograph principles schematics of eddy current testing of cylindrical objects is shown in Figure 1. The cylindrical test object (1) is positioned between two cylindrical coils (2): excitation and measurement. During the measurement, the test object (1) is rotated around its axis by means of the rotating mechanism (3) and moved by means of a linear table (4).

Fig. 1. Idea of operation of eddy current tomography: 1 - cylindrical tested element, 2 – cylindrical coils: driving and measuring, 3 – rotation move mechanism, 4 – linear move mechanism

The tomographic measurement of characteristics was carried out on the shaft of 250mm length with the rectangular groove cut along it. Groove with a width of 8 mm simulates the discontinuity. The shaft is made of ferromagnetic construction steel. During the tomographic measurements, the full rotation of the object was divided in 100 steps, that is, each step rotated the shaft by 3.6o . The linear displacement step was 1 mm. There was a full rotation of the sample for every linear step. From the measurement results it is possible to recreate the shape of the measured object with the utilization of tomographic inverse transform. This conversion is based on Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, so both distribution of permeability and resistivity of the material [5] can be obtained. In simple terms it allows detection of discontinuities [6]. However, Maxwell's equations necessary to determine the tomographic inverse transform, do not have an inverse function. Therefore, the distribution of the magnetic permeability and resistivity of the material is determined during the process of optimization of the gradient, using the finite elements methods based on the Newton algorithm.

Key words: Non destructive testing, eddy current, tomography.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH MECHANICAL FAULTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR BLDC

Szymon Gontarz1, Przemyslaw Szulim1

1 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Automotive

Corresponding author: Przemyslaw Szulim, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of selected defects, typical for electric motors with permanent magnets on the magnetic field around the engine, noise, and vibration. Due to their very favorable parameters (including a very favorable power to weight ratio), motors with permanent magnets, have found use in many applications. Thereby brought into close contact with humans thus becoming a potential source of alternating magnetic fields, excessive vibration or noise that may adversely affect human. One of the more common examples can be electric cars and hybrids, which are used in permanent magnet motors. The person remains in relatively close contact with these machines. The exact parameters of the magnetic field and the exposure time for the human have been clarified by the relevant standards. It is obvious that some values of the magnetic field interacting with the tissues of humans and for a certain time can lead to permanent changes of their damage. Strong magnetic fields occurring in many electrical machines during normal operation, are not dangerous to humans because they are closed magnetic circuits. There is therefore the possibility of direct effects on humans. In case of damage, it may happen that due to factors such as asymmetry of the magnetic field, part of generated field can past the magnetic circuit, which is trapped inside the machine. This situation could becoming a real threat to humans. Decisive hazards for human remains value of the magnetic field and frequency as well as duration of the direct exposure of humans. Destructing are also vibrations arising from defects and accompanying noise. In the case of vehicles, may propagate through the structural members, causing an additional increase in noise which may cause tiredness of the vehicle users. The study was carried out a series of experiments involves engine under test with introduced damages. Measurements were made in the space around the engine: three components X, Y and Z of the magnetic field, the measurement of accelerations at several points and measuring the position of the measuring noise. Accurate results, analysis and conclusions of the authors will point to the importance of the issues in the era of electric and hybrid vehicles.

Key words: BLDC motors, noise risk, magnetic flux risk

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

BIODEGRADATION OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CAMEROON’S COAST WATER

Lucie Leme Banock 1,2, Claudine Ntsama Essomba 2, Dumitra Raducanu3, Iuliana Caraman1, Larissa Abologo Azeme 1, Charles Felix Bilong Bilong 2, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar4

1 Department of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Marasesti STR., 157, Bacau- 600115 Romania. 2Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, P.O Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon. 3Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania. 4 Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Marasesti Str., 157, Bacau 600115 Romania.

Corresponding author: Lucie Leme Banock, [email protected]

Abstract: Cameroon's coast which is located in the Guinea Gulf oil region, was exposed to hydrocarbon pollution due to the exploitations of several oil industries and others petroleum activities. The intrinsic biodegradation of hydrocarbons is essential for depollution methods of this marine environment. Nevertheless this are not yet truly practiced in Cameroon. Thus, this study aimed to assess the capacity of some bacterial strains of Cameroon’s waters Coast to degrade gasoline and diesel. Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Alcaligenes denitrificans, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingomonas paucimobilis were selected for the experimental process of biodegradation, according to their capacity to live in pollution area and their low human pathogenicity. The bacteria have been tested each one and together in a consortium of six species. The degradation kinetics of gasoline and diesel was followed into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 days by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) which was associated with the measurement of carbon dioxide. The variation of bacterial concentrations was evaluated by measurement of optical density (OD) at 620 nm, and by the growth on nutrient agar. The analysed spectrum was between 4000 cm-1 and 400 cm-1 and has revealed the important information about the modification of oils components. The biodegradability rate of the gasoline is higher than of the diesel. Linear alkanes are more rapidly degraded than the cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Keywords: petroleum region, Cameroon’s cost water, biodegradation, hydrocarbons, bacteria.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RANKING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, DETERMINING IMMISSION CONCENTRATIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS OF MINING AND THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Jelena Malenović-Nikolić1, Ivica Ristović2, Predrag Dašić3

1 University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Čarnojevića 10a, 18000 Niš, Serbia 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 3 SaTCIP Publisher Ltd., 36210 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia,

Corresponding author: Jelena Malenović-Nikolić e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Impact of thermal power plants on the living environment is unfavourable. In Republic Serbia the facilities power plants are not modern. The results of the analysis can serve as a basis for planning systems of environmental management and creation measures for environmental safety. Consideration of the effects on the environment is a prerequisite for assessing the significance of aspects. Method ranking is applied for multi- criteria decision. The analytic hierarchy method (AHP) method enables the ranking of the environmental aspects. In this paper we propose ranking of aspects based on their probabilities of occurrence and the degree of impact and significance of aspects with the AHP method. Individual scores are transformed into categories, which are further used for the comparison matrices. Shown are the results of the comparison matrices for indicators in relation to environmental, human, technical and organisational factors. Criterion is the impact on the environment, depending on the exposure and frequency effects. Thermal power plant "Kostolac B" belongs to power plants without modern equipment. The problem of sulfur oxide emissions is identified long time ago. In this paper is discussed the impact of immission concentrations sulfur-dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide on the environment within the power plant "Kostolac B" and the environment up to 20 km from the sources of pollution. The results depend on atmospheric stability factor and the season, while other values are unchanged. To calculate concentration immission concentrations it was used Screen View software (Gaussian model), in which are used the basic parameters (emission speed, temperature of gas at the source and temperature i pollution sources). Basic parameters: emission speed (g/s), the amount of pollution sources (m), inner diameter of pollution sources (m), temperature of gas at the source (K) and ambient temperature (K). Based on data on the emission concentrations given in the official reports of the Mining Institute in Belgrade, emission concentrations are from 1300, 1600 and 1900 g/s, with the step of one 5000m, from the from the source. The calculation is based on the frequency of occurrence of certain classes of atmospheric stability. Output speed of gases from emission sources has a value about 24m/s and the temperature about 440K, in the reports of the Mining Institute.

Keywords: Air pollution, power plants, immission prediction, AHP, Gaussian model.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CORELLATION BETWEEN ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA ACTIVITIES OF THE PHOSPHOGYPSUM DUMP NEAR BACAU TOWN

Sorina Zîrnea, Marius Stamate, Maria-Ema Faciu, Marius Popescu, Ciprian Sandu, Gabriel Lazăr

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: ZîrneaSorina, E-mail [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Phosphogypsum dump from Bacău city, besides the fact that it is in the industrial area located around of agricultural land and of few households may consist of an permanent source of radioactive decay products that have a higher risk for human health when enter in biological life cycle.The environmental and health risk assessment related to this area are correlated with activity of radioactive nuclides identified as TENORM materials.The radioactivity measurements refer to alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emmited in and near the phosphogipsum area. There have been recorded also dosimetry measurements and correlated with the other radiation acticvity measurements. Strong correlations have been found between the recorded alpha, beta and gamma radiation and phosphogipsum stack. Statistical analysis reveal important feature for risk assessment of the TENORM materials and surrounding areas.

Key words: phosphogypsum, radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma activity, gamma dose

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07June 2014, Bacau, Romania

IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED SITES IN MOINEŞTI CYTY WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Laura Rusăi1, Stelian Cartacuzencu2, George Găman3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of mechanical and environmental engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of mechanical and environmental engineering 3University ‘’Babeş-Bolyai’’ of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Human Geography and Tourism

Corresponding author: Laura Rusăi, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The oil industry was one of the most representative branches in Moineşti city and one of the strongest in the Romanian economy.Technical incidents may be occurred in industrial activity. So, adjacent areas can be contaminated with crude oil and liquid petroleum products. The presence of petroleum products must be confirmed in the soil. A geological characterization of soils is necessary in order to implement adecvate corrective actions of contaminated sites. The behaviour of petroleum products in the soil was influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the oil products and the soil. All variants of remediation technologies were taken into account primarily. The objectives of this study were to identify potentially contaminated sites in Moineşti city. Also, a complete characterization of potential contaminated soils from Moineşti city from geological and pedological point view was performed.

Key words: oil products, contaminated sites, soil types, physico-chemical, geological and pedological properties.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF SOLID PARTICLES IN AERODYNAMIC SEPARATION PROCESS DEPENDING OF HIS FORM

Emilian Mosnegutu1, Valentin Nedeff1, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus1, Narcis Barsan1, Dana Chițimuș1, Mihail Ristea1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Moșneguțu Emilian, [email protected]

Abstract: The aerodynamic separation process of a heterogeneous mixture of solid particles can be achieved taking into account a number of factors, such as: their properties, the type of equipment used in the process of solid particles separation, and their behavior in the air flow. Through studying the individual behavior of an solid particles, which are in a vertically ascending airflow, is found that due to the difference of pressure on the perimeter of a solid particle, this gets a rotational movement known as the Magnus effect. This rotation of solid particle in framework of aerodynamic separation process was not taken into account because of the impossibility of tracing and identification of its value. In this article are presented some experimental results carried out at the "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau using a laboratory stand made from plexiglass, material that allows the visualization of the behavior a solids particle into an ascending vertical air flow, and a high-speed camera to record the position of the particle. In framework experimental determinations the recording speed of camera was 500 frames/ second. In these experiments, in addition to the value of the Magnus force, has also could identify the following parameters of the the behavior an solids particulate in an vertical air flow: the distance traveled by the solid particles, the traveling time, the average values of instantaneous linear speed and of the linear speed, the average of angular speed and the rotations number. The materials used into the experimental measurements was the real solid particles, with diameter  47, made from the expanded polystyrene with a density of 15 kg/m3, which have been deformed twice. For experimental measurements to be made, a laboratory stand was crossed by an air flow with of speed which was: 4.519 m/s 4.896 m/s and 5.775 m/s. In selecting of these values was taken into account, primarily, the floating speed values for the all three types of particles studied (4.19 m/s value corresponding to spherical particle, 4.317 m/s and 4395 m/s values corresponding to deformed particles). After the experimental determination was found that the behavior of the solid particles in a vertical ascending airflow is influenced by the form that has the solid particle.

Key words: particle form, Magnus force.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FROM POLLUTED SITES ON REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL: CASE STUDY REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Oleg Bogdevich1, Ruslan Melian2, Oleg Cadocinicov1, Corneliu Busuioc2, Tatiana Belous2, Vadim Platonov2

1 Institute of Geology and Seismology Academy of Science of Moldova 2Center for Strategic Environmental Studies “ECOS”, Moldova

Corresponding author: Oleg Bogdevich, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this work was an Environmental Risk Assessment from POPs polluted sites on regional and local level in Republic of Moldova. The following objectives were realized to achive this purpose: inventory of sites polluted by toxic substances; efectuation of site assessment procedure and sampling; determination of toxic substance pollution level in soil; rapid risk assessment for environment and public health on regional (ranking system) and local level. Two risk assessment methodologies were elaborated for every stage of this investigation: screening of all territory and detail risk assessment procedure as case study of pilot polluted sites. The inventory of old pesticide storages in Republic of Moldova (World Bank, 2009 - 2010) showed a large quantity of potential polluted sites (1589) and 252 sites (15.9%) as extra high polluted territory with the POPs concentration in soil more 50,0 mg/kg. The methodology for the ranking of POPs contaminated sites included three principal aspects: contamination level; distance to risk receptors; pollutants distribution potential. POPs pollution was assessed by two factors: POPs contamination level and number of toxic substances (synergism effect). The management system of POPs pollution sites was created on the base of GIS technology (ArcGIS server www.moldovapops.md)). The quality control of the distance to risk receptors was made by ortophoto images. The detail site investigation for Risk Assessment was formulated as follows: to determine the contamination rate of different site’s zones (hot spot, relatively clean zone, pits); to estimate the volume of contaminated soil and construction wastes; to check the groundwater pathway in relation to groundwater pollution and pollution of drinking water wells; to determine the concentrations of toxic substances on the agricultural fields adjacent the site. The pollution spectrum of POPs consists of five groups: DDTs isomers, HCHs isomers, Toxaphene mixture, Chlordane and Heptachlor. The principal groups among these substances are DDTs and HCHs isomers. The High polluted POPs sites have an additional complex pollution by Trifluraline (85%) triazines (64%), PAHs (33%) and other obsolete pesticides . The conclusions are following: old pesticide storages have a high and complex pollution and high hazard for the environment, agriculture production and public health on the local and transboundary level; high pollution sites should be studied individually for the elaboration of remediation actions dependent of local conditions.

Key words: Environmental Risk Assessment, POPs, GIS, Site Assessment.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WITH MULTICRITERIAL METHODS AND GIS SOFTWARE

Sorin Borza, Valentin Petrescu

University “Lucian Blaga” of Sibiu, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management

Corresponding author: Sorin Borza, [email protected]

Abstract: Environment is important and inevitable elementthat has direct impact on life quality. Furthermore, environmental protection represents prerequisite for healthy and sustainable way of life. Environmental quality can be represented through specific indicators that can beidentified, measured, analyzed, and assessed with adequate methods for assessment of environmental quality. Problem of insight in total environmental quality, caused by different, mutually incomparable, indicators of environmental load and difficult expression of overall environment quality, can be solved with multicriterial assessment. This paper presents appliance of multicriterial methods for analysis of indicators that represent environmental quality for several factory. The paper describes two methods of multicriteria analysis, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and TOPSIS method. Presented example gives application of multicriteria analysis in evaluating environmental quality. Multicriteria analysis was conducted on five comercial society Sibiu area. For weighting of indicators of environmental impact AHP was used, and for determining of environmental quality TOPSIS method was used. In our research we used GIS software, Geomedia Professional. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for decision making when a decision (choice of some of the available alternatives, or their ranking) is based on several attributes that represent criteria. Solving complex decision problems using AHP method is based on their decomposition in a hierarchical structure whose elements are goal (objective), criteria (sub-criteria) and alternatives. An important component of the AHP method is a mathematical model by which priorities of elements are calculated (weighted), for elements that are on the same level hierarchical structure. AHP was successfully used in environmental impact assessment for determining of weights for impact categories. TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the ideal solution and the longest from the anti- ideal solution. TOPSIS, known as one of the classical MCDM methods. It is based on the idea that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the Positive Ideal Solution (PIS) and on the other side the farthest distance from the Negative Ideal Solution (NIS). The Positive Ideal Solution maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes the cost criteria, whereas the Negative Ideal Solution maximizes the cost criteria and minimises the benefit criteria. In the process of TOPSIS, the performance ratings and the weights of the criteria are given as exact values. This twoo methods. Geomedia Professional GIS software, is used in our research to perform calculations for the two multicriteria methods. Intelligent maps developed will present in particular environmental pollution and risk factor on the human element, in each of the factories monitored. Our results are visible in the map, where the company most polluted is represented by the red colour and the least polluted in green colour. These two multicriterial methods can be used in GIS softwares to view data directly in intelligent maps.

Key words: multicriterial analysis, environmental quality, GIS software, methods.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS USED IN RESTORATION OF PANEL PAINTINGS UPON RESTORERS’ HEALTH

Ana-Maria Budu, Viorica Vasilache, Ion Sandu

Arheoinvest Interdisciplinary Platform, Laboratory of the Scientific Investigation University “Alexandru I. Cuza” of Iasi

Corresponding author: Ana-Maria Budu, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Panel paintings suffer deterioration and degradation under the influence of variable microclimatic factors (light, temperature, humidity): support fractures, xylophagus attacks, painting layer detachments, dirt deposits, varnish discolouration. The interventions for biocide treatment, support consolidation or painting layer cleaning require the use of organic solvents for biocide substances or synthetic resins dissolving, or for the removal of dirt and old varnish. The operations are repetitive and take time, therefore the restorers are exposed to solvents different toxicity, by respiratory and cutaneous way. The lack of proper ventilation systems (especially when working in situ) and of protection equipment (masks, gloves, protection glasses) corroborated with long exposure can lead to chronic intoxication. Acute intoxication may appear if the restorer is exposed repeatedly to small quantities of solvents, during a short period of time. Once the volatile solvents enter the body, they are transported by blood and distributed to all the tissues, but most exposed are the brain, bone marrow, kidneys and liver. Part of the metabolism products of these solvents are eliminated by respiratory or renal way, but some of them might be even more dangerous than their precursors, leading to biochemical modifications of tissues. The effects of chronic intoxication are hematologic (anemia), dermatological, neurological. This paper is a review of the substances usually used in panel paintings restoration (e.g. xylene, turpentine, acetone) and their impact on restorer’s health.

Key words: restoration, organic solvents, toxicity, chronic intoxication.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING THE POLLUTION ON THE SIRET RIVER IN THE BACAU-MARASESTI SECTOR

Madalin-Ionut Rotaru1, Valentin Nedeff1, Alexandra-Dana Chitimus1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Alexandra-Dana Chitimus, [email protected]

Abstract: The main pollution sourcesof the Siret river and it’s tributaries in the Bacau-Marasesti sector are submitted in the present study. The Siret river, through the watershed it forms, is one of the largest tributary of the Danube. Thereby Siret river through it’s water volume outlet for the Danube river, which crosses our country, is considered a major pollution agent for the surrounding areas of the river from a social and economical point of view. Major pollution issues of cities are frequently caused by disposal of municipal waste near and in the water. An obvious alternative method is to change the discharge flow towards the fields. Such non-aqueos methods of wastewater disposal might eliminate many problems regarding water pollution and in some cases could create secondary benefits such as recharge of ground-water reservoirs and increased production of crops. The main industrial activities that pollute the Siret river and it’s tributaries on the Bacau- Marasesti sector are: petroleum industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, water treatment plants, paper industry and livestock. For the Siret river, the main pollution risk are the tributaries which come in direct contact with the petroleum industry and in case of a major accident will spill their waters in the Siret river. The pollution from the Siret watershed, especially in the Bacau-Marasesti sector, can have a significant impact mostly in case of accidental cases (52 accidental cases in period 2002-2013). Pollution of the Siret river and it’s tributaries in the Bacau-Marasesti sector can be avoided by the treatment of wastewaters at the highest standards, close supervision of treated waters that are spilled in the emissaries, bypassing the drainage of treated waters directly in the emissaries, the prevention of accidental spills of hydrocarbons and petroleum substances from their reservoirs, granting the construction/location permits of the petrochemical and petroleum companies in areas where the contamination risk is very reduced.

Key words: pollution sources, Siret river, accidental pollution, industrial activities.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENGINEERED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MITIGATING ODOROUS EMISSIONS FROM WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

Iulia Carmen Ciobotici (Terryn)1, Iuliana Lazăr1, Gabriel Lazăr1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Iulia Carmen Ciobotici (Terryn), [email protected]

Abstract: Due to the increasing world-wide urbanisation and large connection to wastewater collecting systems, the development of economic and effective techniques to control air emissions are necessary to fight global warming and other air related issues. The efforts to quantify GHG emissions from wastewater conveyance and treatment have omitted the sewers because of the lack of basic knowledge about sewer internal dynamics, limited access at gas monitoring technologies and sundry diffused emission points at the level of the manholes that makes difficult the appreciation of level of sewer gases of the entire sewer network. The study aims to identify important challenges practitioners and researchers in wastewater collection systems are facing in order to reduce the emission of hydrogen sulfide and greenhouse gas emissions. Based on literature review, it identifies the main technologies used for avoiding and removing odorous compounds from wastewater gas streams. This paper highlights issues pertaining to the emission of hydrogen sulfide, methane and nitrous oxide from sewage. The results illustrate that the eco-innovative technologies as it is the case of vacuum system and biofiltration have an important potential to mitigate the environmental impact of wastewater collection in what concerns the emission of harmful gases (hydrogen sulfide) and greenhouse gas emissions.

Key words: urbanization, global warming, air emission, eco-innovation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

OCCURRENCE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGICAL AND HEALTH RISKS

Elena - Diana Comanita1, Raluca Maria Hlihor1, Cristina Ghinea 1,2, Maria Gavrilescu1,3

1Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department Environmental Engineering and Management, 73 Prof. Dr.D.Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania 2Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering, 13 Universitatii Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania 3Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, RO-050094 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Elena - Diana Comăniţă, [email protected]

Abstract: Plastic is one of the materials present in our everyday life. It is used for a variety of purposes, because it is inexpensive, versatile, lightweight and durable. However, these features make it extremely difficult to remove from the environment. Water pollution with plastic waste is a major problem today, closely connected with the increase in the degree of use by the population and little efforts in some parts of the world associated to waste collection, recycling and reuse. Plastic waste is a scourge especially in the marine environment, representing 80% of the waste found in oceans and seas. It represents a serious threat to marine biodiversity and a vehicle that could lead to endocrine disruption, once some intermediary degradation compounds entered into the food chain. In the world there are over 50 different types of plastics, made from exhaustible raw materials, such as oil, coal and natural gas. They have a wide range of use, representing 20% of household waste. Plastics generate chronic problems for the environment because they are recalcitrant to microbial attack, and they suffer degradation so slow that can accumulate in large quantities. Rio+20 Summit emphasized the need for continuous efforts to reduce the incidence and impacts of plastics in the aquatic environment. The current requirements and tendencies are to reduce the need for plastic, recycle and recover the waste, simultaneously with the replacement of plastic from fossil fuel with a continuous widening spectrum of biodegradable polymers. Bioplastics began to be recognized as a positive and important invention of chemical and plastics industry, providing many and varied opportunities. New class of bioplastics and biodegradable plastics show a real interest in almost all sectors of society and industry. Considering all these prerequisites, a risk analysis of waste plastic generated and placed near surface water and groundwater was performed in this paper. The environmental and health risks were identified and some measures, such as: a more sustainable use of plastics, waste (bio) monitoring and prevention and plastics replacement with bioplastics made from renewable and degradable materials to reduce these risks were proposed.

Key words: bioplastics, ecological risk, human health, plastic waste, recovery, risk analysis

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE WOODEN SUPPORT OF A PANEL PAINTING ICON

Raluca Anamaria Cristache 1, Ana Maria Budu 1, Viorica Vasilache 1, Ion Sandu 1

1 University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iasi, Faculty of Geography, Laboratory of Scientific Investigation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage ARHEOINVEST

Corresponding author: Cristache Raluca Anamaria, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents a physico-chemical study of the wooden support of the icon "Saint Nicholas" from the nineteenth century. Icon is crafted from linden wood panel, consisting of two boards glued together and the back being reinforced by two crossbeams. Due to intense Xylophage attack and of the wood movement, the conservation status of the icon is precarious, the wooden support being heavily damaged. It became powdery and spongy filled with insect tunnels, thereby losing a lot of its density. Moreover the two plates were separated in time by wood movement under the influence of atmospheric moisture, remaining in place due to the crossbeams. Nail insertion through one of the beams has led to profound gaps in the panel and to paint layer cracking. Also there are present traces of wood burn by direct heat source, which led to a forced contraction of the wood. Due to environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature oscillation, borer insects attack) and anthropogenic factors (mechanical damage during handling and nails insertion) the icon underwent major damage and degradation of the support. The purpose of this paper is to identify the environmental factors and make a physic-chemical analysis of the degradation and damage they produce, in order to create an optimal microclimate. In order to analyze the degradation and deterioration of wood, were involved modern investigation techniques like Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Micro- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Micro-FTIR). Thus, by Optical Microscopy the wood specie was identified as Tillia Cordata, and with the SEM were made microphotographs of the cellular structure on three different directions of the fiber. Analysis of chemical alteration of wood was performed using the Micro-FTIR and it gave us information on wood composition, the degradation degree of cellulose and lignin. With the help of the Optical Microscopy to wood powder and insect droppings were analyzed to identify their family as Anobiidae.

Key words: panel painting icon, OM, Micro-FTIR, SEM, wood degradation and deterioaration

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

SOME RECENT ASPECTS ABOUT RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS, LIKE 134Cs AND 137Cs IN FOODS

Iuliana Sion 1, Adriana Dabija2, Mihaela-Adriana Tita3, Amelia Buculei 2

1 D.S.V.S.A. Bacau, Romania 2Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering 3“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environment Protection

Corresponding author: Adriana Dabija, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In the last decades, few human activities and experiments (industry, research, military field) have carried significant changes to natural radioactive background, namely it’s augmenting, in some world areas. Also, recent studies together with radiobiology knowledge development, concerning mainly on nuclear radiation effects, on small doses, have brought the food radioactivity issue reconsideration. The naturally radioactive content for foods is performed by radioactivity content measuring and result comparison with reference values, from antecedent years average determinations. Every year, the main cause for million people death or health affliction or work capacity decreasing is represented by biological and/or chemical agents from environment and food products. The health protection and promotion are first priority level aspects that have to represent all decisional factors worldwide. Health depends both on our understanding capacity and also on correlation between people activities with their physical and biological environment. Radiological safety of food is of par amount importance for protection of the general population from internal radiation exposures. The present study reports to statistical evaluation a number of determinations on radiation content on foods (animal origin and non-animal origin), after EURATOM has extended the radiation food content surveillance, after Fukushima, 2011, by using the method with NaI detector, PGT system. The samples derived from three regions from Romania: Bacau county, Vrancea county and Mures county, Bacau being the most immediate neighbour with Ucraina border. The foods and feeds radionuclides enhancement control is regulated by following normatives: Common Legislation nr.1805/29.12.2006 al Public Health Minister, nr. 286/08.12.2006 Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, nr. 314/06.11.2006 National Commission for Nuclear Activity Control concerning “ Instructions for legal frame developing for Implementation of UE Council Regulations for establishing maximum limits for radioactive contamination for foods and feeds after nuclear accident or radiological emergency, also for especial export conditions for food products and feeds and conditions for controlling agricultural products imported from other countries, in the wake of Cernobal nuclear accident (and Fukushima); (EURATOM) Council Regulation nr. 3954/87/22.12.1987; (EURATOM) Council Regulation nr.2218/89/18.07.1989; SR ISO 10703:2007 - “Determination for radionuclides specific activity (137Cs and 134Cs), by gamma high resolution spectrometry with HPGe detector”; STAS 12327:85 and AOAC 996.05 –” Determination for radionuclides specific activity (137Cs and 134Cs), by gamma high resolution spectrometry with NaI detector. Contamination of food products derived from soils, athmosphere, farmed and wild animals, their products (meat, milk, eggs, etc.) can represent major sources of radiation exposure to humans from routine and accidental releases of radioactivity to the environment. The source of radioactivity in food can be natural radionuclides or contamination resulting from accidents or intentional actions. Radioactivity in food can be incorporated either within the food volume or surface deposited. The food radioactivity measuring consist of artificial radioactive content determination and further risk establishment for people consumption, taking account of 1 mSv/year, as maximum admitted limit, especially after amassed experience from nuclear accidents such as Cernobil (1986) and Fukushima (2011).

Key words: radionuclides, coefficient for transfer radioactivity, nuclear accidents

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FOOD POISONING PRODUCED BY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FAMILY

Adriana Dabija1, Iuliana Sion 2, Lăcrămioara Rusu3

1Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering 2D.S.V.S.A. Bacau, Romania 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering

Corresponding author: Adriana Dabija, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Enterobacteriaceae are omnipresent germs from soil, water, vegetables, human and animal gut. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and almost majority are components of organisms regular microbiotis and could produce opportunist infections. But are some of them, like Salmonella typhi, that have human habitat exclusively. Enterobacteriaceae includes over 27 genotypes and much more than 127 species, besides 8 enteric groups, of which there are some that deserves medical importance: Escherichia; Shigella; Salmonella; Klebsiella; Proteus; Providencia; Yersinia; Enterobacter; Serratia. The Enterobacteriaceae germs are truly resistant on the external environment, almost 5-6 months, in fecal matter polluted water. They survive and multiply in wet medium, in foods, but are distroyed by heat (30 minutes at 55-60°C degrees and snapshot at boiling point), antiseptiques and desinfectants. It has been revealed that more and more species are developing greater antibiotic resistance, by the means of plasmides transfer. The food poisoning by bacteria consists of pathological status focused on digestive tube, through ingestion of food that is contaminated by microbial germs or their methabolic products. The food poisoning may be classified by their ethiology: ‐ Pathogenic coccus (Staphylococcus; Streptococcus) ‐ Enterobacteriaceae (Salmonella, Arizona, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus); ‐ Boost forming bacteria (B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. anthracis ,Cl. perfringens, Cl. botulinum) From the pathogenic point of view, food poisoning could be: ‐ Infectious type (that means organism germs multiplying from food ingestion; that consist by a longer incubation period-8-24 hours-, foot, headache, abdomen pain and are produced by Salmonella, Shigella and Cl. Perfringens; ‐ Toxic type produced by biological toxin resorbtion; short period of incubation: Botulinum, Stafilococul enterotoxic, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, Streptococcus fecalis, Bacillus cereus. The observations for this study were made on 36 people, from 7 families that have been hospitalized, as a result of aggressive shows of food poisoning. The incriminated food product was ewe-cheese, from agri-food market. We have analysed over 60 samples of ewe-cheese (made from sheep milk or mixed shhep and cow milk), raw milk and water from own sources. The goal of this study reffers not only for the importance of traceability in the “food chain” from farmer to consumer, but also for the veterinary and medical diagnosis, that have to take account also by the quantitative evaluation of the contaminant, and the quantity of the toxin from E.coli strain.

Key words: pathogenic bacteria, ewe-cheese, traceability, microbiological contaminants

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PREVENTION MEASURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS GENERATED BY UNCONTROLLED STORAGE OF WASTES

Mirela Dincă 1, Gigel Paraschiv 1, Gheorghe Voicu 1, Georgiana Moiceanu 1, Mihai Chiţoiu 1

1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Biotechnical Systems

Corresponding author: Mirela Dincă, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The issue regarding the negative impact on the environment and human health, as a result of waste storage by using improper methods remains of great actuality, especially in the context of the increasing trend of the generated wastes quantity. European Union determination is internationally recognized concerning the environment protection measures and promoting sustainable development worldwide. The U.E. policy in this field has evolved gradually, from the implementation stage of minimal environmental protection measures, at an enhanced assumption of the environmental issues by complex and specific solutions. In Romania, where have been made efforts and significant investments were achieved to align with the acquis communautaire, the situation is evolving rapidly, but the main method of waste disposal is still represented by the storage. The agricultural activities and those of the food industry generate a significant amount of wastes, consisting of vegetal wastes, manure, as well as other biodegradable residues, these requiring a special attention because can generate a negative impact on the environment, if they are not properly managed and recovered (danger to the human health, drinking water contamination, air pollution, soil and crop contamination). According to the European standards, the priorities regarding the waste treatment are: waste generation prevention, recycling, energy recovery and their storage. In this context, the present paper aims to present one of the most effective methods that can be used to reduce and prevent environmental risks caused by uncontrolled storage of agricultural waste. Currently, the most widely used method for agricultural waste treatment is the anaerobic fermentation. The most important application of anaerobic fermentation processes is the production of biogas in specific installations, by processing substrates from agriculture, such as animal manure, crop residues, energy crops and organic wastes from agro-industrial activities and food industry. Will be treated aspects related to the conversion process of organic wastes into biogas and will be presented different types of anaerobic digesters used for this purpose.

Key words: environmental risk, animal wastes, anaerobic digestion, digester.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AN URBAN AREA PREDICTED BASED ON ROAD TRAFFIC

Maria-Ema Faciu1, Peter M. Atkinson2, Marius Stamate1, Irina Ifrim3, Iulia Lazar1,3, Gabriel Lazar1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engeneering 2University of Southampton, United Kingdom, Department of Geography and Environment 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering

Corresponding author: Maria-Ema Faciu, [email protected]

Abstract: Laboratory tests reported in the literature highlight two main sources of heavy metal environmental pollution produced by road traffic: exhaust gases and mechanical friction of the metallic components and of the tyres. The present study analysed concentrations of Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn from 89 samples of the top soil, from a dispersed distribution across Bacau City, Romania, and their relation with traffic as a complex source. Dispersion of particles from both exhaust gases and mechanical movement of the vehicles was modelled using kernel density smoothing based on the road network and traffic intensity. The measured concentrations (dependent variable) were regressed on covariates generated by spatial analysis (predictors). The predicted dispersion of exhaust gases explained 25.7% of Pb, 15% of Mn, and less than 10% of Cu and Zn variance. Meanwhile, the predicted dispersion of metal particles explained 22.1% of Zn, 12.7% of Pb, 11.7% of Cu, and less than 10% of Mn variance. As a final step, the Pb, Mn, Cu and Zn concentration in the top soil in residential areas due to traffic was mapped using Regression Kriging.

