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Automated Method of Hyper-Hyponymic Verbal Pairs Extraction from Dictionary Definitions Based on Syntax Analysis and Word Embeddings
Rhema. Рема. 2020. № 2 Лингвистика DOI: 10.31862/2500-2953-2020-2-60-75 O. Antropova, E. Ogorodnikova Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation Automated method of hyper-hyponymic verbal pairs extraction from dictionary definitions based on syntax analysis and word embeddings This study is dedicated to the development of methods of computer-aided hyper-hyponymic verbal pairs extraction. The method’s foundation is that in a dictionary article the defined verb is commonly a hyponym and its definition is formulated through a hypernym in the infinitive. The first method extracted all infinitives having dependents. The second method also demanded an extracted infinitive to be the root of the syntax tree. The first method allowed the extraction of almost twice as many hypernyms; whereas the second method provided higher precision. The results were post-processed with word embeddings, which allowed an improved precision without a crucial drop in the number of extracted hypernyms. Key words: semantics, verbal hyponymy, syntax models, word embeddings, RusVectōrēs Acknowledgments. The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 18-302-00129 FOR CITATION: Antropova O., Ogorodnikova E. Automated method of hyper- hyponymic verbal pairs extraction from dictionary definitions based on syntax analysis and word embeddings. Rhema. 2020. No. 2. Pp. 60–75. DOI: 10.31862/2500- 2953-2020-2-60-75 © Antropova O., Ogorodnikova E., 2020 Контент доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 60 The content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Rhema. -
Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J
Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J. Schierholz, Department Germanistik und Komparatistik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany ([email protected]) Abstract: Methods are used in every stage of dictionary-making and in every scientific analysis which is carried out in the field of dictionary research. This article presents some general consid- erations on methods in philosophy of science, gives an overview of many methods used in linguis- tics, in lexicography, dictionary research as well as of the areas these methods are applied in. Keywords: SCIENTIFIC METHODS, LEXICOGRAPHICAL METHODS, THEORY, META- LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY RESEARCH, PRACTICAL LEXICOGRAPHY, LEXICO- GRAPHICAL PROCESS, SYSTEMATIC DICTIONARY RESEARCH, CRITICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, HISTORICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, RESEARCH ON DICTIONARY USE Opsomming: Metodes in leksikografie en woordeboeknavorsing. Metodes word gebruik in elke fase van woordeboekmaak en in elke wetenskaplike analise wat in die woor- deboeknavorsingsveld uitgevoer word. In hierdie artikel word algemene oorwegings vir metodes in wetenskapfilosofie voorgelê, 'n oorsig word gegee van baie metodes wat in die taalkunde, leksi- kografie en woordeboeknavorsing gebruik word asook van die areas waarin hierdie metodes toe- gepas word. Sleutelwoorde: WETENSKAPLIKE METODES, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE METODES, TEORIE, METALEKSIKOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, PRAKTIESE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSI- KOGRAFIESE PROSES, SISTEMATIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, KRITIESE WOORDE- BOEKNAVORSING, HISTORIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, NAVORSING OP WOORDE- BOEKGEBRUIK 1. Introduction In dictionary production and in scientific work which is carried out in the field of dictionary research, methods are used to reach certain results. Currently there is no comprehensive and up-to-date documentation of these particular methods in English. The article of Mann and Schierholz published in Lexico- * This article is based on the article from Mann and Schierholz published in Lexicographica 30 (2014). -
Grammar Education, It Was Connected with Writing and Covered a Broad Spectrum Including the A: Qawàaid Al-Lu©A
HIMA 13,4_340_f19_392-399 11/8/05 2:17 PM Page 393 Grammar education, it was connected with writing and covered a broad spectrum including the A: qawàaid al-lu©a. – G: Grammatik. – appreciation of literature. The grammateîs of F: grammaire. – R: grammatiks. – the New Testament were the ‘scribes’ (Mat 2, S: gramática. – C: yufa 4). In the Middle Ages, it became syno- Before the ‘linguistic turn’ that marked nymous with knowledge or study of Latin, many fields of study in the twentieth century, and often learning in general, especially the Gramsci understood that grammar as the type of knowledge of the learned classes. underlying structure that makes languages With the rise of the nation-state and the possible is an important political issue, vernacular languages, ‘grammar’ lost its both as a regulative social institution and a particular connection to Latin and became key element in philosophical questions of associated with ‘modern’ languages. thought