HARIYO BAN PROGRAM II (2016-2021)

THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES ASSESSMENT OF WORKING UNITS OF CHITWAN LANDSCAPE

Prepared by:

WWF in partnership with CARE, FECOFUN and NTNC P.O. Box 7660 ,

4 May 2017

© WWF 2017 All rights reserved Any reproduction of this publication in full or in part must mention the title and credit WWF.

Published by WWF Nepal PO Box: 7660 Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal T: +977 1 4434820, F: +977 1 4438458 [email protected] , www.wwfnepal.org/hariyobanprogram

Disclaimer This Threats and Vulnerabilities Assessment of Working units of Chitwan Annapurna Landscape is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Contents INTRODUCTION ...... 4 Working Units of Seti Block ...... 5 METHODOLOGY ...... 6 Criteria for Threat Rating ...... 6 Absolute Threat Rating ...... 7 Gaighat block ...... 8 Threat ratings of Gaighat Block...... 9 Pressure Points and poverty pockets in Gaighat Block ...... 10 Sukhaurakhola sub-watershed block ...... 11 Threat ratings of Sukhaura Khola Sub Watershed ...... 12 Pressure points and poverty pockets in Sukhaurakhola sub-watershed ...... 13 Jamune Pokari Bhanyang Block ...... 14 Threat ratings of Jamune Block ...... 15 Pressure points in Jamune Pokhari Bhanjyang Block...... 16 Kyangdi- Dhorfirdi Block ...... 17 Threat rating of Kyangdi-Dhorphirdi block ...... 18 Pressure points in Kyangdi-Dhorfirdi block...... 19 Poverty pockets in Kyangdi-Dhorfirdi Block...... 20 Phusre-Phedhikhola Block ...... 21 Threat ratings of Phusre-Phedi Khola Block ...... 22 Pressure points in Phusre Khola Phedi Khola Block ...... 24 Poverty pockets ...... 27 Phewa Phanchase Block ...... 28 Threat ratings of Phewa-Panchase Block ...... 29 Pressure points and poverty blocks in Phewa Panchase block ...... 31 Poverty and vulnerability pockets in Phewa Panchase block ...... 34 Lake Cluster ...... 35 Threat ratings of Pokhara Lake Cluster ...... 36 Daraudi Basin ...... 37 Marshyangdi Basin ...... 41 Note ...... 47

INTRODUCTION

The Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) falls partly within the Sacred Himalayan Landscape (SHL) that stretches from Bhutan in the east to Nepal’s Kali in the west. CHAL itself is bounded by the Gandaki river basin. It exhibits much scenic beauty, ranging from the rain shadow of the trans-Himalayan area and the snowcapped mountains of Annapurna, and Langtang in the north, descending southwards through diverse topography to the mid-hills, Churia range and the flat lowlands of the . It contains seven major sub-river basins: Trishuli, Marsyandi, Seti, Kali Gandaki, Budi Gandaki, Rapti and Narayani.

CHAL has high biodiversity value and rich natural and cultural heritage. It is an important transit route for migratory birds and is home to endangered species like snow leopard, red panda and Himalayan black bear. CHAL has a human population of over four million people, many of whom live in very isolated places with poor access to markets, and who are very dependent on forest resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods and wellbeing. Tourism is a major economic activity in the region.

In CHAL, the Hariyo Ban Program focuses on implementing an integrated river basin approach at different levels. The Program focuses mainly in the Seti, Marsyangdi and Daraundi river basins, and Annapurna and Manaslu Conservation Areas. There is a major focus on key threat/driver/vulnerability reduction in strategic places in the landscape to promote species and ecosystem conservation, ecological connectivity, and improved human wellbeing. The program also adopts a strategic approach to livelihoods.

The river basin work on CHAL is focused on: Seti: For this river basin, the program is taking a broad approach, focusing on Biodiversity Important Areas (BIAs), river corridors, critical watersheds and climate vulnerable areas; piloting PES mechanisms; and reducing climate vulnerability.

Marshyangdi: The effort is to restore the basin by addressing threats from infrastructure and other sources in the lower basin; poaching, trade, Human Wildlife Conflict (HWC) and forest fire in the upper catchment; piloting PES mechanisms; and reducing climate vulnerability.

Daraundi: The approach for this river basin is to maintain its condition; and reduce threats/drivers/ vulnerabilities including river poisoning, unplanned settlement, drought, flooding, forest fire, HWC, landslides, unsustainable harvest, and encroachment. Under Seti Sub-river basin seven key blocks are identified based upon on Biodiversity Important Areas, Critical bottlenecks and critical sub-watersheds and biodiversity threats and climate vulnerabilities. For the first time the threats assessment of these seven blocks (listed below) were conducted from April 25-May 2, 2017. Working Units of Seti Block Blocks of Seti Sub River VDCs and Basin 1. Gaighat complex , Deurali, Chhimkeshwori, Kabilas VDCs-Chitwan, Anbu Khaireni VDC (Tanahu)

2. Sukhaurakhola sub- Bandipur , Keshabtar VDC-Tanahu watershed 3. Jamune VDCs-Pokharibanjyang, Kau Shivapur, Jamune, , Pokharibanjyang complex Byas Municipality-Tanahu district 4. Kyangdi Complex (Kolma, Bahakot, Thuladihi- VDCs) Firfire, Raipur, Dhorfirdi, Khairenitar, Dulegaunda ( Municipality, Tanahu district) , Bhanumati VDCs (Tanahu district) 5. Phusre Khola- Phedikhola (Syangja), Kristinachnechaur, , Phedikhola Block Nirmal Pokhari, Bharatpokhari VDCs-

6. Panchase - Pokhara lake PES implementing sites- Dhikurpokhari, , cluster (Ramsar sites) , Pumdibhumdi (upperpart), , Chapakot VDCs, Panchase Protection forest (Bhadaure tamagi-, Chapakot, Pumdibhumdi VDCs-Kaski district; Arukharka, Bagefatake, Wangsingdeurali VDCs- Syangja district; Chitre, Ramjadeurali, Arthar Dadakharka VDCs- Dhikurpokhari, Kaskikot 7. ACA Kaski Block Machhapuchhre, Lwangghale, Shardikhola-VDCs