Key words: heavy metals, top soil, traffic, kernel density, regression kriging.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A PRATICAL UHPLC/DAD METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF CHLOROPHENOLS IN WATER AT NANOGRAM PER LITER LEVEL

Yassine Kadmi 1,2, Lidia Favier-Teodorescu 1,2, Andrei Ionut Simion 3, Lacramioara Rusu 3 Dominique Wolbert 1,2

1Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, University of Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11, Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France 2Université Européenne de Bretagne ([email protected]) 3Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău; Chemical and Food Engineering Departament, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115 Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: L. Favier-Teodorescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Chlorophenols are commonly used in the production of paper and pesticides but also as intermediates in the production of dyes, plastics and pharmaceuticals. These applications often lead to wastewater and groundwater contamination. They are highly toxic and present carcinogenic properties. These organic compounds are included in both U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and European Union list as priority pollutants. Thus, the determination of trace and ultra-trace levels of chlorophenols in water samples is urgently needed. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop, a simple, fast and sensitive UHPLC/DAD (ultra high pressure liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector) method for simultaneous quantification of 2-monochlorophenol and 2.4-dichlorophenol in water samples. Solid phase extraction (SPE), the most effective method used for the extraction of most organic compounds was employed for analytes pre- concentration. An UPLC (Acquity, Waters, France) system equipped with a photodiode array detector (UPLC- DAD) was used in this work. Chromatographic separation was carried out using an Acquity BEH C18 chromatographic column (100 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm; particles, Waters, Ireland) preceded by a guard column of the same packing material using an isocratic elution mode. The oven temperature was set to 30°C and the injection volume was 5 µL. The development of the analytical method was done by testing various parameters influencing the analyte separation such as: composition and flow rate of the mobile phase and temperature of the column. For the samples pre-concentration an off-line solid phase extraction system was used. Different chromatographic conditions were studied and optimized to ensure the separation of analytes. The obtained results clearly showed an improved retention of the selected molecules with an ACN/water mixture of 55:45 (v/v). Moreover, it was also showed that, a mobile phase flow rate of 0.4 mL.min-1 decreases the analysis time without affecting the response of analytes. A complete separation of these compounds was obtained in five minutes. The optimum pre-concentration conditions were established for the SPE method, after the investigation of the relative parametres that affect the extraction efficiency. High recoveries (in the range of 98-100%) were obtained for the selected chlorophenols with Oasis HLB solid-phase cartridges (6cc, 200 mg, Waters, Milford, MA). The proposed method has attained less detection (10 and 15 ng/L, respectively) and quatification limits (12 and 20 ng/L, respectively) than previously described methods for detection of chlorophenols in water samples. Therefore, the developed method could be considered as a practic and attractive approach for the monitoring of ultra-trace levels of phenolic compounds in real water samples.

Key words: chlorophenols, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction, water quality.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK FROM DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION: FORMATION, MONITORING, REMOVAL

Silvia Fiore, Giuseppe Genon, Maria Chiara Zanetti

Politecnico di Torino, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land and Infrastructures

Corresponding author: Silvia Fiore, [email protected]

Abstract: Chlorine-based chemicals are commonly employed in Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) to oxidize organic and inorganic pollutants, to remove microbial pathogens and to improve water organoleptic features. While these compounds are very effective, their application is known to favor the production of chemicals defined Disinfection By-Products (DBPs). This fact leads to important risks for the drinking water distributors: consequently, the concerns about presence and possible negative effects from DBPs have led to the development of guidelines to identify threshold values of concentration to avoid possible harmful effects for water consumption. The disinfectants most extensively employed in conventional WTPs are chlorine based. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most prevalent and stedied DBPs, and they are mainly associated with sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine dioxide has been used as an alternative disinfectant in the last decades, particularly in large/average size WTPs, to minimize THMs and HAAs neoformation. Nevertheless chlorite and chlorate have been detected as ClO2 DBPs. While chlorite being the predominant product (almost 50-70% of - ClO2 is converted into ClO2 ), chlorate can be also generated by the interaction between chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite, which is frequently applied for final disinfection in WTPs. Ozone may also be effectively employed as alternative disinfectant, but it may generate bromate ions as DBPs, if high bromide concentrations are detected in raw water. THMs and bromates are known carcinogenic compounds, and also reproductive outcomes and different congenital anomalies have been associated with high exposures to THMs. Although further research is needed, some studies recently showed an excess risk of different congenital anomalies related to chlorite and chlorate exposure via drinking water and other negative effects. This paper describes the neo-formation processes, the potential precursors and the influencing conditions for several DBPs, and also the complex framework of regulations and guidelines. While THMs, bromates and chlorites are strictly regulated by most Countries and internationally recognized organizations (WHO, EPA), chlorate concentration limits are actually established only as guidelines. The treatments specifically designed to ensure that DBPs concentrations in WTPs outflow is below these threshold are also considered. The performances and technical/economic issues related to membrane and adsorption techniques, commonly adopted on full scale applications, have been evaluated and discussed. Advanced oxidation processes have finally been identified as promising technical solutions, which showed very interesting preliminar results, and should be tested on a larger scale.

Key words: disinfection by-products, trihalomethane, chlorite, chlorate, water treatment, drinking water.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INTRODUCING A METHOD OF URBAN SOIL RISK EVALUATION –CASE STUDY ON URBAN RECREATIONAL AREAS IN CLUJ NAPOCA

Andra Cristina Gagiu1, Elena Maria Pica1, Claudiu Tanaselia2, Monica Ursu2

1Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering 2INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath, 400293, Cluj-Napoca

Corresponding author: Andra Critina Gagiu; [email protected]

Abstract: Assessing the degree of risks posed by urban soil contamination represents a key part in pollution management and urban land use evaluations. The methods applied wore frequently based on observations and their applicability has been the subject of intense debates between policy-makers all around the globe. The current tendency worldwide is to reduce as much as possible qualitative risk assessments and to replace them with more exact methods. Taking this into account the current research proposes a facile quantitative method in order to objectively scale risks related to soil contamination. The purpose of the method is to obtain a value to define risks and to highlight the unacceptable ones taking into account several factors such as: identified contaminant concentrations, type and location of the analyzed area, proximity to industrial structures, presence of intensive traffic nearby, absence of trees and green spaces and number of users. The influence of all factors included in the analysis is described in detail. The applicability of the method is presented in a case study on urban recreational areas from the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Concentrations of contaminants wore identified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 48 soil samples from 12 intensively used recreational areas in Cluj-Napoca wore collected, dried, treated and analyzed for As, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, Co, Ni and Mg. The analysis reveals that in 9 out of the 12 recreational urban areas the concentrations of As, Pb or Hg exceed reference values established by national regulations. As a consequence the proposed risk assessment method is applied and potential risks are calculated for all locations. The risk assessment conclusions corroborated this with the frequency of high concentrations of contaminants represents an important warning signal for Romanian environmental decision makers.

Key words: risk assessment, evaluation method, urban soil, recreational areas, contaminants

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS FOR ENERGY FROM BIOMASS AND FOSSIL FUELS

Giuseppe Genon, Deborah Panepinto, Francesca Viggiano

Politecnico di Torino, DIATI (Department of Engineering for Environment, Land and Infrastructures)

Giuseppe Genon, [email protected]

Abstract: In the perspective of different forms of energy (electric energy, thermal power, fuels), the possibility to use conventional fuels or biomass in different forms is largely applied: it is important to verify the aspects of inventories of biomass that is at disposition or that could in the future be produced, in connection with different hypothesis of development of the territory, and from the other side the potentialities of conventional forms. From these inventories it is possible to establish what could be the percentage of the required energy that could be obtained from each type of feedstock. Besides the energetic aspect, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental aspects of these forms of energetic production: these evaluations concern the assessment of requirement for feedstock production, transport and transformation, the effect on greenhouse production and climate change, the potential definition of environmental impacts originating from atmospheric emissions and residuals destination, also the consequences in terms of social and employment aspects; obviously also the aspects concerning industrial costs, political prices for feedstock and fuels, carbon taxes can be considered.

Key words: electric energy, thermal energy, biomass, conventional fuels

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

REMOVAL OF LEAD(II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ONTO CHEMICALLY MODIFIED NANOMATERIALS

Ana-Maria Georgescu1,2, Ileana Denisa Nistor1, Françoise Nardou2

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, 157 Calea Marasesti, 600115, Bacau, Romania 2University of Limoges / CEC, SPCTS, UMR 7315 CNRS, 12 Rue Atlantis, 87068, Limoges Cedex, France

Corresponding author: Ana-Maria Georgescu, [email protected]

Abstract: The retention of toxic heavy metals from wastewaters is an attractive subject in the field of environmental remediation. Currently, there are many technologies used to clean up the contaminated waters with heavy metals. The adsorption is a very effective and economically process for heavy metal ions removal from wastewaters, including Pb2+ ions. Lead and all its combinations produces severe acute poisoning when is placed in the digestive tract, it being very difficult to remove. Natural or synthetic adsorbents can be used in wastewaters depollution, a special attention being accorded to natural clays which became raw materials in the obtaining of novel adsorbent materials. Montmorillonite is the most used type of clay in pillaring process due to its double-layered structure (2:1). The pillaring process consists in the following steps: ion exchange of bentonite, preparation of pillaring agent, intercalation of exchanged bentonite with pillaring agent, calcination. The pillared interlayered clays (PILCs) present a rigid structure, a high termic stability given by the oxido-metallic pillars formed after calcination. The present paper presents the synthesis and characterization of porous nanomaterials, the Cr (III) being the metal oxide used as pillar that was intercalated between the layers of montmorillonite. The raw material used to obtain the pillared clays was a natural calcium bentonite, which was provided by S.C. Bentonita S.A. The main parameters were varied (metal/clay ratio, temperature preparation and aging time of pillaring agent) in the aim of obtaining the nanomaterials with high adsorption capacity of heavy metals from waters. The natural and modified clays were characterized by: Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The determination of Pb2+ ions concentration was realized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The obtained results showed that the basal distance and specific surface area varied with the parameters of materials preparation. The nanomaterial with the best textural, structural and morphological properties was chosen in the aim of its using in Pb2+ adsorption from aqueous solution. The parameters varied in the adsorption studies of lead ions on nanomaterials were: contact time between the adsorbent and the aqueous solution of Pb2+, pH, adsorbent/adsorbat ratio, Pb2+ ions concentration of initial solution. The Langmuir and Freundlich isothermes were used to characterize the removal kinetic of the Pb2+ ions onto synthetized nanomaterial.

Key words: montmorillonite, pillared clays, lead, adsorption efficiency, Langmuir, Freundlich

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLING

Cristina Ghinea1,2, Diana Elena Comanita1, Isabela Maria Simion1, Petronela Cozma1, Maria Gavrilescu1,3

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, România, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 73 Prof. Dr. D. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania 2Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering, 13 Universitatii Street, 720229 Suceava, Romania 3Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, RO-050094 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Cristina Ghinea, [email protected]

Abstract: Improving waste management is known as a major environmental challenge at international level, since there are significant differences between the quantity and composition of waste produced, collected and treated in various cities from different countries. In Iasi city, Romania the collected waste was landfilled at the Tomesti landfill until 2009. However, a new landfill a sorting and composting plant were built according with the legislation and put into operation at Tutora starting with 2009. In this paper, the environmental risks induced by both landfills were evaluated and discussed. An inventory was performed including data regarding emissions in air, water and soil. Environmental risk assessment was carried out considering legislation in force, in particular Order 184/1997 emitted by the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection, while the human health risk was calculated by using RISC 4 software (with European, Canadian and US database). RISC 4 provides also transport models to estimate receptor point concentrations in groundwater, as well as indoor and outdoor air. Cumulative distribution and frequency distribution functions for carcinogenic risk and hazard index were determined. Carcinogenic risks by receptor (adults and children) generated by each chemical substance included in evaluation, at various concentrations of chemical compounds in water and soil were also established. The landfill site at Tomesti was found as a significant source of risks, because the deposit surface had no waterproofing system, gas and leachate collection systems. Thus pollutants were reaching the environmental compartments. The results of this study demonstrated that, within the Tomesti site, major risks to groundwater and surface water are generated. Finally, we compared the environmental risks of the two landfills and estimated the human health risk from exposure to the contaminated media, using a flexible tool (RISC 4), which can help users and decision makers to determine the need for action at sites and to provide a basis for comparing potential health impacts of various remedial alternatives.

Key words: emissions, environmental risk, health risk, landfilling, municipal waste

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PCA IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN PHYSCO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF PEA BEANS (PISUM SATIVUM)

1Simona Constantin Ghinita, 1Mirela Praisler, 2Gabriela Iordachescu

1 University “Dunarea de Jos” of Galati, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment 2 University “Dunarea de Jos” of Galati, Department of Food Science and Engineering

Ghinita Constantin Simona : [email protected]

Abstract: Pea beans (Pisum sativum) that are harvested before maturity contain approximately 80 % water and are rich in sugar, proteins and starch. Dry pea beans, split and peeled, have a spread gastronomic use. In this paper we are presenting a multivariate method for identifying the main physico-chemical properties that are significantly influencing the quality of pea beans. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the similarity of pea beans is mainly given by the content of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which provides their delicious (umami) taste. MSG content is almost constant for pea beans having the same geographical origin, being practically independent of the variation of other physico-chemical characteristics studied in this paper. The main properties that significantly influence the quality and the associated nutritional value of beans peas are their moisture, the content of dry matter and protein and, to a lesser extent, the content of carbohydrates, the humidity being strongly and negatively correlated with the last three variables.

Key words: pea beans, quality, Principal Component Analysis.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF DILL (Anethum graveolens) BASED ON HIERARHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS

1Simona Constantin Ghinita, 1Mirela Praisler, 2Gabriela Iordăchescu

1 University “Dunarea de Jos” of Galati, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment 2University “Dunarea de Jos” of Galati, Department of Food Science and Engineering

Ghinita Constantin Simona : [email protected]

Abstract: The physico-chemical properties of vegetables are often significantly influenced by their geographical origin, due to the effect of the associated pedoclimatic conditions. Thus, the identification of the geographical origin of vegetables is important for the food industry from a nutritional, as well as a gastronomical point of view. In this paper we are presenting a multivariate pattern recognition method that was designed for the automatic detection of the geographical origin of dill samples (Anethum graveolens), i.e. hierarchical cluster analysis. The dill samples originate from Braila County, Vrancea County, Brasov County (Romania) and from Bessarabia. The dendrograms have been obtained on the basis of the following physico- chemical properties determined for the dill samples: moisture, dry matter, carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash and monosodium glutamate. The results indicate that agglomerative clustering is a very efficient classification method for the automatic discrimination of the dill samples according to their geographical origin. The limits of the method are discussed from the point of view of the number of clusters that can be tested simultaneously with maximum efficiency (sensitivity and selectivity).

Key words: dill (Anethum gruveoles), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, geographical origin, classification methods.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE STORAGE FACILITY “VIDRA” ON GROUNDWATER

Amira-Valentina Gogoanţă, Dan Niculae Robescu

University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering, 313 Splaiul Independentei 060042 Bucharest

GOGOANŢĂ Amira-Valentina, mail: [email protected];

Abstract: Waste storage facility conceived by a flawless design and carried out with high-quality materials does not have sufficient to achieve zero impact of contamination environment. It is clear that waste storage is also dependent on the quality and execution of the sealing barriers work, or the particular conditions (specific) on the ground. In this context, quality control work and execution tracking their behavior in time (monitoring) represents in equal measure items of the highest importance. Matching data provided by electronic recording equipment for monitoring (Lumbricus-Taupe) with analytical results of Giroud, may make available to specialists in maintenance store information both qualitative and quantitative (location, the current flow toward body store). However the important aspects are the following:  harmful effects of waste (pollution, any contaminating microorganisms), decomposition of waste (gases produced by fermentation);  leakage and seepage of rainfall and seepage of substances in dilution carried with them and in their own humidity of the waste (leachate);  quality control groundwater shall be carried out by the control drillings in at least three points, one upstream and two downstream of storage, the direction of flow. A sample of representative sampling is generally not possible in the case of homogeneous or of surface water. Sources of errors or variations in stage of sampling or analysis must be regarded as independent variables. The sampling took over in waste storage “Vidra” located in Ilfov, which is collecting waste from capital city Bucharest, in Romania. In the process of research we have considered geophysics, hydrogeological and geotechnical conditions for the evaluation of the location of the solid waste storage in 1999, study of water administration in the area in april 2000 and the report the location to the objective "Deposit of solid waste which may be treated as capital urban or industrial, for the city of Bucharest” in 2004. After analyzing the samples, we have concluded that the concentration values of: pH, fixed residue, COD, BOD5, nitrogen oxides, total nitrogen, phosphorous and iron, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, chlorides, sulphates, coliform bacteria, faecal coliform bacteria and streptococcus are in the limits for annual average concentration. Also the value concentration for calcium, magnesium and sodium are under annual average concentration.

Key words: solid waste storage, water administration, sampling, leachate.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK OF PESTICIDES APPLIED IN DOUBLE DOSE ON APPLES

Raluca Maria Hlihor 1, Manuela Olga Pogăcean 2, Maria Gavrilescu 1,3

1 „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron, Iasi, 700050, Romania 2 Plant Protection Agency Mureş, 80 Dezrobirii Street, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 3 Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, RO-050094, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Raluca Maria Hlihor, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays, food quality control is being recognized as one of the most important tasks that should be taken into account when the human health is under concern. All products must be in a strict compliance with legislation in order to guarantee the consumers health. As mentioned by World Health Organization, food consumption is constituted on an average of 30% (based on mass) of fruit and vegetables. Consumption of pesticide residues along with vegetables, fruits, grains, which have undergone various treatments, is a critical aspect of farming practices used to combat diseases and plant pests. Human exposure to pesticides can result from consumption of crops containing residues of pesticides sprayed on plants or by inhalation and ingestion. Therefore, an important side effect of pesticide use consists in pursuing potential threats to human health and environmental quality. In recent years the interest for reducing the risk of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables has continuously increased. In this context, the aim of this work is to assess the human health risk associated with the consumption of a variety of apples for which several treatments with pesticides in double dose were applied. Six fungicides, five insecticides, and one acaricide were used in the study. The pesticide residues in apples at harvest and two months after harvest were analyzed by an Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer with flight time, CG*GC-TOF-MS Pegasus 4.21 (LECO, SUA). Human health risk analyses were based on fruit consumption data released by Freshfel Consumption Monitor of 197.08 g/person/day on average for the EU-27 in 2011. The lifetime exposure dose to pesticides (mg/kg/day) was calculated by multiplying the pesticide concentration in apples at harvest and at two months after harvest in samples (mg/kg) with the food consumption rate (kg/person/day), and dividing the product by the consumer body weight (kg). The results of health risk analysis based on consumption data in EU-27 revealed that some of the target pesticides can pose a risk to human health, when applied in double dose.

Key words: fruit consumption estimates, lifetime exposure dose, Maximum Residue Levels, pesticides

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ROMANIA: CURRENT DATA AND APPLICATION OF A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL

Vassilis J. Inglezakis1, Mihaela Ambăruş2, Nona Ardeleanu2, Konstantinos Moustakas3, Maria 3 Loizidou

1 1Nazarbayev University, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, Kazakhstan 2 Regional Environmental Protection Agency Bacau, Bd.Ionita Sandu Sturdza nr.78, 600269, Bacau, Romania 3National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Unit of Environmental Science & Technology, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15773, Athens, Greece

Corresponding author: Vassilis J. Inglezakis, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper presents the current situation in municipal solid management in the North-East Region of Romania. Furthermore, a Decision Support Tool is implemented in order to compare viable alternative waste management scenarios. The latest available data on waste generation and existing infrastructure were used in order to identify the baseline situation, while for the waste composition the results from the onsite waste analysis were inserted. To verify several combinations of technologies, in total five different scenarios were defined at regional level: four hypothetical options and one corresponding to the solution already recommended by the current County Master Plans.

Key words: Municipal solid waste, waste management planning, waste composition, decision support tools, Romania

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE ORIGIN OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN SOILS OF NORTH HAMEDAN, IRAN: A PEDOLOGICAL APPROACH

Shiva Nosratipour1, Mohsen Nael 1, Mohsen Sheklabadi 1, Ali Asghar Sepahigero2, SayedHamid Matinkhah3

1 University “Bu-Ali Sina” of Hamedan, Department of Soil Science, Iran 2 University “Bu-Ali Sina” of Hamedan, Department of Geology, Iran 3Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Natural Resources, Iran

Corresponding author: Mohsen Nael, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: To determine the origin of heavy metals, and hence the risk assessment of natural and anthropic pollution, the effects of parent materials, soil genesis, and human activities on the content and distribution of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe in soils near Mofateh powerhouse of Hamedan, Iran, were assessed. The potential industrial sources of pollution in this area are Mofatteh powerhouse and a metal smelter plant which have started their activities since 1995 and 2003, respectively. Six types of parent materials including shale, schist, limestone, alluvial plain, alluvial terraces and fan deposits were identified and soil genesis and development were studied in each of them. Total content of selected metals were determined in parent materials and pedogenic soil horizons. The concentration of metals in four different chemical phases, including acetic acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions, was determined with four-step sequential extraction procedure (BCR). Soil development is limited in the studied region so that the discrepancy between solum and parent material in terms of heavy metal content is not great in general. The highest amount of Zn, Cu and Ni was observed in Shale soils (136.0, 31.3 and 57.7 mg/kg, respectively); accordingly, the highest concentration of these metals was also measured in the shale parent material (121.1, 37.1 and 53.5 mg/ kg, respectively). Limestone soils have the lowest amount of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb and Fe compared to the soils developed from other parent material. The lowest amount of Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Fe was also measured in limstone (7.0, 35.0, 10.9, 8.5 and 4000 mg/kg, respectively). Independent of soil types and parent materials, most of the metals, except Mn, were present in the residual fraction. The concentration of Mn in all profiles is highest in reducible fraction. Low degree of soil development and the prevalent presence of metals in residual fraction show the influential role of parent materials in controlling metal concentration and distribution; pedogenic processes have minor effects. The role of human activities is limited for most of the selected metals; however, the tangible presence of Pb and, in some cases, Cd in acetic acid extractable fraction, reflects the impact of human activities on the concentrations of these two metals and shows the potential risk of soil contamination.

Key words: heavy metal pollution; parent materials; soil evolution; power plant; chemical fractionation

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INCLUSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL RISK RESOURCES

SayedHamid Matinkhah1, Mohsen Nael2, Narges Khaledi3, Alireza Sofianian4

1Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran 2Bu-Ali Sina University, Department of Soil Science, Hamedan, Iran 3Department of education and training, Hamedan, Iran 4Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran

Corresponding author: SayedHamid Matinkhah, [email protected]

Abstract: With developing of modern life style and industrial jobs in limited human space, the connection to the land is losing. Therefore, people try to escape from the city in order to reconnect to nature. This will take the form of nature tourism. There are many threats, which make it unsafe and insecure. These are sources of risk. Recreational activity is not simply a formalized or regulated action such as sport. It sometimes demand a challenge of some risk for feeling closeness to nature and it means that one has to be self-reliant, using survival skills. Young people, especially, may favor more risky forms of recreation. Any study on recreational risk should consider the expected experience to be gained and recognize the value of learning to assess and overcome risk as part of necessary life experiences. This paper tries to find out various aspect of recreational risk resources and classify them. This is done based on any accident report from hospitals, fire-fighting organization, forest and range Services, environment organization, park and green space organization, police and any hazard report in the scientific book and papers. Finally, semi framed interview with 74 ecotourists resulted in a sum up about the recreational risk factors. The semi framed interview included three parts. First opening statements, then a questionnaire and lastly the heard or experienced threats or dangers in recreation by the ecotourist. The findings suggest that there are about 80 sources of hazard regarding recreation, which can be classified in to six groups. They include accident, social, environmental, psychic, military and organizational security. In addition to objective source of hazard, there is also subjective impression of hazard by the ecotourists, which is highly important for recreation planners and designers. This may be the result of exaggerated assessments of risk or even a sort of phobia. The recreational activities not only may cause hazard for ecotourists but also on the other side, they may affect the environment and all its inhabitants and ecosystems in general.

Key words: recreational activities, subjective and objective risk, ecotourist, recreational hazard, recreational security

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STATE PARAMETERS’ DYNAMICS. CASE STUDY - SIRET RIVER IN GIURGIULESTI AREA

Gabriel Murariu1, Mihaela Timofti 1,2, Paula Popa 1,2, Lucian Georgescu 2

1 "Dunǎrea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Romania, Chemistry, Physics and Environment Department 2 Dunǎrea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Romania, The European Centre of Excellence for the Environment

Corresponding author: Gabriel Murariu, Gabriel, [email protected]

Abstract: Mathematical modeling of aquatic systems is a topic of real current interest. In this paper is presented a methodology for achieving such a mathematical model in order to describe the temporal evolution of state measurements. In this respect, three distinct stages were followed. The first stage was the appropriate statistical analysis of the values of the measured status. The aim was to identify the principal parameters that influence the character or sizes and quantities of the other state magnitudes. For this stage, was used with good results statistical analysis methods as PCA and FA. The second stage is devoted to the construction of an algorithm to build the time evolution of the studied system state. For this aim was used an LRS algorithm approach basing on a proper software program. The third step is dedicated to compare the obtained model with the experimental results. Accordingly, the obtained model' results were compared with those obtained by a specific neural network trained to simulate the time evolution of state parameters. The study case for this approach is Siret River. The LRS algorithm has been successfully implemented for a small set of input parameters. The good results are encouraging and, basing on the statistical analysis outcomes, we succeed in reaching a dynamical behaviour of the studied system. The experimental study was conducted over a period of nine years, between 2002 and 2010. Measurements were made for 21 physical and chemical parameters in three different monitoring points - Oancea, Sivita and Giurgiulesti. As a particular case study, was chosen the Giurgiulesti point. In future work we can present a comparative study for the three monitoring points.

Key words: statistical analysis, state parameters, time evolution, LRS algorithm.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FALL AND WINTERTIME GROUND– LEVEL NOX, CO AND NO2 IN THE CENTER OF BRAILA CITY

Gabriel Murariu1, Mihaela Timofti 1,2, Paula Popa 1,2, Lucian Georgescu 2

1 "Dunǎrea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Romania, Chemistry, Physics and Environment Department 2 Dunǎrea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Romania, The European Centre of Excellence for the Environment

Corresponding author: Gabriel Murariu, [email protected]

Abstract: To characterize the relationships among the fall and winter time for NOx, CO and NO2 concentrations in the ambient air of the vicinity of high traffic street, an intensive sampling was carried out in spring 2013 - winter 2014 at Braila City Center in the Romania. The experimental data are taken from the website of the National Agency for Environmental Protection. Ambient concentrations of NOx, NO2 and CO were considered and significant variations in their concentrations were observed diurnally as well as between weekdays and weekends, with higher concentrations occurring during the daytime and on weekends. The 24–h diurnal variations of NOx, NO2 and CO could be divided into four periods: (1) morning NOx and NO2 peak, (2) mid–day NOx and NO2 with CO2 formation, (3) afternoon NOx accumulation and (4) nighttime balancing. Via photochemical reactions and emission–diffusion balance, could be explained, with good results, the observed daily time evolution for for NOx, CO and NO2 concentrations in the ambient air. The statistical analysis used method like PCA and FA were completed with cluster analysis method in order to investigate the suggested mechanism. Results by a multi–regression model involving three parameters (NO2/NOX ratio and CO) reveal that the NO2/NOX ratio is an important parameter controlling the ground CO level in the study area. The obtained results are ecouraging and in the following, will be developed a systematic research.

Key words: statistical analysis, NOx, CO and NO2 concentrations, time evolution, multi–regression model.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

OPTIMIZING WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN ORDER TO AVOID EUTROPHICATION RISKS

Elena Elisabeta Manea1, Lăcrămioara Diana Robescu 1

1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Elena Elisabeta Manea, [email protected]

Abstract: Advanced wastewater treatment has become a necessity and efforts are made at a national level to increase nutrients removal efficiencies. This has led to increased investments in existing and new wastewater treatment facilities. Discharging concentrations above the national legislation limits leads to increased risks on watercourses. The advanced nutrients removal stage design is made considering the national standards, not always with the best results. When operating the wastewater treatment facility the resulted Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds concentrations are above the legislation limits. The study focuses on optimizing an existing wastewater treatment facility by introducing an advanced treatment stage. Adding another stage to the existing wastewater treatment configuration was necessary due to the high nutrients concentrations that were discharged directly into an area prone to the eutrophication phenomenon. The influent and effluent nutrients concentrations were monitored before implementing the nutrients removal stage and the values were used as a base for developing the simulation study. Simulations were elaborated for different nutrients removal systems that are known to give high removal efficiencies worldwide, in order to determine the optimal solution for the studied wastewater treatment plant. Different tanks configurations and recirculation flow values were evaluated in order to determine the solution that requires the least Ferric Chloride solution addition. The two main aspects that were highlighted by the results are: a) the impossibility of acquiring the 1(2) mg/l PT concentration in the effluent without any chemical addition, and b) the remarkable influence of sludge recirculation re-injection point on the Nt concentration in the effluent.

Key words: wastewater, nutrients, anaerobic, biological, treatment

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL REMEDIATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Doru Lucian Manea 1, Ionut Georgescu 1, Elena Elisabeta Manea 2, Dan Niculae Robescu 2

1 Global Innovation Solution, Department of Engineering and Environmental Research 2University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Doru Lucian MANEA, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper studies the risks arising from each of the remediation methods applicable for petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Activities like extraction, processing, transport and use of oil generates leaks that lead to contamination of soil with petroleum hydrocarbons. The decontamination of oil polluted soil is needed in order to avoid spreading of the contaminant, to minimize environmental risks and also the risk to human health. The decision to start the soil remediation process and the selection of the process to be used are depending on the source and type of oil pollution, on the characteristics and physico-chemical properties of soil contamination, and are also depending on the risk that the pollution poses to the human health and the environment. The paper reviews the main in-situ and ex-situ remediation technologies for petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Their efficiencies are compared, based on time, on pollution concentration efficiency range and also based on complexity of the actions needed. The risks arising from the implementation of each remediation method of oil contaminated soil are outlined, evaluated and compared. Both environmental risk assessments and human health risk assessments of oil contaminated soil were conducted in multiple stages. The scope was defined and the routes of exposure were analysed, the scales of contamination were anaysed in order to estimate the highest levels that may be reached, for each of the remediation methods. The paper takes into account several types of receptors, both in terms of environmental risk and in terms of risk to human health. Feasibility of applying different types of soil remediation is discussed, together with risks involved, for different situations.

Key words: risk, assessment, oil, contaminated, soil, remediation

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

APPORT DES TECHNIQUES GEOSPATIALES POUR EVALUER LES RISQUES DE POLLUTION DES EAUX SOUTERRAINES DE LA REGION D’EHANIA DANS LE SUD-EST DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE

Arthur Brice Konan-Waidhet1, Brou Dibi 1, Konan Emmanuel Kouadio 2, Issiaka Savane 3, Gabriel Lazar4

1 University “Jean Lorougnon Guede” of Daloa, Department of Geosciences and Environment 2 University “Nangui Abrogoua” of Abidjan, Department of Geosciences and Environment 3 University “Felix Houphouet Boigny” of Abidjan, Department of Water and Environment 4 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Physics and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Arthur Brice KONAN-WAIDHET, [email protected]

Abstract: La dégradation de l’environnement naturel, notamment le milieu aquifère est devenu progressivement une préoccupation mondiale. En Côte d’Ivoire, la principale source de satisfaction de la demande en eau est l’eau souterraine pour des raisons sécuritaires. La forte croissance de la population et la modernisation de l’agriculture entraînent un grand problème de détérioration de la qualité de cette ressource. Cela constitue une menace pour les populations consommatrice de ces eaux. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer les risques de pollution des eaux souterraines de cette région par l’apport des techniques géospatiales. L’identification des zones à risque a nécessité l’utilisation conjointe de la télédétection et des SIG. Le croisement de ces différentes couches d’information a permis l’édition des cartes thématiques. Le résultat final de ce travail est une carte qui met en évidence une forte coïncidence entre les valeurs élevées de polluants et les zones de production des exploitations agro-industrielles. Ces zones de coïncidence sont observées dans le nord et sud-ouest où l’on rencontre de grandes exploitations industrielles de bananes et de palmier à huile. Ce système d'information met à la disposition des gestionnaires des outils d'analyse et d'aide à la décision pour le suivi des activités agro-industrielles pratiquées dans la région.

Key words: Télédétection, SIG, pollution, exploitations agricoles, Ehania, Côte d’Ivoire

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS, ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE AND RISK EXPOSURE BY CONSUMPTION OF FISH FROM BLACK SEA, ROMANIA

Oana Jitar1, Carmen Teodosiu1*, Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru2, Mircea Nicoară2, Gabriel Plavan2

1 “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management 2“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Department of Biology

*Corresponding author: [email protected] (Carmen Teodosiu)

Abstract Scientific data show that fish is the major source of human exposure to various environmental pollutants such as heavy metals and metalloids. The fish represent an important source of nutrients and essential aminoacids, very important for human body. The heavy metals uptake from the environment is associated with the real or potential negative effects for both children and adults. The aim of the study was analysis of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) from different types of tissues (muscles, skin, bones and intestines) from four fish species: Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814), Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761), Solea vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) and Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus (Aleev, 1956). The Estimated Daily Intake per meal size of seafood (EDIm) and the Risk Consumption were calculated. The results showed that the highest value recorded was for copper in muscle tissue, followed by lead, but none of the heavy metals levels exceeded the accepted limits. The intestines samples showed higher concentrations for Solea vulgaris and Neogobius melanostomus. The obtained values estimated a higher risk of contamination with heavy metals for children, for lead and copper, for Solea vulgaris.