and knowledge. Indeed, Gramsci One of the basic distinctions in grammar dedicated his last prison notebook (Q 29) to is between descriptive grammar and nor- grammar. There his discussion of the politics mative (or proscriptive) grammar. What is of grammar can also be seen as a grammar of known as the Port-Royal Grammar (published politics, as a metaphorical examination of in Paris in 1660) is an important historical the dynamics of hegemony. foundation of normative grammar. It used Of the many meanings and dimensions the idea of a ‘universal grammar’ shared by of ‘grammar’, the most important for all languages to further its aim of teaching Marxists is whether it is seen as the structure people not necessarily how language is used, or set of rules defining a language that is but how it should be used. -
|FREE| English Grammar for Students of Italian: the Study Guide For
ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS OF ITALIAN: THE STUDY GUIDE FOR THOSE LEARNING ITALIAN EBOOK Author: Sergio Adorni, Karen Primorac Number of Pages: 199 pages Published Date: 01 Apr 1996 Publisher: Olivia & Hill Press, U.S. Publication Country: Ann Arbor, United States Language: English, Italian ISBN: 9780934034203 Download Link: CLICK HERE English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Online Read Simply click the button below! The app is sports themed, so perfect for anyone who loves to get active! Start with Level 1. Every day, each of us spends a huge amount of time commuting from home to work on public transport. You might also like TR rated it really liked it Nov 19, Refresh and try again. Best Websites to Learn Italian. Covering expressions, grammar, and culture through personal travel stories, with detailed examples of a new language in context. English grammar for students of German : the study guide for those learning German Author Zorach, Cecile Published To ask other readers questions about English Grammar for Students of Italianplease sign up. Christopher Hurtado marked it as to-read Mar 15, This book makes it easier by illustrating how these same terms and concepts relate to English English Grammar for Students of Italian: The Study Guide for Those Learning Italian that students can instantly recognise the similarities and differences between Italian and English grammar. About Sergio Adorni. Reviews English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Monolingual books are best e. But note that the book does not try to lay out every detail of every grammatical rule in Italian; it provides just enough context to help you see ho This book provided a useful comparison between the basic grammar concepts of English and Italian. -
The Use of Ostensive Definition As an Explanatory Technique in the Presentation of Semantic Information in Dictionary-Making By
The Use of Ostensive Definition as an Explanatory Technique in the Presentation of Semantic Information in Dictionary-Making by John Lubinda The University of Zambia School of Humanities and Social Sciences Email: [email protected] Abstract Lexicography – The theory and practice of dictionary making – is a multifarious activity involving a number of ordered steps. It essentially involves the management of a language’s word stock. Hartmann (1983: vii) summarises the main aspects of the lexicographic management of vocabulary into three main activities, viz. recording, description and presentation. The stages involved in dictionary-making may be outlined as follows (paraphrasing Gelb’s(1958) five-step model): (a) Identification, selection and listing of lexical items (b) sequential arrangement of lexical units (c) parsing and excerpting of entries (d) semantic specification of each unit (e) dictionary compilation from processed data and publication of the final product. The present article focuses specifically on one aspect of the intermediate stages of this rather complex process of dictionary-making: the stage that lexicographers generally consider to be the principal stage in the entire process and one that is at the very heart of the raison d’être of every monolingual linguistic dictionary, namely semantic specification. The main thesis being developed here is that semantic specification can be greatly enhanced by the judicious 21 Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Volume 2, Issue 1 use of pictorial illustrations (as a complement to a lexicographic definition) in monolingual dictionaries, and as an essential lexicographic device. This feature is discussed under the broad concept of ostensive definition as an explanatory technique in dictionary- making. -
The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor
THE GRAMMAR OF FEAR: MORPHOSYNTACTIC METAPHOR IN FEAR CONSTRUCTIONS by HOLLY A. LAKEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holly A. Lakey Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Linguistics by: Dr. Cynthia Vakareliyska Chairperson Dr. Scott DeLancey Core Member Dr. Eric Pederson Core Member Dr. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt Institutional Representative and Dr. Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2016. ii © 2016 Holly A. Lakey iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Holly A. Lakey Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics March 2016 Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian). -