8. ACA Mustang 7 VDCs-Chhoser, Chhonhup, Lomanthang, Charang, Surkhang, Ghami, Chhusang

Figure 1: Hariyo Ban Program II Working Areas

METHODOLOGY ‘WWF Standards of Project and Programme Management’ comprises of 5 major steps in programme/project cycle namely, Define, Design, Implement, Adapt and Share. The Define phase contains 5 steps/sub steps as, 1. Step 1.1 is ‘Team Composition and Operation’ 2. Step 1.2 is ‘Project Scope and Vision’ 3. Step 1.3 is ‘Biodiversity Targets’ 4. Step 1.4a is ‘Situation Analysis’ and Step 1.4b is ‘Threat Rating’

Criteria for Threat Rating It is based on three criteria which are Scope, Severity and Irreversibility. 1. Scope refers to the proportion of the overall area of a project site or target occurrence likely to be affected by a threat in a given time frame (e.g. next 10 years) by a given threat. It shows how extensive is the area affected by the threat, and if the threat affects the entire project area or only a small portion. 2. Severity quantifies or categorizes the level of damage to the conservation target expected in a given time frame (e.g. next 10 years). It shows how severe is the impact of the threat on the project area or target species and if the threat destroys the target completely or cause only minimal damage. 3. Irreversibility refers to the ability to reverse the effects of a given threat. It shows if the damage from the threat be undone and restore the target.

Absolute Threat Rating This step-by-step method relies on rating threats on a four-point scale (e.g. very high, high, medium, and low) for each criterion and then summing the results. Each scale is operationally defined for the criterion. Lately, rating of each threat and the summing up across the targets is automated by software ‘Mirdai’, https://miradi.org/. Miradi is a user-friendly program that allows nature conservation practitioners to design, manage, monitor, and learn from their projects to more effectively meet their conservation goals. The software helps teams to prioritize threats, develop objectives and actions, and select monitoring indicators to assess the effectiveness of their strategies among others. The threat rating is portrayed colored as shown below,

Very High

High

Medium

Low

Gaighat block

Gaighat block includes Kabilas VDC of and Deurali, Devghat, Chhimkeshwori and Abukhaireni VDCs of . It is a major connecting link that connects Barandabhar Corridor of Chitwan District to Chhimkeshwori and Abukhaireni Forests in Tanahun Districts. that merge with Seti to form Narayani river is the main river that separates the two districts, which acts also as river corridor for faunal species to march towards north to the cooler climatic zone.

Figure 2: Gaighat block The threat and vulnerability assessment of Gaighat was conducted for the first time using MIRADI software in Jugedi, Chitwan in 25 April 2017. During the assessment, about 34 participants (including 27 Male and 7 Female) from Illaka Forest Office, Tanahun District FECOFUN Chairperson, representatives from Community Forestry User Groups, WWF and CARE were present. The assessment shows that the overall threat ratings to be 'High'. Drought and drying of water sources is rated 'High' in this block and threats like Forest fire, Open grazing, Use of pesticides and sand, stone and gravel extraction were rated as 'Medium' threats. The threat ratings of Gaighat block is illustrated below: Threat ratings of Gaighat Block

Threats \ Targets Fishes Wetland Agriculture River Forest Grassland Prey Tiger Rhino Birds Reptiles Summary system species Threat Rating

Forest fire Medium Low Medium Medium Low Medium

Flood Low Low Low Low Low Low Low

Landslide Low Low Low

Poaching Low Low Low Medium Low

Open grazing Medium Medium Medium

Shifting cultivation Low Low

Drought and drying of Low High High Medium Medium High water sources

Infrastructure Medium Low Low development

Invasive species Low Medium Low Low Low

Pesticides Medium High Medium Medium

Encroachment Low Low

Sand stone and gravel Medium Medium Low Medium ext Summary Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Medium Low High Target Ratings: Pressure Points and poverty pockets in Gaighat Block Vulnerable Class VDC Name of Community Forest (Madhuban) (Dharampani,) Devghat-5, 4, Deurali-9, 4 Kabilas-5, Bhir Pakha Consrvation Forest Fire Chimekswori-8 (Labdi) Flood Deurali-8,7,9,2,1, Kabilas Bagewori

Devghat5 (Gauritar, Saptagandaki),Devghat Soil Erosion Galeshwor), Kabilas 2-9 Raniban-Riverside Deuti, Raniban, Kalika, Encroachment Devghat-5. Chakrawati Illegal Trade and poaching Kabilas, Abu Khairani 4 Indreni, Bageswori Shifting Cultivation Illegal Logging Kabilas 1 Bhateri, Abu Khairani 6

Kabilas, Caukidada 7, 9,1 Devghat 2, 4 (Batauli, Gintar, Quidi, Pipaltar, Kalimati), Drought Chimkeshwori 4, Deurali 1, 6, 9 Devghat, Sinchange, 9, 7, Chimkeshwor 5 Infastructure (Majuwa) Invasive Species Devghat 4 (Jogini. Besara Rage Illegal Grazing All Devghat , Deurali-4,1, Kabilas-1, 8 Bhir)(Indreni Burn & Slash Chimekswor-8 Labdi Bisadi Deurali-2

Sukhaurakhola sub-watershed block

Sukhaurakhola Sub-watershed is located in Tanahun District. It occupies an area of 68.32 sq. km. and is spread to three Village Development Committees like , Bandipur and Dharampani. It consists 3,128 households with 13,234 population. The watershed area is dominated by the indigenous communities including Gurung, Magar, Bhujel and Newar. Gurung is the largest population followed by Magar and Brahman respectively. The sub-watershed is drained into Seti River and mainly covered by forest (55%) followed by agriculture (30%). Most area have moderate slope between 15 and 30 degrees with south and west aspects. Sukhurakhola sub watershed area comprises 112.10 sq km of area where forest occupies 56.64 sq.km, non forest area covers 54.85 sq. km.