Keywords: Black Sea, heavy metals, fish consumption, estimated daily intake.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

GRASSLANDS MANAGEMENT THROUGH OVERSEEDING TO REDUCE THE RISK OF DEGRADATION

Dragoș Manea1, Gigel Paraschiv 2, Gheorghe Voicu 2, Eugen Marin1

1National Institute of Research - Development for Machines and Installations Designed to Agriculture and Food Industry INMA, Bucharest, Department of Research-Development-Innovation 2 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering

Corresponding author: Dragoș Manea, [email protected]

Abstract: Worldwide there are scientific concern in grassland rehabilitation, in order to reduce the risk of degradation, in global and regional climate change. Romania ranks fifth in Europe, after France, Britain, Spain and Germany in the area of 4.9 million hectares of grassland, with a share of 34 % of the agricultural area of the country. Global warming will affect climate and agro - forestry - pastoral background of Romania. Mean air temperature increased by 3°C , which is forecast in the years 2070, will cause desertification sharper plains and hills with major negative implications on grasslands. This paper includes researches conducted by INMA Bucharest on rehabilitation of degraded grasslands by overseeding . The proposed technology for rehabilitation consists of narrow strips of soil processing and sowing a mixture of herbs directly into the grassy carpet, every three to five years. This has been carried out experimental research with an overseeding technical equipment, for multiflorium Lolium species and clover, in regional pedo-climatic conditions from plains area. Quality indicators are obtained (ex. the depth of the incorporation of seeds, number of seed per linear foot distributed, the average number of plants, the average distance between the plants at a time ), energy (ex. fuel consumption per hour, working capacity) and operating (ex. ratio use of time and productivity) that agro requirements. The results of experimental research allow improvement of degraded grasslands overseeding technology for transfer to farm owners to implement an appropriate management.

Key words: grasslands management, risk of degradation, overseeding.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

GENERAL ASPECTS CONCERNING THE ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE

Alina Petrovici (Contu), Claudia Tomozei, Florin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Alina Petrovici (Contu), [email protected]

Abstract: Studies over time have shown that urban road noise has become a problem faced by many European countries and beyond, as it is estimated that approximately 120 million people in the EU, meaning more than 30 % of the total population is exposed to a noise level generated by the traffic of more than 55 dB (known as gray areas) while more than 50 million of people are exposed to noise levels above 65 dB (black noise areas). The traffic noise source is determined by adding together the traffic noise emissions generated by each vehicle within the traffic flow. The factors that contribute to increased road noise are: the evolution of technology, the increasing power of engines, the category of the vehicle, driving speed, vehicle age, the manner in which a vehicle is driven, its maintenance, the growth of the number of vehicles in an urban area etc. All these elements can converge to exceeding the allowable limits, of road arteries that form part of an urban agglomeration. This paper presents a synthesis of the current state of the assessment of road traffic noise in urban areas considering economic, social and legal aspects. Therefore, five of the most common calculation methods for calculating urban traffic noise in different areas are described here. These methods are useful in obtaining data about the exposure of the population to noise levels which exceed the maximum limits allowed in the analyzed areas. Mapping is one of the most common methods used for the assessment of noise. Whether it is industrial noise, airport, rail or road traffic noise, noise mapping provides accurate data needed later in developing action plans to reduce noise. Mapping can be done through noise measurement or through calculation in the analyzed areas and by using various specialized software. The urban road traffic noise assessments are made periodically, a representative picture of the noise in the analyzed areas is obtained, and then the planning actions can be performed in order to reduce road traffic noise, where necessary.

Key words: prediction, assessment, traffic noise, methods, mapping, software.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RECOVERY OF LIQUID FRACTIONS THROUGH PYROLYSIS OF HAZARDEOUS HOSPITAL PLASTIC WASTE

Radu Kuncser1, Maria Paraschiv2, Mohand Tazerout3, Ionut Georgescu1

1Global Innovation Solution, Department of Waste Management, 18 Paris Street, 011816 Bucharest, Romania 2National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania 3Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 4, Rue Alfred Kastler, 44300, Nantes, CEDEX 3 France

Coresponding author: Radu Kuncser, [email protected]

Abstract: Despite significant advances in recent years, the hospital waste is incinerated, not always in proper conditions, developing environmental and health risks. In this paper we want to propose a way of valorizing the main plastic wastes from hospitals. This way we can recovery liquid fractions from surgical gloves, or PS compounds and also to valorize as fuel the liquid fraction from PP waste. This solution has two main advantages: on one hand the quantity of waste is reduced up to 99%, in function of plastic composition, and on the other hand during the process liquid and gaseous fractions with LHV almost like diesel fuel and natural gas will be produce, and also we can recover monomers. The results given by experimental tests performed in laboratory scale installation show that by pyrolysis, plastic wastes can be efficiently neutralised and their energy can be recuperated and valorised. Also, depending on their chemical structure, plastic wastes from different activity fields may be converted into liquid or gaseous fuels (hydrocarbons mixtures); and the solid residue issued from plastic composites pyrolysis can be reused like additives in the primary process of composites industries. The distilled product obtained from pyrolysis liquid seems to be competitive for petroleum-fuel replacement in diesel or gasoline engines, as its heating value and viscosity are more closed to gas-oil or gasoline. The gases, rich in hydrocarbons like methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), propane (C3H8), propylene (C3H6), butane (C4H10) and hydrogen (H2) or carbon monoxide (CO), after compression, can be used in gas engines or gas turbines. As a consequence, we proposed different manners to perform the pyrolysis process applied to plastics / plastic composites waste to be an efficient way to valorise the energetic potential of these materials. For the hospital plastic waste, which produces in majority liquid fractions, we propose to valorise it in a power generator, where the electricity will be used for the electrical heating of the reactor, or direct heating with liquid fuel burners. Also, a part of gaseous phase can be used to ensure the necessary heat for simple distillation process applied to the pyrolysis liquid product. As an alternative, for the distillation process, one can use the exhaust gases (from the reactor or from the engines).

Key words: energetic valorisation, plastic wastes, pyrolysis

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A STAND-ALONE PV-WIND-DIESEL HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM

1Simona L. Paraschiv, 1Spiru Paraschiv, 1Ion.V. Ion

1 University "Dunarea de Jos" of Galati, Department of Thermal Systems and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Spiru Paraschiv, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper analyzes the implementation of hybrid PV/wind turbine/diesel system in Dobrogea region. Casian Monastery is placed in Dobrogea, south eastern Romania, a region with very good wind energy potential (over 8m/s yearly average wind energy) and solar energy potential (5200MJ/m2/year). As the monastery is 4 km distance from the electric network the use of renewable energy was preferred to cover the power and heat demands. Therefore a hybrid wind-solar-diesel power system was developed and implemented. This complex system is developed through implementing the hybrid solar / wind system to the old system of electricity production consisting in a diesel generator. For electricity storage are used batteries and the supply of consumers is made through direct or alternative current. Technical and economical analysis of the system showed that the system has a rate of renewable energy use of 65%. The system covers the energy demand for 10 people and can match two day demand for maximum 500 visitors. The analysis will be focused on the net present costs, cost of energy, excess electricity produced, the reduction of CO 2 emission for the given hybrid configurations and the total cost of the hybrid wind/PV/diesel energy system with and without storage batteries.

Key words: hybrid solar/wind/diesel system, renewable energy, economical analysis, GHG emissions

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

SPINACIA OLERACEA PROTECTIVE EFFECT AGAINST HYDROCHLORIC ACID MEDIA COROSION ON ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Madalina Pirvan1, Cristina Patrascu1, Raluca-Ioana Tampu2, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita3, Eugen Herghelegiu3, Oana-Irina Patriciu2, Irina Alexa2, Luminita Grosu2, Irina Ifrim2, Lucian Gavrila2, Adriana Finaru2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering – Master CoSAMIB 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Industrial Engineering

Corresponding author: Oana-Irina Patriciu , [email protected]

Abstract: Aluminium alloys have proved to be important materials and have extensive use in many industries, especially in food, pharmaceutical and aeronautical industries. Nowadays corrosion problems receive an important amount of attention because of their high economic importance and safety consequences. Thus many experiments were oriented to the development of eco-friendly substances as corrosion inhibitors, instead of the harmful synthetic chemicals. It has been recognized that the use of organic inhibitors containing polar functions with nitrogen, sulphur and/or oxygen atoms in the conjugated system, particularly the naturally occurring organic inhibitors of plant origin, are viable and highly beneficial since they are essentially non-toxic, environmentally benign, readily available, renewable and inexpensive. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibiting corrosion effect of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) extract on aluminium alloys in an aggressive acidic environment (HCl 0.1M). Ethanolic spinach extracts were obtained via microwave assisted extraction. Preliminary composition analyses of the extracts were realized by thin layer chromatography, allowing us to confirm the presence of a variety of compounds with unshared electron pairs on nitrogen atoms and π electrons (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Thin layer chromatography of spinach extract on silicagel with n butanol: acetic acid: water 4:1:5 mobile phase a. UV reveled compounds(254 nm); b. Ninhydrin reveled compounds

a b Weight loss measurements were carried out on aluminium coupons (7.5 x 12 x 4 mm) that were immersed in 0.1 M HCl in the presence and in the absence of spinach extracts at two concentrations (0.5 and 1 g.L-1). The coupons weight loss evolution was monitored for 168 hours. Another parameter monitored was the corrosive media conductivity. Good correlation (r2 > 0.9) was obtained when we plotted the weight loss with the medium conductivity every 24 h for the entire experiment. Spinach extract proved good protective activity on aluminium alloys in acid media. An intensification of the efficiency was observed with the extract concentration increase (89% for 1 g.L-1 compared to 69% for 0.5 g.L-1).

Key words: aluminum alloy, corrosion inhibitors, hydrochloric acid environment, Spinacia oleracea extract. 139

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE RISKS OF CONSUMPTION OF DRINKING WATER POLLUTED WITH NITRATES

Maria Prisecaru1, Tina Oana Cristea2, Ionuţ Stoica1, Antoaneta Dobreanu3, Lenuţa Rusăscu3, Florian Prisecaru4

1 „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Biology, Marasesti Street, no. 157, Bacau, Romania. 2 Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau, Calea Barladului, No. 220, 600388, Romania. 3 Public Health Department of Bacau, 45 Vasile Alecsandri Street, Bacau, Romania. 4 Siret Water Directorate, 1 Cuza Voda Street, Bacau, Romania.

Corresponding author: Prisecaru Maria, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In the current context of the overall pollution, knowing the effects of water pollution with nitrates/nitrites represents, on one hand, a message in favor of waters, often severely polluted and also a familiarity with medical problems posed by chemical pollution. We investigated a number of 109 cases of acute nitrate poisoning in children of different sexes and ages, from urban and rural area of Bacau County. The investigations were performed at the Public Health Department from Bacau, the national prevention program for evaluating cases of acute infantile methemoglobinemia caused by water from the well for a period of nine years (2005 - 2013). For the determination of nitrate / nitrite in water, used sulfosalicylic acid spectrometric method (ISO 7890-3). Measurements was performed with the spectrophotometer at λ = 415 nm using 40 mm path length cuvette. Extinction value was read from the calibration curve. The dosage was achieved by photometric analyzer of urine strips - Labu Reader - strips 10 parameters. The distribution by age of the 109 cases shows that the highest percentage (44.95%) was recorded during 1-3 months of life, age peculiarities thus creating conditions for the emergence of acute nitrate poisoning in children. Most cases of acute nitrate poisoning were recorded in the second and third quarters of the year (when the water chemical pollution has been increased due to microorganisms involved in ammonification-nitrification processes, which is carried out with maximum intensity during summer). Distribution by residence shows that most cases (95.42%) occurred in rural areas. This is due to water supply systems - mostly deficient from rural areas. Distribution of cases of acute poisoning with nitrates depending on the source of water supply shows that 89.91% of cases are due to consumption of well water and only 10.09% of the cases involved the distribution center network. More than half of the cases of acute poisoning with nitrates (49.54%) were associated with digestive diseases, namely acute diarrheal disease (BDA). Distribution of cases of acute poisoning with nitrates, related to respiratory diseases also reveals a higher percentage of cases of poisoning associated with it, in a percentage of 41.28%. 109 cases of acute nitrate poisoning were found in 48 localities of Bacau County (of which 4 urban). Territorial distribution shows that in some localities, during the analysed period, there was only one case of acute intoxication while in others more than 3 cases were detected. In particular, the counties Horgeşti, Parincea, Corbasca, in these nine years, 5 cases were found and in the second group of risk Pancesti and Gura Vaii with 4 cases of intoxication during the same interval of time. Dynamic aspect of nitrate acute poisoning cases confirmed in the nine years of study, shows an annual decrease in the number of cases, which suggests efficient preventive measures accomplished by the local government entities and health services in rural areas in achieving the territorial health program, respectively Disease prevention by monitoring determinants from living environment.

Key words: drinking water, pollution, nitrate/nitrite, poisoning

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MINIMIZING THE RISK OF STROKE BY INTEGRATING A REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE INTELLIGENT HOUSE

Petru Gabriel Puiu1, Cornel Toma 2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of EMSC 2Mira Telecom

Corresponding author: Petru Gabriel Puiu, [email protected]

Abstract: The stroke is a phenomenon impossible to ignore because of the frequency and its serious consequences: death, disability, long and difficult recovery. For example, for a population of about 300 million U.S. residents, 800,000 strokes occur annually. 600,000 of them happened for the first time, 200,000 had the first accident and the number of deaths was about 140,000. This problem is more acute for people with disabilities or people temporarily immobilized. In our society, dominated by technology, the need of integrating new discoveries of the science and technology in daily life, has become a necessity. The miniaturization of equipment in various industries, has opened a new era in applications in various fields. The stroke issue is no exception to this approach. This paper proposes a new approach to prevent the risk of stroke for people with disabilities or temporarily immobilized. The house which, in classical sense, corresponds to the daily family activities, becomes a new approach of venue, where these persons can be controlled and monitored in real time. The equipment can be sensors for data collection, actuators for operating various functions and, optionally, a control unit which records data and complex decisions based on them. Great challenge in this area regards how "smart home" is able to communicate with its equipment. Value of such housing is not only on the value of a subsystem, but the entire system and how it communicates with the component modules. The development of this concept could be possible through the three main layers (domains): - Network (information transmission medium [Network layer]); - Platform (system components [Platform layer]); - User ([User layer]). The software structure is shown below:

-

This paper proposes a topology of intelligent home and a modality to implement it. The sensors are used to measure the blood pressure (maximum and minimum), peripheral resistance and the degree of stress spasmovascular.

Key words: risk, stroke, intelligent house, real time monitoring.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER

Iuliana Radosavlevici1, Diana Lăcrămioara Robescu2

1 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering, 2 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Iuliana Radosavlevici, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Following the conclusions of the study on the current state of research on the treatment of wastewater under anaerobic, detach the main objective of the paper, namely the study of anaerobic fermentation of sludge from the anaerobic digester, specifically the methanogenesis stage in order to determine the parameters influencing its operation. Need to address this issue stems from the importance to be given to increase the calorific value of the biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of sludge feeding anaerobic digester of a wastewater treatment plant. Biogas is a mixture of gases, the highest proportion of it is held by methane and carbon dioxide, interested, in fact, increase the methane content in it. Analysis based on data from the simulation to determine distribution laws of random variables based on experimental data and determine the unknown parameters of the law of variation of biogas production and methane in this phase are the main elements of simulation and modeling of experimental data. Methanogenesis process simulation was conducted Stoat, processing the data obtained was performed using an algorithm in Matlab. Mathematical modeling was performed methanogenesis in anaerobic digester sludge, model thus obtained was then calibrated and validated based on experimental data obtained from a WWTP.

Keywords: biogas, methanogenesis, mathematical modeling, anaerobic digester

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PERCCOTTUS GLENII DISTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE ON NATIVE FISH SPECIES IN SIRET RIVER, ROMANIA, BASED ON TROPHIC SPECTRUM

Marius Andrei Rău1, Gabriel Plavan1, Ștefan Adrian Strungaru1, Mircea Nicoară1, Dorel Ureche2

1Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Faculty of Biology, Romania, Bd. Carol I, No. 20A, Iasi, Romania 2University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacau, Faculty of Science, Str. Mărăşeşti 157, 600115 Bacău, Romania

Corresponding author: Marius Andrei Rău, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is analyse of Perccottus glenii food spectrum and the comparison of the fish food composition and food behaviour between the invasive species and the native species. In the investigations carried out on Siret River in the autumn of 2012 on eight established sites, was recorded a total number of 348 Perccottus glenii individuals. GPS coordinates and the physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity etc.) were measured for every sampling site. The sampling sites have been established to intercept as accurate as possible the hydrobiological aspects. Were calculated the indices of abundance, equitability and diversity (Shannon) of the benthic macroinvertebrates found through the digestive tract content analysis. A total number of 57 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were identified, summing a total of 2582 individuals. For 48 individuals the digestive tract was empty. The most abundent species was Asellus aquaticus and Baetis spp. Folowing the indices results we can conclude that the amur sleeper, Perccottus glenii, has a general feeding mode and a diversified food spectrum.

Key words: fish, food spectrum, Siret River, Perccottus glenii, invasive species.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FLY ASH-DERIVED ZEOLITES AS ADSORBENTS FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER

Lacramioara Rusu1, Christophe Vial2, Fabrice Audonnet2, Maria Harja3, Daniela Suteu3, Lidia Favier4

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, 157 Mărăşeşti Street, 600115, Bacau, Romania, 2Blaise Pascal University, 34 avenue Carnot - BP 185, 63006 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France 3“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, 73 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iaşi, Romania 4Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France,

Corresponding author: Lacramioara Rusu, [email protected]

Abstract: The global population is increasing and because of this, the world may experience great fresh water scarcity. Our water resources are limited and, hence, water treatment and recycling methods are the only alternatives for getting fresh water in the coming decades. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of a suitable, inexpensive and rapid wastewater treatment techniques and reuse or conservation methods in the present century. The fly ash originating from power plants is fifth ranked, as importance, among the mineral sources, fact that justifies the increased number of the researches performed in order to find the most suitable techniques for its valorization as adsorbent. Although the fly ash could be used without any modification, a higher efficiency results when it is transformed in zeolite, by alkaline attack. The aim of this study is the synthesis of adsorbent materials based on physico chemical modified ash. The objectives of this paper were: synthesis of adsorbents, the physicochemical and morphological characterization of synthesized materials, testing the synthesized materials for removal of pollutants (ketoprofen, Orange II, Ni, Pb) from aqueous solutions. The synthesized materials were characterized using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) , Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET analysis method. The composition of fly ash and the reaction conditions, (such as alkali concentration, treatment temperature, curing time, liquid/solid ratio and pH) have significantly influence the formation process and the properties of the new synthesized material. Experimental data indicated that the synthesized materials tested confirm a high level of adsorption (removal efficiency over 97.00 % for Pb, over 95% for Ni, over 50% for Orange II) of pollutants from aqueous solution. The obtained results showed that the alkaline attack procedure can convert fly ash into a viable material, which can efficiently remove pollutants from wastewater.

Key words: fly ash, zeolites, adsorption, wastewater treatment, environmental protection

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EVALUATION DE L’ACTIVITE ANTIFONGIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE DEUX PLANTES AROMATIQUES

Marguérite Simo 1*, Jean Baptiste Hzounda 1, Issakou Bakarnga 1, Flavie Kenfack 1, Elisabeth Zeuko’o 1, Pierre Jazet 2, Fabrice Fekam1 , Chantal Menut4

1 Laboratoire de Phytobiochimie et d’Etude des Plantes Médicinales, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, BP : 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun. 2 Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP : 24157, Douala, Cameroun. 3 UMR 5032 – ENSCM 8, Rue de l’école normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

Corresponding author : Marguérite Simo, [email protected]

Resume: Les mycoses sont des maladies causées par des champignons microscopiques. Durant ces dernières décennies on note une recrudescence de ces maladies celle-ci étant due à la résistance des pathogènes face aux médicaments disponibles et aussi à la toxicité de certains de ces molécules. Le travail est effectué pour trouver des nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques, efficaces et à larges spectres d’action. Les tests d’activités antifongiques ont été effectués sur les levures (C. albicans, C. glabrata, Cr. neoformans), les moisissures (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger), et les dermatophytes (E. flocosum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes) en utilisant les méthodes de diffusion en milieu solide, microdilution en milieu liquide et l’incorporation à la gélose. Ces méthodes ont permis de déterminer la CMI, CMF, CMA et la CI50. Les propriétés antifongiques présentées par ces huiles essentielles varient entre elles, avec des CMI allant de 0.11 à 70g/l sur les levures, de 0.47 à 6.80 g/l sur les moisissures et de 0.26 à 3.40g/l sur les dermatophytes. Ces résultats suggèrent que les huiles essentielles d’Apium graveolens et Thymus vulgaris pourraient être exploitées comme source potentielle de molécules à activités antifongique.

Mots clés : Apium graveolens, Thymus vulgaris, huile essentielle, antifongique

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EVALUATION DES ACTIVITES ANTIOXYDANTE ET ANTI- INFLAMMATOIRE DE DEUX HUILES ESSENTIELLES

Marguérite Simo1*, Jean Baptiste Hzounda1, Issakou Bakarnga1, Flavie Kenfack1, Elisabeth Zeuko’o1, Pierre Jazet2, Fabrice Fekam1 , Chantal Menut4

1Laboratoire de Phytobiochimie et d’Etude des Plantes Médicinales, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, BP : 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun. 2Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, BP : 24157, Douala, Cameroun. 3UMR 5032 – ENSCM 8, Rue de l’école normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

Corresponding author:Marguérite Simo, [email protected]

Resume:La recrudescence des maladies induites par le stress oxydatif et des maladies liées aux inflammations constitue actuellement un important problème de santé publique. Cette recrudescence est due non seulement à l’augmentation des facteurs à risque, mais aussi à la toxicité et aux prix onéreux des molécules thérapeutiques disponibles. Dans le but de trouver des sources potentielles de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques, efficaces et à larges spectres d’action, nous avons évalué in vitro le potentiel antiradicalaire et anti-inflammatoire des huiles essentielles de deux plantes aromatiques: Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) et Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae). Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation dans un appareillage de type Clevenger. Les tests d’activités antiradicalaires ont été déterminés par la méthode de piégeage du DPPH et les tests d’activités anti-inflammatoires ont été réalisés par la méthode enzymatique d’inhibition de la 5-lipoxygénase. Ces essences sont dotées de propriétés antiradicalaires avec des SC50 de 0,41 et 0,06 g/l. Seule l’huile essentielle de Thymus vulgaris a présenté une activité anti-inflammatoire avec une CI50 de 0,19 g/l. Ces résultats suggèrent que les huiles essentielles d’Apium graveolens et Thymus vulgaris pourraient être exploitées comme source potentielle de molécules à activités antiradicalaire, anti-inflammatoire.

Mots clés : Huile essentielle, antiradicalaire, anti-inflammatoire

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR 222Rn AND 220Rn CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT BACAU, ROMANIA: A DETERMINISTIC APPROACH

Marius Stamate1, Iuliana Caraman 1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Marius Stamate, [email protected]

Abstract: Three years, 2011-2013 time series of 222Rn (radon) and 220Rn (thoron) progeny concentration measured at Bacau, Romania have been analysed with different deterministic instruments in order to extract valuable information about the deterministic behaviour of the radon progeny. Correlation with deterministic nature of atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity ave been made. The results have been also compared with some previous measurements carried out for indoor radon concentration. In order to extract informations about the chaotic characters of the radon/thoron concentration and environmental parameters time series, the Curve length method proposed by Higuchi, the generalized Hurst exponent and Grassberger-procaccia algorithm were used to investigate the fractal properties of our sets. The Higuchi method was chosen due to the fact that is a method capable to obtain stable values of the fractal dimension, even for small data time series.The generalized Hurst exponent may be used in order to extract fractal dimensions for medium time series, and Grassberger-procaccia algorithm calculate the fractal dimensions directly from time series, the algorithm being simpler and faster than other classical measures derived from deterministic chaos theory.

Key words: Radon, time series, fractal dimensions, deterministic nature, environmental radioactivity

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

WOOD WASTES AS A RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Daniela Suteu 1, Carmen Zaharia1, Catalin Popovici2, Teodor Malutan1, Lacramioara Rusu3, Lucian Tabacaru4

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, 73 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iaşi, Romania 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, 73 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iaşi, Romania 3“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, 157 Mărăşeşti Street, 600115, Bacau, Romania, 4“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Machine Building and Industrial Management, 59 A Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iaşi, Romania

Corresponding author: Daniela Suteu: [email protected]

Abstract: Avoiding undesirable impact on the environment and a human society development due to production and use energy from classic sources is possibly achieved by utilization of some existing energy sources round about us in high quantity, produced with low costs and which by combustion does not produced significant quantities of wastes and greenhouse effect gases. To initiate such an approach, at world and European level, takes place numerous debates which pointed the economic aspect, the protection of environment and human society against the utilization of renewable resources for production of energy in the following 25 years, establishing even the limits concerning the CO2 emissions. Thereby, according to the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union must accomplish over the period 2008-2012 an overall greenhouse gas emission reduction by 8% (as against with the 1990 levels) and by 20-30% within 2020 in accord with the results of UN Conference on Climate Change (Copenhagen, December 2009). This high imposed target percentage for 2020 would put the EU on goal to reduce emissions by 80- 95% until 2050. The renewable sources energy represents a viable alternative for satisfy energetic needs of humanity in conditions of exhaustion of fossil fuels reserves, exhaustion estimated to occur in max 25 years in conditions of maintain their current rate of exploitation. In present times, exists numerous theoretical preoccupations about the valorisation of energetic potential of these resources (wind, water flows, solar, geothermal energy etc.), but also a series of practical utilizations extremely beneficial (i.e. wind parks, photovoltaic cells systems, production of biofuels - biodiesel, biogas). The use of wood wastes as a renewable energy sources, replacing fossil fuels, was demonstrated to be technically feasible and economically attractive. Aligning to this new direction of ecological valorization of wood wastes, the specialized companies in production of equipments and installations for combustion of wood wastes continue to improve its design in the same time with improvement of its technical performances such as to be achieve an almost complete combustion, with obtaining of a highest energy quantity simultaneously with reduced ash quantity and gaseous emissions poor in toxic compounds. These targets suppose reduction of production costs in parallel with the necessity to increase the capital costs involved. Waste wood includes broken pallets, crates, and waste timber from building and demolition work. The aim of this article is to present an overview about the opportunity of using wood waste as renewable energy source.

Key words: wood wastes, renewable resources, energy, ecological valorization

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY – IMPORTANT TOOL FOR RISKS DETERMINATIONS IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Raluca-Ioana Tampu1, Adriana Finaru1, Claire Elfakir2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Departamant of Chemial and Food Engeneering 2 University of Orléans, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique CNRS FR 2708 UMR 6005

Corresponding author: Raluca Ioana Tampu, [email protected]

Abstract: Since it`s introduction, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has known constant evolution. The high variety of chromatographic columns and detection modes available on the market nowadayes turned HPLC in one of the most popular analysis methods in different fields. Hundreds of new applications are published each year concerning medicine, environment, food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries. Moreover validated HPLC methods are used in routine analysis in these fields. Food safety represents a major concern in the entire world. Liquid chromatography proved to be a use full tool for the food risks determinations. Thus it can be used to determine the presence of different contaminants or verifying the labeled concentration of each of the components. Lately, stimulant drinks have become very popular especially among the young customers, and thus developed a considerable share of the global soft drinks market. The success of energy drinks is related to their reputation of increasing physical performances and mental concentration level due to the fact that they contain important amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids (especially taurine), methylxanthines (coffeine) and vitamins. However the intake of large amounts of these products are not riskfree, as it has already been proved that caffeine excesses can give rise to toxic symptoms that can go from tremors and tachycardia to seizure and even death. Furthermore, combined exposure to different methylxanthines may increase the toxic effects of other drugs and information on the possible interactions in humans of caffeine with other constituents of energy drinks, such as taurine, is very limited. We present a rapid, inexpensive, reliable and selective isocratic HPLC method for the simultaneous determine caffeine and taurine in energy drinks with two common detectors in series: evaporating light scattering (ELS) detector coupled on line after an ultraviolet (UV) detector. Satisfactory analysis results were obtained on an Astec apHera NH2 column using methanol/water (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of commercial energy drinks containing large amounts of carbohydrates (100 g.L-1) and considerably lower amounts of taurine (4 g.L-1) and caffeine (0.6 g.L-1). The advantages of this method consist of its lack of preliminary samples treatment (except sample dilution) and also the fact that basic LC instrumentation was employed making this a lowest analysis.

Key words: Caffeine, Energy Drink, HPLC, Taurine.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

REDUCING CORROSION RISK FOR MILD STEEL BY USING Raphanus Sativus AND Spinacia Oleracea EXTRACTS AS GREEN CORROSION INHIBITORS

Raluca-Ioana Tampu1, Oana-Irina Patriciu1, Nicolae Catalin Tampu2, Irina Alexa1, Luminita Grosu1, Irina Ifrim1, Lucian Gavrila1, Adriana Finaru1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Industrial Engineering

Corresponding author: Raluca-Ioana Tampu - [email protected]

Abstract: An important problem in the industrial process is represented by the metals corrosion leading to increase of the production costs. Corrosion involves the movement of metal ions from the material into the corrosive solution. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the most popular corrosion prevention methods. Corrosion inhibitors are substances which added in small concentrations to corrosive media decrease or prevent the reaction of the metal with the aggressive media. Nowadays, natural compounds from plants are being used as corrosion inhibitors to develop new environmentally friendly chemicals. The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitive performances of Spinacia Oleracea (spinach) and Raphanus Sativus (radish) leaves extracts on mild steel corrosion in acid media. The spinach and radish leaves extracts were obtained using microwave assisted extraction with ethanol as biodegradable solvent. The extracts were filtered and evaporated and then added in the corrosive media at a concentration of 0.5 g.L-1. The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 solution by the plant extracts has been studied using the weight loss method. For this, rectangular coupons with dimension 7.5 x 13 x 2 mm were immersed in 0.1 M H2SO4 in the presence and in the absence of the plant extracts. The coupons weight loss was monitored for a period of 7 days. Figure 1 presents the aspect of coupon surface after 7 days of immersion in the corrosive media in the absence (Fig. 1 a) and in the presence (Fig. 1b, c) of the plant extracts.

a b c

a. without inhibitor b. with spinach extract c. with radish extract Figure 1. Coupon surface after 7 days of immersion in 0.1 M H2SO4

The inhibition efficiency was determined by using the following formula: E% = (w0 - wi)/w0 where: w0 and wi represents the coupons weight loss in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitor, respectively. Both extracts inhibit steel corrosion in 0.1 M H2SO4, but Spinacia Oleracea extract proved a slightly higher efficiency (95 %) than the Raphanus Sativus extract (83 %). Key words: green corrosion inhibitors, Raphanus Sativus extract, Spinacia Oleracea extract, 0.1 M H2SO4 media, weight loss method.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MECHANICAL WATER FILTERING PROCESS

Oana Ţîrţoacă (Irimia), Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Moșneguțu, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Claudia Tomozei

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Oana Ţîrţoacă (Irimia), [email protected]

Abstract: In order to improve the water quality are using mechanical, chemical and biological methods and techniques. Through the mechanical process of water are discharged big bodies, heavy particles that subside or float on water. From all mechanical treatment processes, filtration has a decisive role in the scheme of a treatment plant. The filtration represents the hydrodynamic process which ensures the separation of a mixture liquid – solid. Researches in water treatment domain have shown that the mechanical filtration of the water is influenced by a number of factors (about 40 factors). The factors which influence the filtration operation refers to: the mixture liquid – solid, the sediment, the filter layer, the filtering operation or the washing phase. These parameters can have constant or variable values during filtration, depending on filtering proceeding and operating conditions. It was demonstrated that between the factors that have an important role in establishing criteria for the selection and operation of the filters are the intake flow of the filter, the height and the nature of the filter layer. The purpose of this paper is to identify a tridimensional mathematical model with which to determine the effectiveness of the mechanical water filtering process depending on the following parameters: the height of the filter layer, the nature of the filter layer and intake flow of the filter. The validation of the mathematical model was made by comparing the experimental data obtained in the laboratory on an experimental stand with those offered by the mathematical modeling software. The experimental determinations were performed using the filtering installation DELTA LAB MP 31. To determine the experimental values were considered as variable parameters the intake flow of the filter, the height and the nature of the filter layer, while the other parameters that influence the filtering process were considered constant. For transposition the physical model in mathematical model was used Table Curve 3D software. Because the error given by the mathematical model compared with experimental data does not exceed 8.83 % and most values of errors are around 2-4 % it can be said that this research provides a viable method for determining the efficiency of the water filtering process. The mathematical modeling performed has revealed that the proposed model is able to predict the filtration efficiency of according to the parameters chosen for the experimental study (the intake flow of the filter, the height and the nature of the filter layer).

