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Discovering a Biophilic Seoul a Thesis Submitted to The DISCOVERING A BIOPHILIC SEOUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREES MASTER OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING MASTER OF SCIENCE DISCOVERING A BIOPHILIC SEOUL BY UNAI MIGUEL ANDRES DR. SANGLIM YOO – ADVISOR DR. JOSHUA GRUVER – ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA MAY 2017 DISCOVERING A BIOPHILIC SEOUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREES MASTER OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING MASTER OF SCIENCE BY UNAI MIGUEL ANDRES Committee Approval: ___________________________________ ___________________________ Committee Chairperson Date ___________________________________ ___________________________ Committee Co-chairperson Date ___________________________________ ___________________________ Committee Member Date Departmental Approval: ___________________________________ ___________________________ Departmental Chairperson Date ___________________________________ ___________________________ Departmental Chairperson Date ___________________________________ ___________________________ Dean of Graduate School Date BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA MAY 2017 i ABSTRACT THESIS: Discovering a Biophilic Seoul STUDENT: Unai Miguel Andres DEGREES: Master of Science; Master of Urban and Regional Planning COLLEGE: Sciences and Humanities; Architecture and Planning DATE: May 2017 PAGES: Despite being inhabited for more than 2000 years; the city of Seoul grew in isolation from Western cultures until the 19th century. However, because of being almost destroyed during the Korean War, the city spent most of the second half of the 20th century trying to rebuild itself. After recovering, Seoul shifted its policies to become a sustainable development-oriented city. Thus, the city engaged in its first major nature recovery project, the Mt. Namsan Restoration project, in 1991 and it enacted the first 5-year Plan for Park & Green Spaces in 1996, which pinpointed the start of the Green Seoul era. Biophilic cities are (ideal) cities that have copious amounts of nature, as a part of their design (Beatley, 2010). Prior research has revealed that Biophilic urbanism helps reducing urban heat island effect, and greenhouse emissions while bringing the emotional and psychological benefits of nature into the urban environment. However, the existing biophilic literature is largely focused on North American and European cities and, therefore, biophilic elements of non-western cities have yet to be comprehensively studied. This study aims to complement the current biophilic urbanism movement, by recording and analyzing the biophilic elements occurring in the Asian city of Seoul, Korea. To do so, I surveyed how much Seoulites consider the nature in their everyday life, I created an inventory of the major constructed nature projects that the city has started or completed since 1996 was done, and I study of the spatial distribution of green spaces throughout the city. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my dear friend Kyeonghyun Kim, for all her assistance as a translator and interpreter. I would also like to thank her for providing me moral support at every step of this project. I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Sanglim Yoo, and committee co-chair, Dr. Joshua Gruver, for believing that this crazy project was possible and embarking on this trip with me. I would also like to thank them for assisting me with all the research logistics, helping me securing funding for it. I would also like to thank them and my other committee member, Dave Ferguson, for their valuable time, advice on this project, and for their comments and corrections to this thesis. I would like to acknowledge the Ball State University ASPIRE gran and the American Planning Association International Division Student Grant that enable me to do the fieldwork. Finally, I want to recognize Dr. John West and Christine Rhine for their continuous guidance and support throughout the completion of my masters’ degrees. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. VIII 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE & RESEARCH QUESTIONS: .................................................................................... 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 4 2.1 THE BIOPHILIA HYPOTHESIS .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 BIOPHILIC URBANISM ............................................................................................................. 5 2.3 HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN SEOUL .............................................................................. 8 2.4 SEOUL’S PARKS AND GREEN SPACES ................................................................................... 10 3. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 12 3.1 PAPER SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 SPATIAL ANALYSIS............................................................................................................... 15 3.3 CONSTRUCTED NATURE PROJECTS INVENTORY ................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Historical context and cases selection.......................................................................... 17 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 18 4.1 PAPER SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 18 iv 4.1.1 Demographics and validity analysis/assessment .......................................................... 18 4.1.2 Part 1: Interaction with nature results ......................................................................... 20 4.1.3 Part 2: Connectedness to Nature Scale ........................................................................ 22 4.2 SPATIAL ANALYSIS............................................................................................................... 25 4.3 CONSTRUCTED NATURE PROJECTS INVENTORY ................................................................... 33 4.3.1 Gildong Ecological Park .............................................................................................. 33 4.3.2 Seonyudo Park .............................................................................................................. 34 4.3.3 World Cup Park ............................................................................................................ 35 4.3.4 Cheonggyecheon Stream .............................................................................................. 39 4.3.5 Seoul Forest .................................................................................................................. 40 4.3.6 Iris Park ........................................................................................................................ 44 4.3.7 Seoseoul Park ............................................................................................................... 45 4.3.8 Dream Forest ................................................................................................................ 46 4.3.9 Pureum Arboretum ....................................................................................................... 48 4.3.10 Seoul Station 7017 ...................................................................................................... 49 4.3.11 Inventory analysis ....................................................................................................... 49 5. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 51 5.1 NATURAL CONDITIONS, QUALITIES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................. 51 5.2 BIOPHILIC ENGAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION, ACTIVITIES, AND KNOWLEDGE............................ 52 4.3 BIOPHILIC INSTITUTIONS, PLANNING, AND GOVERNANCE ..................................................... 53 4.4 HUMAN HEALTH/WELL-BEING ............................................................................................. 54 6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 56 6. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 57 v APPENDIX
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