Figure 3: Sukhaurakhola Sub watershed block The threat and vulnerability assessment for Sukhaurakhola Sub-watershed block was conducted for the first time in Bandipur in 26 April 2017. About 36 participants (29 Male and 7 Female) from Sector Forest Office, community forest user groups, WWF, CARE and FECOFUN were present in the assessment. The threats assessment shows that the overall threat rating is 'High'. Threats like drought and use of pesticides and electrocution in fishes and agriculture are rated 'High' and threats like Forest fire, flood/river cutting, open grazing, unmanaged infrastructure development, sand, stone and gravel extraction are rated 'Medium' for this block. The detail threat ratings is illustrated in the table below: Threat ratings of Sukhaura Khola Sub Watershed Threats \ River Water NTFPs Forest Michelia Birds Leopard Prey Agriculture Vulture Fishes Summary Targets system sources and champaca species Threat MAPs Rating

Forest fire Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium

Flood/River Medium Medium High Medium cutting

Encroachment Low Low Low

Landslide Low Low Low Low

Open grazing High Low Medium

Drought High High High Medium High

Poaching Low Low Medium Low Low Low

Pesticides/ Medium High Medium High High Current use

Unsustainable Low Medium Low forest extraction

Infrastructural Medium Medium High Low Medium development

Stone High Medium Low Medium Medium extraction

invasive Medium Low species Summary Medium Medium Low High Low Medium Low Low High Low Medium High Target Ratings: Pressure points and poverty pockets in Sukhaurakhola sub-watershed Community Vulnerable Class Vdc Ward Forestry Name Remarks Dharampani 1,2,4,7,5 Siddhathani Huslangkot, Bakshe Landslide Keshabtar 1 Sukhaura Bandipur 2, 6 Dharampani 1 Siddhathani Majthar Poaching Kesavtar 6 Rumsi Rumsi Human Wldlife Conflict All Vdc Monkey, Dumsi Encroachment Bandipur 2,3 Raniban Dharampani 2,1,7 Drought Kesavtar 1 Bandipur- 1,2 Forest Fire All Vdc Dharampani 2,1 Open Grazing Bandipur 3,2,6 Kesavtar All Dharampani 7,1,2 Samdi Khola, River Bank Samdi Khola, Fudi Cutting Bandipur 2,6 Khola Kesavtar Dharampani Dhat Khola Pesticide Bandipur 4 Chundi Khola Kesavtar 9 Sukhaura Khola Dharampani 3 Stone Extraction Bandipur 3,6 Raniban Cfug Samdi Khola

Jamune Pokari Bhanyang Block

Jamune Pokhari Bhangyang is one of the working block of Hariyo Ban Program in Seti Sub River Basin. Land use pattern map shows that forest covers 158.61 sq. km, Non Forest 157 sq. km and other wooded land covers 0.29 sq. km, and shrub covers 1.10 sq. km. In this block Byas NP, Jamune Bhanjayang, Pokharibhanjyang, Kotdarbar, Kahusivapur, Keshabtar & Ramjakot VDCs are located.

Figure 4: Jamune Pokhari Bhanjyang Block The threat and vulnerability assessment for Jamune Pokhari Bhanjyang block was conducted for the first time in Damauli in 27 April 2017. About 36 participants (19 Male and 17 Female) from Sector Forest Office, District Livestock Service Office, District Women Development Office, District Agriculture Development Office, District FECOFUN, community forest user groups, WWF, CARE and FECOFUN were present in the assessment. The threats assessment of this block shows that the overall threat rating is 'Medium'. Threats like landslide, unmanaged infrastructure development, sand, stone and gravel extraction, drought, poisioning in river and electrocution, land fragmentation, poaching, illegal logging of timber ad forest fire are rated as 'Medium' threats and river bank cutting, pollution, grazing pressure, and encroachment are rated 'Low'. The detail threat ratings is illustrated in the table below: Threat ratings of Jamune Pokhari Bhanjyang Block Threats \ Targets Open Agriculture River Forest Water Important Prey Leopard Livestock Bird Fish Summary Grazing sources/wetland tree species Species Species Threat Rating

River Cutting Low Low Medium Low Low Low

Landslide Medium Medium Low Medium

Infrastructure Low Medium Medium Medium

Sand, stone and Medium Medium Medium gravel extraction

Invasive Species Medium Low Low

Drought Low Medium Low Low Medium Medium

Poisioning and Low Medium Medium Medium electrocution

Pollution Medium Low Low Low

Grazing Medium Low

Land High Medium fragmentation

Encroachment Low Low Low

Poaching Medium Medium Low Medium Medium

Illegal Logging Medium Medium Medium

Forest Fire Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Low Medium Summary Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium Target Ratings: Pressure points in Jamune Pokhari Bhanjyang Block Community Forestry Vulnerable Class Vdc Ward Name Remarks Kaushivapur 1 Salbas Bhirpani, Jyangtang Forest Fire Padhera, Barchyang, Along The Seti Jamune 4,3,2,6 Siddhabatsan Riverside Pokharibhanjyang 8.9.1 Benikot, Chapdanda Encroachment Jamune 9 Toonibhanjyang Kaushivapur 8 Poidim Poaching Jamune 7 Maduwa Beni Kot, Chapdanda Pokharibhanjyang 1,8,9 Thingring, Buddha Singh Marga Kaushivapur 1 Salbas, Beltar Seti River River Cutting Jamune Pokharibhanjyang 1 Belbas Seti Madi Landslide Pokharibhanjyang 1,8,9 Kaushivapur Infastructure Jamune 2,3,4,6 Pokharibhanjyang 1,8,9 Chapdanda, Benikot Kaushivapur Illegal Logging Jamune Pokharibhanjyang Pokhari Crusher Extraction Bhanjyang 1,8 Posisoning/Current Jamune 9 Tooni Bhanjyang Grazing Kaushivapur Pokharibhanjyang Jamune 5,7, 6,1,3 Drought Kaushivapur 1,2,3,4,5, Pokharibhanjyang Kaushivapur 1,2,8 Invasive Jamune 3,4,5 Pokharibhanjyang 1,2,3,4,8,9 Thingring Pollution Jamune 7,8 Ploting

Kyangdi- Dhorfirdi Block

Kyangdi Dhorfirdi sub-watershed block comprises of 3 VDCs of Syangja - Kolmachaur, Bahakot, Thuladihi, and 7 VDCs of Tanahun - Bhimad, Bhanumati, Raipur, Firfire, Dhorfirdi, Dulegaunda and Khairenitar. Land use covers 208.95 of area comprising 96.80 sq. km. of forest, 105.37 sq. km. non forest, 0.96 sq. km. shrub and 0.5 sq. km. other woodland.