Key words: potable water, mathematical model, water’s mechanical treatment, filtration.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE EXTERIOR NOISE IMPACT ON THE ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED IN A TEACHING ENVIRONMENT

Claudia Tomozei, Florin Nedeff, Alina Petrovici (Contu), Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Oana Irimia

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Tomozei Claudia, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents the study concerning the noise level in an enclosure, perceived through the envelope of the building, as a result of the activities carried outside the enclosure. For this purpose, there were performed measurements concerning the noise level perceived inside the enclosure, and the noise level generated by various sources. Therefore, the impact on indoor activities, due to noise from the outside, has been determined. The protection against airborne noise, coming from outside the building, is characterized by the isolation made inside the enclosure and the noise coming from outside. Internal noise level is influenced by the reverberation of the space and also by the features of the interior elements. The noise transmitted through the envelope of the building, from outside to inside, can be given by one or more equivalent point sources. The direct air transmission between two spaces is difficult to control due to reflection and diffraction of sound. The enclosure which was selected for the study is a teaching laboratory designed for applicative teaching activities. Inside, there is a range of equipment and installations which are used in laboratory work. To establish the sound pressure level transmitted from outside the building to the inside of the building, there were established three types of noise sources: a diffuser, a group of people who discuss, and the rainfall intensity on the roof of the enclosure. Measurements were performed both inside and outside the building in various measuring points. The noise sources represented by the diffuser and the group of people, were positioned in exterior, at different distances from the wall of the enclosure, respectively at: 1 m, 5 m and 10 m from the enclosure. The experiments conducted with the third source of noise were performed when the meteorological phenomena have occurred (while it was raining). The allowable limits of the interior equivalent noise level in the functional units, due to the noise sources located outside the functional units for spaces where intellectual work activities are performed, such as: offices with normal activity, administration, laboratories, computer, is 40 dB(A). The results of the measurements concerning the sound pressure level perceived in the enclosure, specifies that the sound pressure level varies according to the intensity of the activities which are performed in exterior, especially when the fall of the rain is intense. The activities from interior are perturbed by the outside activities, thereby, acoustically treating on the walls of the enclosure in the analyzed hall is necessary.

Key words: noise source, outdoor noise, transmitted noise, enclosure.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE OF SOME CHEMICAL FACTORS ON THE FISH FAUNA OF THE RIVER TROTUS (ROMANIA)

Dorel Ureche1, Vasilica Alisa Aruș2, Ileana Denisa Nistor2, Camelia Ureche1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering

Corresponding author: Ureche Camelia, [email protected]

Abstract: This article is part of a larger study that examines the influence of waters pollution of Trotus River fish fauna. The study area is placed on the River Trotus near and downstream Onesti town. The choice of the study area was made according with a considerable pollution coming from the main chemical plant in Onesti town during a long period, i.e. some decades. The aim of this study is to highlight the effects of the residual toxicity on the fish fauna in the following period after the closure of the chemical plant. In this respect the heavy metals content (chrome, cadmium, lead, and mercury) and the hydrocarbons content in water and also their bioaccumulation in different fish viscera have been requested. Therefore different fish viscera (brain, gills, liver, muscle and bone) were sampled in order to establish the heavy metals toxicity level. It was found that the highest toxicity level was in the liver samples, decreasing in the other viscera samples. The lowest value of the toxicity level seems to be in the bony structures. Regarding the accumulation of the toxic hydrocarbons fractions in the fish viscera, it was found that the phenols accumulation is by ten times more than benzene. Bioaccumulation of benzene and phenol has recorded the highest value in muscle, followed by the liver, brain and gills, while the lowest value was recorded in bony structures. It can be seen a direct correlation between water quality and infestation fish fauna and the heavy metals and hydrocarbons. This study revealed that there is still a considerable pollution with heavy metals and toxic hydrocarbons in the vicinity area and downstream of Onesti town, even after the closure of the major polluting plants. Consequently, according to the European environmental policies (188/2006) fishes catch in this area are excluded from consumption, being possible a major risk of intoxication.

Key words: fish fauna, toxicity, pollution, heavy metals content, hydrocarbons content

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EMERGING RISKS ON THE RIVER BISTRITA, NEAR BACAU CITY (ROMANIA)

Camelia Ureche1, Vasilica Alisa Aruș2, Ileana Denisa Nistor2, Dorel Ureche1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering

Corresponding author: Ureche Dorel, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine emerging risks that may occur in River Bistrita near Bacau city. The study was performed on an area of the River Bistrita, delimited by the following GPS coordinates: N between 46.31004 and 46.32477, E between 26.57164 and 26.56707, collecting biological material from three sampling sites (P1, P2 and P3). Some chemical analyzes have been made referring to the level of heavy metals accumulation in water an sediment (chrome, cadmium, lead and mercury). The biological material (fish specimens) was determined, then biometrically processed as well as some correlations with the results of chemical analyzes have been made. The chemical analyzes were performed for six months in the spring – summer period. In order to take into account the results from the emerging risks point of view we have been used European and national provisions in force. One of the conclusions of this study is that the level of chemical pollution along the River Bistrita is different in different river sections. The highest level of pollution has been recorded in P2 sampling site. This means that the recorded values were higher than the standard values. Hence some factors have a significant influence on the water quality, sediment and fish fauna: the presence of sewage treatment plant, thermoelectric plant, and chemical fertilizers plant. In addition, the wastes that are still drain from the ex pulp and paper factory, influences the water and sediment quality. Consequently the fish fauna is affected reflected in the fish communities’ parameters (species richness, size, weight, abundance, frequency etc.). The lack of the fish fauna in P2 sampling site is due to the highest level of heavy metal content. It seems to be difficult a natural remediation because of the river configuration (sinuous course). The presence of human households on both of the river sides in the study area shows that there is still emerging risk factors regarding a possible impaired of people health, and also measures should be taken to annihilate pollutants.

Key words: fish fauna, emerging risks, pollution, heavy metals concentrations, remediation

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BIODIESEL USE IN DIESEL ENGINES, IN COMFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS

Valentin Zichil 1, Adrian Judele 1, Aurelian Albut 1, Emilian Mosnegutu 2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Valentin Zichil, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Manufacturing of fuels from renewable raw materials are used since the 1800's, the principles have basically remained the same. In the last decade, due to reserves of fossil fuels diminishing, biodiesel use in internal combustion engines became state policy. For example, EU countries have introduced in legislation that, until 2017 , the proportion of 10% in spark ignition engines and 7% in diesel engines of biodiesel will be compulsory. This can lead to a sensitive economy of conventional fuels, if we consider that only the U.S. annually consume more than 190 billion liters of diesel for transportation purposes. Biodiesel is an alternative liquid fuel that can substantially replace conventional diesel fuel and reduce exhaust pollution. Biodiesel can be produced by a various vegetables: soybeans, different feedstock, waste cooking oil, and algae. Different tests has reveal the disadvantages of using biodiesel, such as: biodiesel gels in cold weather, biodiesel is surrounded by negative sentiment and confusion versus food production, biodiesel decreases engines horsepower, biodiesel degrades rubber, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions at biodiesel use are higher. Although numerous attempts have been made targeting the percentage of biodiesel in diesel fuel use, leading to engine operation with 100% biodiesel, there are not comparative tests on passenger comfort and harmful emissions. In this paper, the authors propose a limit in using of a mixture between diesel and biodiesel, in terms of comfort - harmful emissions, considering that these items are the most important in the balance costs - civilization. Tests were conducted on a diesel engine manufactured by Renault Group, which has equipped Dacia Solenza. Further modifications made by French manufacturer did not affected any dynamic geometry of the power train and combustion, in subsequent trim Renault Clio and Dacia Logan. The methodology followed in order to determine the body vibrations of a passenger car and harmful emissions, was developed on six types of fuel, from pure diesel fuel - made by refinery , ending with a blend of biodiesel in diesel fuel by 70% - 30%. All tests were carried out on the basis of the external characteristic of the engine, at required speeds ranging between 700 r.p.m. and 3000 r.p.m. Power train protection, was assured by a continuously monitoring of the lubricant temperature. The study found that exceeding the limit of 20 % biodiesel in conventional fuel, leads to a hard diminish of passenger comfort (under EU rules). In the total production of diesel fuel for passenger cars, only the 20% can be replaced, an additional amount of biodiesel production is unnecessary. Some interim results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Acceleration values in the chassis and emissions, at different rotation speeds and percentages of biodiesel use in conventional fuel Standard diesel Refinery 5% biodiesel 10% biodiesel 20% biodiesel 30% biodiesel fuel Rotation Acc. CO Acc. CO Acc. CO Acc. CO Acc. CO Acc. CO speed 2 2 2 2 2 2 [m/s2] [% Vol] [m/s2] [% Vol] [m/s2] [% Vol] [m/s2] [% Vol] [m/s2] [% Vol] [m/s2] [% Vol] [r.p.m.] 770 15.6 2.7 0.5 2.1 17.9 2.6 16.7 2.5 23.4 2.6 15.8 2.5 1500 42.6 2.3 34.5 2.4 10.2 2.3 24.8 2.3 42.4 2.3 33.4 2.3 3000 167.8 2.6 136.4 2.6 171.7 2.6 179.8 2.6 199.5 2.5 192.7 2.6

Key words: biodiesel, harmful emissions, rotation speed, vibration acceleration.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RAINFALL INFLUENCE ON QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER FROM INDUSTRIAL AREA OF BACAU TOWN

Georgiana Lăcătuşu1, Maria-Ema Fâciu1, Ana-Maria Macsim-Vasilachi1, Elena Golban1, Cristina Grigoraş2, Andrei-Ionuţ Simion2

1”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, Romania 2”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Romania

Georgiana Lăcătuşu, [email protected]

Abstract: Groundwater represents a significant source for irrigation and drinking water, so the quality of this resource is extremely important. Precipitations have an important role in infiltration: water of rain enters in rocks when rain lasts longer. In case of heavy rain, the soil is easy saturated and the quantity of infiltrated water is smaller. This study focuses on the relationship between quantity of precipitations and groundwater quality. The groundwater samples were collected from the industrial zone of Bacau town, in different meteorological conditions (one period with rain and another without it). The heavy metals concentrations were measured by Photo Flex Turb photometer and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Also, the physico-chemical properties were measured with SPARK Science Learning System device. Results highlight that the heavy metals concentrations were bigger after rainy days; the quantity of precipitations had an influence on it.

Keywords: precipitations, groundwater pollution, heavy metals concentration, physico-chemicals properties

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

HEALTH RISKS INDUCED BY TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION METHODS

Ciprian Sandu1, Marius Popescu1, Oana Acatrinei-Însurăţelu1, Cristiana-Ioana Cenuşă1, Irina Ifrim2

1“Vasile Alecsandri”University of Bacau, Department of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering

Corresponding author: Ciprian Sandu, [email protected]

Abstract: Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are common environmental contaminants. The soil pollution induces a serious threat to the environment. Due to hazardous characteristics and increased quantities of TPH around the world, the effective treatment of polluted soils has attracted widespread attention. Their concentrations in environmental matrices are usually determined by solvent extraction and further analysis as gas chromatography (GC) or mass spectrometry (MS). In this paper, the environmental and health risks induced by extract methods of TPH from soil were evaluated and discussed. The standard extraction methods use selective solvent mixtures. The solvent mixtures (pentane, hexane, acetone, and heptane) may be considered as a serious health and environmental issue due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties. The action of these complex mixtures can have irreversible effects on the environment and human health. They may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. Also they may cause skin irritation and causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure, and can be suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child and can be toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Only a few methods for total petroleum hydrocarbon extraction are environmental friendly. Several extractive methods are relative safety in operation. One of them is Soxlet extraction. A mixture of solvents (acetone / heptane) was chosen for our study. For each sample, 5 g of soil was extracted for 20 h with 40 ml of acetone and 20 ml of heptane. The most hazardous property of acetone is its extreme flammability. Acetone is recognized to have low acute and chronic toxicity if ingested and/or inhaled. It can cause drowsiness or dizziness, serious eye irritation and the repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. Heptane is highly flammable and may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways, as acetone. It may cause drowsiness or dizziness and it is very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Even if the extract method from our study takes considerable time, these were no major risks on environmental and health risks.

Key words: environmental health risks, total petroleum hydrocarbon, extraction methods.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

IDENTIFICATION AND PREVENTION OF POTENTIAL RISKS IN BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES

Cocarcea (Rusei) Andreea1, Gigel Paraschiv2, Lazar Gabriel1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania 2Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Cocarcea (Rusei) Andreea, [email protected]

Abstract: Biomass technologies for energy production offer the promise of improving economic efficiency and energy independence in the world. The use of renewable energy sources for biogas production is in accordance with the energy increasing requests to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and with decreasing of fossil energy resources. The biogas production technologies from biomass develop a potential risk for environment pollution. An important aspect in determining the potential risk is given by the type of biomass used. Construction and operation of biogas plants contains one of important aspect in risk assessment. Therefore it must take into account a series of rules to prevent a potential risk concerning environmental health. The risk assessment and management become necessary for farms which produce renewable energy. The aim of this paper is to identify the potential risk in biogas production from agricultural biomass. The main objective is to estimate the probabilities of risk occurrence and the ways to prevent and control these. The main hazards associated with biogas production are explosion, asphyxiation, disease, and hydrogen sulfide poisoning.The most important risk situations that may be occurring in biogas technology are strictly related to the type and manipulation of raw material and biogas plant maintenance.

Key words: risk assessment, risk management, biomass, biogas

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EFFETS DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LA GERMINATION DES SPORES DES BACILLUS

Stève Voundi1, Maximilienne Nyegue1,2, Iuliana Lazar 3, Dumitra Raducanu4 , Florentine Ndoye2, Chantal Menut5 and François-Xavier Etoa1

1Université de Yaoundé I, Département de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, BP 812 Yaoundé - Cameroun. 2 Université de Yaoundé I, Département de Biochimie, Laboratoire de Phytobiochimie et d’Etudes des Plantes Medicinales, BP 812 Yaounde- Cameroon 3 Université Vasile Alecsandri de Bacau, Département d’Ingénierie Chimique et alimentaire, Calea Marasesti, 157, Bacau- 600115 Roumanie. 4 Université Vasile Alecsandri de Bacau, Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Protection de l’Environnement, Calea Marasesti, 157, Bacau- 600115 Roumanie. 5 Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) de Montpellier, Equipe de Recherche « Glyco et nanovecteurs pour le criblage thérapeutique »

Corresponding author: Voundi Stève, [email protected]

Résumé: Dans les industries alimentaires, les spores bactériennes, sont résistantes à plusieurs traitements de stérilisation; de ce fait, elles constituent un facteur de risque majeur d’intoxication alimentaire. Par ailleurs, dans la tradition africaine, Drypetess gossweileri, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, Ageratum conyzoïdes, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia caryophyllus, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus reticulata et Citrus lemon sont des plantes fréquemment utilisées dans les recettes culinaires pour leur arome, et comme médicament en décoction, pour soigner les intoxications alimentaires. Cette étude a consisté à évaluer l’activité de leur huile essentielles sur la croissance végétative et la germination des spores de Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium et Bacillus stearothermophilus. Les résultats obtenus montrent une très forte activité inhibitrice de la croissance végétative des Bacillus, par l’huile essentielle de Drypetess gossweileri. Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices varient de 9,75 x 10-3 à 4,87 x 10-3 mg/ml. Pour les autres huiles essentielles, les inhibitions sont observées entre 1,25 et 2,5 mg/ml. Les huiles essentielles de Citrus reticulata ; Cymbopogon citratus et Eugenia caryophyllus sont bactéricides aux concentrations de 2,5 mg/ml. Concernant l’inhibition de la germination des spores, 3 huiles présentent un profil d’activité intéressant. L’huile essentielle de Drypetess gossweileri montre une activité inhibitrice plus importante car, inhibe la germination des spores des quatre Bacillus. A 1,25 mg/ml les pourcentages de germination sont inférieurs à 50 %. En outre, l’huile essentielle de Zingiber officinale bien que moins active sur la majorité des espèces, montre une inhibition de totale des spores de Bacillus subtilis à 2,5 mg/ml. Et enfin, Ocimum gratissimum a inhibé la germination des spores de Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium et Bacillus stearothermophilus, activité très significative à 2,5 mg/ml. Ces résultats montrent une activité double de quelques huiles essentielles sur la germination des spores et la croissance végétative des Bacillus. Par conséquent, leur utilisation comme conservateur alimentaire est fortement suggérée sous réserve des tests sensoriels.

Mots Clés : spores, Bacillus, huiles essentielles, inhibition, croissance, germination.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EFFET ANTI-INFLAMMATOIRE ET CYTOTOXIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE QUATRE OCIMUM CAMEROUNAISES

Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou1,2,3; Pierre Michel Jazet Ndongmo2,4; Madeleine Nina Ngo Mback2;Steve Henri Voundi5,3; Daniela Nicuta6, Dumitra Răducanu6; Emmanuel Bassene1; Fabrice Fekam Boyom2, Iuliana Lazar3

1 Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Botanique, BP 5005 fann, Dakar 2 Université de Yaoundé I, Département de Biochimie, BP 812 Yaoundé Cameroun 3 Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Département d’Engénieurie Chimique et Alimentaire, Calea Marasesti, 157, Bacau- 600115 Roumanie 4 Université de Douala, Département de Biochimie, BP 4982, Douala Cameroon 5 Université de Yaoundé I, Département de Microbiologie, BP 812 Yaoundé Cameroun 6 Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Département de Biologie, écologie et protection de l'environnement, Calea Marasesti, 157, Bacau- 600115 Roumanie

Corresponding author: Jean Bapstite Hzounda Fokou, [email protected]

Abstract: Le potentiel anti inflammatoire sur la cyclo-oxygénase 1 et 2 de même que l’effet cytotoxique des huiles essentielles et des combinaisons optimisés du genre Ocimum n’a pas encore été étudié. Cette étude vise à lever un pan de voile sur l’effet anti-inflammatoire et cytotoxique des huiles essentielles de quatre Ocimum d’origine Camerounaise. Les huiles essentielles ont été obtenues par hydrodistillation utilisant un dispositif de type clevenger. L’activité anti-inflammatoire a été étudiée sur la cyclo-oxygénase 1 et 2 bovine utilisant un kit et respectant scrupuleusement les consignes du fabricant. L’étude cytogénétique permettant de suivre l’effet des huiles essentielles sur la division cellulaire, l’index mitotique, la fréquence et le type d’anomalie chromosomique ont été analysés sur le méristème des racines d’oignons traités avec les différentes concentrations d’huile essentielle. Le témoin négatif était constitué d’eau de robinet et le blanc constitué de Tween 80 préparé à une concentration finale de 5%. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que, Les huiles essentielles ont un effet anti-inflammatoire par inhibition de l’activité des cyclo-oxygénase 1 et 2 bovine. Cette inhibition est fonction de l’espèce de plante et des concentrations testés. De plus aux fortes concentrations en huile essentielles (5µl/ml), la croissance racinaire des bulbes d’oignons est stoppée. Aux concentrations de 1µl/ml, la plus part des cellules sont bloqués en interphase alors que aux concentrations de 0,5µl/ml, le développement racinaire est comparable au contrôle. Les anomalies chromosomiques (bridge, chromosomes retardés ou expulsés, métaphase désorganisées) observées au cours de ces mitoses ne sont pas statistiquement différentes de celle observées dans le contrôle négatif. Les combinaisons optimisées des huiles essentielles n’ont pas montré des signes de cytotoxicité significatifs comparés au contrôle. Ces résultats montrent que les huiles essentielles des Ocimum Camerounaises peuvent être utilisées dans la modulation de la réponse immunitaire sans interférer dans la production des cellules immunitaires.

Key words: Ocimum, Huile Essentielle, Clyclo-oxygénase, Cytotoxique.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CARACTÉRISATION SPECTROSCOPIQUE DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES DE QUATRES OCIMUM D’ORIGINE CAMEROUNAISE

Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou1,2,3, Pierre Michel Jazet Ndongmo2,4, Madeleine Nina Ngo Mback2, Dumitra Răducanu3, Iuliana Caraman5, Emmanuel Bassene1, Fabrice Fekam Boyom2, Iuliana Lazar6

1 Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Botanique 2Université de Yaoundé I, Département de Biochimie 3 Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Département de Biologie, écologie et protection de l'environnement 4Université de Douala, Département de Biochimie 5 Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Département d’ingénieurie méchanique et environnementale 6 Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacau, Département d’Engénieurie Chimique et Alimentaire

Corresponding author: Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou, [email protected]

Resumé: Le contrôle de la qualité est un outil indispensable permettant d’assurer l’efficacité pharmacologique d’un médicament. Malheureusement, il n’existe pas de méthode standard de contrôle de la qualité des médicaments traditionnels. Cet article propose une caractérisation infra-rouge et chémométrique comme méthode de contrôle de la qualité des huiles essentielles de quatre Ocimum. Les huiles essentielles d’Ocimum canum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum et Ocimum urticaefolium ont été extraites par hydrodistillation puis combinées entre elles comme suit : Ocimum basilicum/Ocimum canum ; Ocimum gratissimum /Ocimum canum ; Ocimum urticaefolium /Ocimum canum dans les proportions 50/50 µl/ml ; Ocimum basilicum/Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum/Ocimum urticaefolium aux concentrations 0.629/0.147 µl/ml et Ocimum urticaefolium/Ocimum gratissimum 0.583/0.147µl/ml. Chacune de ces huiles essentielles et formulations a été soumis à une caractérisation par Réflectance Atténué Total associé à l’Infrarouge par Transformer de Fourrier. La zone de balayage allait de 4000 à 400 cm-1 sur un appareil de type Bruker tensor équipé d’une lentille en diamant. Les spectres ont été enregistrés par le logiciel OPUS. Les analyses chémométriques ont été faites par les logiciels OriginePro, Xlstat et Statgraphic. La spectroscopie montre des spectres différents pour les huiles essentielles et formules. En effet la région de l’ « empreinte digitale » a montré des pics caractéristiques de chaque huile essentielle. De plus, l’analyse de la zone de 3200 à 2600 cm-1 montre la présence des terpénoïdes. L’analyse de la zone 3200 à 3600 révèle la présence des composés hydroxylés. Les combinaisons de ces huiles permettent d’avoir des spectres originaux généralement différent des spectres des huiles essentielles seules. La classification hiérarchique ascendante de ces huiles essentielles et des formules permet de la classer en 4 groupes (p˂0.05). Une classe constitué par Ocimum canum seule, une autres classe constitué par Ocimum urticaefolium et la combinaison Ocimum urticaefolium/Ocimum gratissimum, une troisième classe constitué des autre combinaisons avec Ocimum urticaefolium et la dernière et la plus importante de toutes, celle constitué d’Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum et du reste des combinaisons. Cette étude permet de donner les profils spectraux des huiles essentielles et de leurs combinaisons optimisées.

Mots Clefs: Ocimum, Huiles Essentielles, FTIR-ART, Chémometrie.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania (11 pt)

THE EFFECT OF ROSEHIP POWDER ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT FLOUR

Nicoleta Vartolomei1, Vasilica Alisa Arus1, Alina Mihaela Moroi1, Maria Turtoi2

1 - Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Engineering Faculty, 157 Marasesti St., 600115 Bacau, Romania 2 - Dunărea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, 47 Domneasca St., 800008 Galati, Romania

Corresponding author: Nicoleta Vartolomei, [email protected]

Abstract: After processing the grains of wheat to obtain flour, some beneficial substances are largely lost due to bran and germ removal. Moreover, natural fibres, famous for their nutritional value, are eliminated almost completely. Therefore, wheat flour composition has a lower or even very low (i.e. white flour) content in vitamins, minerals and fibres, compared to the whole wheat. Due to this fact flour supplementation with nutrients is widely used in bakery. Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruits have a high content of vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium and iron. In addition, rosehip fruits are a rich source of bio-flavonoids, pectin, vitamin E, selenium, manganese, and B complex vitamins. It also contains moderate amounts of magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and silicon. Rosehip fruits are used as a natural remedy for a variety of health problems. As a result of these positive aspects, rosehip fruits could be used in bakery. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of rosehip powder addition to the physic-chemical properties of different wheat flours. The addition of rosehip powder is done on different types of wheat flour: white flour (WF-550), intermediate flour (IF-1050), and whole wheat flour (WWF-1350) in order to obtain a broad set of experimental data. The data show that technological parameters of the flours are greatly modified by the addition of rosehip powder. This method is revealed as an excellent tool to ensure a good distribution of rosehip powder on flour and an improvement in the bread making quality.

Keywords: wheat, flour, rosehip, powder, quality.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VARIATION OF ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF WATER BY ABIOTIC TYPOLOGY IN SIRET RIVER BASIN

Roxana Nechifor1,2, Maria-Ema Faciu1, Camelia Ureche3, Dorel Ureche3, Iuliana Lazar1,4

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engeneering, Romania 2Siret Water Basin Administration, Bacau, No 1 Cuza Voda Street, Bacau – 600274, Romania 3”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Romania 4“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Romania

Corresponding author: Roxana Nechifor, [email protected]

Abstract: In accordance with Water Framework Directive 60/CEE/2000, surface waters are differentiated by abiotic typology. In Romania, these delineate twenty abiotic typologies, twelve of them being found across the Siret River Basin. Water and macroinvertebrates samples were collected from seventy-three river sections of Siret River Basin, between years 2011 and 2013 in two seasonal sampling campaigns. The seventy-three sections are part of the nine abiotic typologies, which include rivers from the mountains to the plain area, some of them being influenced by natural causes from quality point of view. The general physicochemical parameters were measured and the diversity and quality indices based on macroinvertebrates were calculated. A multimetric index for water quality was determined based on biological indices. Similarities between studied sections were analyzed using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) considering physicochemical parameters, biological indices and their seasonal variation. A high degree of similarity (93.4%) was recorder between sections of Milcov, Ramna and Putna, and sections from Moldova, Bistrita (upper course), Suceava and Sadau in both seasons and for both categories of parametres. Differences in their degree of similarity were registered for sections from Siret, Trotus and lower course of Bistrita in time and between seasons.

Key words: macroinvertebrates, multimetric index, physicochemical parameters, ecological status, Siret River Basin

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM ON BRASSICA NAPUS L, TRITICUM SPP AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE

Sorina Zîrnea1, Dumitra Răducanu2, Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou3, Ana Maria Vasilachi- Macsim1, Elena Goldan1, Iuliana Lazăr2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 3University of Yaounde, Camerun, Department of Biochemistry

Corresponding author: Zîrnea Sorina, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the effect of phosphogypsum mixed with soil in various concentrations on growth of three test plants. The plants materials were Brassica napus L, Triticum spp and Trifolium pratense. The test was performed during 21 days on soil containing 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 24, 28 and 30% (w/w) of phosphogypsum. The experiment design respects the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD guidelines. The germination rate, the biometric parameters (biomass, root and stem length and leaf area) and the phytochemical contents (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total phenol and flavonoids) were analysed for each test plant. The results revealed that Trifolium pratense has a low germination rate (15-52%), compared with Brassica napus L (100%) and Triticum spp (100%). For this raison, only Brassica napus L and Triticum spp were selected for the next investigations. The biometric parameters variations were correlated to the phytochemicals variations for each selected plant. Brassica napus L and Triticum spp test plants have different response regarding defence system and nutrition processes induced by phosphogypsum. Brassica napus L has better response at PG substrate varying between 20 and 28%, unlike Triticum spp that which the better response was at 8% PG.

Key words: OECD, ecotoxicity, phosphogypsum, rapeseed, wheat.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DETERMINATION DE LA TOXICITE IN SILICO DES L’HUILES ESSENTIELLES D’OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L DE YAOUNDE ET DE DSCHANG, CAMEROUN

F.J.B. Hzounda1,2*, T.I.F. Kenfack 1, I. Barkanga-via1, D.P.M. Jazet1,3, B.F Fekam1

1Laboratoire de phytobiochimie et d’étude es plantes médicinale Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun 2Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Botanique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar Sénégal 3Departement de Biochimie Université de Douala

Corresponding author: Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou , [email protected]

Résumé: Les plantes du genre Ocimum sont connues pour leurs multiples effets pharmacologiques. Cette étude permet de prédire la toxicité des composés des huiles essentielles de provenant de deux régions Camerounaises. Les huiles essentielles ont été obtenu par hydrodistillation utilisant un dispositif de type clevenger et la composition chimique a été évaluée par CPG et CPG/SM. La prédiction de la toxicité a été faite par comparaison des structures des composé avec celles de la base de donné de Lhasa ltd utilisant le logiciel DEREK NEXUS 2010 pour Windows. Les résultats montrent que, l’huile essentielle de Dschang et Yaoundé ont montré un effet positif sur la sensibilité dermique (59.8% et 21.1%),carcinogénicité (1.4% et 4.2%), nephro-toxicité (1.2% and 4.3%), térato-toxicité (0% and 0.4%), hépato-toxicité (47.9% and 3.6%), néphropathie (0.2% and 0%), la toxicité développementale (0.2% and 1.4%), les dommages sur l’ADN (66.8% and 41.3%) respectivement. 15.6% et 32.2% des composés présent dans ces huiles ne présente aucune toxicité. Partant de là nous pouvons conclure que les huiles essentielles d’Ocimum gratissimum L.de Dschang pourraient être plus toxiques que celles de Yaoundé. Cette étude suggère que Yaoundé serrait le meilleur site pour la culture et l’exploitation pharmaceutique.

Mots Clefs: Ocimum gratissimum L., Essential oil, Predictive toxicology, in silico

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ACTIVITE ANTIFONGIQUE DE HYPERICUM LANCEOLATUM, HYPERICUM RIPARIUM ET GNIDIA GLAUCA

Jean B. Hzounda Fokou1,2, Lile C. Nguemang Mabou1, Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem1, Marguerite Simo Kamdem1, Issakou Barkanga-via1, Patric V. Tsouh Fokou1,Vincent Ngouana1, Pierre M. Jazet Dongmo1,3, Fabrice Fekam Boyom1

1Laboratoire de phytobiochimie et d’étude es plantes médicinale Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun 2 Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Botanique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar Sénégal 3Dapartement de Biochimie Université de Douala

Corresponding author : Jean Baptiste Hzounda fokou , [email protected]

Résumé: Hypericum Lanceolatum, Hypericum riparium et Gnidia glauca sont les plantes utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle Camerounaise contre plusieurs maux. Très peut d’étude scientifiques ont porté sur la valorisation de ces propriétés. Cette étude évalue le potentiel anti fongique des extraits méthanolique et des fractions de ces trois plantes. Les extraits ont été obtenus par macération dans le méthanol. Les Fractions ont été obtenues par partition utilisant un soxhlet. Les solvants étaient de l’hexane 100%, Hexane/ acétate d’éthyle (1/1), acétate d’éthyle 100%, acétate d’éthyle /Méthanol (1/1), méthanol 100% et les résidu final à été suspendu dans l’eau. Les extraits et les fractions ont été testé sur Candida albicans, Candida parapsilopsis et Cryptococcus néoformans utilisant la méthode de dilution sur milieu liquide. Les extrait de plante ont montré un effet inhibiteur sur toutes les levures testés avec des concentrations minimales Inhibitrices variant de 50 à 12.5 mg/ml pour les extraits bruts et de 10 à 0.169 mg/ml. Dans ces conditions la Concentration Minimales Inhibitrice de la Nystatine était de 7.8µg/ml par contre celle du Kétoconazole était de 10 à 5 mg/ml. Ces résultat suggère que ces plantes serrait riche en composés bioactifs responsable de leur activité antifongique.

Mots Clefs: Hypericum lanceolatum, Hypericum riparium, Gnidia glauca, Fractions, Antifungal.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

BIOMONITORING THE QUALITY OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES

Marius Nadejde1, Petronela Bran2, Camelia Ureche2, Dorel Ureche2, Gabriel Lazar1, Irina Ifrim3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engeneering, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 2”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 3”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania

Corresponding author: Marius Nădejde, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to assess the water quality, using a non-destructive method based on the infrared spectroscopy analysis of the fish scales. The biological material was sampled in October of 2012 in a section of the River Siret, downstream Galbeni accumulation, using a harmless electrofishing appliance with double insulation, FEG 5000. Some of the physico-chemical characteristics of the water (i.e. temperature, oxygen, conductivity, pH) have been analyzed using a multiparameter device, as well as the fish communities structure. The fish scales were sampled from a several number of species: Gobio obtusirostris, Romanogobio kesslerii, Rhodeus amarus, Carassius gibelio, Squalius cephalus, Alburnus alburnus and Scardinius erythrophthalmus. The scales samples were oven dried and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy technique both ventral and dorsal side in order to highlight some correlation of the persistent organic chemicals bioaccumulation and the scales side as well as to notice if the bioaccumulation process depends on the fish scales side or not. Some differences in bioaccumulation between the two fish scale sides have been revealed especially for the following fish species: chub (Squalius cephalus), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), and the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio).

Key words: fish scales, water quality, non-destructive methods, bioaccumulation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWN TO POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONTAMINANT AREA

Mioara Rachieru (Săndulache)1, Adriana Luminiţa Fînaru2, Dumitra Răducanu3, Irina Loredana Ifrim2, Ema Maria Făciu1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering, Marasesti Street, 157, Bacau – 600115 Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, CISAPM, Marasesti Street, 157, Bacau – 600115 Romania 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Marasesti Street, 157, Bacau – 600115 Romania

Corresponding author: Mioara Rachieru (Săndulache), [email protected]

Abstract: The objectives of this study is to identify areas with potentially contaminated vegetation near a phosphogypsum dump and to determine the areas that should be avoided for harvesting the plants.The aim of the study is to characterize the physico-chemical and medicinal plants, Urtica dioica and Artemisia absinthium, free raised and used with the therapeutic role. The samples of soil and plant material were collected from phosphogypsum dump of SC Amurco Bacau, Romania, in March 2014, when plants were at the beginning of vegetation's period. The control samples were collected at 1 km North-East distance from the dump, in an unpolluted area. Physico-chemical properties were analyzed by standard methods. Functional chemical groups associated with each plant species were evaluated using infrared spectroscopy. Biometric measurements have revealed for Urtica dioica longer lengths of root samples from the dump. The root diameters of the investigated Urtica dioica specie on the dump were lower than to the control sample. The stems' lengths are smaller, but their diameters are larger at dump's samples than the control one. The green biomass is greater at the control sample related to the root. The aerial part of the plant biomass is greater at the sample collected from dump's base. Dry substance is higher for plants collected from the dump toward the control. The stem lengths were smaller and biomass was higher for Artemisia absinthium collected from the dump toward the control. Dry substance had bigger values for the control and for the sample collected from dump's base. Chlorophyll a ranged between 3.03 – 4.70 mg/g fresh weight for Urtica dioica and chlorophyll b between 3.59 – 5.44 mg/g. The control sample was having minimum values for chlorophyllian pigments. Carotenoids values ranged between 0.72 – 0.91 mg/g. The phenols content was 27.78 - 29.46 mg Gallic acid/100 g extract. Chlorophyll a had values between 23.03465 -24.66798 mg/g and chlorophyll b between 69.25786 – 70.03589 mg/g for Artemisia absinthium.The pH and electrical conductivity were measured for soils sample. The soil had a weak acid character due to phosphogypsum. The pH values vary between 5.50 and 6.16. The electrical conductivity of the soil varies between 55.08 – 71.12 µS/ cm. The results for Urtica dioica and Artemisia absinthium harvested at the beginning of the growing season showed that the biomass of samples from dump is relatively lower than the control sample, despite some biometric data are higher. The cause would be due to potentially contaminated soil with an acid pH.