Particle Verbs in Italian
Particle Verbs in Italian Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie an der Universit¨at Konstanz Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft vorgelegt von Quaglia, Stefano Tag der m ¨undlichen Pr ¨ufung: 23 Juni 2015 Referent: Professor Christoph Schwarze Referentin: Professorin Miriam Butt Referent: Professor Nigel Vincent Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-376213 3 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit italienischen Partikelverben (PV), d.h. Kon- struktionen die aus einem Verb und einer (meist r¨aumlicher) Partikel, wie andare fuori ‘hinaus-gehen’ oder buttare via ‘weg-schmeißen’. Solche komplexe Ausdr¨ucke sind in manchen Hinsichten interessant, erstmal sprachvergleichend, denn sie instantiieren eine morpho-syntaktische Struktur, die in germanischen Sprachen (wie Deutsch, Englisch, Schwedisch und Holl¨andisch) pervasiv ist, aber in den romanischen Sprachen nicht der- maßen ausgebaut ist. Da germanische Partikelverben Eingenschaften aufweisen, die zum Teil f¨ur die Morphologie, zum teil f¨ur die Syntax typisch sind, ist ihr Status in formalen Grammatiktheorien bestritten: werden PV im Lexikon oder in der Syntax gebaut? Dieselbe Frage stellt sich nat¨urlich auch in Bezug auf die italienischen Partikelverben, und anhand der Ergebnisse meiner Forschung komme ich zum Schluss, dass sie syntaktisch, und nicht morphologisch, zusammengestellt werden. Die Forschungsfragen aber die in Bezug auf das grammatische Verhalten italienischer Partikelverben von besonderem Interesse sind, betreffen auch Probleme der italienischen Syntax. In meiner Arbeit habe ich folgende Forschungsfragen betrachtet: (i) Kategorie und Klassifikation Italienischer Partikeln, (ii) deren Interaktion mit Verben auf argument- struktureller Ebene, (iii) strukturelle Koh¨asion zwischen Verb und Partikel und deren Repr¨asentation. -
CLAUDE M. WISE PAPERS Mss
These records are unprocessed. Access to unprocessed collections requires the express written approval of the Head of Archival Processing. Consult the “Policy on Access to Unprocessed Collections” for details: https://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/about/policies/unprocessed CLAUDE M. WISE PAPERS Mss. 2245 Container List Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections Special Collections, Hill Memorial Library Louisiana State University Libraries Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Reformatted 2020 Revised 2021 WISE (CLAUDE M.) PAPERS Mss. 2245 1889-1967 LSU LIBRARIES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS CONTENTS OF INVENTORY SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 3 BIOGRAPHICAL/HISTORICAL NOTE .......................................................................... 4 SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE ....................................................................................... 4 INDEX TERMS .................................................................................................................. 5 CONTAINER LIST ............................................................................................................ 6 Use of manuscript materials. If you wish to examine items in the manuscript group, please place a request via the Special Collections Request System. Consult the Container List for location information. Photocopying. Should you wish to request photocopies, please consult a staff member. Do not remove items to be photocopied. The existing -
In North America Edited by John Algeo Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26479-2 - The Cambridge History of The English Language: Volume VI: English in North America Edited by John Algeo Index More information INDEX NOTE: African-American English and African-American Vernacular English are abbreviated to AAE and AAVE respectively. a: broad, eastern seaboard, 79, 123, 141, Adams, John, US President, 61–2, 67, 346, 143; flat, in fast, calf, bath, can’t, 23, 79, 412 140–1; in mercy, 99, 139; in off, soft, drop, Adams, John Quincy, US President, 347 crop, 99, 141; London influence after adaptability and language change, 2 Revolution, 123, 141, 143; in twice (Cape Ade, George, 231, 250 Fear Valley), 135. See also barn words; adios, 176 cot/caught merger; wash words adjectives, AAE copula deletion before, a-,prefix with present participle, 132, 133, 299 145, 148; Gullah progressive marker, adobe, 176, 201, 207 302 adverbs: disjuncts, 413; flat, 369, 396, 411 aa, 181 advertising, 209. See also trade names abbreviations, 18th-century, 343 advocate, 372 ABC broadcasting network, 492 æ, 77, 140–1, 143, 340, 355 -able, silent e before, 340, 355 Africa: Carter’s diplomacy, 47; English as Aboriginal peoples of Canada, 425; lingua franca, 16th century, 180. See also Canadianisms relating to, 434–5; African languages; slaves and slavery; contacts with Newfoundland English, South Africa 442, 443, 451–2; pidgins and jargons, African-American English (AAE), 156, 162. See also individual names xxiv–xxv, 291–324; African influences abortion, 49 and African substrate hypothesis, 151, abstraction, language as, xix–xx 180, 214, 312–13, 318; age of speaker, abuse, verbal, 229–30 and usage, 323; Americanisms, xxii–xxiii, academy, language: American proposals 213–15; and Amerindian languages, 160; for, 35, 61–2, 346–7, 392, 412; British animal tales, 311; article, indefinite, 296, failure to establish, 62, 186; French, 62 320; aspectual system, 135, 147, 302–5; Acadia (Nova Scotia), 17 autonomy, 323; auxiliary verbs, 149, 301, accountability, principle of, 322 302, 306, 323; basilects, 291, 292–3, 314, acquisition. -