Figure 5: Kyangdi Dhorfirdi Block The threat and vulnerability assessment for Kyangdi Dhorfirdi block was conducted for the first time in Khairenitar of Tanahun district in 28 April 2017. About 36 participants (26 Male and 10 Female) from District Agriculture Development Office, Bhimad and Dulegauda Sector Forest Office, Agriculture Service Center, District Livestock Service Office, District Women Development Office, District FECOFUN, community forest user groups, WWF, CARE and FECOFUN were present in the assessment. The threats assessment of this block shows that the overall threat rating is High. Land fragmentation of agriculture land has been rated as 'High' threat. Threats like pesticide use in rivers and agriculture land, open grazing pressure, sand, stone and gravel extraction, drought, forest fire and poaching of prey species are rated as 'Medium' threats. The detail threat ratings is illustrated in the table below: Threat rating of Kyangdi-Dhorphirdi block

Threats \ Targets Barking Leopard Forest Bird Medicinal Water River Fish Michelia Agriculture/ Summary Deer species Species source/pond system champaca Livestock Threat Rating

Unsustainable and over Low Low extraction of forest resources

Pesticide/electrocution Medium Medium Low Medium

Open grazing High Medium Medium

Lanslide Low Low Low Low

Sand/Stone extraction Low Medium Medium Medium

unmanaged Low Low Low Low infrastructure development

Land fragmentation Low Low Very High High

Drought Low High Medium Medium

Invasive species Low Low Low Low

Illegal logging Low Low

Flood/ River cutting Low Low Low Medium Low

Encroachment Low Medium Low

Forest fire Low Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium

Poaching Medium Medium Medium Medium Summar Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Medium Low Low High High y Target Ratings: Pressure points in Kyangdi-Dhorfirdi block Vulnerable Class VDC Ward Community Forestry Name Remarks Bagerahar Thepche, Tara, Along The Set Dulegaunda 1 Kotre Raipur, Bhairav River Suklagandaki Eklepakha. Katunje Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Forest Fire Dhorfirdi 8 Firfire 8 Raipur 3 Thamdanda Khairenitar 1,2,3 Along The Kaski Illegal Logging Dulegauda 1 Border Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Stone Extraction (Suraudi River Bank-Ddc Tender) Open Grazing Dhorfirdi 6,3 Khoradi, Ekle Pakha Majura (Dfo Positve) Along The Kaski Dulegauda 1 Border Firfire 7,8,9,5,2 Raipur 3 Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Pheasant Dhorfirdi Western Side, Poaching Extreme Poaching, Thuladhi, Lack Of Kolma, Firfire. Administrative Raiur, Bahakot Rule Khairenitar 7 Thuladhi, Kolma, Firfire. Raiur, Bahakot All Invasive Species Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Katunje Thulo Pakha, Kimal Dhorfirdi 1,3 Danda Bagar Khairenitar 6, 7 Simal Chour Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Dhorfirdi8,6,9,, Raipur-3, Stone Extraction Bhanu Mati- 7, Kyangdi Khola Firfire5,2 Side Extreme Kiamla Danda, Katun Dhorfirdi 3 Imik, Katunje Pakha Kotre Khola And Seti Gandaki Dulegauda 1, 2 Raipur Kotre, Bage Confluence Khairenitar 9 Suklagandaki Cfug Bhakkal-4, Nagdhunga-8, Cheplang Thulo Ban-4, Infrastructural Malaygri-4, Lokadi-6, Kyangdi Motor Development Dhorirdi 8,4,3,6 Malebagar-3lahar Pathisora-6 Corridor Dhorirdi Katunje Thulopakha-3 Dhorfirdi 9 Kimaldanda Malebagar-3 Rajastar Tole-9 Dulegaunda 2 Ekle Khet Drought 1 Bhujikot Gau Khairentar 2 Bhimad 3 Bhaledhunga Dhorfirdi 3 Khoradi-6 Flood Dulegauda 1 Bangeraha Thepche Firfire 7 Along The River Bank Of Suklagandaki 8 Kyangdi Land Fragmentation Dhorfirdi 3 Eklepakha

Poverty pockets in Kyangdi-Dhorfirdi Block The poverty pockets include those areas where poor, marginalized and ultra-forest dependent people live. From the consultation following poverty pockets were identified:

Poverty Pocket Area Ward VDC Bhimad 3 Bhgar, Todke 8 Samabesi Tole 4 Baisakhe Ghat, Chapa 6 Ghoradi Lahare 3 Kimal Danda Kumal Basti, Bhote Basti 7 Ghari Basti Dhorfirdi 4 Bhote Makai Dulegaudna 1 Serabise, Eklekhe, Tarkudabda Firfire 7 Ratamata, Kutkute 8 Janjire Cfug Kumal Basti 7 Nerathum Archel Khairenitar 3 Byagan Raipur 7 Durge Gahate Bhanumati 7 Kokhe Raipur 1 Jyangladi Phusre-Phedhikhola Block

Phusre Phedhi Khola Block lies in Seti sub river basin where Pumdi-Bhumdi, Phusre Khola, Nirmal Pokhari, , Phedhi Khola and Kristinachnechaur VDCs of Kaski district, and Phedi Khola of Syangja districts are located. Out of 130 sq. km. of this block forest covers 72.88 sq. km and similarly Non-Forest 56.66 sq.km, other wooded land (0.63 Sq.km) and Shrub (0.66 Sq.km).