Keywords: phosphogypsum, Urtica dioica, Artemisia absinthium, physico-chemical parameters, antioxidant properties

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CHARACTERIZATION OF RHODEUS AMARUS BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Alina Ioana Diaconescu1, Dorel Ureche1, Iuliana Caraman1, Camelia Ureche2, Iuliana Lazar3, Gabriel Lazar1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, 600115, Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, 600115, Romania 3”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Food, Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Dorel Ureche, [email protected]

Abstract: The pollution of freshwater has been a great concern due to their toxic nature and adverse effects. The freshwater fish, as a bio indicator species, plays an increasingly important role in the monitoring and detection of water pollution because it responds with great sensitivity to changes in the aquatic environment. Fish scales are the first target to freshwater pollutants due to the constant contact with the external environment. It is well known that the changes in fish scales are among the most commonly recognized responses to environmental pollutants. The bitterling, Rhodeus amarus, (Bloch, 1782) is a temperate freshwater fish belonging to the Acheilognathinae sub-family of the Cyprinidae family. In Europe, of its distribution range, the bitterling is mostly seen as a rare and endangered fish and is considered as a species of high conservation status. In our study, bitterling fish scales were characterized by non-destructive method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to assess the main chemical functional compounds in this fish scales. The involvement of phosphate groups in Pb (II) biosorption by fish scales revealed from FTIR analysis was reported by other authors in the literature. It can be concluded that the 900-1260 cm-1 spectral region may provide useful fingerprints allowing the characterization fish and provide useful information regarding the toxic metals retained. This investigated technique can be considered as cheap and eco-friendly safe method.

Key word: freshwater fish, scales, FTIR, fingerprint region

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A VERSATILE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE RISK OF CHRONIC/ ACUTE INTOXICATION WITH VOC IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Florin Nenciu1, Ionut Georgescu1, Elena Elisabeta Manea 2

1 Global Innovation Solution, Department of Engineering and Environmental Research 2 University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Florin Nenciu, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper introduces an efficient method for assessing the risk of disease caused by prolonged exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the indoor environment, in order to predict and prevent carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects on human health. The aim of this study is to find new ways to lower the risk of disease for people working in toxic environments, by increasing the measurements accuracy, reliability and cost-effectiveness. The research activities were focused on improving the performances of certain low cost monitoring equipment, and finding best solutions for a stable and reliable method to measure volatile organic compounds for long periods of time. By implementing an optimized risk prediction algorithm, will be made significant improvements in indoor environment quality and ease the evaluation of challenging situations, when the volatile pollutant concentration values are recorded at high levels but below the critical admissible limit. The proposed monitoring system is a useful tool for designing and sizing properly the ventilation systems inside the workspace when dealing with hazardous volatile organic compounds, especially in industrial halls. Imposing maximum pollutant limits and visual/acoustic alarms in laboratories or in storage facilities of hazardous substances, one can avoid imminent danger situations, warning when the pollutant concentration is close to the threshold value. The existing monitoring systems, approved by most regulatory authorities are designed to track only the daily pollutant variations, they are unable to determine the levels of risk associated with long-term exposure. Using the proposed smart evaluation method, chronic illnesses and cancers could be prevented effectively, once associated with various predictive models, in order to generate automatically a set of scenarios related to the level of exposure and health consequences. Health assessment involves determining the frequency, magnitude, duration and nature of exposure, while risk estimations can be made for past, present and future exposures, identifying the main potential pathways of exposure.

Key words: volatile organic compounds, indoor pollution

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AIR QUALITY ALERT DETERMINATION FOR PATIENTS WITH CARDO- RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS IN MURES COUNTY

Valentin Nadasan1, Laszlo Barna Iantovics2, Elena Nechita3, Vladimir Bacarea1

1 University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tg Mures, Romania 2Petru Maior University of Tg. Mures, Romania 3Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, Romania

Corresponding author: Laszlo Barna Iantovics, [email protected]

Abstract. Context: Hospital admissions for cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, chronic respiratory illnesses such asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and even acute respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and influenza are associated with the concentrations of several common air pollutants. The Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN) in Romania includes 142 automated monitoring stations. 41 of the stations are located in the most representative urban centres. Data are continually collected and displayed on the network's website and also in 107 outdoor and indoor information displays located in the monitored cities. Purpose: The purpose of our work was to develop RESPIRO, a mobile phone application that would extend, enhance and tailor the access of several at risk population to the existing data about air pollution in any place in Romania. Methodology: The most important high risk groups, the main relevant air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter < 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter) and the threshold values of the concentrations were selected based on the current medical evidence published in the literature. Results: The application displays a general air quality index based on at least three of the relevant air pollutant concentrations and also, if desired, the specific indexes for each of the available pollutants. The application has the potential of reducing the number of critical episodes of cardio-respiratory chronic illnesses and the associated hospital admissions. Based on collected results we have made some conclusions related with the air quality influence to the patients with cardio-respiratory conditions.

Key words: environment informatics, natural risk, chronic cardio-respiratory diseases, air pollution alert, artificial intelligence

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK RELATING AN INAPPROPIATE PHONIC TREATMENT OF ENCLOSURES

Florin Nedeff, Claudia Tomozei, Gabriel Lazar

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Florin Nedeff, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents a study on the implications in failing to achieve a proper noise treatment of the enclosures, particularly when they are intended for use as spaces for education. Noise treatment ways of the enclosures are presented in two situations: already built enclosures and enclosures that will be built. Therefore were analyzed comparatively the methods and materials used in each of the two situations to identify the optimal solutions of realization that are also efficient from the economic point of view. Ensuring good acoustics of an enclosure is influenced by the shape and dimensions of the enclosure, the acoustic treatment of the coverages surfaces of the enclosure and the specific acoustic wave propagation. Studying the variation of sound pressure level in an enclosure by time is achieved through analysis of the reverberation time and by space through analysis of the directional diffusion index. There are certain inter-penetration in the functions of some of the materials and devices used for sound insulation and noise optimization and the way to perform these steps requires the implementation of distinct principles of acoustics and exploitation of somehow complementary properties of the materials used. The procedures of improving sound insulation for an enclosure, generally lead to worsening its acoustic response, but there are situations where techniques to improve the indoor acoustics cause in certain situations phonic damage. Acoustic analysis of a building is necessary to be performed in the early design stage, because measures for the acoustic treatment of the enclosure requires calculation steps, design and realization of the structure, lighting, ventilation and heating of the enclosure, which performed after the construction phase would require additional time and cost.

Key word: enclosure, acoustic treatment, soundproofing treatment, sound insulation

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF CROP PLANTS IN INDUSTRIAL HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL IN THE UPPER MUREŞ RIVER BASIN

Florica Morar1, Adrian Gligor2, Laszlo Barna Iantovics3

1“Petru Maior” University of Tirgu-Mures, Department of Management and Industrial Engineering 2“Petru Maior” University of Tirgu-Mures, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3“Petru Maior” University of Tirgu-Mures, Department of Informatics

Florica Morar, [email protected]

Abstract: Phytoremediation consists of treating environmental problems through the use of some plants. Such solutions eliminate the need to excavate the contaminant material that should be disposed elsewhere. Applications of phytoremediation are described in papers such as: “Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals using Brassica napus” (Park, J., Kim, J. Y. & Kim, K. W., 2012) or “Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Soils of Băiuţ Area, Maramureş County, Romania” (Chira, I., Damian, Gh. & Chira, R., 2014). This paper presents a study on soil remediation in the upper Mureş river basin through phytoremediation, using a specific research methodology. The proposed phytoremediation is a passive process, with low costs, it is appropriate for the limitation of risk of hazardous wastes in the case of in-depth contaminated soil. The objective of the research is to determine the ability of some types of crop plant cultures to reduce the heavy metal concentration in soils contaminated by industrial activities. In this respect, we performed experiments using plants (wheat, canola and soybean) which were sown in pots of vegetation/soil pots with samples taken from polluted industrial areas, located in the upper basin of the Mures river. Of all the plants used in our experiments, rape and soy bean presented an increased potential regarding the accumulation of heavy metals in the upper parts. At 100 meters from the pollution source we noted a significant decrease of the heavy metal concentration in the soil. This paper presents an efficient intercession (from financial and technical point of view) of the soils situated in the upper Mureş river basin, polluted soils (till the penetration dept of the plants rhizosphere) as a consequence of the industrial antrophic activities. This work may enable effective remedy (in terms of technical and financial) of soils located in the upper basin of the Mures river, polluted soils (to a depth of penetration of the plant rhizosphere) Following the development of human activities, especially industrial.

Key words: industrial pollution, soil pollution, phytoremediation, agricultural crops, heavy metals, mass spectrometry, rape, soybean.

References Park, J., Kim, J. Y. & Kim, K. W., 2012. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals using Brassica napus, Geosystem Engineering, 15(1), 10-18. Pavel, B. P., Grama, B. G., Sand, C., Pop, M. R. & Barbu, C. H., 2010. Cultivation of a New Plant on Soils Polluted With Heavy Metals and the Use of the Resulted Biomass. Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis, Agr. Sci., 1(10), 64. Fuentes, A., Lloréns, M., Sáez, J., Aguilar, M. I., Ortuno J. F. & Meseguer, V. F. 2004. Phytotoxicity and heavy metals speciation of stabilised sewage sludges. J. of Hazardous Materials, 108(3), 161-169. Giller, K. F., Witter, E. & McGrath, S.P., 1998. Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial – processes in agricultural soils. Review. Soil Bull. Biochem, 30(10-11), 1389–1414. Qing, W. J., Shuttua, R. & Chun, S. D., 2003. Selection of a Hyperaccumulator for the Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contamined Soil. J. of China Agr. Univ., 8(1), 67-70. Quartacci, M. F., Argilla, A., Bakerand, A.J.M. & Navari-Izzo, F., 2006. Phytoextraction of Metals From a Multiply Contaminated Soilby Indian Mustard. Chemosphere, 63(6), 918-925. Raskin, L., Smith, R. D. & Salt, D. E. 1997. Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 8, 221-226.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MICROCLIMATIC AND ANTHROPIC INFLUENCE ON PAINTED WOOD

Ioana Huțanu1, Liliana Nica1, Ion Sandu1, Viorica Vasilache1

1 University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iași, Faculty of Geography, Department of Nature Science, Arheoinvest Platform, Blvd. Carol I 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Ioana Huțanu, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: A work of art is a message, an independent entity for centuries. Its component materials, exposed to natural factors and anthropic improper conditions, suffer damage and degradation, affecting the aesthetic and structural unit of the good heritage, altering the initial message. This paper presents the mode of action of environmental and anthropic factors on the paint layer of icons dated from the XVII century. Belongs to a personal collection, depicting "The Coronation of Mary" in neoclassical style. Central scene is framed by many small characters and scenes, united by beautiful floral carved polychrome wood. First, to preserve the works of art on wood is necessary to provide an optimum microclimate. Disregarding these notes led to the appearance of damage and degradation. The strong light through the photo-oxidation process and the presence of oxygen, led to vernier yellowing, darkening and loss of mechanical strength of certain colors. Composition of air, dust and smoke that penetrated inside the store icon and improper manipulating, realized over the years lead to fouling of a thick layer of dirt adherent that stopped readability pictorial representations. Extreme variations in temperature and humidity lead to loss of cohesion of the binder, which generated multiple exfoliations and product separation of the different layers of the painting and the painting on the support. Because of this many of these pieces have been lost in time, icon present superficial and deep gaps in 90 procents. Anthropic factor contributed to the deterioration and degradation processes by improper interventions, defective handling and storage of the icon improperly microclimate. The physical and structural reintegration of the object were analyzed by optical microscopy, SEM-EDX and micro-FTIR. Following their identification was rebuilt pictorial adhesion to the substrate through consolidation. After removing the adherent dirt through repeated grouting was rebuilt icon structural integrity and physical proximity to the original message. To further preserve the icon has been installed a thermo-hygrometer, a mobil climatizoar, a humidifier and a tampon material (silica gel).

Key words: icon, microclimate, deterioration, decay, consolidation, SEM-EDX, micro-FTIR

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDY OF STOPING THE XYLOPHAGOUS ATAC ON A XIX-TH CENTURY ICON PANEL, BY MODIFYING THE LEVEL OF OXIGEN INSIDE THE CRYPTOCLIMAT

Munteanu Marius1, Ion Sandu1, 2, Viorica Vasilache1, 2,Ana-Maria Budu1

1„Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi, ARHEOINVEST Platform, Blvd. Carol I 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 2 Romanian Inventors Forum, Str Sf. Petru Movila 3, L11, III/3, 700089, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Marius Munteanu, Munteanu. [email protected]

Abstract: This study presents the data regarding the stoping of a xylophagous atac on the panel of „Lady from Rohia” icon, part of the cultural heritage of „Saint Mihail and Gavriil„ church from Galați, by modifying the level of oxygen in the cryptoclimat. The icon is made by an anonymus painter, in tempera pigments, on a lime wood support, without ground. God’s Mother is centrally represented, from one side, only the bust, with her head down, towards the scene of crucifixion. The lower part of the wooden panel is occupied by three scenes: a central one with Saint Mihail and Gavriil Archangels situated between two representations of the same scene of Saint Gheorghe killing the dragon. The predominant colors of the icon are ultramarine blue, green and ocher, the lower scenes being framed with gold leaf. In the lower right bottom corner there is an inventory number, proof of being part of the church's icon collection. The painting layer has gaps, fissures, detachments, dyrt, degraded and scaly varnish. The panel is made out of two boards, radially cut, kept together by two crossbeams and it is severally degraded by the xylophagous atac. The study present the stages and the operating systems (the materials and the processes) used in stopping the xylophagous atac by lowering the value of the oxygen inside the cryptoclimat below 0,1% for a period of 14 days. In order to obtain the treating system, with an induced anaerobic cryptoclimat, the icon and the measuring devices were sealed in a polyethylene bag from which the air was completely removed and replaced with nitrogen. The cryptoclimatic factors of the nitrogen atmosphere (the level of oxygen, enviroment humidity and the temperature) were then monitored for a period of 14 days. The effect of anaerobic gasification on the evolution of the xylophagous insect population was studied.

Keywords: icon, xylophagous atac , cryptoclimat, oxygen concentration, nitrogen atmosphere.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MICROCLIMATE EFFECTS ON OLD WOOD PAINTED

Liliana Nica1, Ioana Huțanu1, Ion Sandu1, Viorica Vasilache1

1 University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iași, Faculty of Geography, Department of Nature Science, Arheoinvest Platform, Blvd. Carol I 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Liliana Nica, [email protected]

Abstract: The esthetical aspect to old painted wood support is given by the arrangement of the elements that constitute the materials. This is the foundament of maintaining the original condition as close as possible to send a message unaltered in time. Deterioration and degradation of old wooden support, modify its initial message. Therefore conservation and preservation must have to do reference to the material side, that manifests the image. Old wooden support permanently interacts with the environment being into a constant change. Because of humidity and temperature oscillations, wood panel suffers dimensional changes and modifications due to the action of factors biodegradable, often with serious consequences on the structural integrity but also on the ability to support the paint layer. In the same circumstances found itself the icon of "Coronation of Mary" belonging to a private collection, dating from the first half of the XVII century. The icon shows a series of medallions, carefully worked, flanked by phytomorphic elements, also worked meticulously. Wood support found itself into an advanced state of deterioration and degradation. This paper presents a method for consolidating and completing the missing surfaces of linden wood panels of old paintings. The artwork suffered from various cracks, separation and large losses of wood. Entirely support present on whole aspect spongy and brittle. To this purpose, the interventions must be compatible with the structural components of the painting and not affect the aesthetics of the artifacts. For the intervention is was used consolidations of balsa wood, resin and natural beeswax. The results of analysis performed by optical microscopy, FTIR and the SEM-EDX showed that the panel was painted on wood of linden. Based on this information, the support was consolidated, rebuilt the physico-structural integrity and the original message of the icon.

Key words: wood panel, consolidation, deterioration, degradation, FTIR, SEM-EDX,

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AMENAGEMENTS HYDROAGRICOLES ET RISQUES DE PRODUCTION EN RIZ DANS LE BASSIN VERSANT DU MARIGOT DE BIGNONA

Léopold Mougabie Badiane, Adrien Coly, Boubou Aldiouma Sy

Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis (SENEGAL), Laboratoire LEIDI

Corresponding author: Léopold Mougabie Badiane, [email protected]

Abstract: La présente communication entre dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat de géographie à l’U.F.R de Lettres et Sciences Humaines de l’Université Gaston Berger et répond aux sollicitations de la réforme LMD (Licence Master Doctorat) de 2008 qui recommandent la participation à des rencontres scientifiques et à des publications. D’approche environnementale, le thème proposé pour la communication est une des préoccupations de la thèse intitulée : « La gestion de l’eau et l’espace dans un hydrosystème aménagé : le marigot de Bignona en Basse- Casamance. » Pendant les années 60-70, les totaux pluviométriques enregistrés dans le pays baissaient et favorisaient la remontée et l’intrusion des eaux salées venue de la mer vers les cours d’eau secondaires des grands fleuves tels : le Fleuve Sénégal et le Fleuve Casamance. Ainsi, durant les années 80, une politique de l’Etat du Sénégal basée sur la construction de barrages anti-sel va être développée en Casamance avec la construction du barrage anti-sel d’Affiniam sur le marigot de Bignona. Il a pour objectif de stopper la remontée de la langue salée mais surtout de favoriser un plan d’eau en amont afin de produire une deuxième culture de riz après celle de la saison des pluies pratiquée par les Diolas. Mais une difficulté de gestion du barrage va se poser car le plan d’eau douce stocké en amont rend difficile la survie de la mangrove et des espèces de poisson d’eau salée. De même, les eaux de drain salées stockées sur les cours secondaires du marigot ne favorisaient pas la culture de riz. Pour y remédier, des ouvrages secondaires vont être édifiés sur ces bras secondaires du marigot durant les années 1990. Un plan d’eau important est ainsi maintenu en amont mais va occasionner des pertes de surfaces de culture de riz considérables sur l’ensemble du bassin versant. Une multiplication de ces ouvrages hydroagricoles est notée, ce qui pousse à étudier la relation entre ces aménagements et la production du riz. Dans la région d’étude, le riz cultivé occupe une place centrale dans la vie économique mais aussi culturelle (il n’est pas vendu mais consommé localement, la bonne récolte est un signe de bravoure du couple…) Le document à produire servira à orienter la politique d’atteinte de l’autosuffisance en riz de l’Etat du Sénégal dans le bassin versant de Bignona mais aussi permettra de faire une publication (créditée). La démarche est basée sur une analyse documentaire qui repose sur des travaux antérieurs de maîtrise et de master dans ce même espace, sur des résultats statistiques de campagnes agricoles, sur des traitements de données climatique, sur une collecte et un traitement de données de terrain (pédologique, entretien, visite d’ouvrages, mesures d’équipement) et sur une localisation et analyse cartographiques des ouvrages hydroagricoles.

Keywords: Risque, Aménagements hydroagricoles, Gestion, Environnement, Production rizicole

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MUNGBEAN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ON ENVIROMENT

Teodor Robu1, Creola Brezeanu1, 2, Petre Marian Brezeanu2, Silvica Ambăruș2, Tina Oana Cristea2, Maria Călin2

1University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Department of Plant Science 2 Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau, Department of Research

Corresponding author: Creola Brezeanu, [email protected]

Abstract: Agriculture is one environmental polluters but also the main provider of food for humans and animals. Chaotic exploitation of water and soil resources, excessive use of pesticides has led to problems with serious consequences in affecting environmental quality and human health. The aim of the study was to investigate new environmental friendly techniques and methods applied in organic and conventional system in purpose to reduce the negative agricultural impact on environment. The investigations were developed on Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek species, thaks to its multiple benefits that leguminous crop confer at farm and entire ecosystem level: source of protein for human and animal consumption, high capacity for nitrogen fixation and thus recovery of soil fertility, enormous benefit to entire agro-ecosystem, high potential for use as green manure, multiple usefulness in obtaining: biofuels, pharmaceuticals, diversification by introducing in culture systems less widespread species destinghueshd by reduced requirements for pesticides. The experiments were conducted during a period of three years at Vegetable Research and Development Station, Bacau in condition of conventional and organic agriculture, in open field. The results regarding the influence of applied practices on yield quality and quanity and its impact on enviroment are presented comparatively for both cultivation systems in order to underline the benefits of organic practices. By development of methods for ecological cultivation, the innovative aspect of the study has multiple valence: (1) reduces the pollution of soil, water, air, and soil fertility is getting higher yields thanks to cessation of synthetic chemicals to control weeds, pests and diseases (2) restore and improve physical, chemical and microbiological soil structure by the complex agro-technical measures designed to reduce the impact of agriculture on environment (3) respond to the market interest for organically grown products, which are the basic constituent in daily consumption both fresh, and canned.

Key words: Vigna, tolerance, suitability, organic

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL SYSTEM AT TOMATOES CULTIVATED IN PROTECTED AREA

Creola Brezeanu1, Petre Marian Brezeanu1, Silvica Ambăruș1, Elena Drăghici2, Maria Călin1, Tina Oana Cristea1

1Vegetable Research and Development Station of Bacau, Department of Research 2University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Department of Horticulture

Corresponding author: Petre Marian Brezeanu, E-mail address [email protected]

Abstract: Almost the whole world is facing very serious negative phenomena, some unprecedented throughout human existence on Earth. Looking for new sources of food and energy, man intervened brutally in sensitive balance of environmental factors, which resulted in the destruction of the living conditions of plants and animals and thus endangering their existence or disappearance them. The national strategy of Romanian agriculture envisage enlargement of the cultivated land in protected system, thanks to multiple advantages of this system, as follows: earliness of production, crop safety (limit effects of climate accidents and stress factors), high yields. These advantages have created opportunities for investment in construction of greenhouses and plastic tunnels. Yield and quality are essential issues for sustainable production of vegetables and can be dramatically affected if pest attack is not managed properly. The investment of time and financial resources for growing tomatoes can be protected by implementing a management system of biological pest control. The experiments were conducted during a period of five years at Vegetable Research and Development Station, Bacau. All investigations were realized at tomatoes cultivated in plastic tunels. Traditionally, pest attack was managed by use of pesticides resulting in the emergence of problems with serious consequences affect environmental quality. Our study involved a continuous cycle of activities: planning, intervention, inspection, analysis, and includes: screening of the main pests of tomatoes and development of methods for biological control by: investigations of useful fauna from protected areas, use of predators and parasites, pheromones and biological substances used in the EU. The aim of the present study was to streamline tomatoes cultivation in protected space, to develope environment friendly technological links in order to reduce the negative impact of agriculture, to prevent appearance of resistant pathogenic races, to secure chain food by obtaining qualitative yields. The innovative aspect of current study lies in the multiple impact of implementing: mitigate the negative effects of pests on quantity and quality of tomatoes cultivated in protected areas, reduce the negative impact of agriculture on environment by eliminating the use of pesticides, obtaining of yields free of toxic residues.

Key words: Lycopersicon esculemntum Mill., pathogens, biological, enveroment

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

STUDY OF THE CONTAMINANTS EVOLUTION ON FLOUR - BREAD CHANNEL

Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop) 2, Monica Dinu2, Adriana Dabija1

1Stefan cel MareUniversity of Suceava, Faculty,of Food Engineering 13 Universitatii str, Suceava, Romania, 2SC MP BĂNEASA –MOARĂ SA, 47 Răsăritului str., Bucuresti, Buftea, Romania

Corresponding author: Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop) e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Food contaminants are any harmful substances unintentionally added to food, which may be chemicals from natural sources, environmental pollution, or formed during food processing. Nowadays bread has a very broad and can take various forms from the classic leavened prepared from flour, water, salt, yeast, the special products with various additions ready to satisfy the most sophisticated tastes. Taking into consideration the fact that flower like raw material could be contaminated with pesticides from wheat crops, the producers focused theirs attention to obtain healthy bread. Therefore, the practical and theoretical researches were made in order to obtain bread with a low content of any possible contamination and in accordance with all legal requirements, especially pesticides and mycotoxins. In this context, the traceability acquires a more and more active role within the management of the distribution chain. When a product is taken into account, the traceability can refer to the origin of the materials and of its components, the history of the processing, as well as its distribution and location after delivery. The requirements for ensuring products traceability involve, mainly, the identification of the materials and parts during the whole manufacturing process. 178/2002CE regulation, regarding traceability and FSSC 22000 regarding food safety for food products clearly provide the obligation of having a system for tracing food. The traceability of food, feed, food producers and any other substance intended to be incorporated or likely to be incorporated into food or feed is established at all stages of production, processing and distribution. The aim of our experiments was to evaluate the level of contamination with organochlorine pesticides of flour from national crop and to establish if the contaminants which we could be found in bread with low calories content are framed in the legal limits and the obtaining products are able to be consumed. It were analyzed the amounts of organochlorine pesticides in flour and, also in the bread, through gas chromatograph method correlated with ECD (Electron Capture Detector). Based on results that were obtained It was demonstrate that the level of contaminants decrease in the final product especially because the thermal treatment. Also the level of organochlorine pesticides are under the legal limits establish by national and European legislation.

Key words – traceability, pesticides, food safety

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

BALANCING THE DEEP LOOSENING MACHINE WITH ACTIVE FURROWS

David Alexandru-Dorin1, Voicu Gheorghe2

1University “POLITEHNICA” of Bucharest - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics - Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering - 2National Institute of Research - Development for Machines and Installations Designed to Agriculture and Food Industry INMA, Bucharest

David Alexandru-Dorin, [email protected]

Abstract: The stability of machines for soil preparation during the work process is influenced by a number of variable sizes of which the most important are the soil strength and configuration. The stability for deep soil loosening machines with fixed furrow during the work process is studied like vertical stability for the plow. Less studied in the scientific literature, is the stability for deep soil loosening machines with active furrows powered for the tractors PTO with a quadrilateral mechanism. The paper analyses the stability of the deep soil loosening machine with active furrows where the soil reaction on the furrows is variable both in size as well as in the direction and sense. It is imposible to balance for one rotation of the action mechanism handle. Theoretical relations are applied for MAS-220 machine that works in the aggregate with a tractor of nominal power 150-220 HP and has two active furrow. Recommendations are made on the active organs to achieve a better balance vertically for the machine.

Key words : stability, deep soil loosening machine.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RESEARCH ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION OF WHEAT FLOUR FROM ROMANIAN CROPS

Monica Dinu2, Gabriela Constantinescu (Pop) 1Amelia Buculei 1

1 Stefan cel MareUniversity of Suceava, Faculty,of Food Engineering 13 Universitatii str, Suceava, Romania, 2SC MP BĂNEASA –MOARĂ SA, 47 Răsăritului str., Buftea, Romania

Monica Dinu e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Mycotoxins are considered as part of food contaminants most significant in terms of its impact on public health, food safety and the economy of many countries. Mycotoxins contamination is achieved if environmental conditions are met when the field for their appearance and inappropriate methods of harvesting, storage and processing when aggregated. Through the diversity of their toxic effects and synergistic 'properties, mycotoxins could be considerate a risk to consumers of contaminated food. Wheat flour is the main raw material of bread and bakery products and should be the same as always, so that the producers could provide breads with constant quality and maximum efficiency. Currently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has issued a number of regulations and guidelines establish rules for the implementation and licensing criteria for the development of food designed to help public health (EC Regulation 1924/2006; Regulation EC 353/2008 and EC Regulation 1169/2009). To ensure innocuousness, the production process is monitored levels of contamination may exist on all processes, from raw materials, ingredients, semi-finished and finished product. The research aimed was to evaluate from the microbiological and toxicological point of view flours harvest during 2010 - 2013 years, as a possible source of contamination. Determination of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, B1 + B2 + G1 + G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone) was made with the rapid investigation based immunoassays (ELISA) available in commercial form of kits. Limits of detection kits are total Aflatoxins 1.75 mg / kg, 50.00 mg DON / kg Ochratoxin A 0.15 mg / kg and zearalenone 1.00 mg / kg. Determination of yeasts and moulds was made under ISO 7954/2001. From microbiological and toxicological analysis for during 2010 – 2013 crops , it follows that the flours are safe in terms of food safety, content values of evaluated contaminants falling below the limits imposed by legislation: yeasts and molds (40% under legal limits) , aflatoxins (50% from legal limits), ochratoxin (50% of the maximum allowable), zearalenone and deoxynivalenol DON (60% under legal limits).

Key words – mycotoxins, food safety, contaminants,

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ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SOLID BIOFUELS PRODUCTION FROM AGRO BIOMASS

Valeriy Dubrovin, Semen Drahniev, Saveliy Kukharets

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Labour Protection and Environment Engineering

Corresponding author: Semen Drahniev, [email protected]

Abstract: There is swift development of the sector of alternative energy in Ukraine. Primarily due to increase of prices on the traditional types of fuel, in particular on the natural gas, that imported from Russia, and imposition of “green tariff”. But now there are also considerable untapped potential of agricultural biomass, including straw that can be used for energy production of solid biofuels. Technically achievable energy potential of straw in Ukraine is 6446.07 thousand toe, while already used up 30 thousand toe. For the implementation of bioenergy in agricultural sector it is necessary to use new technologies and equipment that are designed to simultaneously reduce the harmful effects of anthropogenic environmental impact. Efficient production and usage of solid biofuels from agricultural biomass are possible with well co-ordinated work of equipment manufacturers, farmers, biofuel producers and consumers of biofuels. The energy analysis algorithm is developed for ensuring balance and efficient functioning of the solid biofuel production. The analysis is carried out at four levels: 1 - physical level is enable to evaluate the effectiveness of influence on biomass from different movable operating elements and define rational action on raw materials; 2 - equipment level determines substantiation of equipment composition and equipment selection of processing line; 3 - process level defines technological scheme of solid biofuels production; 4 - production level justifies rational technological methods to obtain an adequate supply of biomass and its processing into solid biofuel. As a result, the energy analysis of solid biofuels production can determine rational complex of manufacturing operations, develop a new design or select existing equipment, identify unproductive energy losses. The developed algorithm was used by designing of agro biomass granulation line with productivity 300 kg/hour in Separated subdivision of NULES of Ukraine “Agronomic Research Station”.

Key words: agriculture, biomass, energy analysis, processing, solid biofuel.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF INPUT OF THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF QUALITY IN AGRARIAN SPHERE

Valeriy Dubrovin, Tavlui Inna

National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, Technical Education and Research Institute

Corresponding author: Valeriy Dubrovin, [email protected]

Abstract: Quality of products is one of the main issues in competitive activity, capturing and holding the position at the market. A quality management is an essential part of production process. It aims to identify defective products, and also to form attractive consumer parameters of products in the production process. While the world tendency is to pay more attention to a healthy lifestyle, the problems of quality and safety of agricultural products is under focus of topicality. Numerous researches show that more than 80 % of European consumers give preference to high-quality and ecologically clean products. In this regard, agricultural companies have to adjust their plant-growing and animal-husbandry production according to up-to-date requirements which highlight the needs of wide range of consumers. Successful realization of principles and mechanisms of international standardization and certification promote acceleration to reformation in agriculture of Ukraine and will provide its integration into the world community. Aim of paper - summaries the theoretical substantiation of methodical recommendations for Ukrainian agricultural companies in relation to forming of integrated quality control systems based on international standards. To find out solutions for issuer related to increasing of products competitiveness, the developed countries came into a new stage of development that is characterized by implementation of the integrated control systems by quality (ICSQ). Traditional determination of integrated control system is reply to requirements of more than one quality standard: ISO 9001, ISO 9004, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, ISO 26000, SA 8000, ISO 22000 etc. Standards of ISO9000-series are based on 8 principles of quality management: orientation to consumers, process approach, system approach, leadership, involvement of personnel, mutually beneficial relations with suppliers, decision-making based on facts, stable improvement of activities. The outcome of agricultural enterprises targets a system levels to provide the high quality of products through high-skilled quality management. At present the world concept of quality management is the statement that the management activity to control the quality and safety of agricultural production can not be effective after product was made. All purposeful activity has to concentrate on prevention and to be carried out directly in the productive process. Mentioned statements match completely by systems which are founded on the principles of HACCP and it was presented in international standard ISO 22000, that provides the proper guaranteed stable quality and food safety at all stages of product life cycle. The system of НАССР was accepted by World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, Codex Alimentarius. At the European Union countries it was implemented by corresponding directives. In general, ICSQ provides a sustainable development of agricultural producers with an orientation to the stakeholders (investors, consumers, personnel, suppliers, state authorities, society, etc.) through the systems of ecological management (ISO 14001), controlling of hygiene and labor protection (OHSAS 18001), social responsibility (ISO 26000, SA 8000). Conclusions. The introduction of ICSQ at agrarian enterprises allows to promote the quality rates within a whole productive cycle. It provides both increasing of profitability for every participant of technological chain, and, promoting of socio-economic rates entirely describes the development of agrarian sphere. Further researches will be directed to define the most acceptable variant of structural combination in order to implement different standards which allows to form and support competitive potential of management in agrarian sector organizations.