Grammar of the Italian Language
GR AMMAR OF TH E I TALIAN LANGUAGE. JO E P H R AMP I N I S , Fellow of th e Education al I n stitute of Sc otlan d ; Teac h er of th e I talian Lan ua e an d Literature in th e Naval an d ili tar Academ the g g M y y, Edin ur P iloso ical In stitution th e c ottis I n stit ution for b gh h ph , S h oun Ladie s th e Edin ur In sti tution for Lan ua es &c . Y g , b gh g g , EDINBURGH OLIVER A D B Y T EED DALE RT N O D , W COU . LOND ON : I P I N AR H ALL AND 00 . S M K , M S , P ri ce T o illin n e w Sh gs an d Six pe c . A KEY TO MR RAMPINI ’ S ITALIAN GRAMMAR 2 I S PU LI SH PRI C s . B ED, E P RINTE D B Y OLIV E R AND B OY D E D INB U R H . , G TO HER GRACE CHARLOTTE ANN, t nt u t u b t t Burb t as of yurrlt n b a m t s t o, &c . &c . MAY IT PLEA E OUR GRA E S Y C , HAVING already experien ced so m uch kindn ess an d c on sideration w hilst engaged in the In struction of Junior Mem b ers of the n ob le Fam ily of Buccleuch in the Italian Lan ua e I have to offer addition al ac n o led m ent s for g g , k w g ’ your Grace s kin dn ess in perm ittin g m e t o sen d forth t o the w orld un der the distin uis ed atrona e of our n am e , g h p g y , a Gram m ar of m y n ative tongue written in the En glish Lan guage . -
East Sussex Record Office Report of the County Archivist April 2008 to March 2009 Introduction
eastsussex.gov.uk East Sussex Record Office Report of the County Archivist April 2008 to March 2009 Introduction The year was again dominated by efforts towards achieving The Keep, the new Historical Resource Centre, but the core work of the Record Office continued more busily than ever and there was much of which to be proud. In July 2008 we took in our ten-thousandth accession, something of a milestone in the office’s own history of almost 60 years. An application to the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) for £4.9million towards the costs of The Keep was submitted by the Record Office on behalf of the capital partners, East Sussex County Council, Brighton & Hove City Council and the University of Sussex, in September. This represented around 20% of the anticipated costs of the building, since the partners remain committed to find the remainder. In December we learned our fate: that we had been unsuccessful. Feedback from the HLF indicated that ours had been an exemplary application, and one which they would have liked to have supported but, in a year when the effect of diverting HLF money to the Olympics was being felt, it was thought necessary to give precedence to some very high-profile projects. We were, of course, disappointed, but determined not to be deterred, and the partners agreed to pursue ways forward within the existing funding. Because it would further hold up the project, adding to inflation costs, but give no guarantee of success, we decided not to re-apply to the HLF, and by the end of the financial year were beginning to look at options for a less expensive building. -
Hindi Grammar
HINDI GRAMMAR. ELEMENTS OP HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. BY THE LATE JAMES R. BALLANTYNE, LL.D. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1868. [alt. bights reserved.] HERTFORD: STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER. INTRODUCTION. In representing the oriental sounds in English letters, the system of Sir William Jones has been employed, slightly modified. The vowels must, then, be pronounced as follows: viz., a as in arise; a as in far ; i as in wit; i as in 'police ; u as in bush ; u as in rule; e as in they ; ai as in the Italian mai; o as in so ; au as in the Italian paura. The con¬ sonants must receive their usual English sounds, except that, as regards th and ph, the compounds must be sounded as in the words “poMook” and “haphazard,” not as in “Mis” or “Min” and “philo¬ logy” This impression differs from the first by numerous alterations and additions; but they are such as, it is believed, the Author would have approved. HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. OF THE ALPHABET. 1. The Ndgari alphabet, in which the Hindi language is generally written, consists of forty-nine letters. It is read, like English, from left to right, and is as follows:—• Vowels. a, ^ d, X. i, t ^ «, gj «, ^ ri, rt), ft), $)) 41 au9 with • n9 l h (not initial)* Consonants. Gutturals ha, Vhha, Uga, q gha, (Vita). Palatals ^ cha, V chha, nja, ifjha. (’Two). Linguals Z (a. 7 (ha, ^ da, * dha. TJJ na. Dentals If ta, If tha, Tg da, V dha, if na.