Figure 6: Phusre Khola and Phedi Khola Block The threat and vulnerability assessment for Phusre Khola and Phedi Khola block was conducted for the first time in Pokhara of Kaski district in 30 April 2017. About 43 participants (27 Male and 16 Female) from Regional Crop Protection Laboratory, Kristinachnechour Sector Forest Office, Agriculture Service Center-Malepatan, District FECOFUN, community forest user groups, CLAC members WWF, CARE and FECOFUN were present in the assessment. The threats assessment of this block shows that the overall threat rating is High. The prominent threat to the human settlement and agriculture was found to be Monkey problem. The problem is widespread throughout the block and the community people are harassed by this problem. The assessment has rated this as 'High' threat. Other threats like Forest fire, poaching, soil erosion, river cutting, Poisoning and electrocution are rated as 'Medium' threats. Threat ratings of Phusre-Phedi Khola Block

Threats \ Targets Bird Deer Agriculture Medicinal Leopard River Fish Water Forest Summary Species Plant sources/wetland Threat Rating

Forest Fire Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Medium

Illegal Logging Low Low

Poaching Medium Medium Low Low High Low Medium

Unmanaged Low Medium Low Low infrastructure development

Drought Low Low Low Low Medium Low Low

Landslide Low Low Low Low Low

Soil Erosion/River Medium Medium Low High Low Medium Cutting/Flood

Human Wildlife Low Low Low Conflict

Hail/Wind Strom Low Medium Low

Invasive Species Low Medium Low

Insect/Diseases Medium Low Low

Poisioning and High Low Low Medium electrocution

Encroachment Low Low

Monkey Problem Very High High

Land subsidence Low Low Low

Stone mining Low Medium Low Low

Air pollution Medium Low

Threats \ Targets Bird Deer Agriculture Medicinal Leopard River Fish Water Forest Summary Species Plant sources/wetland Threat Rating

Over extraction of Low Low forest resources

Grazing Low Low Summary Low Low High Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High Target Ratings: Pressure points in Phusre Khola Phedi Khola Block Vulnerable Class VDC Ward Community Forestry Name Remarks Bharatpokhari 2 Jhakri Khola Cf Nirmal Pokhari 6

Kristinachne 7 Chour 1 Deurali Cf Forest Fire Phedi Khola 1 6 1 Khalte Cf Pumdi Bhumdi 2 7 Kristinachne Timber Logging Chour 5 Fadke Cf Over Grazing Pumdi Bhumdi Kristinachne Chour 3 Banpale Cf Infrastructure 7 Baunne Lake Cf Phedi Khola 3 Chauke Khola Cf Pumdi Bhumdi 7 1 To Pumdi Bhumdi 9 Khaltu Cf-1 More Cbapu Formed Kristinachne Poaching Chour 1 7 Baunnelekh Cf Mriga, Kalij, Ban Fedikhola 3 Sarangdi Cf Kukhura Bharatpokhar 2 Jhakrikhola Cf 6 Manildandan 8 Phedipatan Cf Pumdi Bhumdi 5 Patleswara Cf

9 Byadchaur Brikshyaropa Kshetra Kristinachne 50 % Water Drought Chour 9 Dasako Ban Cf Deficit In Jibjibe 6 Jibjibe 3 Banpale 7 Baunelekha Cf Pumdi Bhumdi 1 Khaltu Cf Jalkune Muhan Fedikhola 3 Shramdi Cf High Drough Water Hole 7 Chipleti Cf Maintainance 1 Khahare Deupuje Cf High Drought Nirmalpokhari 8 Phedipatan Cf Nearby World Pagoda- Pumdi Bhumdi 1 Raniban Cf And Khaltu Cf Huge Ratopahiro-12 Ha, 32 Hhs Landslide Affected Source, 3 Banpale Cf Dcc, Kaski Paidanda Bayatari Cf Fedikhola 7 Chipleti Cf 2 Chaukeswara Cf 1 Khahare Deupuje Cf

Bharatpokhari 2 Jhakrikhola Cf-137hhs 5, 7,8, Bank Cutting By Nirmalpokhari 9 Phedipatan Cf Fusrekhola By Phusrekhola- Buffer Area 20 Pumdibhumdi 2 Meter 1 By Phusrekhola Krishtinachnecha River Cutting, ur 4 By Phusrekhola Erosion 3 By Phusrekhola 2 By Phusrekhola 7 By Phusrekhola 7 Surauti Khola Mausuli And 5 Dude Khola Bhungekhola 3 , 4 Dandduge Fedikhola 3 Sarangdi Cf 2 Chaukeswara Cf Issues Registered In Supreme Court All By Kaski-Hwc- Bharatpokhari Ward All Cf Monkey Problem Hwc-Monkey All Problem Nirmalpokhari Ward All Cf Krishtinachnecha All ur Ward All Cf All Pumdibhumdi Ward All Cf All Fedikhola Ward All Cf Not Affected By Bharatpokhari 2 Jhakrikhola Cf-3hhs Hailstoe Krishtinachnecha ur 2 Wind Storm, 3 Banpale Cf Hailstone 7 Phedikhola 2,3 All Pumdibhumdi Ward Over Extraction Pumdibhumdi 6 Of Forest Krishtinachnecha Resource ur 7

Bharatpokhari Nill Nirmalpokhari 8 Open And Over And Intensive Krishtinachnecha Grazing ur 1, 7,6 Dasako Ban Cf 3 Paridanda Cf All Pumdibhumdi Ward Banmara- Eupatorium Bharatpokhari 2 Jhakrikhola Cf Adenophoram Pumdibhumdi 5 Patleswara Cf Invasive Pumdibhumdi Lekako Pakhaka Cf Species Katre Kada Ko Pumdibhumdi Karangkot Cfu Samasya Pumdibhumdi 6 Pollusion High Dumping Sites

Fedikhola Chipleti Cf- Cleared Invasive Species Kadako Samasya Insect, Diseases Bharatpokhari Katus, High Phusrekhola - Pumdibhumdi Poison High Krishtinachnecha Electrocusion/ ur Poison Nirmalpokhari Krishtinachnecha Baha Bikha- By ur Surauti Khola, Seti External Pumdibhumdi 5 Lekhako Pakha Cf Encroachment 1 Near By World Peace Pagoda Krishtinachnecha ur 3 Nill 5 Patle Cf 5 Shila Cf Boundary Demarkatio Is Needed In Nirmalpokhari Between Bharatpokhari Nill Land Hole Krishtinachnecha Banpale- Kamere Basti, Arandanda, ur 3 Baikare

Stone Nirmalpokhari 5 Dobhilla Mining/Extracti Pumdibhumdi 5 Lekhako Pakha Cf on Krishtinachnecha ur 3 Krishtinachnecha Air Polluction ur 2, 3 By Poultry Form Pumdibhumdi Around Highway Sectio