Key words: integrated management systems of quality, agricultural enterprises. 184

Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

BIOGAS INSTALLATIONS WITH ROTATIONAL TYPE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS

Gennadiy Golub, Vasiliy Goh, Olga Sydorchuk

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Technique and Technologies Research Institute

Gennadiy Golub, [email protected]

Abstract: One of the ways of liquid manure utilization in agricultural production is its fermentation in anaerobic conditions to obtain biomethane, which provides partial disinfection of manure and its deodorization. Production and use of biomethane requires significant capital expenditures, but it is important to preserve natural environment, which requires focusing on the development of methods and means to provide cost- effective production and use of biogas installations. Scientific problem is the lack of practical experience, scientific groundwork and examined regularities for determination of structural and technological parameters of machines and equipment, which would allow increasing the level of energy autonomy of agricultural production by use of renewable biological energy resources. The aim of the article is to develop the biogas installations with rotational type of anaerobic digesters for use in agroecosystems. Experience of using biogas reactors showed that there are reactors already half-filled with mineral sediment, which can be removed only with an excavator after total stopping of fermentation process. Floating layers, especially based on fibrous substrates, often form a crust and if it is not mixed, the reactor must also be stopped to remove it. We found the relationships between the intensity of organic matter decomposing and specific biomethane and biogas yields, and fermentation time. The main direction in manure fermentation process intensification is increase of organic matter decomposition at the cost of creation of appropriate conditions for the development of anaerobic microflora. This can be achieved by creating stable fermentation temperature conditions and, what is more important, by providing quality biomass mixing, which, on the one hand, must not disturb the symbiosis of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria, and, on the other hand, prevent the exfoliation of biomass in the reactor to mineral sediment and floating organic layer.

Keywords: biogas, installation, anaerobic digester, fermentation process.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOFUEL USE IN UKRAINIAN AGROECOSYSTEMS

Gennadiy Golub, Valeriy Dubrovin, Maxim Pavlenko, Vyacheslav Chuba

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Technique and Technologies Research Institute

Gennadiy Golub, [email protected]

Abstract: Extension of biofuel use requires the balance between society’s needs in food, raw materials, energy, and the opportunities of agroecosystems with parallel accumulation of solar energy in the form of humus, as well as maintenance and increase of biocenosis diversity. The aim of the article is to develop the basic principles of biofuel use in agroecosystems. The article provides basic principles of biological and energetic conversions of organic raw materials in agroecosystems with energy production and ensure of energy autonomy of agroecosystems opportunity. Also they were analyzed the opportunities to implement these principles in manufacturing of environmentally friendly production in terms of preserving biological diversity. It is established that biological and energetic conversion of organic agrocenosis raw materials with energy production can ensure energy autonomy of agroecosystems in total energy balance. Though, it is impossible to do it according to the types of fuels and energy, since there is a limit on the possibility of autonomous production of electric power and gasoline. However, production of biodiesel and heat energy can be redundant. It is developed the structural diagram and simulation model of diversified manufacturing of products with biological energy conversion of organic raw materials for 6-field crop rotation. There were also made the calculations on defining the straw volume limits, used for heating needs. The calculations of straw combustion effectiveness on the basis of comparison to heat generation by natural gas burning have established. It is evaluated different methods of oil mass cleaning. We found that rapeseed oil production for usage as biodiesel can be economically reasonable in terms of agricultural production, when compared to rapeseed selling if the total cost of production is high and close to the average selling price of rapeseeds, or if the price of realization is low and similar to the total cost of rapeseeds. On the basis of statistical data about consumption of diesel in agriculture and rape gross harvest, we have evaluated the capacity of replacing diesel to biodiesel while processing of whole rape harvest. To increase efficiency and temperature range of biodiesel use, we have designed and made a two-stage heating system, which allows using biodiesel under any values of environment temperature and provides an increase in completeness of fuel combustion.

Keywords: biofuels, agroecosystem, raw materials, energy production.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

TRICHOGRAMMA PRODUCTION AND USING EFFICIENCY

Oleh Marus1, Gennadii Golub1

1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Corresponding author: O. Marus, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Entomological plant-protecting products usage, including Trichogramma, results in reduction of chemical plant-protecting agents’ application, which in turn positively influences on quality and safety of end products. Introduction of grain moth eggs’ division operation to the biotechnological process of entomological plant-protecting product Trichogramma production allowed increasing of large eggs selection probability on 22%. Research on determination of grain moth eggs’ largeness influence showed that entomological biologic plant- protecting product Trichogramma, type Trichogramma evanescens Westw., obtained through biotechnological process using pneumatic calibrator, had I quality class within all seven generations. While in the basic biotechnological process without usage of pneumatic calibrator, entomological biologic plant-protecting product Trichogramma had I quality class only to fourth generation. Biological plant-protection of grain corn in Agricultural Research Station of NULESU on the area of 64 ha, which is performed with entomological biologic plant-protecting product Trichogramma evanescens Westw., obtained through biotechnological process using pneumatic calibrator, showed that damages caused by corn moth on an experimental area was on 48% lower comparing to the control option, conducted without biological defense. An application of Trichogramma by airplanes allows covering of large areas in the short terms, which is highly important for the pests control. Considering all expenses for the application of Entomological Trichogramma Product its production cost was 9.91 UHR, a payback period of equipments and premises was less than 3 years.

Key words: biotechnological process, entomological product Trichogramma, grain moth eggs, quality index, economical efficiency.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE PLANTING AND CULTIVATION OF CHERRIES IN SERBIA

Ines Stipankov1, Dejan Pecić2

1 University Union – Nikola Tesla of Belgrade, Serbia, Faculty of bussines studies and law 2 University Union – Nikola Tesla of Belgrade, Serbia, Faculty for Strategical and Operational Management

Corresponding author: Dejan Pecić, [email protected]

Abstract: Risk is inherent in the modern world, and it represents some uncertainty regarding the expected outcome of a business. It can`t be avoided, but it is possible to minimize the appropriate business policies. Risk in business is seen as a negative thing, or some untoward event, which will have a negative impact on the business (loss). Risk management is not limited to a single protection of people, assets and the environment but also as a universal tool can be used in the construction of an integrated management system. The aim of this paper is to concisely explain the concept and importance of risk management, through the project of planting and growing cherries in some regions of Serbia.

Key words: risk, risk management, uncertainty cherries, planting

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ASPECTS OF RISKS INDUCED BY THE MECHANIZATION WORKS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Mihai C. Nicolescu1

1Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences “Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti”, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Mihai C. Nicolescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Redirecting the global agriculture from the conventional system, also known as classical and mechanized agriculture that dominated the second half of the 20th century, to the sustainable agriculture of the current century, determines new approaches in the field of agricultural mechanization. Conventional agriculture has been associated with the intensification of agricultural production per unit of area by mechanization works, increased amounts of fertilizers, irrigation, the utilization of high productive varieties and hybrids, the use of phytopharmaceutical products for crop protection, generating risks by overexploitation of natural resources. Sustainable agriculture mainly requires the utilization of technological components to reduce to minimum the environmental risks: soil erosion and degradation, soil and water pollution. At the same time, sustainable agriculture aims to preserve other resources essential to life as biodiversity and the factors involved in climate changes (gas emissions with greenhouse effects). Simultaneously, with the reduction of environmental risks, future agriculture seeks to eliminate unnecessary energy inputs by reducing huge energy consumption allocated to soil tillage. On the other hand, mechanization research aims to create advanced equipment with diversified energy inputs, directed to new technological operations, such as transformation of vegetal residues of previous crops to mulch used for soil covering, opening the sowing ditches, controlling weeds, pests and diseases and production of biofuels. The purpose of our research is to reduce the negative impact on the environment caused by the utilization of technical equipment in agricultural production, animal husbandry and food industry.

Key words: agricultural mechanization, sustainable agriculture, new advanced agricultural equipment.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY COMSUMPTION AT GRINDING MULTIPLE TYPES OF VEGETAL BIOMASS

Georgiana Moiceanu 1, Gigel Paraschiv 1, Gheorghe Voicu 1, Mirela Dincă 1, Mihai Chiţoiu 1

1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Biotechnical Systems

Corresponding author: Georgiana Moiceanu, [email protected]

Abstract: In order to obtain biogas we can use multiple types of vegetal biomass which must be previously prepared for anaerobe fermentation in the fermenter, in controlled working conditions. Biomass processing mainly needs grinding until certain limits, an operation which is executed with different energy comsumptions, in accordance with the biomass mechanical characteristics and the required grinding level. In this paper, we make a comparative analysis of experimental results obtained at grinding multiple types of vegetal biomass (miscanthus, straws, corn, bean spindles, lucerne), used in the process of obtaining biogas. Experiments were realized with the Grindomix GM 200 lab mil, for multiple speeds of the grinding system and for different variations of the grinding time. Data was acquired with an ampermetric claw, Extech type. In order to determine grinding degree and grinded material dimension class distribution, we used Analysette 3 Spartan analysor bolter, data that was acquired was correlated with the time and angular speed of the grinding apparatus. Also, the grinded material temperature variation during the process of mechanical processing was determined. For exemplification, the distribution byMiscanthus leaf and stalk dimension classes, in relation with the mill rotor speed, is presented.

Figure 1. Grinded material distribution, on dimension classes, according to mill rotor speed (1000 rot/min=6.33 m/s, a. Miscanthus leaves, b. Miscanthus stalks) [1]

Key words: grinding, biomass, lab mill, grinding energy consumption.

References

1. [1] G. Moiceanu, P. Voicu, G. Paraschiv, Gh. Voicu, M. Chițoiu – Miscanthus plant energy consumption during grinding with a lab mill Grindomix GM 200, pp. 203-209, 2nd International Conference on Thermal Equipment, Renewable Energy and Rural Development, TE-RE-RD 2013, 20 - 22 JUNE 2013, ISSN 1843 –3359, Băile Olăneşti, România.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RESEARCH ON THE MORPHOGENETIC REACTION OF SOME GOJI BERRY EXPLANTS CULTIVATED IN VITRO

Daniela Nicuţă1*, Ciobanu Ştefan1, Bran Petronela1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Dep. of Biology, Ecology and Enviromental Protection

Corresponding author: Daniela Nicuţă [email protected]

Abstract: Lycium barbarum L (Goji berry) is a highly appreciated shrub, originating in Tibet, whose fruit are very rich in antioxidants and vitamins. Goji fruit are rated as containing 400 times more vitamin C than the orange fruit. Our research aims at highlighing in vitro behaviour of various Goji berry explants, cultured on several nutritive solutions, with a view to elaborating a technology of unconventional propagation of the species and to exploring the possibility of obtaining economically valuable somaclonal variations. Our observations concluded that the morphogenetic reaction of the explants inoculated varied depending on the mediume used and the concentration and combination of the phytohormones in the nutritive solutions, as well as on the type of explant inoculated. Several variants of the basal nutritional mediums – WMP (Woody Plant Medium) and MS (Murashige-Skoog, 1968) – were tested as explant culture media. The explant source (apex, node and leaves) consisted of plantlets obtained from seeds germinated in vitro on basal media (WPM and MS), without adding any phytohormones. The highest germination percentage (100%) was reported on the WPM medium, while the MS variant registered a germination percentage lower than 50%. The morphogenetic reaction that was noticeable at the level of phytoinocul tissues was represenetd by calusogenesis, followed by direct and indirect caulogenesis and rhizogenesis. At the level of the nodes, apices and of some foliar explants, shoots were observed to appear both directly via explant and via callus. The best caulogenetic reaction was registered on the MS base medium supplemented with BAP – 1mg/l + IAA – 1mg/l and BAP – 1mg/l + IAA – 0.5mg/l. Friable, regenerative and highly proliferative callus was obtained on several hormonal variations, but the best response was observed in the node and leaf explants inoculated on MS basal medium supplemented with: BAP– 1 mg/l + NAA – 0.5 mg/l; BAP – 1mg/l + IBA – 0.5 mg/l and BAP – 1mg/l + IBA – 1 mg/l. At the base of the shoots generated in vitro was observed the emergence of a strong radicular system on the MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l IAA şi BAP -1 mg/l + IAA – 1 mg/l. Apical, nodal and foliar explants inoculated on different hormonal variants of the WPM basal medium did not have a favourable evolution.

Key words: caulogenesis, calusogenesis, rhizogenesis, Lycium barbarum, in vitro culture

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CYTOGENETIC ANALYSES ON ALLIUM CEPA L. SUBJECT TO SEWAGE SLUDGE TREATMENT

Daniela Nicuţă1*, Dumitra Răducanu1, Iuliana Mihaela Lazăr2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Marasesti Street, 157, Bacau – 600115 Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, CISAPM, Marasesti Street, 157, Bacau – 600115 Romania

Corresponding author: Daniela Nicuţă, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of sewage sludge treatment on the activity of cell division. The cytogenetic studies have been performed on radicular meristems obtained from onion’s bulbs. The onion plants were thermal treated with different aqueous extract from sewage sludge. The level of aqueous extract concentrations of sewage sludge varies between 0 and 10%. The mitotic index, the cell distribution on each phase of mitosis, the type and frequency of abnormal ana-telophases (chromosomal anomalies) were analysed. We observed that the mitotic activity was influenced by thermal treatment compared with the control one (untreated onion bulbs). In all replicas have been highlighted cells in all phases of division. The mitotic index value (58.23) of treated samples is appropriate with the control sample. Concerning the cell distribution on mitotic phases, the highest percentage has been recorder by prophases, followed by metaphases, telophases and anaphases in all replicates. For radicular meristems a smaller percentage of chromosomal anomalies in metaphases, prophases and even in interphases were observed.

Keywords: onion plants, sewage sludge, mitotic activity, chromosomal anomalies

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM ON THE NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN THE BRASSICA RAPA OLEIFERA AND TRIFOLIUM

Ioana Adriana Stefanescu1, Dumitra Raducanu2, Sorina Zirnea 3, Iuliana Sion4, Iulia Lazar1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology Ecology and Environmental Engineering 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 4 Agency for Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety, Department of Food Safety

Corresponding author: Iulia Lazar, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: One of the main causes of polution is due to the huge quantity of residual phosphogypsum resulted as by-product. Depending on the source of raw phosphate rock used in the phosphoric acid production, the phosphogypsum contains among other compounds various quantities of heavy metals that involve a high environmental and health risks. In spite of extensive investigations on the phytotoxic effects and mechanisms of phosphogypsum on plants, further studies are necessary to understand various metabolic activities associated with phosphogypsum stress in plants. Nitrogen that is a constituent of every living cell plays a key role at the protein level. It is a basic nutrient in the synthesis of proteins, amino acids, chlorophyll and alkaloids. Nitrate is - first reduced to ammonium sequentially by nitrate reductase, which is a regulatory step of N–NO3 conversion to organic nitrogen. This study investigated the phosphogypsum effects on in vitro nitrate reductase activities of Brassica rapa oleifera (rapa) and Trifolium (clover) leaves of twenty-one day old. In our study the nitrate reductase activity - was performed by measuring the amount of NO2 formed in nitrate reductase assay buffer, and the absorbance was determined at 540 nm. The enzyme activity was measured as nmol of nitrite reduced g-1 h-1. The phosphogypsum treatments (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30 and 100 % PG in soil) in greenhouse conditions had different effects on biometric and biochemical parameter of investigated plants. Preliminary analyzes revealed an increase in nitrate reductase activity compared with control sample. This response could be induced by the phosphogypsum heavy metals. Though nitrate reductase is inhibited by heavy metals, the increase in velocity of enzyme catalyzed biochemical reaction corresponds to increase in the substrate concentration follow a definite pattern. Practically, when only a small amount of heavy metals is present in soil, these metals bind to active sites in the enzyme-protein. These preliminary results lead us to assume that at low concentrations, the metals present in phosphogypsum stimulate the nitrate reductase activity.

Key words: nitrate reductase, phosphogypsum, Brassica rapa oleifera, Trifolium

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ESTIMATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INDUCED BY RADIATION ON SEWAGE SLUDGE

Dumitra Raducanu1, Steve Henri Voundi Olugu2, Marius Stamate3, Maria Prisecaru1, Lucie Leme Banock , Ioan Viorel Rati1, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar5

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Science, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania 2 University of Yaounde, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, I, Po. Box : 812 Yaounde - Cameroon 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau , Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania 4 Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, P.O Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon 5 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau , Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania

Raducanu Dumitra [email protected]

Abstract: Application of non-ionizing or ionizing radiation on anaerobic digested sewage sludge was performed due to the sanitation effect. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of UVC and alpha radiation on microflora from the anaerobically fermented sewage sludge provide by Bacau Town wastewater treatment plant. The effect of UV treatment on sewage sludge is consisting in decrease of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria number. The total number of germs varies between 2.7 x 106 CFU / ml (for sample without treatment) and 2 × 103 CFU / ml (for sample subjected to UVC irradiation during 120 minutes). For alpha radiation treatment during the same time (120 minutes) no germs was recorded. The results showed that the bactericide effect of ultraviolet and of the alpha radiation varies according to the applied dose and to the exposure time.

Key words: sewage sludge; ultraviolet; alpha radiation; microbiological parameters.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

VARIATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AFTER DIFFERENT METHODS OF SOIL STERILIZATION

Dumitra Raducanu1, Steve Henri Voundi Olugu2, Lucie Leme Banock3, Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou4, Marius Stamate5, Ioan Viorel Rati1, Maria Prisecaru1, Iuliana Lazar6

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Science, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania 2 University of Yaounde, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, I, Po. Box : 812 Yaounde – Cameroon 3Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, P.O Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon 4Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and medicinal plant Study, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812 Yaoundé Cameroon 5 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau , Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania 6 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau , Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marasesti Street, 600115, Romania

Raducanu Dumitra [email protected]

Abstract: Soil sterilization by different methods is usually used for ecotoxicological tests. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different types of sterilization methods on soil properties. The investigated methods are thermal (oven and autoclave) and non-ionizing radiation (microwave and UVC). Thermal treatment may induce degradation on the organically part of the soil. This result is highlighted by decrease of dry weight after oven (55.35%) and autoclave (51.12%) compared with the case without treatment (57.27%). However less effective, the oven, microwave and UVC treatments have a similar microbial inactivation effect. Total number of germs are reduce after oven (400 × 10 3 cells / g), microwave (5.3 × 10 3 cells / g), and UVC (414 × 10 3 cells / g) treatments. This result suggests that the autoclaved with temperature of 121 °C applied for 21 min was the optimal sterilization technique.

Key words: sterilization, soil, physico-chemical and biological parameters

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ON ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS INDUCED BY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Gheorghe Sin

Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences “Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești”, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Sin, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the main premises of sustainable agriculture concept consisting in the enhancement of ecological conscience of people, due to understanding that the effects of anthropological activities, made to increase the economic prosperity by overusing natural resources, have reached the supportability limits of environment. The attained environmental limits turned to become the major currently challenges represented by global climate changes, natural resources diminution, biodiversity reduction. Conventional agricultural practices have ignored the environmental risks with very important consequences represented by soil degradation consisting in the loss of its structure, in nutrient mining process due to unbalanced nutrient export with crop yields, in an increased soil salinity and soil acidification, soil pollution from irrational use of chemicals and soil erosion. The other environmental challenges contribute, also, to the great difficulty of ensuring the food security and its safety for people, the primordial objective of all countries. The sustainable agriculture has been developed in order to reduce environmental risks and damages, to maintain and use, in rational limits, ecosystems resources, seeking to assign value to ecological assets and to improve the intra- and inter-generational equity. Complying with the general principles of sustainable agriculture, several types of systems have been developed as: ecological agriculture, low – input agriculture and conservation agriculture. The sustainable agriculture is not entirely environmental harmless, but some risks are not well-known. For this reason, a very thorough and special research work, not only concerning sustainable agriculture advantages, but on the risks implied, must be developed. Also, the education of the farmers represents an important need, because a sustainable agriculture demands know-how for a competent management.

Key words: environmental risks, sustainable agriculture, ecological agriculture, conservation agriculture.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND EDIBLE VEGETABLE

Vasile Stoleru1, Maria Gavrilescu2, Neculai Munteanu 1, Carmen Hura3

1”Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Horticulture, 3 M. Sadoveanu street, Iasi, Romania; 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania 3 National Institute for Public Health/Regional Center, 14 V. Babes, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Vasile Stoleru, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Intensive vegetable crops are pressure on a large number of chemical factors influence, which are used to stimulate fructification, ripening, fertilization, pathogens, pests and weeds controll. On the opposite side of this pressure is organic cultivation system, which excludes chemical synthesis products, during seedling and vegetation production. Switching from intensive to organic system is realized through a transition period called the conversion. The purpose of this study was to highlight the main active substances organochlorine of three cultivation systems (conventional, organic and in-conversion) from soil and vegetables as possible risk factors. The objective of this study was to monitor the content of organochlorine pesticide residues and their remanence from vegetable crops in the NE area of Romania. During the year 2011, have been active analyzed 20 organochlorine pesticide residues from soil and edible vegetable samples. Although organic farm is converted to organic system from 2006, in soil samples were detected residues of Endrin aldehyde. In soil samples collected from conventional farms, have been detected residues of Gamma chlordane, Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, Endosulfan sulfate and Endrin aldehyde, residues that are below the limit allowed by EU legislation. In all vegetable samples, the organochlorine pesticide residues have been acceptable limits by EC Regulation no. 396/2005. However require careful monitoring of conventional crops because there was a risk of exceeding the maximum permissible limit and small farmers can sell on domestic market consumer products, with residues that are not controlled.

Key words: residues, organochlorine pesticides, soil, vegetable.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

DESIGNING OF AIRBLAST SPRAYERS FOR VINEYARDS WITH APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF AEROSOL FILTRATION

Kateryna Syera

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Motor and Tractor, Agricultural and Forestry Engineering

Corresponding author: Kateryna Syera, [email protected]

Abstract: The article reviews the spraying process as filtration of aerosol through plant canopies. The outlined mathematical equations can help to evaluate quantitatively the processes that we have under the chemical spraying of plants. Here is explained some patterns of the flow traffic through canopies which can be used to project design and modes of airblast sprayers. The regulation of air-flow will save resources, viz. mechanical energy and pesticides, through adjustment of fan modes with the leaf area surface of vineyards.

Key words: sprayer, air-flow, mode, vineyard, canopy, filtration

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE TYPE ON UNIFORMITY DISTRIBUTION OF SPRAYING DEVICES AND REDUCING SOIL POLLUTION

Valentin Vlăduţ1, Gigel Paraschiv2, Mihai Matache1, Mihaela Niţu1, Sorin Bungescu3, Sorin Biriş2

1 INMA Bucharest, Department of Testing 2P.U. Bucharest, Department of of Biotechnical Systems Engineering 3USAMVB Timişoara, Department of Mechanization

Corresponding author: Vlăduţ Valentin, E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In the sprayers and sprayer process the uniformity of distribution represents a key factor which quantifies compliance to be taken for the dose per hectare of crop, soil failing those excessive amounts of chemicals, which will be found later in agricultural products finally harvested in the human or animal body. In order to achieve adequate distribution uniformity the conducted research in the past years have followed the monitoring and control the flow and especially increasing the quality and performance of the nozzles that are used for applying phytosanitary substances in cultures that due to aggression and chemical composition of substances applied, it deteriorates in time by decalibrating and appearing even cracks which lead to greater distribution norms (not recommended) for crops that are sprayed / herbicided thus the soil pollution. In order to highlight the influence of nozzle type used on uniformity distribution, to comply with the recommended dose, it have been tested several types of nozzles, pressure and implementing different rules for a constant period of time, taking into consideration the influence of chemical degradation upon the nozzle material: plastic, ceramic, etc. Based on these it has been determined a correlation between distribution and uniformity of these parameters, allowing its users to choose the used type of nozzle, depending on work pressures or the substances that needs to be applied.

Key words: cultures, dosage, phytosanitary, pollution, soil.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK OF IMAGE IN THE TRIAD: CONSUMER – FIRM - NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Marcela-Cornelia Danu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Marketing and Management

Corresponding author: Marcela-Cornelia Danu, [email protected]

Abstract: In the present work I highlighted that, in the context of the evolution of dynamic and complex societal life, the risk of image becomes increasingly more, an important component of the system of risks. I analized the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of the consequences of this type of risk in the double faces, risk-cause and risk-effect. The research has been carried out so distinctly, for each component of the triad: consumer - firm - natural environment, as well as interdependent, considering the relations of causality and determination of the correlative variables of the market and their interference with the coordinates of the natural environment. From the perspective of the consumer, the main effect of the achievement of propagated risk of image is to develop the individual's psychological risk; from the perspective of the firm, the risk of image – risk-cause - determining, with the highest level and frequency of achievement of the risk - the firm agreed objectives; the impact on risk of image natural environment is directly and explicitly, of an economic nature, directly and by default of a social and psychological nature. Analysis the perception and impact of the risk of image, to micro, macro and mondo societal, highlights the role of information and decision in the proper and effectiveness management of this risk.

Key words: risk of image, system of risks, consumer, firm, natural environment.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF THE RISK OF POVERTY ON SEGMENTS OF THE MARKET OF ROMANIA

Marcela-Cornelia Danu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Marketing and Management

Corresponding author: Marcela-Cornelia Danu, [email protected]

Abstract: In the present work I presented the risk of poverty in Romania considering economic and social determination. I highlighted that poverty in Romania, as a mix of economic, educational, cultural etc. context and reinforced by the lack of family or social support, support the causative: lack of money-unemployment, low salaries, lack of money, lack of food-hunger, deprivation, misery, lack of culture, lack of housing, disease, decay, addictions, political causes, the person-the individual, etc. As regards the social determination of poverty, it must be addressed so that objective, presenting real life conditions and subjective, from the perspective of those included in this category. Amid social change, structural, economic crisis, marked by the formation of global markets, unemployment, migration, etc., in recent years, new poverty manifests itself by emphasizing situations of deprivation, increasing poverty among young people, social polarization, etc. The system of values and behaviour of individuals illustrates the main features of the culture of poverty in Romania: financial problems (lack of financial reserves, loans with high interest rates, second hand clothing, performing poorly remunerated work, etc.); limited-time perspective of life from one day to another, few plans for the future, uncertainty of tomorrow; poor social integration, personal and family relations, damaged, etc. We analyzed the decision-making behavior modification of the population of Romania both as a whole and on market segments- in terms of income, age, residence environment, level of training, etc. on the market acts, regarding the purchase and consumption decision. The approach and treatment of poverty must be understand regarding to the systemic interaction economic-social-psychologically. The impact of the risk of poverty on segments of the market is reflected in the production of goods and services; the increase of this type of risk diminishes, and modify request and further lead to diminishing supply, business failure, etc.

Key words: risk of poverty, segments of the market, consumer behaviour, the purchase and consumption decision, system of risks

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ROMANIA

Catalin Drob1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and the management of the mechanical systems

Corresponding author: Catalin Drob, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper tries to present the main categories (types) of risks that affect the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Romania, such as: country risk, political risk, economic risks, legal risks and so on. FDI is an important factor contributing to the economic development and economic growth of a country. In order to recuperate its economic handicap as compared to the other countries in the EU, Romania needs a massive inflow of foreign capital, especially in the form of direct investment. There are no investment (domestic or foreign) that not be exposed to at least a certain risk. Additionally, in the case of FDI, must be taken into consideration the risks specific from the country in which will be realised these investments. In Romania, the evolution of FDI inflows was influenced by the level of development of market economy, by the domestic and international economic conjuncture, by the the legal framework regarding FDI regime in Romania etc. The paper also presents the structure and evolution of FDI inflows in Romania and how they were influenced by the main factors affecting the FDI. In principle, between risk and the level of FDI inflows there is a direct dependency relationship: the higher the risk is in a country, the lower the level of FDI inflows is in that country. This is demonstrated by the empirical studies regarding FDI. These studies show that countries with high risk have major difficulties in attracting foreign investment. Therefore, it is important to identify very precisely the main risks that may affect the level of FDI inflows in Romania, in order to propose and implement strategies to mitigate these risks and to attract more foreign direct investment in Romania.

Key words: risks, foreign direct investment, economic development, economic growth, Romania.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

NEW PORTFOLIO RISK OPTIMISATION METHOOD FOR STRONGLY DEPENDENT ASSETS

Piotr Frydrych, Roman Szewczyk

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering

Corresponding author: Piotr Frydrych, [email protected]

Abstract: Last Global Financial Crisis 2007-2011 has shown that inadequate risk estimation and optimisation methods may cause a total collapse of many large financial institutions. Most of them still use MPT (Modern Portfolio Theory), to optimise their asset portfolio risk. That theory was already undermined by Mandelbrot in 1964. The basis of MPT is normal distribution of stock market returns, which is consequence of assumption of independent random behaviour of stock market. In real market stock returns are strongly dependent. That cause important differences between theoretical risk values calculated for normal distribution and its actual value. Many institutions for which calculated VAR (Value at Risk) seemed to be safe collapsed. That show strong need for design of adequate portfolio risk estimation and optimisation methods that would be able to take into account the relationship between different investor decisions and interactions existing on the market. In this work different historical stock market returns were analysed according to most common risk estimation methods. Research showed differences between predicted risk for historical data and its real peak values occurred after short period of time. New distribution estimation method for strongly dependent data was designed and analysed using Monte Carlo method and experimental data. As result of research new distribution estimation method for strongly dependent data was designed. This method is alternative for distribution estimation based on historical data, which is insufficient for processes with infinite variance. It gives an opportunity for more realistic VAR calculation and adequate portfolio optimisation. New approach to risk estimation presented in this work can lowers probability of crisis by detection and preventing too high market risk exposition of financial institutions. Portfolio optimisation based on real risk values gives opportunity to develop more effective and safer trading strategies. It can be also used for many environmental security applications.

Key words: Risk management, risk assessment, distribution estimation, security, stock market, portfolio analysis

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING CONSUMER PERCEIVED RISK

Laura Timiras, Bogdan Nichifor

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Marketing and Management

Corresponding author: Bogdan Nichifor, [email protected]

Abstract: In the context of modern markets, with highly dynamic and difficult or impossible to predict developments, and with changing consumer needs, the core of marketing strategies and tactics are brand loyalty. This loyalty is linked to many behavioural factors, one being consumer perceived risk. In many cases the consumer requests additional information in situations of uncertainty in order to assess the involved risk and possible negative consequences of the decision to purchase. When the perceived risk is higher, the level of involvement increases. Consumer attitudes towards risk has several stages, ranging from taking haphazard, without prior evaluation, to conditional ownership based on guarantees and continuing with product rejection when the probability of manifesting is perceived as too high. The extent to which these risks are perceived varies from one consumer to another, from one product to another and even from one purchase to another for the same consumer. Consumers form their specific skills and behaviour to reduce risk and marketers need to know the factors that cause individuals to feel at risk and provide them with the information and support needed to decrease the perceived risk. The paper outlines the different perspectives in order to understand the consumer perceived risk, coming from the different types of risk, its predominance in consumer behavior, the association of the risk factor with other factors such as involvement level, the innovative side of the product, the origin of the product etc., and arriving to the methods used by companies to ensure consumer that the acquisition of specific product or service is a risk free one. The expected results of the paper is a fresh view of the latest conceptual and operational aspects regarding the consumer perceived risks necessary to organizations of any type to develop succesfull marketing politics and strategies. The results are also relevant for Romanian companies in the context in wich the characteristics of local markets are more and more similar with the ones of mature developed markets as a result of globalization process.

Key words: perceived risk, types of risks, evaluation, involvement, brand.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK APPROACH IN MARKETING DECISION MAKING

Ioana Olariu1

1„Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Marketing and Management

Corresponding author: Ioana Olariu, [email protected]

Abstract: Current analyzes in marketing develops quantitative characterization for the significant variables on market potential, sales, costs and investments, on which manufacturing and marketing of new products decisions are usually taken. Based on the data of these variables are calculated unique predictions, meant to constitute criteria for the selection of the strategies for the new products and various other marketing actions. Data that support these predictions are not as accurate as the calculations which process them. In particular, data on market size and sales are not known with certainty. For this reason, neither the costs are not well known because they are deeply influenced by the scale of production, respectively in sales. To quantify and assess uncertainties and risk, it is necessary to use probabilities. To this purpose, is used the marketing risk analysis, the name by which it is known a set of methods for quantifying and measuring the degree of confidence that can be given a specific estimates of sales projects, costs and benefits. Risk analysis in marketing is applied in the drafting decisions on new products, investments, research and development, market research, placing the warehouses, improving products, programs of marketing activities, trade negotiations, logistics and transportation systems, etc. Through these applications is aimed guiding decisions in the early stages of marketing projects by analyzing alternative strategies to identify risks and emphasizing the risks acted by the predictions uncertainties and market reactions to the actions of the enterprise. Also, the use of this analysis seeks to reduce the need to delay making a decision and waiting to obtain the "perfect" information on which could be selected a marketing strategy. Uncertainty and risk analysis allows and underlies decisions making because it uses quantitative methods for the prediction of the consequences of different actions in different situations. Decisions in risk conditions arise in situations in which two or more events are possible, but the decision maker knows the probability of manifestation of each of these events.

Key words: decision making, marketing, risk, uncertainty.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ACTIVITÉS ENVIRONNEMENTALES DANS LES LEÇONS DE PHYSIQUE

Valeriu Abramciuc, Adela Cirimpei

Université d'Etat "A. Russo" de Bălți, Moldavie, Département des Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénierie

L'auteur pour la correspondance: Valeriu Abramciuc, [email protected]

Résumé: Les compétences environnementale devrait être formée dans toutes les formes de l'activité avec les élèves. Basé sur le fait qu'actuellement dans la République de Moldova, l'éducation environnementale n'est pas encore une discipline autonome, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des modules complémentaires conçus interdisciplinaire, ou le contenu des disciplines académiques devrait être complétée d'éléments de l'écologie et de la protection de l'environnement. Cet article présente le développement et la mise en œuvre de certains aspects de la performance environnementale dans le cadre des leçons de physique. Ont été analysé des exemples d'intégration de la physique et de l'écologie, les questions de l'efficacité énergétique et les économies d'énergie, ont fait un certain nombre de problèmes de contenu de l'environnement.

Mots clés: physique, compétences environnementale, écologie, énergie.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISKS FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG ENGINEERS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC STAGNATION: A CASE STUDY FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF RUSE

Ognyan Dinolov, Nikolay Mihailov

University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”, Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Corresponding author: Ognyan Dinolov, [email protected]

Abstract: The trends in the admission of students in engineering faculties are analyzed in this work. The structure of the main sectors of the economy of the North-Central Region of Bulgaria is reviewed. The risk of inefficient use of financial and human resources, caused by the economic stagnation, is indicated. Recommendations for reducing the adverse effect of the economic, social, demographic and other factors are made.

Key words: Career development; Economic stagnation; Young engineers; SWAT analysis.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISKS RELATED TO THE SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL INSERTION OF BEGINNING TEACHERS

Constanţa Dumitriu 1, Gheorghe Dumitriu 2, Cristina Iulia Timofti 3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics, Education Science 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, The Department of Teacher Training 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, The Department of Kinetotherapy and Ocupational Therapy

Corresponding author: Dumitriu Constanţa, E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract: The paper approaches the various categories of risks related to the socio-professional insertion of beginning teachers, risks highlighted by the literature, as well as by educational practice. One of the difficulties challenging beginning teachers is related to their low level of competences in evaluating correctly and objectively their students’ school results. This study relies on various theoretical premises concerning the development of the professional competencies of beginning teachers. The starting point is the operational model that integrates seven categories of competencies: cognitive and meta-cognitive; methodological; communicational and relational; evaluative; psychosocial; career management; and ICT competencies. The goal of the study is to devise and validate a training programme focused on developing the evaluative competencies of beginning teachers. The research objectives are as follows: to conduct an initial evaluation of the evaluative competencies; to establish the design and course for a program of formative activities that will lead to improvements in the evaluative competencies; and to perform a final evaluation of these evaluative competencies. The research method comprises a formative psycho-pedagogical experimental approach with repeated measurements (test – post test); analysis of the products of teachers’ activities (involving projects and competencies portfolios); psycho-pedagogical observation; and statistical analysis. Data obtained during the research show significant differences between the results obtained by the beginning teachers at the evaluation performed at the end of the formative stage, compared to those obtained at the initial evaluation. The results of this research will contribute to the optimization of the initial training programs of the beginning teachers, as well as to a better professional and social insertion of young teachers.

Keywords: socio-professional insertion, beginning teachers, evaluative competencies, training program, operational model.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF THE USE OF MODERN TEACHING, LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT MEANS

Costica Lupu1

1 „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics-Informatics and Science of Education

Corresponding author: Lupu Costică, [email protected]

Abstract: Every future teacher should get a specialized basic theoretical knowledge instruction and practical approach training in the use of modern teaching, learning and assessment means. Teacher effectiveness is closely connected with the ability to utilize all possible forms of interaction in the context of education through information technologies and, accordingly, with mastering the multimedia communication tools involved. The modern means of teaching, learning and assessment change the perspective on educational practice. New technology supports teachers and students in developing various skills, such as computing, writing, plane and space representations of geometric figures, storing and saving documents to view and compare. The risks of using modern means of education may be due to not finding the best innovative methods for an optimal education process. This may be translated as: overloading the student with too many activities, which may affect the student’s sight, nervous system or emotional mood; using standardized (uniform) messages may cause communication and relationing problems, predispose students to passivity (who may be unable to write down the information completely and systematically, due to the speed at which the information is provided); no support for the development of creativity, originality and aesthetic sense. The research objectives were related to: 1. Increasing the efficiency of the teaching-learning-evaluation activities for Geometry. 2. Building skills in executing plane figures and plane and space geometrical shapes. 3. Diversifying the students’ learning experiences by accessing new learning strategies and methods. 4. Building the students’ skills in using modern means during lessons of Mathematics, through active participation, creativity stimulation. The research hypothesis If we use active-participative methods, modern means and techniques for teaching-learning-evaluating elements of Geometry, students will build skills in using modern means in solving problems with a geometrical content, amplifying the retention of contents and school progress. The research conducted by the students in the third year, the Faculty of Mathematics, during their teaching practice stage, involving two 8th grade classes from “Ştefan cel Mare” National Pedagogical College of Bacău, during the first semester of the 2013-2014 school year, aims at presenting the advantages and risks of using modern means in teaching and learning Geometry.

Key words: advantages and risks; modern means; demonstration methods; collinearity of points in space.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PERFORMANCE AND RISK IN THE SCIENCE EDUCATION

Gheorghe Dumitriu1, Vasile Postolică2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Training Sciences 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Training Sciences

Corresponding author: Vasile Postolică,[email protected]

Abstract: The general education systems, in particular, the education technologies cannot be described without a penetrative study of its research, the economic, political and social context. A universe of components like objects, persons, events, dynamical phenomena and many other strong relations between them has to be taken into account to carry out such a study as this. These form a complex system usually referred as the Education System (ES). Therefore, the research on (ES) modelling methodology can provides as consequences strategies to foresight and planning the future development of the corresponding information technologies in (ES) named by us (ITE).“Risk” is a term that was applied initially when the probabilities of the results were known objectively .Although, it was described by “the possibility of something bad”, and “ the uncertainty” was accepted only for the problems in which there are real alternatives with multiple possible effects. Hence, the risk is an essential element to any human project and not only. At the same time, indifferently of the existence domain, the performance is the pertinent component of the eficiency, permanently coupled with the risk which remains indispensable for every process. Consequently, the risk must be estimated and minimized by the efficiency and the efficiency maximized by the risk. Thus, the efficiency is a measure of the risk and conversely. This is a study containing a new proposal to investigate and promote the Science Education by a simultaneous max - min mathematical model of the performance, being based on the abilities and to promote the proper corresponding implications.

Key words: education system performance, risk, mathematical model

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR 2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ON THE EXPOSURE TO RISKS THAT MAY APPEAR IN THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY - CASE STUDY: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, "VASILE ALECSANDRI" UNIVERSITY OF BACĂU, ROMANIA

Mirela Panainte-Lehăduș1, Valentin Nedeff1, Emilian Moșneguțu1, Tomozei Claudia1, Gabriela Telibașa2, Oana Irimia1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literature

Corresponding author: Mirela Panainte-Lehăduș, [email protected]

Abstract: When discussing the subject of occupational health and safety in the workplace, accidents, as major sources of risk, become the greatest concern. Given the technological developments in the late st decades, the emergence for new sources of occupational risk has led to further research in the field of prevention. It becomes imperative to take necessary technical measures to work processes which are still in phase conception of machines and machinery, materials and products used, as well as to technological processes chosen. Occupational risk assessment enables the employer to undertake the adequate precautions so as to reduce or eliminate the risk of producing such hazards. Investing in accidents and occupational diseases prevention reduces the risks relating to the company’s activity. The main objective of the occupational risk assessment is to determine the employer to adopt preventive measures such as: working in successive teams, limiting the number of workers exposed to hazardous products, taking organizational measures when a third party crosses the territory of another, limiting the exposure time to the minimum necessary, the choice of the most suitable means of individual protection, imposing permanent and periodic medical surveillance of exposed workers, imposing restrictions on the employment of young people and women. The present paper presents the results of the occupational risk assessment at the level of the Faculty of Engineering within “Vasile Alecsandri” University in Bacau. The assessment was conducted by applying the method developed by the National Institute of Research and Development for Labour Protection, Bucharest. The risk assessment allows for the identification of risk factors of the analysed system components; determining the consequences of the actions carried out (their severity); determining the theoretical frequency of the doer's risk factors; assigning the risk levels to be partially based on severity/frequency of each risk factor, and establishing the measures for the prevention and mitigation of risks.

Key words: risk, work system, accidents, safety.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT LESSON DESIGN USING REAL LIFE STUDY CASE OF AQUATIC SYSTEM

Andreea Cocarcea (Rusei)1, Marius Popescu1, Ciprian Sandu1, Oana Acatrinei – Insuratelu1, Alina Diaconescu1, Maria-Ema Faciu1

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering

Corresponding author: Maria-Ema Faciu, [email protected]

Abstract: Environmental risk assessment lessons have a very strong practical and theory applied character, including mainly field work, laboratory activities and analysis in discussions groups. Project based learning method using real life study cases assures not only the formation of the well-trained specialists in their field of expertise, but also their formation as collaborators, problem solvers, communicators. The paper presents a model of best practice of an environmental risk assessment lesson using the study case of the aquatic system from Bacau Lake, Romania. The target group of this project was composed by first year students from Biology and Environment Department (undergraduate level), Mechanical and Environmental Engineering Department (master level) and Doctoral school with research projects linked to GIS, environmental monitoring and assessment, whom worked in mixt groups. This inter- and multi-disciplinary approach empowered the students to assume the role of the specialist in a certain field and to guide their colleagues in the activities of the project. The analysis of organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological properties, were conducted by the students’ teams, both on the field and in laboratories, the visualisation and transfer of the data and results being possible with the help of collaborative and interactive tools: ceramic whiteboards, tablets, University’s online platform, Google Docs, Google Earth. Comparing the outcomes (maps of characterisation, of pollutants’ distribution, of risk factors, and statistical interpretations) with the requests of economic environment, it can be concluded that they are covered, the method being successful in achieving them.

Key words: risk assessment, lesson design, multidisciplinary approach, real life study case.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

IN-SERVICE TEACHERS’ NEEDS TOWARDS USING THE INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Venera Cojocariu1, Liliana Mata2, Iuliana Lazar3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Teacher Training, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 2“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Educational Sciences, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 3”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Marasesti Str. 157, Bacau 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Venera Cojocariu, [email protected]

Abstract: The ascertaining study aims to identify the needs of school and university teachers to the use of interactive educational platforms in the teaching and learning activities. The problem which started this study is the awareness of the risk caused by the low degree of using the interactive educational platform in carrying out teaching and learning activities. The open and closed questions questionnaire is used as a research method. The questionnaire was applied to 110 teachers in secondary education. The survey results indicate that most teachers do not use interactive educational platform in carrying out teaching and learning activities. Analysing the teachers' needs highlights the necessity of developing and implementing training programs focused on the use of interactive educational platforms in teaching and learning activities.

Key words: in-service teachers, needs, interactive educational platforms, questionnaire

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE IMPACT OF ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCES

Liliana Mata1, Venera Cojocariu2, Iuliana Lazar3

1“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Educational Sciences, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Teacher Training, Marasesti Str, 157, Bacau 600115 Romania 3”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Marasesti Str. 157, Bacau 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Liliana Mata, [email protected]

Abstract: The study consists in making an educational experiment to investigate the impact of using eco- friendly technology on the development of pedagogical skills of future primary and pre-school education teachers. The problem which was the basis of the study is the low level of performance obtained by primary and pre-school education teachers in the exam for obtaining a teaching position. To eliminate the risk of teachers’ professional integration, an educational experiment was started to compare the development level of pedagogical skills among 20 students participating in a training program based on eco-friendly technologies and 20 students involved in a training program focused on using traditional means. The survey results indicate significant differences between the results obtained by students in the experimental group compared to those obtained by students in the control group.

Key words: risk of teachers’ professional integration’s, eco-friendly technology, pedagogical skills

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

LE MANQUÉ DE L'ÉDUCATION POUR LA CARRIÈRE ET LE RISQUÉ DE L'INTÉGRATION SOCIALE

Otilia Dandara

Université d'Etat de Moldova; Chisinau, République de Moldova

Corresponding author: Otilia Dandara, [email protected]

Abstract: L'éducation pour la carrière mobilise le potentiel individuel de la personne, elle forme la compétence de projeter (élaborer le projet de) la carrière. Une vision claire sur le perspective du développement professionnel permet à la personne d'établir les priorités dans le contexte d'une situation socio-économique incertaine, d'une fluctuation permanente du marché de travail. Une éducation pour la carrière, réalisée au parcours de toute la vie, constitue un soutien permanent de la personne dans le processus continu d'intégration dans le contexte socioprofessionnel.

Key words: risk of teachers’ professional integration’s, eco-friendly technology, pedagogical skills

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

MANAGING RISKS IN THE ITSM BUSINESS

Valentin Petru Măzăreanu1

1SCC Services Romania

Corresponding author: Valentin Petru Măzăreanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The new information and communication technologies have forced a shift in the way businesses are managed, determining a strong relationship (or even dependency) with IT. Actually, the business success depends on how effective the information system works. Any interruption of the information system will inevitably lead to business loss. For lowering process costs while improving the quality of IT services, aligning them with the current and future needs of the business and its customers some organizations choose to adopt and adapt an ITSM framework. To properly plan this process, achieving a clear understanding of where the organisation stands and where is heading, and so to manage cost and risk, some organizations choose to be guided in this endeavour by SCC, one of Europe’s largest independent technology solutions provider. To ensure the successful implementation of such a project it is necessary to study even from the early stages which are the possible risks that might damage in one way or another the execution of the project. To achieve the best return of investment, avoid business instability or disruption and add value to an organization, a risk management approach is essential. So the risk management is an essential component in an IT Service Management business. In this presentation we will define and present some of the ITSM framework and risk management methodologies, in the same time underlining the way risk management approach is currently used in an ITIL based ITSM business like SCC.

Key words: IT Service Management, risk management, communication technology.

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THE INFLUENCE OF UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS ON THE TRAVELER SALESMAN PROBLEM WHEN USING ANT SYSTEM

Gloria Cerasela Crişan1, Camelia-M. Pintea 2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Education Sciences 2Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Informatics

Corresponding author: Gloria Cerasela Crişan, [email protected]

Abstract: As part of the emergency management, the preparedness always includes the designing and the implementation of efficient and reliable communication systems (roads, railways, mobile phone antennas, etc.). Using open-source data containing the GPS coordinates of the Romanian most important cities, this paper uses one or the most studied Operational Research problems: the Traveler Salesman Problem (TSP). Our investigation modeled the need of connecting the inhabited places from the GPS map of a large territory and delivers some very short paths connecting all those points, even in the case when several point-to-point connections are randomly cut. We used a very effective implementation of the Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic and we executed the application on several instances, simulating two types of random adverse events: either multiple small, local events - like heavy rains or sudden snowfalls on small areas, or one major disaster - as a massive flood, or an important earthquake. We defined a basic TSP instance, containing 2950 nodes and their pairwise distances were computed as distances on a sphere, using the geographic coordinates. This new instance was randomly altered in order to introduce some “emergency degree”, and the results were compared with those delivered by the same application (having the same parameter values and ran in the same computing environment) when no such destructions took place. The results showed that the adaptability expressed by the real ants is manifested also by the ACO implementation we used, as the solutions founded in both the emergency cases we modeled in this paper are not far away from the ones delivered in the normal case. This result entitles us to use ACO applications for solving real-life, TSP-like situations when uncertainty is manifested and some failures could appear in the communication networks. More work will be done in order to explore the “edge of disruption” that triggers unstable behavior of the software application we used.

Key words: Ant Colony Optimization, Traveler Salesman Problem, Emergency management, Uncertainty.

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ROLE OF ICT IN SUPPORTING THE CIRCLES OF SUSTAINABILITY. AN INFORMATIONAL APPROACH AND A CASE STUDY

Elena Nechita1, Doina Păcurari 2, Venera-Mihaela Cojocariu3, Cristina Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu4

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Educational Sciences 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Accounting and Financial Analysis 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Teacher Training 4 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Communication Sciences

Corresponding author: Elena Nechita, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents several ideas regarding the role of information and of the ICT infrastructure for the sustainability of a city, as well as the risks associated to an innapropriate use of information. The perspective takes into account the four domains of the “circles of sustainability model”, as developed in 2011 by UN Global Compact Cities Programme: economics, politics, ecology and culture. We also consider several measures for the risk induced by possible events affecting the information flow in a city. Based on these considerations, a profile of Bacau is designed. This framework could be used as a managing tool, in order to assign the resources where these are needed mostly, as well as for raising awareness on the interlacing between all the informational factors that influence the environment in a city.

Key words: Information, Infrasctructure, Sustainability, Risk, Measure.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY OF THE ON-BOARD SYSTEMS IN MODERN VEHICLES

Krzysztof Rokicki1, Marcin Jasiński 2, Jędrzej Mączak 2, Krzysztof Szczurowski 2

1 Warsaw University of Technology, The Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, The Heavy Construction Machinery Institute, 84 Narbutta Street, 02-524 Warszawa, Poland 2 Warsaw University of Technology, The Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles, 84 Narbutta Street, 02-524 Warszawa, Poland

Corresponding author: Krzysztof Rokicki, [email protected]

Abstract: The study attempts to assess the security of digital data exchange network in vehicles against unauthorized access to functions that threaten the safety of travellers. In the era of mobile devices, many users use in their vehicles a variety of devices and diagnostic programs such as working on Android operating system. Many of these programs perform the functions of gadgets that display while driving selected operating parameters of the engine, etc. Such software has open access to digital data exchange network in the vehicle and can thus perform the functions having a devastating impact on the functioning of the vehicle. This paper describes the methods of obtaining and analyzing diagnostic data from the network for data exchange in vehicles, using, among others, relational databases. Also describes the test applied to the selected vehicles presented and released in the years 2002 - 2008, equipped with modern, sophisticated electronic systems (the CAN-B and CAN-C, LIN). Each of the vehicles has been subjected to attempt to decode diagnostic commands responsible for the execution of the test systems having a direct impact on safety - such as the fuel pump off and deactivate the ABS system or blocking the wheels of the car during the test of the ESP system. Then been trying to call the above mentioned functions while driving the vehicle. As demonstrated by the results of the experiment, the majority of controllers in vehicles enabled the tests only under safe conditions - when the vehicle or engine was stopped. It was found that the controllers used in vehicles usually do not perform uncritically commands sent to them, but gather the information sent to the network for the exchange of data by other systems connected to the network and assess whether the conditions for the execution of the operation exist. Among the tested vehicles, however, are those in which failed to perform such a test by locking the wheels ESP system while driving. The study showed that the level of network security is at a satisfactory level, but there are still some vulnerabilities.

Key words: security of the on-board systems, modern vehicles.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

EFFICIENT DETERMINATION OF BICLIQUE PARTITIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN NETWORK SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT

Mihai Talmaciu1

1 University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Education Sciences

Corresponding author: Mihai Talmaciu, [email protected]

Abstract: To protect a network and automatically assess network security risks, there are multi-agents risk assessment models, based on attack graphs. There are two dominant approaches of building attack graph: graph-theory-based attack graph assessment and model-based attack graph assessment. Model checking was firstly used to analyze whether a given objective is reachable from the initial state and later used to enumerate all possible sequences of attacks between the two states. It is considered that these two assessments based on attack graph are insufficient to quantify network security risk and a new effective solution to build attack graph should be studied. In this regard, there are multi- agents risk assessment models, also based on the attack graph, where information is monitored, collected, and updated by master-slave agents. Applications in information security, data mining, e-commerce, information retrieval and network management require the analysis of large graphs in order to discover homogeneous groupings of rows and columns, called cross associations. We show that finding an optimal cross association is NP-complete. In recent years, information security researchers have devoted attention to the use of graph theoretic techniques to study the prevention and mitigation of exploits on networks. The propagation of exploits through networks has been modeled with constructs like attack graphs. Attack graphs for deployed networks involve a large number of nodes and edges. Manual construction and analysis of these graphs is a challenge, hence, techniques to automate and simplify analysis tasks are the subject of current research. One recent approach employs a clustering technique on adjacency matrices to facilitate analysis of attacks. The specific clustering technique, called cross association. Knowledge of underlying graph structure aids in the analysis of network attacks. The problem of finding cross associations for matrices is closely related to the problem of finding biclique vertex partitions. Bicliques have been studied extensively. Given a graph and an integer k, the biclique cover problem asks whether the edge-set of the graph can be covered with at most k bicliques; the biclique partition problem is defined similarly with the additional condition that the bicliques are required to be mutually edge-disjoint. The biclique vertex-cover problem asks whether the vertex-set of the given graph can be covered with at most k bicliques, the biclique vertex-partition problem is defined similarly with the additional condition that the bicliques are required to be mutually vertex- disjoint. All these four problems are known to be NP-complete even if the given graph is bipartite. In this article we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a biclique partition, an efficient algorithm for constructing a biclique partition and determination of combinatorial optimization numbers for particular classes of graphs (maximal subclasses for P4-free). Key words: attack graph, biclique cover, biclique partition, combinatorial optimization numbers, P4-free graphs, NP- complete.

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ADAPTABLE ROBO - INTELLIGENCES

Dumitru Todoroi

Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM), Department of Information Technologies

Corresponding author: Dumitru Todoroi, E-mail address : [email protected]

Abstract: Consciousness Society, which will be created in period of 2019 – 2035 years, will possess ROBO- intelligences (intelligent robots) based on people and theirs intelligence, abilities, actions, emotions and temperaments. The purpose of present work consists in developing methods, models, and technologies of ROBO – intelligences construction process. The adaptable construction method of ROBO – intelligence creation process was developed. Adaptable method consists in definition of ROBO – intelligence’s high level elements’ pragmatics, syntax, semantics, environment, and examples parts. Adaptable definitions are based on the lower level of creativity, emotion, and temperament intelligence’s elements and functions. Creativity ROBO – intelligence second level of robotic complexity elements using adaptable method based on lower level of intelligence elements were investigated. Lower level of Creativity ROBO – intelligence elements are represented by Piirto’s seven Creativity Inspiration, Imagery, Imagination, Intuition, Insight, Improvisation, and Incubation Intelligent Characteristics in correlation with the first level Piirto’s Six Steps to the Creativity top elements: Acquire Knowledge, Develop Curiosity, Become Interested, Passion, Dedication, and Professionalism. Adaptable method was used in the Emotional ROBO-intelligences creation process which possess classical first level emotional ROBO – intelligence elements Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Sadness, and Anger. Were investigated the Temperamental ROBO-intelligences of Choleric, Sanguine, Phlegmatic and Melancholic types which possess first level Piirto’s Creativity Intelligent Characteristics in correlation with the first level Piirto’s Steps to the Creativity top elements. Developed Intelligent (IQ) and Emotional (EQ) ROBO – intelligences’ formulation, formalisation, and algoritmisation stages are presented and analyzed. Research in the ROBO – intelligences constraction branch are performed in AESM by the team of the Institutional Project “Consciousness Society Creation” beginning with 2008 year. Results were discussed at the annual international TELECONFERENCES in the company of young researches and supporters from Academy of Economic Studies at Bucharest, “Babes-Boliay” University at Cluj-Napoca, “Vasile Alecsandri” University at Bacau, Boston Theological Institute, California Institute of Technology, Iasi “Al. I. Cuza” University, and Illinois State University beginning with the year 2009.

Key words: intelligence, emotion, temperament, robot, conscience, society

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LE SILENCE, UN RISQUE A ASSUMER DANS LA CONVERSATION

Raluca Bălăiță

”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Departement of DDLS

Auteur correspondant: Raluca Bălăiță, [email protected]

Résumé: Notre société contemporaine dominée par l’essor des média, des techniques et des instruments communicatifs est caractérisée par une permanente lutte contre le silence, par une dégradation de la communication qui devient un type de communication « assimilable à une forme assourdissante de silence ; elle ne cesse de ne rien dire et elle le dit éternellement. » (David Le Breton et Philippe Breton, Le silence et la parole contre les excès de la communication, Arcanes/érès, 2009, p. 26). La communication assure le lien social, le silence ne fait qu’anéantir la sécurité de la discussion, étant perçu comme une défaillance de la machine à converser. L’impératif de communication bannit le silence de tout échange. Dans sa dimension purement technique, la communication a perdu son intériorité, elle devient purement phatique, un seul moyen de mise en lien avec les autres. Même si l’on a parfois la tentation de les opposer, le silence et la parole ne sont pas des termes antinomiques. La conversation/le discours ne serai(en)t pas possibles sans l’équilibre établi par la réciprocité du jeu auquel participent les interlocuteurs : « Le silence est le moment de conscience, de responsabilité, d’attention à l’autre. C’est pourquoi, dans la parole, langage et silence se mêlent en permanence et se nourrissent l’un de l’autre. » (David Le Breton et Philippe Breton, Le silence et la parole contre les excès de la communication, Arcanes/érès, 2009, p. 24). Le silence est donc une modalité du sens. Nous nous proposons d’étudier le rôle du silence dans la conversation en nous appuyant sur les travaux des spécialistes en analyse des interactions, notamment sur les travaux de E. Goffman. Goffman distingue deux types de silence, suivant l’achèvement d’un mouvement conversationnel : il y a d’une part ce que l’on appelle une « pause jointive » qui a lieu après une unité d’encodage, et, de l’autre part, la pause qui existe à l’intérieur de cette même unité. C’est ce dernier type de silence, qui peut être perçu comme une rupture, qui est le plus soumis à l’analyse. Selon Goffman, pendant l’accomplissement d’un mouvement, on peut considérer l’aspect cognitif autant que l’aspect rituel du silence. Nous montrerons que le silence peut être envisagé comme un véritable acte de langage dont la force illocutionnaire est récupérable à partir du contexte d’énonciation. Ne rien dire ne se réduit donc pas à rien dire, c’est dire une chose mais autrement. Le silence n’est pas une simple absence de la parole, le silence est porteur de sens.

Mots clés: communication, silence, risque, parole, vide.

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JANE EYRE AS A RISK-TAKER

Cătălina Bălinişteanu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Bălinişteanu Cătălina, [email protected]

Abstract: When setting out to make some changes in our life, one of the things we have to take into consideration, whether consciously or not, is risk. We focus our attention on Jane Eyre (the courageous eponymous heroine of the novel written by Charlotte Brontë), who embodied the women of the 19th century. In our paper we’ll observe if she is trying to minimize risk or if she shows a high degree of tolerance for risk. Lack of risk is comforting as the desired outcome appears guaranteed – and this is the path that most of the Victorian women preferred to take. Our heroine seems to prove that a certain amount of risk is essential for a rewarding experience. In some cases Jane succeeds in showing the reader that larger risks produce bigger opportunities. Her spiritual growth lies somewhere outside the comfortable risk range, and this process of evolving is dynamic because this heroine is not trying to minimize risk and to maximize opportunity.

Key words: social constraints, repression, confinement, rebellion.

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RISK-TRIGGERING FACTORS OF DEMOTIVATION IN LEARNING AND USING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Elena Bonta1, Raluca Galiţa2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Romanian Language and Literature and Sciences of Communication

Corresponding author: Elena Bonta, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper is part of an international project that works on language autobiographies of (young) adults, more precisely on their reflections upon their own foreign languages learning and use, upon the contexts and the people that had a positive or negative impact on the acquisition of these languages. The analysis has in view 14 language autobiographies written by young English teachers, concentrating on the multiple reasons (context, teachers, methods and strategies of teaching, etc.) that make the learners face the risks of not liking, resenting and even refusing to learn and use a foreign language. The paper uses the qualitative research. Its outcomes are meant to help us reach the ultimate purpose of the project, which is that of developing different methods and tools for both teaching and learning languages.

Key words: risk-triggering factors, demotivation, language autobiography, language learning, language use.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENVIROMENT PROTESTS IN ROMANIA. ROŞIA MONTANĂ CASE

Cristina Cirtita-Buzoianu1, Corina Daba-Buzoianu 2

1 University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacau, Department of Romanian Language and Litterature and Communication Sciences 2 National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Department of Public Relations

Corresponding author: Cristina Cirtita-Buzoianu, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Romania, the place where protests never take place, has been facing significant civil disobedience and street demonstrations in the last years. Among them, the environment protests had several particularities as they did not convey a social problem. The cyanide exploitation in Roșia Montană has been over debated in the last years due to the fact that the place is part of the Romanian historical heritage and due to the negative environment impact. The project has been delayed several times being subject to political and public environment policies. Moreover, the cyanide exploitation generated public protests and street demonstrations against the project. Our study reveals the media coverage of the protests and analyses the way Romanian media referred to the environmental protests related to Roșia Montană through the messages. We investigate the media message and implicitly the representation comprised in it.

Key words: environmental protests, Roșia Montană, civil demonstration.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE RISK OF LOSING NATIONAL IDENTITY IN 21st CENTURY ROMANIA, OR NATIONAL IDENTITY FROM ADAPTATION TO SELF-CENSORSHIP

Andreia-Irina Suciu1, Mihaela Culea1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Mihaela Culea, [email protected]

Abstract: In the contemporary world of extremely dynamic movements in the fields of territorial state reconfiguration, economic “colonization”, globalization, migration of population, borrowing of cultural values and intensified cultural exchange or transfer, defining national identity has become a process which registers numerous changes and encounters various challenges. The classical features that assisted this process of defining national identity in the past – a historic territory, common myths, historical memories and values, a common public culture, common legal rights and duties, a common economy with territorial mobility (A. D. Smith 1991: 14) – undergo strong transformations each decade and defining a nation’s identity calls for strong reconsiderations. One aspect worth considering is that of losing or self-censoring one’s national identity due to a nation’s own desire or some external demands of adaptation to general aspects of political, economic, financial, social, or cultural nature. Our paper intends to consider some of the causes or factors that might lead to twenty- first century Romania’s weakening or loss of national identity and suggest some possible solutions against such a process. Key words: risk, national identity, culture, values, adaptation, self-censorship

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MEDIA COVERAGE OF RISKS RELATED TO MOBILE PHONE BASE STATIONS IN ROMANIA

Loredana Ivan1, Corina Daba-Buzoianu 2, Alina Duduciuc1

1 National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Department of Communication 2 National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Department of Public Relations

Corresponding author: Corina Daba-Buzoianunu, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Current research on the risks associated with mobile phone suggests that many European citizens, at least in the developed countries, have negative perceptions of mobile phone base stations technologies and perceive different health risks associated with the proximity of mobile phone base stations. Less research has been conducted in East European countries regarding risk perceptions on radio signals transmitted by mobile phone antennas. In the current research study we conducted a content analysis of news regarding mobile phone base stations in Romania, using two of the most important news portals (www.hotnews.ro and www.ziare.com). A systematic search was conducted based on a closed list of keywords (see Horst-Dietrich et al., 2009) with time frame between anuary 2010 to January 2014. The results show little concern of media with the topic of risks associated with mobile phone base stations and several articles which outline the benefits of the introduction of mobile communication technologies, including antennas for isolated or poor communities. Still, more recent news focus mainly on scientific data on health risks of mobile phone base stations, showing negative or non-conclusive effects. The data are discussed taking into account the current research in the risk communication domain and particularities in the developing countries, where rapid introduction of the latest technologies is also treated as an indicator of progress and economic growth (see van Kleef et al., 2010).

Key words: Mobile phone base stations; Risks perceptions; Health risks; Mobile phone base stations news; Mobile phone radiations.

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LE PARI RISQUE DU FRANÇAIS: LA DIVERSITE A L’HEURE DE LA MONDIALISATION

Veronica Grecu

1 University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Veronica Grecu, [email protected]

Résumé: A l’heure de la mondialisation, le devenir et les conditions d’expression des diverses identités culturelles, quelques-unes ancestrales, semblent être menacés par la propagation des valeurs occidentales qui érodent les mémoires. Le modèle anglo-saxon, appuyé sur l’anglais comme langue véhiculaire, tend à imposer certains modes de fonctionnement qui pourraient se traduire comme des formes de l’impérialisme culturel et linguistique. La lutte pour la diversité – linguistique et culturelle – se donne ainsi à voir comme un pari risqué sur un monde qu’on ne rêve « ni monocolore, ni inégalitaire ».

Mots-clé: diversité, français, mondialisation, risque, exception.

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RISK-ASSESSMENT FOR STYLISTIC PROBLEMS IN WRITING AND TRANSLATING TECHNICAL TEXTS

Nadia-Nicoleta Morăraşu1, Luminița Drugă2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Romanian Lasnguage and Literature and Sciences of Communication

Corresponding author: Nadia Morăraşu,[email protected]

Abstract: In adjusting the terminology and methodology of risk-assessment to linguistic studies, we propose the identification of the hazards implied by the excessive usage of technical jargon, followed by a decision on how and to whom it may cause harm. Jargon represents the technical or secret vocabulary used by specialists belonging to a particular field of activity (science, art, literature, technology) etc) and it may have an unintelligible character for non-specialists. Our choice of instruction manuals for household or electronic devices as potential hazards to users is motivated by personal observations on the faulty style of Romanian versions of instructions originally written in English. Bringing them up not only to technical, but also to stylistic standards, which implies a clear, concise and accessible style, would result in their fulfilling their practical purpose more effectively. The next step in our research involves evaluating risks and proposing some precaution measures. Technical specialists consider that coping with formality scales in technical writing represents a very challenging experience. Based on style manuals and specialist-oriented guidelines for good technical writing, we intend to assess the risks of adopting either an ultraformal and very stiff style or idiomatic and informal forms of expression, deemed as being unprofessional. The process of risk-assessment in our case may be considered incomplete, as long as our findings about the stylistic problems encountered in technical writing and translations may, at its best, lead to recommendations and not necessarily to their implementation. This is the reason why, in a follow-up to this study, we intend to review our assessment and make amendments to it, depending on the changes in the writing styles of engineering students who are taking courses in technical English.