Poverty pockets

Threats Povert pocket area VDC Ward HH Chreta Gau, Bipana Kristi 3, 6 Kalimati, Pumdi 1, 3 25 HH, 42HH Tilahar Pumdi 5 Patleswara Pumdi 5 Poverty Byajchaur CF Pumdi 9 Land subsidence Chaukeswara Phedi 2 Firewood selling Aabukaseri Bharatpokhari 1,2 12 Landslide Deurali Phedi 3 Landslide Baunne CF Kristi 7 20 Haprak CF Kristi 6 15 Poverty Baunne CF, Rani 7 20 Poverty Lose CF Pumdibhumdi 9 10

Phewa Phanchase Block

This block is one of the biodiversity rich block in Seti sub river basin. There are Dhikure Pokhari, Chitre, Ramjadeurali, Arthar Dafakharka, Washingdeurali, Bagefatake, Arukharka, Chapakot, Pumdibhumdi, Kaskikot, Bhadure Tmaghi, Sarangkot, Pokhara Metropolitian City, Kahun, Kalika, , Hansapur, Nirmalpokhari, Bharatpokhari, N.P., Rupakot & Hansapur. There are different land use in Panchase Phewa block such as Forest (121.75 sq. km), Non Forest (170.62 sq. km.), Other Wooded Land (1.00 sq. km.) & Shrub (2.05 sq. km).

Figure 7: Phewa-Panchase and Pokhara Cluster Block The Threats and Vulnerabilities of this block (excluding Ramsar site) was conducted in 1 May 2017. This block also includes the Pokhara Lake Cluster which are enlisted in Ramsar sites. The threats assessment of the lakes (9) were done recently during the preparation of Pokhara Lake Cluster Management Plan (Dated 26 July 2017) (illustrated below in separate section). During the assessment about 41 people participated who represented Dhikurpokhari Sector Forest Office, Agriculture Service Center-Malepatan, District Soil Conservation Office-Kaski, Community forestry User Groups, WWF, CARE and FECOFUN. The assessment shows that the overall threat ratings to be "High". Threats like landslide, erosion/river cutting are rated as 'High' threat. Threats due to invasive species, drought, problem created by monkey are rated as 'medium'. Threat ratings of Phewa-Panchase Block Threats \ Black Bear Deer River Medicinal Agriculture/ Forest Water Orchid Leopard Bird Reptiles/ Fish Summary Targets System Plants Livestock Hole/ s Species Snake Threat Rating Wetland Open Grazing Low Low Low Low Low

Forest Fire Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low

Landslide High Medium Medium High Low High

Stone Medium Low Low Low

Extraction/Minin g Invasive species Low High Medium Medium

Encroachment Low Low

Poision/Current Low Low

Land Subsidence Low Low Low

Erosion/Flood/R High Low High Low High

iver Cutting Infastructure Low Medium Low

Drought High Low Medium Medium

Wind Medium Low Low

Strom/Hail Strome/Excessiv e/Irrative Rainfall Poaching Low Low Low Low Low Low

Forest Resource Low Low Low

Extraction Monkey High Medium

Problem Threats \ Black Bear Deer River Medicinal Agriculture/ Forest Water Orchid Leopard Bird Reptiles/ Fish Summary Targets System Plants Livestock Hole/ s Species Snake Threat Rating Wetland Human Wildlife Low Low Low Low Low

Conflict Pest/Disease Low Medium Low Low Low Low Low

Summary Low Low Medium Low High Medium High Low Low Low Low Low High Target Ratings: Pressure points and poverty blocks in Phewa Panchase block Particular Vulnerable Class Area if Community VDC Ward Possible Forestry Name Dhikurpokhari 5 Bhakarjung CF Raibhandar Chhuchi Chapakot 7 CF Kaskikot 4,6,7 &8 Chilimdanda CF Sarangkot 1,2,3,4,9 Thotnekhola Overgrazing/ Open Surtipakha CF, Bhadaure 4 Kudmidanda CF Panchase laliguras 8 CF Santi tatha 5 CF Dhikurpokhari 7 Marangche CF Chapakot 5 Bulbule thotne CF Dandapari Dopare Kaskikot 6, 7 sisne Bhadaure 4 Bhirpani Forest fire Kaskikot 4 8 Tiprekot CF Sarangkot Chhuchekhola CF 7,8,9 Panchase PF Rani ban Bhadauretamagi Andheri knowla, Dhikurpokhari 1,5,8,9, 3 Bhakarjung Chapakot 3,5,6 Bande bhir Singare, betyani, lauru and Khare, Kami knola, Landslide Kaskikot 6,7,8,349 Pipaltari Bhirpani, lothre pakha, Todke, Mulabari knola, Santi Salghari (Mulabari and Bhadaure Bhalu khola) Kaskikot Hemja thotneknola Sarangkot 9 CF Lamachaur Panchase PF Bhadauretamagi No Andheri knola, Janmajaya Dhikurpokhari 3,1,9 fringes Sand Chapakot No Kaskikot No Sarangkot No dhital 7 Dhital area,

Bhadauretamagi All Invasive Species Dhikurpokhari All Chapakot All Phusre kando, Kaskikot All Banmasa, Nilo Gande Sarangkot All

Bhadauretamagi Chharchare, Surkehola Bhigaudi Dhikurpokhari 1,4 Bhirmuni CF Encroachment Chapakot

Sarangkot 9,6 Thotnekhola 9 Ha Chilimdanda Kaskikot 4 CF

Dhikurpokhari 5,3,1 9 Adherikhola Torekhola, Current/ Chapakot Harpankhola Electrocution Bhadaure Harpankhola Kaskikot Mardikhola Dhikurpokhari 3,9,5,1 Land Subsidence 2 Shivasakti CF Bhadaure 7 Sidane Erosion, Bank Surkhola, cutting, flood Dhikurpokhari Dhwangkhola , Adherikhola, Paire Adherikhola, Chapakot Bambdi basti except 2 Sigare, bitani Kaskikot and 5 ward and Laurukha Bhadaure 3 to 9 All wards 6,7,5,2,5,1, Kaskikot 8 High drought Dhikurpokhari 3, 9,1 Banpale CF Drought Tarepaharo Dhamthi CF Lamachaur 8 Gharmi Kaskikot ALL Infrastructure Bhadaure 3to 9 Dudephant Windstorm/Hail storm ALL VDCs Kaskikot more Panchase Protection Panchase forest area laliguras CF Kudmidanda Poaching 7 CF Tarepaharo 3, 9 Dhamthi CF Hemja 8 Tibrikot Over extraction of forest resource Kaskikot Dhikurpokhar All i 1, Chilimdanda Pest/Disease/ CF-Sal forest Poisoning destroyed by unknown Kaskikot disease Monkey Problem All areas HWC Jethobudo Dhan being vanished Vanishing of Local Masi and crop species juhari Dhan can be harvested early, timeperiod shifting

Local cucumber seeds are vanished Gurads

Poverty and vulnerability pockets in Phewa Panchase block Threats Poverty pocket area VDC Ward HH Landslide Kaundanda, hile Dhikurpokhari 5 20 Landslide and flood Adhikaridanda Dhikurpokhari 1 6 river cutting, flood Dalit basti Chapakot 7 32 Landslide Bhayarchaur Dhikurpokhari 3, 9 Landslide Dudephat, Ghatichina Bhadure 5 22 Landslide Thulakhet, Dharapani Bhadure 5 6 Landslide, River Cutting Bamdi Chapakot 3,5,6 46 Landslide Bhaledhunga Lamachaur 8 Betani, Pame Kaskikot 8 Sidhibagar Sarangkot 6,7,8 Chapaghat Hemja 4 Masawara/Timurswara Dhikurpokhari 5 20

Pokhara Lake Cluster

The threat assessment of Ramsar sites (Nine lakes of Pokhara valley elnlisted in Ramsar site) was conducted in 26 July 2016. There ware representation from the individual lakes management committee members, user groups of lakes, District Development Committee-Kaski, WWF and other government officials from DNPWC, DFO-Kaski. The assessment shows that the overall threat ratings of Pokhara lake cluster as "very High". Threats like over-harvesting of fish and illegal poaching, invasive alien plant species, and animal species are rated as 'Very High' threats whereas, landslide, siltation due to flood and seasonal river, human encroachment, river, stream and flood problems are rated as 'High' threats.

Figure 8: Lake cluster of Pokhara Valley Threat ratings of Pokhara Lake Cluster Threats \ Targets Kamalpokhari Neurini Khaste Phewa Maidi Rupa Gunde Dipang Summary Threat Rating

Landslide Medium Medium Medium High High High Medium High

Chemical fertilizers and Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium pesticides

Over-harvesting of fish High High High High High Low Medium High Very High and illegal poaching

Waste and plastic Medium Low Medium Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium products dumping

Siltation due to flood and Medium Medium High High Medium High Low Medium High seasonal river

Human encroachment Low Low Low Low High Low High Low Low High

Invasive alien plant High High Medium High High High Medium Very High Very High species High

Disposal of sewerage and Low High Low Medium liquid waste

River, stream and flood Medium Medium Medium High High Medium High Medium Medium High

Invasive alien animal High High High High High High High High High Very High species Summary High High High High Very High High High High Very High Target Ratings: High Daraudi Basin

The threats and vulnerability assessment in Daraudi Basin was conducted for Barpak VDC, Simjung VDC, Saurpani VDC, Ghyachok VDC only.

Figure 9: Threat and vulnerability map of Daraudi Basin

Threat Assessment of Daraudi Basin

Threats \ Targets Aquatic Wetland Agriculture Human River Medicinal Plants / Forest Eco Livestock Bird Grassland Pray / Summary Spp / / Water Land Settlement System Lothsalla/Chiraito Tourism Species Deer / Threat Fish source Wildlife Rating Poaching Low Low Medium Low

Forest Resource Medium Low

Extraction Earthquake Very High High

Human Wildlife Medium Low Low

Conflict (Monkey & Leopard) Poisoning Medium Low Low

Diseases Low Low Low

Excessive Medium Low Low

Rainfall/Hail Flood High Medium Medium Medium

Forest Fire Low Low Low

Invasive Species Medium Medium Medium

Soil Erosion / High Medium High High

Landslide Unmanaged Medium Medium Low Medium

Infrastructure Drought Medium High Medium Low Medium

Open Grazing Medium Low

Summary Low High Medium High Low Low Medium Low Low Low Low Low High Target Ratings:

Pressure points in Daraudi Basin

Vulnerable Class VDC Ward Barpak 1,2,5,6,7,8, Simjung 1,2,3,5,9 Forest fire Saurpai 1,7 Gyachowk 3 Barpak, Simjung, Invasive species Ghyachowk, Saurpani all Barpak 2,5,1 Simjung 2,9 Landslide Saurpani 1,7 Ghyachowk 2,3 Barpak 2,5 Infrastructure Simjug 9,2,3,7,8 Saurpani 1

Drought Barpak, Simjung, Ghyachowk, Saurpani all Barpak 4,5,2 Simjung 9,2,7 Poaching Saurpani 1,2 Ghyachowk all Barpak 4,5 Resource Simjug 6 extraction Ghyachowk all Saurpani 7 Simjung 8,9 Flood Saurpani 7,1 Ghywchok 3,7 Barpak 2 Simjung 8,9 Current/pesticide Ghyachowk 7,3 Saurpani 2,1,7 Barpak all-monkey, 2-leopard Simjung all-monkey; 2,7,1,4-leopard HWC Ghyachowk all-monkey Saurpani all-monkey; 2,1,7-leopard Barpak all Simjung all Pests Ghyachowk all Saurpani all Open grazing Barpak 1,2 Simjung 1,2,4,6,8 Ghyachowk all Saurpani all Barpak all Simjung all Rainfall, wind Ghyachowk all Saurpani all

Poverty pockets in Daraudi Basin

VDC Ward 3-koje, 5-dalit basti, 2-mandre,1-snehya basti,4- Barpak sabe Simjung 2-sirubari, 9-baluwa, 3-dasintole Gyachowk 5-baspot, 3-thum gau Sorpani 7-toprang,8-ranjok, 9-simbol

Marshyangdi Basin Middle Marshyangdi of Marshyangdi Basin covering 14 VDCs -Faleni, , Simpani, , Bahundada, , , , , Gaunshahar, , , , , Baglungpani, Nalma, Khudi, Ghanapokhara, and Besishahar Municipalities of .