Key words: risk-assessment, technical writing, jargon, technical translation, instruction manuals

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

A STUDY ON RISK-TAKING AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN ESP STUDENTS

Roxana-Iuliana Popescu1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of International Relations

Corresponding author: Roxana-Iuliana Popescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Starting from the definition of English for Specific Languages (ESP) given by Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19) who consider it as “an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner’s reason for learning”, we can see that ESP may be a challenge for learners, hence involving risk-taking as a major characteristic of successful learning in a second language. ESP students are usually people who are already acquainted with General English, but they want to use the language functions and vocabulary related to their professional training and skills in various fields of activity, such as accounting, medicine, computer science, engineering, sports, tourism, business administration and many others. Teaching English in context shows that a subject has to be connected to students’ real world and assimilated with a subject matter area which is important to them. Classroom participation closely influences language proficiency, therefore involving risk-taking. A combination of ability and motivation is engaged in both classroom participation and proficiency. According to this study, we can confirm that risk-taking learners participate more in the classroom and accordingly, there are great chances to increase their language proficiency. In other words, the more language is used, the more language proficiency seems to improve. Learners’s interlocutors in the classroom are represented by their teacher or peers and this interaction can be done effectively by taking a risk. Even if making mistakes can be embarrassing sometimes, taking the risk of being wrong makes a good language learner succeed in second language acquisition. Based on classroom observation and using a Language Learning Attitudes Questionnaire applied on second-year undergraduate students studying ESP, the data in this paper show that there is a strong influence of risk-taking on language proficiency.

Key words: risk-taking, language learning, language proficiency, L2 acquisition, ESP learner.

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LES RISQUES DE PRENDRE LA PAROLE : COMMUNICATION, ARGUMENTATION ET MISE EN DISCOURS

Simina Mastacan1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Simina Mastacan, [email protected]

Résumé: Tout échange argumentatif repose sur une série de règles qui influent sur la construction du discours, le déroulement des raisonnements exposés, la réception du message par l’interlocuteur. Si on parle souvent du caractère incontournable de la communication, il n’en reste pas moins que l’acte de prendre la parole suppose aussi une série de risques que le locuteur doit assumer. On va examiner, dans le présent travail, la portée de quelques contenus linguistiques implicites (malentendu, allusion, insinuation, ironie) par rapport à leur impact présumé dans la communication verbale.

Mots-clé: argumentation, linguistique, implicite verbal, interprétation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

NE PAS ENSEIGNER LA PHONETIQUE DANS LA CLASSE DE FLE RISQUE UNE MAUVAISE PRONONCIATION DES ELEVES

Adriana-Gertruda Romedea

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Letters

Adriana-Gertruda Romedea, [email protected]

Résumé : La Phonétique ou l’étude des sons du langage est la première discipline linguistique qui doit être enseignée à l’école. Utiliser les sons de la langue maternelle peut être utile au départ, mais dangereux pour la suite car le « rapprochement » entre le français et le roumain peut bien entretenir des illusions sur ses propres qualités de sujet parlant dans la langue de Molière. D’une part, enseigner les règles qui régissent sur les aspects acoustiques et graphiques des mots, les enchaînements, les liaisons, etc., conduisent les élèves vers une bonne prononciation. Nous pouvons affirmer que l’art de bien prononcer doit être exercé depuis la maternelle, quand les enfants sont plus réceptifs, quand la langue étrangère constitue un jeu pour eux. D’autre part, les notions de prosodie et de versification servent à faire comprendre les mécanismes de la poésie (le compte des syllabes, la rime, le rythme, les sonorités, etc.). En outre, nous avons constaté que cette discipline avait été négligée dans l’enseignement de la langue française, même si les manuels sont conçus avec des exercices de phonétique. Enfin, l’enseignement de la phonétique doit préoccuper tous les professeurs de FLE, puisque les élèves doivent identifier et interpréter les différences entre les sons et les groupements de sons et, en même temps, les produire de manière reconnaissable.

Mots clés : enseignement, phonétique, prononciation, sons, prosodie.

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THE RISKS OF COLONIALIST EXPANSION: RE-READING ROBINSON CRUSOE AND HEART OF DARKNESS

Ioan Sava

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Sava Ioan, [email protected]

Abstract: Historically speaking, the beginnings of British colonialism and the rise of British imperial ideology can be situated somewhere in the latter half of the sixteenth century. The colonized territories were seen mainly as valuable sources of raw materials and cheap labour force. But, there appeared a need for a rhetoric of justification, which simply said that these early explorations and colonial settlements were for the good of the colonized and tried at the same time to veil the major economic and strategic reasons. Arguably, the colonizers had the noble mission to spread the light of civilization and particularly that of Christian religion to the uncivilized, infidels and savages who lived in darkness. We know now that this supposedly civilizing-mission rhetoric, actually served to veil real political and economic aims. Yet, it was particularly this civilizing mission that allowed decent people to accept the notion that far-away territories and their inhabitants should be subjugated, and to consider it as an obligation to rule and subordinate those whom they saw as less advanced, or inferior. This ideological enterprise implied of course a number of risks, one of them being the contemporary re-shaping of the canon, a process among whose ‘victims’ we easily identify Robinson Crusoe and Heart of Darkness.

Key words: civilizing mission, the colonizer, the colonized, re-shaping the canon.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE METHODOLOGICAL RISKS OF AN ENGLISH-ROMANIAN CONTRASTIVE COLLECTION OF FOOD IDIOMS AND PROVERBS

Petronela Savin1, Ioana Boghian2 , Florinela Floria3

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Romanian Language and Literature and Communication Science 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Teacher Training 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Romanian Language and Literature and Communication Science

Corresponding author: Petronela Savin, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper aims at presenting the research methodological risks for creating an English- Romanian contrastive collection of food idioms and proverbs. This instrument intends to make use of new scientific lexicographical methods in the field of phraseology, providing an answer to the challenge regarding the research strategies of studying language from the perspective of cultural universals. Although the cross- linguistic similarities of idioms according to their cultural foundations seem to gain ground in today's research, phraseological collections are less convincing. In response to the current situation of the onomasiological cross- linguistic corpus of idioms, our English-Romanian contrastive collection of food idioms and proverbs exceeds the perspective of a simple compilation of phrasemes that are separately treated and alphabetically ordered, but organised as organic elements related to a coherent system. We consider that, due to the essential position that food idioms and proverbs hold in the reflection of the mechanisms of language expressivity, compiling an English-Romanian collection is very productive. A contrastive collection of food idioms, will illustrate the main dimensions of the phrasemes which reveal, on the one hand, conceptual structures and metaphorical modes of conceptualizing the world, and, on the other hand, “cultural taxons” based on social interaction, phenomena of material culture, intertextual phenomena, fictive conceptual domains, cultural symbols. The contrastive approach of this project, focusing the attention on English and Romanian language, enables us to answer more precisely various questions concerning the relationship between language and culture and questions regarding potential explanations of cross-linguistic similarities of idioms – be they genetic affiliation, the increasing influence of English upon other languages or the “common European cultural heritage”, as well as to define the theoretical and methodological questions more clearly. This contrastive collection can be a useful research tool for linguists, anthropologists and for the general public interested in the English and Romanian languages, taking into account their expressiveness and documentary significance, which occasions the spotlighting of some fundamental constructs of the European mentality.

Key words: methodological risks, collection, food, idioms, proverbs, European cultural heritage

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AN EXPERIENTIAL MODEL OF CULTURAL FOOD EDUCATION

Petronela Savin

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Romanian Language and Literature and Communication Science

Corresponding author: Petronela Savin, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper aims at presenting an experiential model of cultural food education through the assumption of traditional knowledge about food. The need for the model derives primarily from the increasingly acute awareness of the role played by food culture in the harmonious, ecological development of a person and community, within a society of consumption and globalization. The risks associated with society’s accelerated development, food overconsumption, food practices which cultivate sedentariness (with medical consequences such as nutritional disorders or cardiovascular disease) have generated a return to tradition. There have been initiated campaigns for exploiting traditional food practices related to ecological cultivation, use of local food resources, food preparation after traditional recipes. However, many of these actions were left at the stage of information and publicity campaigns, because they cannot reconnect with authentic cultural heritage in terms of food. In the space of traditional food more than in any other domain, each community has historically accumulated layers of popular knowledge, resulted from the interaction with the environment and the living conditions, many of them with a proven scientific foundation. All this heritage should be exploited, being in no contrast with the idea of progress but, on the contrary, including it. Thus, our model aims at providing a syllabus of traditional food cultural education, responding to the objectives of the “Sectoral strategy from the domain of culture and national patrimony for the period 2014-2020”, according to which culture is a fundamental dimension of socio-economic development.

Key words: industrialization risks, experiential model, cultural food education, traditional knowledge

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISQUES ET ATOUTS DE LA PRATIQUE DE L’AUTOBIOGRAPHIE LINGUISTIQUE

Maricela Strungariu

Université “Vasile Alecsandri” de Bacau, Département de Langues et Littératures étrangères

Corresponding author: Maricela Strungariu, [email protected]

Résumé: Valorisée de plus en plus ces dernières années par les sociolinguistes et les professeurs de langues étrangères, l’autobiographie langagière est une narration où une personne raconte sa vie abordant une thématique spéciale, à savoir ses rapports avec les langues. Elle recrée l’histoire et la vie des langues parlées par un individu au cours de son parcours existentiel (acquisition, apprentissage, motivations, conditions d’utilisation, etc.). Notre propos est de déceler les atouts et les points faibles de cette méthode utilisée dans le cadre des cours d’apprentissage des langues, de formation des enseignants ou dans les études sociolinguistiques.

Mots-clés: autobiographie linguistique, apprentissage des langues, risques, atouts

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISKS IN INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING SCIENCE-RELATED AND TECHNOLOGY-BASED IDIOMS

Gabriela Telibaşa1, Nadia-Nicoleta Morăraşu2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Corresponding author: Gabriela Telibasa, [email protected]

Abstract: In its narrower sense, the class of linguistic expressions called idioms involves fixed and semantically opaque units. Considering that most combinations of words with figurative meaning related to science and technology can be more or less transparent, while some are completely opaque, there is a high risk of interpreting their meaning without thinking about the metaphors they contain. The mitigation in this case lies in making sense of their idiomatic meanings by projecting mental images based on their metaphors. Starting from findings reported by semantic and cognitive linguistic researches, our paper validates the assumption that native speakers use idioms coming from technology and science instinctively, without thinking about their figurative nature, while language learners tend to use them denotatively and run the risk of misinterpretation. In combining the semantic analysis of a lexicographic corpus of English idioms with an applied linguistic approach to contextualized idiomatic expressions, we intend to perform an assessment of risk factors in translating such expressions from English into Romanian. The outcome of this research is providing some useful guidelines for both translators of specialized texts who are trying to cope with the challenges of rendering idiomatic meanings accurately and lexicographers who may not be aware of the dangers of compiling bilingual dictionaries of idiomatic expressions. Moreover, as idioms are products of our conceptual system, whose meaning arises from our general knowledge of the world embodied in this system, this research also focuses on samples of expressions which have become endangered, at risk or extinct, on account of the dramatic changes in the realities that generated them.

Key words: idioms, idiomatic meaning, misinterpretation, endangered expressions

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

TRANSLATING POETRY: DILEMMAS AND RISKS

Elena Ciobanu1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Foreign Languages

Corresponding author: Elena Ciobanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The translation of poetry is, for some, a meaningless syntagm, since it is not considered possible. In Robert Frost’s famous dictum, “poetry is lost in translation”. However, this activity, when it is undertaken with thorough knowledge of the subject (not only the text, the language, but also knowledge about its biographical, historical or even social context), leads to satisfactory results. While it is true that a part of the source text remains forever unfathomable, it is also true that a part of its uniqueness is indeed transmitted to the reader of a different language. In this paper we discuss some of the difficulties we encountered in our translation of some poetic texts written by English and American 20th century authors.

Key words: poetry, translation, language, risk.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISKS OF ENCODING AND DECODING NONVERBAL MESSAGES IN COMMUNICATION

Brindusa-Mariana Amalancei1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Romanian Language and Litterature and Communication Sciences

Corresponding author: Brindusa-Mariana Amalancei, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The notion of risk is rather abstract, complex and quite difficult to understand and does not have a very clear representation. According to the classical definition of decision, it defines events that can occur in socio-human relations and which are uncertain or can yield negative and irreversible effects. In nonverbal communication, despite numerous recent attempts to introduce rules and regulations concerning its structuring and reception, a series of risks interfere, which are mostly related to the characteristics of this type of communication and to its context. Our paper will attempt to highlight and examine – by means of observational research (considered to be a superior method of obtaining data concerning the nonverbal behaviour and the specific behaviour in certain situations) as well as by means of contents analysis – a number of risks, which can be grounded on a serious of factors such as: the environment in which the communication takes place, the nature of the relations between interlocutors, the social norms, the way in which emotions can get out of control and can sometimes contradict what we are actually saying, the possibility of simultaneously transmitting nonverbal signs against our will, lack of attention or interest concerning the transmitted message and its externalization by means of nonverbal signs, making gestures that create confusion, etc. Due to the fact that our bodily means of expression are very diverse, it is necessary to be/become familiarized with the categories of gestures and their communicative functions and it is also recommended to anticipate and eliminate the potential obstacles before they occur, so that we could improve the probability of being efficient in communication.

Key words: Emotions, Control, Contradictions, Obstacles, Efficient communication.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK INTELLIGENT PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS A FRAMEWORK FOR RISK MANAGEMENT

Dan Cimpean1

1Deloitte Brussels, Belgium

Corresponding author: Dan Cimpean, [email protected]

Abstract: This key note focuses on the principles of the Risk Intelligent Public Sector Organisations. It describes how a risk intelligent approach - which exemplifies best practice approaches to risk management - may deliver benefits to European Institutions, Local and Central Government, Universities, Agencies. In the business world, enterprise risk management has been around for nearly two decades, in some sectors with a high degree of sophistication using complex probability models and advanced analyses. Among public sector organisations, growing internal and external pressures driven by internal mandates, administrative policies, and security and safety concerns and natural and man-made disasters are prompting a trend toward the adoption of enterprise risk management systems and methodologies. Yet it is still the rare organisation that intelligently manages the full spectrum of risk that views risks from all perspectives within the entity that breaks down barriers which can obscure a clear picture of the full risk environment, and that systematically anticipates and prepares an integrated response to potentially significant risks. Since it occurs so infrequently, we believe that risk management done right deserves a special designation — as do the organizations that model leading practices. As such, we call these “Risk Intelligent (Public Sector) Organisations.” Application of Risk Intelligent principles will vary with an organisation’s mission, goals, legislative mandates, regulatory requirements, and existing risk management infrastructure. For example, some have appointed risk officers to oversee risk management practices while others are just beginning to explore such an approach. Yet Public Sector Organisations are not newcomers to risk management. Indeed, quite a few agencies and public bodies exist specifically to manage the critical risks that our country faces. Others concern themselves primarily with risks that could undermine their specific missions and operations. In both cases, Risk Intelligence can serve as a catalyst for more effective, efficient, and economical risk management. Open discussion about risk is fundamental to Risk Intelligence. We therefore encourage all involved stakeholders to share views, best practices and ideas in an open, collaborative format.

Key words: risk management, risk intelligence, risk analysis

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK MANAGEMENT PLANNING WITHIN ROMANIAN COMPANIES

Costel Ceocea1, Luminița Bibire2, Adrian Stelian Ghenadi 3

1”Moldova” Financial Investment Company (SIF Moldova Bacau), Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems

Corresponding author: Luminita Bibire, [email protected]

Abstract: Risk management planning is the process whereby it is decided how to approach and to plan the risk management activities for a firm. Before any risk management actions it is needed to assess a potential risk within analysed company in terms of activities, program and costs. This evaluation is not simple, because it must be taken into account all activities of the company, which may contain a potential risk. This gives a list of activities, and a classification of potential risks, which include, activities without risk, activities with low risk and activities with high-risk potentially. On the other hand, the response at risk planning is the process of options development and of actions determination that lead to opportunities identification and threats reduction on the proper development of company activity. Romanian economy, just as the world economy is going through a very difficult period. Within these conditions, companies are subjected to multiple and complex risks. In many cases, managers do not have the availability to assume some of these risks, what led, in the end, to stopping of company activity, many times. This paper was based on a questionnaire survey, but there were interviews, observations and study of companies’ documents. The authors performed a general analysis, in terms of the risks and the managers ”attitude towards different risks. Their subsequent attitudes are dependent on these decisions: risk aversion, neutrality or propensity towards risk. Within study, many of the interviewed managers presented propensity towards risk. This is a specific feature of top management levels characteristic for the position of manager. Their subsequent attitudes are dependent on these decisions: risk aversion, neutrality or propensity towards risk. From the investigation of certain risk characteristics, depending on the importance they have in the risk assessment shows that risk management procedures are considered most important by managers, almost on par with the accurate estimation of the severity of the risk (the losses of human nature, material, financial, etc.). Also, in descending order of importance, managers are concerned by the causes of risk, timing, and time of exposure.

Key words: risk management, questionnaire survey, assessment, Romanian economy

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE PRESENCE OF MANUFACTURERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF GREEN PRODUCTS ON ROMANIAN MARKET

Iuliana Caraman, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Gabriel Lazar, Valentin Nedeff

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mecanical Engineering

Corresponding author: Iuliana Caraman, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper analyses the situation of manufacturers and distributors of green products on Romanian market for 2012-2013. This study is justified by the fact that in 2011 only five Romanian products were labelled with green label. The Project 08/INF/RO/000507 LIFE "Promoting Green Products" was developed starting with 2010 till 2013 to support Romanian consumers and manufacturers in using and producing of green products. One of the project objectives was to identify the local distributors or manufacturers of green products. A methodology was developed for this purpose and was used to conduct studies in 2012-2013. According to the methodology developed, a questionnaire was applied to the manufacturers and distributors from Romania in order to identify the ones of green products on the one hand, and on the other hand to identify their interest in the eco-label process. Products with a high score that were found on the market in 2012 were: soaps, shampoos, conditioners, cleaners, shoes, paper, paints and varnishes. In 2013 the products with the highest market share were: clothing, shoes, TV sets, washing machines and electric lamps. A series of workshops for manufacturers and distributors were organized for a better awareness of the benefits of the eco-label. Manufacturers/distributors have received information on the eco-label procedure in accordance with the Romanian law. According to the study conducted during 2012 - 2013 all the respondents said that they need less than one year to develop the concept and to put it on market or in commercial production. The results of the market survey carried out in hypermarkets and specialized stores all over the country show that the number of manufacturers/distributors that produce or distribute green products hasn’t increased.

Key words: green products, eco-label, manufacturers, distributors

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK MANAGEMENT IN NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Nicoleta Ciucescu1

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Marketing and Management

Corresponding author: Nicoleta Ciucescu, [email protected]

Abstract: The article proposes to present general aspects of the governance of NGOs, and also some particular aspects as the legislative issues and the responsibilities that have the Board of Directors and the Executive Council, the difference between the role of the Board of Directors and that of the Executive Council. The case study highlights the role and the responsibilities of the Board of Directors towards the members and beneficiaries of the organization, towards the staff of the organizations and towards the society as a whole and towards other organizations. Therefore, the main research method used was the sociological inquiry on site based on statistical questionnaire. In conclusioon a questionnaire was applied to directors of the NGOs which was made up of a total of 16 questions, grouped into three categories, and the responses of interviewees were analyzed by interval scale, Likert type, in five stages.

Key words: Board of Directors, Executive Council, involvement, society.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY FOR INVESTMENT PROJECTS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Elena Gindu1, Aurel Chiran1, Benedicta Drobotă1, Andy-Felix Jităreanu1, Ionuț Drobotă2

1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iaşi, Department of Agroeconomy 2 S.C. MONSANTO ROMANIA S.R.L.

Corresponding author: Benedicta Drobotă, [email protected]

Abstract: In the investment projects, a strategic component is the identification of all risks that may influence those successes, by prevention and an effective management. Risk management is essential in adding value to an investment and improve results. With the economic and financial crisis in recent years, increasingly, more companies have realized the importance of using a system of risk management, taking into account the many variables that can influence the success of a project. Among these are: • legislative changes; • global economic and political instability; • natural disasters; • climate change; • human resources; • liquidity risk; • environmental impact; • the risk of erroneous calculation of total project costs; • risk of failure of the project 's initial timeframe; • the risk of prolonging the execution of the project; • risk of failure to the forcast internal rate of return (IRR ) and net present value ( NPV ) etc. The purpose of this study is to propose a new method of risk assessment and management in investment projects with environmental impact and its application in a case study. The new methodology has a complex approach, from identifing the investment opportunity, investment project writing and the project implementation. It also will consider macroeconomic, microeconomic, environmental variables that can influence the success of project implementation. The main advantages of applying the new methodology refer to: • knowledge of all the variables that influence the success of an investment project realization; • awareness of the importance of applying effective management of risks related to investment projects with environmental impact; • increase the quality of investment projects and their success.

Key words: risk, management, projects, environment

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FEATURES OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Andreea Feraru, Roxana Mironescu, Ovidiu Leonard Turcu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Economics, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Andreea Feraru: [email protected]

Abstract:The European rules on environmental liability want to harmonize the laws of the Member States regarding the financial responsibility of the polluters, and also their terms of the risk insurance coverage. Therefore, without an explicit stipulation, EU Member States suggests the possibility of establishing an uniform system of compulsory insurance for the environmental risks. The European Member States should encourage the operators to use any other appropriate forms of insurance or other forms of financial security and the development of specific market instruments and financial security, in order to effectively cover the financial obligations resulting from the European specific Directives. Most of the industrial companies focuses on protecting their assets by signing some property type insurances, without paying attention to maintain the liability by a specific insurance.This attitude is not appropiate, as the value of a firm can be negatively affected both by the decrease of the assets and by the debt increase. In the European countries, the consumers will become more aware of the risk for their health by the use of hazardous substances while consuming certain current products . The Ecolabel put on the groups of merchandises, which guarantees the absence of toxic chemicals, must be a success, the same the promotion of the eco-label among the consumers. The main objective of the SEE Financial Mechanism is to support the economic and social development in Romania as a member state of the European Economic Area, in accordance with the national priorities and the agreements signed with the EU. The assistance by the financial mechanism is provided in the form of grants for individual eligible projects. The total amount available for this call for proposals is EUR 40,500,000.

Key words: environmental protection, financial tools, business risks, small and medium enterprises, environmental reglementation, taxation.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS IN ESTABLISMENTS WHERE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES ARE USED

Daniel-Cătălin Felegeanu1, Valentin Nedeff1, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus1, Mircea Horubet2

1Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. 2Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Department of English Language and Literature.

Corresponding author: Daniel-Cătălin FELEGEANU, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Risk can be defined as the probability that an existing hazard should turn into an accident. It can be evaluated through the potential losses in the manufacturing process or the harmful level of accidents with an impact on human health, caused by unpredictable technical events. Romanian authorities have not yet found a nationwide method for evaluating the risks in the establishments that come under the scope of the SEVESO Directive. Starting from the potential risk that an accident might occur in the establishments where dangerous substances are used in the processing activities, with serious consequences for both the establishments themselves and their immediate surroundings, it is necessary that a combined, complex method should be found in order to limit and eliminate the consequences of potential major accidents. This paper presents a new risk assessment method in establishments where dangerous substances are used in the manufacturing process. This new method is based on a combination of the strengths of the already existing risk assessment methods at the international level. It is aimed at determining, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the risk/safety level for the equipment/technologies used in the manufacturing process, which can lead to major accidents with serious consequences for man and environment. The most common risk assessment methods currently used are: Mosar, Aramis, checklist, Octave, and Mehari method. By combining the strong points of these methods, this paper proposes a new risk assessment method called CAMES: Combined Analysis Method for Emergency Situations.

Key words: check list, fault tree analysis, safety report, protection

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE ROMANIAN SMEs

Roxana Mironescu1, Ovidiu Leonard Turcu2, Costel Ceocea3 1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Economics, Bacau, Romania 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Economics, Bacau, Romania 3 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Economics, SIFM, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Roxana Mironescu, [email protected]

Abstract:The prerequisite for the smooth functioning of the business risk management is the their correct identification. Basically, identifying business risks is fundamental to determine the optimal level of protection for a given activity. If the risk is underestimated, the protection will be insufficient to cover losses and, if overstated , the cost of protection will reduce the excess proceeds of the activity.The SMEs can easily adapt to the requirements of today's markets which became more and more competitive. The small and medium enterprises directly and indirectly contribute to support the activities of the large enterprises, either as suppliers or as customers. Fast-growing entrepreneurial companies will play an important role in re-balancing the economies all around the world and, therefore, their stimulation is more necessary than ever. The vulnerabilities of the SMEs are mainly linked to the decreasing available resources, to the excessive dependence on the entrepreneurs’ financial decisions and to the changing business environment. The objective of this research was to identify the internal and external major factors which influence the present activities and the future of the SMEs from the North East region The method used in this paper work is based on a questionnaire applied to a sample of 120 top managers coming from various fields of activity, operating on the market for more than two years. The management of information and the data collection was conducted in the late 2013. In the first stage, a total of 35 risks was identified. The further evaluation of the results used the probability and the impact of the identified risks, based on questionnaires and by processing information from the documentation provided by the managers of SMEs taken under the analysis. Key words: corporate governance, market risks, operational risks, financing risks, financial predictions.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

RISK MANAGEMENT OF IMPLEMENTING PATIENT TRANSFERS AND ASSISTIVE DEVICES IN HOME CARE CENTER FOR ELDERLY

Gabriela Raveica 1, Ionel Raveica 2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Kinetotherapy and Occupational Therapy 2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau , Department of Engineering and management of Industrial Systems

Corresponding author: Gabriela Raveica, [email protected]

Abstract: This study uses the Delphi method to identify critical risks in the development and implementing of assistive devices used on patient transfer in homecare centers. This paper investigates work-related risk factors for occupational back injury among healthcare workers relates to home care centers in county of Bacau. Execution as a part of of management processes is the phase within which the deliverables are physically built and presented for final acceptance. While each deliverable is being constructed, a suite are undertaken to monitor and control the deliverables being output by the project. These processes help us to manage time, cost, quality, change, risks, issues, suppliers. Critical risks included planning, technology development, learning abilities, performance, schedule management, and cost management. This study determined which factors were of high importance. Mind mapping was used to create a knowledge map; and layer expansion was used to understand risk distribution to facilitate risk mitigation and monitoring. Organizational risk strategies could be developed to reduce risk and maintain stability while achieving the objective of developing/implementing of a new assistive tehnology.

Key words: Risk management, assistive technology, organizational risk strategies.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

FLOOD RESILIENCE PLANNING FOR THE CITY VALLEY OF GALATI, ROMANIA

Atanasia Stoica1, Luminita Dumitriu 1

1 “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Department of Computer and Information Technology

Corresponding author: Atanasia Stoica, [email protected]

Abstract: Throughout this paper, the term "flood resilience" will refer to a city's capability of responding to flood threats and evolving so as to coexist with these phenomena. Ensuring flood resilience implies three separate stages: i) implementing flood prevention methods to temper down the effects and damages; ii) adapting the city's current infrastructure to work together with the (often limited) space available for flood barriers during both the flood periods and the rest of the year; iii) transforming the cityscape according to the rules derived from the first two stages. This article presents a flood resilience study, based on cost-effective flood prevention methods, elaborated for the flood-prone area of the city of Galati (Romania), i.e. the City Valley. This area is the lowest geological terrace of the city and is constantly affected by flooding due to the rise of water-flow of the local rivers and/or heavy rainfall throughout the region. It borders the Danube and stretches from the Siret River, all the way to the Prut River. The flood prone area is approximately 197,7 ha and affects five major quarters of Galati. Permanent, temporary and demountable flood protection systems are discussed, the emphasis being placed on temporary and demountable systems. The selected systems are cost efficient, imply low cleanup and repair costs, and thus may diminish the overall flood expenses and ensure a safe, efficient and durable city development. The information technology used planning is also discussed.

Key words: flood resilience, flood prevention, flood barriers, urban planning

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

URBAN PLANNING OF FLOOD-PRONE AREAS OF GALATI (ROMANIA) BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY AND VECTOR EDITING TECHNOLOGY

Atanasia Stoica1, Luminita Dumitriu 1

1 “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Department of Computer and Information Technology

Corresponding author : Atanasia Stoica, [email protected]

Abstract: Urban planning and urban design have a key role in the development of macro-, as well as micro- territories. The information technology used in urban planning is ever changing with technological advancement. With the wide area of available software, it is essential to provide the best results in the most cost- effective manner. Another important aspect to consider is the available and/or accessible information databases. When such information is unavailable or difficult to obtain, the process of urban planning becomes highly demanding where resources are concerned, both financially and regarding man-power. The aim of the present paper is to present an alternative to creating urban planning projects and simulations, based on satellite imagery and vector editing information technology. The case study chosen for this paper is the rehabilitation of public and green spaces in the lowest geological terrace of Galati (the City Valley), Romania. This specific site was chosen due to the fact that it is situated in a flood-prone area, where the phenomenon occurs on a regular basis. Urban resilience is the key factor to the development of the city of Galati and therefore urban planning and design must keep up with the growing trends.

Key words: urban planning and design, flood-prone area, satellite imagery, vector editing information technology

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN ROMANIA

Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru1, Mircea Nicoară1, Oana Jitar2, Marius Andrei Rău1, Gabriel Plavan1

1 “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Department of Biology 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management,

Author: Stefan-Adrian Strungaru, [email protected]

Abstract The water supply system is very important for the development of a country. Furthermore, a wastewater treatment with more than two levels of treatment decreases the risk of environmental pollution and better cleans the water that will be reused. In Romania, according to Eurostat, in 2011 more than 40% of the population was not connected to the public water supply and even more to the wastewater system. In the present study we used raw data that were analyzed and plotted to draw the evolution of the drinking water supply and wastewater treatment, sludge production and disposal, precipitation and evaporation, freshwater abstraction, water consumption for different activities, and renewable freshwater resources during 2001-2011. The conclusions reveal an improvement (still insufficient) of the wastewater treatment and also a lack of necessary data. Education and economical strategies play an important role for this development which is also very important for biodiversity protection.

Keywords: wastewater treatment, water supply, sludge production, renewable freshwater resources.

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Second International Conference on NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS ICNAR2014 04-07 June 2014, Bacau, Romania

ENERGETIC AUTONOMY OF RURAL COMMUNITIES TROUGH VALORIZATION OF RENEWABLE SOURCES

Liliana Topliceanu1, Konstantinos Sioulas2

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of Mechanical Systems 2 Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Grecia

Corresponding author (who upload the abstract): Liliana Topliceanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The reduction of gas transmissions with the greenhouse effect through the substitution of energy sources based on fossil fuel through the exploitation of renewable energy sources is a constant preoccupation in the policies of the European Union. The durable development strategy for the year 2020 titled "An effective Europe from the utilization of resources point of view", establishes as targets: the reduction with at least 20% of gas transmissions with greenhouse effects comparable to the year 1990; the assurance of 20% of the necessary energy from renewable sources; the growth in energetic effectiveness with 20%. The estimations made at an European level are optimistic as to completing the objectives planned for 2020, but completing them cannot be done without the participation of the rural environment. The rural zones also benefit from diverse forms of renewable energy which can assure their independence/energetic autonomy, bringing on some addition important advantages to the rural community: the diminishing of energy bills, stimulating new investments in the village, the new jobs possibilities, the development of access roads, etc. Starting from the previous presumptions, the paper presents a methodology for evaluating the energetic autonomy level of the rural communities. The methodology was developed within the Network of small RURal communities for ENERgetic-neutrality, IEE/07/547/SI2.499065/2008 project, financed through the Intelligent Energy Europe. This tool indicates the type of data which must be collected, the necessary steps to obtain information and the manner to fill the excell document. It represents a good solution of energetic evaluation of the community and a good working instrument to conceive future development plans for the community and especially to carry out the Sustainable Energetic Action Plan, document required by joining the Covenant of Mayor, European movment for GHG reduction. The way of applying, colectting and analyzing the data obtained is presented within a study case made for the village Tasca, Neamt county.

Key words: rural communities, renewable energy, energetic autonomy

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S.C. AGRICOLA MAGAZINE S.R.L. S.C. AGRIROM S.R.L. S.C. AMPRO SYSTEM S.R.L. I.I. BUFNILA S.C. COMSERVICE COMPANY S.R.L. S.C. DALCOMP S.R.L. S.C. DUMIROM S.R.L. S.C. EXPO BEST CENTER S.R.L. S.C. GRAFIT INVEST S.R.L. S.C. INVEST MILENIUM S.R.L. S.C. LICURICI S.R.L. S.C. MERCUR & SERVICE S.R.L. S.C. NICBAC S.R.L. S.C. NOVITEC OFFICE S.R.L. S.C. PAMBAC S.A. S.C. REDOX RESEARCH S.R.L. S.C. REEAKYS S.R.L. I.I. SANDU IONEL SCC SERVICES ROMANIA S.C. SELGROS CASH & CARY S.R.L. S.C. TEXER SERVICE S.R.L. S.C. THE RED POINT S.A. S.C. TIC TRADING S.R.L. S.C. UPC ROMANIA S.R.L.