Figure 10: Threat and vulnerability map of Marshyangdi basin Threat Assessment of Marshyangdi Basin

Threats \ River Loth Wetlan Fores Grass Agriculture Human Deer Aquatic Medicine Bird Ban Satuwa Local Wild Butterfly Summary Targets System Salla d / t land Land Settlement / / Fish / NTFP Species Lasun Culture Honey Threat Water Prey Species (Wild / Eco- (Vir Rating source Garlic)/ Tourism Mauri)

Forest Fire Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low

Deforestation Low Low Low Low Low Low

Landslide Low Low Low Low Low Low

Unmanaged High Low Mediu High High Low High

Infrastructure m

Poaching Low Low Low Low Low

Open Grazing Low Low Low Low Low

poison/Current Medium Medium Medium

/Bam for Fish Encroachment Low Low

Dumping Site Low Medium Low Low Low

Drought Medium Mediu High Medium Medium Medium

m

Unscientific Low Mediu Medium Medium Low Medium

Use of Forest m Resources

Poision Low Low Not Low Low Low

Specified

Excessive Medium Medium Low Medium

Rainfall

Invasive Mediu Low Low Medium Medium

Species m

Diseases Medium Low

Local Speies High Medium

Disapear

Human Wildlife Medium High Medium

Conflict

Target Medium Low Low Mediu Low High Medium Low Medium Medium Low Low Low Low Low Low High Rating m s: Pressure points in Marshyangdi Basin

Vulnerable Particular Area if Class VDC Ward Possible Community Forestry Name Upplochipla, Dilebhir, Lilli Ghermu 1,2,4,5,9 bhir Thulo khoriya CF, Rawathok Bajhkhet 9,8 , Baspani CF 3 Raktakali Bhirkuna CF, Baharapokhari, Srijana, Bhulbhule 1,2,5,7 Devisthan CF Forest fire 9,2,3 Chandipauwa, Kirepani CF Kalika, Gagdipakha , Udipur 7,6 bankaliCF Chiti 3 Tilhar, Satipatal 2,3 Archlaboat 7,6 Mohariya kot Dibiya Beshisahar 7,6 Shanti CF Chiti 3 Tilhar Ghermu Bahundanda 3 Raktakali Forest deforestation Srijana, baharapokhar, /Encrochment Bhulbhule 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Bhirkuna, saptakanya Udipur 3,4 Beshishahr

Ghermu 1,2,8,9 Bahundanda 2 Gaunsahar 9,8,7,3,2 Bhulbhule 1,2 Flooding and Beshisahar 6,7 landslide Bajhkhet 1,7,8,6,9 Sundarbazar 6 Tarkughat 7 Archlaboat Ghermu 9,3 Bahundanda 4,5,2 Infrastructure Bhulbhule 9-Jan Gaunsahar 1,4,7,8,9 Beshishar Chiti 7,8 Udipur 1, 4, 5,6,7 Bajkhet 6,3,9,7 Beshisahar 4 Tarkughat 1,2 Archlaboat Ghermu 1,2,3,4,,6,7,8, Bahundanda 1,2,3,4, Bhulbhule 3,4,6,7,8 Poaching Gaunsahar 2,7,6 Udipur 7 Bajhkhet 7,8,9 Ghermu 1 to 9 Bahundanda 1,2,3 Gaunsahar 3 Oper Grazing Udipue 3,4 Chiti Tarkughat 4 Tarwali khola, Tatopani Ghermu 5,9 Khola Bhulbhule 5,4,3,2 Shyno hydro area Gaunsahar 3 Majuwa khola Posison / Bajhakhet 7,1 Khola current/ fish Chiti 7 dordi Tardhi Khola, Tarkughat 1 marshyandgi Archalboat 8,9 Marshyangdi Beshisahar 8,7,9 Ghermu 6,7,5 Huidi kuna Bahundanda 2,5 Bhulbhule 5,3,4 Gaunsahar 2 Solid waste Chandistha Archalboat 8,9 Tarkughat Udipur 3 Bajhkhet 8,9.7 Ghermu 1,2,3,6,7,4,9 Drought Bahundanda 1,2,3,4,6,5 Bhulbhule 1,2 Gaunsahar 8,9 Udipur 3,4,7,8,9 Bajhkhet 6 Bhachok Sundarbazar 6 Tarkughat 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Forest rexource Ghermu 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, extraction Bahundanda 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Gaunsahar Archalboat 6,8,9 Udipur 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Poision Chiti all agriculture Ghanapokhara 7 Beshisahar all Sundarbazar all Invasive species all Germu all parts Tagring all Bahundanda all Disease Udipur all parts Gaunsahar all Chiti All Chiti all Ghermu 1,2,8,6,7 indemic spps Bahundanda Tarkughat Mailny affected HH comes to DFO from wildlife human Bhoteodhar, conflict / sundarbazar, Beshisahar Monkey All VDC Muncipality

Pressure points in Marshyangdi Basin

VDC Ward Bahundada 3,4,6 Udipur 3 Bajkeht 8,9 Gaushar 5,8,9 Chiti 7,3 Gaushar 2 Tarughat 4,7 Ghermu 1,2,6,7 Archalboat 9 Chiti 7

Note

 The MIRADI software is entirely based on assessing the threats on biodiversity. During the consultation, it was realized that various criteria like scope, severity and irreversibility of threats are applied to forest and biodiversity only, while it lacked the threats on human dimensions. Aspects of vulnerability though has been touched a little by the assessment but a detail climate induced vulnerability assessment are felt important to carry out along with this assessment. To cover the gap of vulnerability assessment over human (community), another exercise was conducted to identify the poverty pockets and vulnerable zone.

 The assessment is purely done with the participatory approaches. Based upon the experience and know-how of their areas, representation were made diverse so that all the aspects and areas are represented. With rigorous exercise on classifying the threats based upon scope, severity and irreversibility the threats were rated.

 The output of this assessment will vary with time as the threats vary with intervention and impacts of climate change.

 This assessment can provide a strong basis in planning interventions in different areas. However, in-depth knowledge about the field and intervention of other agencies (GoN, community) are equally important to avoid duplication of programs and to yield a synergistic effect.