Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information

INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Aachen, granite columns from, 340 Antiochus IV, 56, 84, 94 Actium, 102, 240, 278 Antiochus, prince of Syria, 198–199 Aegina, Temple of Aphaia Antonius, M. (consul 44), 95, 101, 206, 217, acquisition of sculpture from, 312 221, 227, 246, 252, 367 Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, L. (consul 50), blamed for spoliation, 102 236 has Cicero and Verres proscribed, 137 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (consul 78), 188 Antony, Marc. See Antonius, M. (consul 44) Aemilius Paullus, L. (consul 182), 71, 89, 96, Apelles, 166, 241, 266, 269 295, 335 aphidruma, 94 monument of, 73 Aphrodite, 114 tours Greece, 72–73 of Knidos (statue), 164, 283 Triumph of, 72 statue of, 278. See also Venus victory celebration in Amphipolis, 72 Apollo Belvedere (statue), 321, 324, 329 Aeneas, 20, 63, 107, 237, 241 Apollo, Geloan statue of, 179 Aerarium. See Rome Appian, 80 Aetolians, 40–42, 102 Aquillius, M’. (consul 101), 119 Agathocles, 76, 112, 167 Arch of Titus. See Rome Agrigento, 32, 34 Archaeological Institute of America, 356 bull of Phalaris, 97, 167 Archimedes, 61, 113, 114, 116 sacked by Carthage, 34 globes taken as booty, 65 Temple of Asklepios, 66, 174 Aristogeiton. See Tyrannicides Temple of Herakles, 175 Aristotle, 299 Agyrium (Sicily), 197 library of, 24 Akragas. See Agrigento art Alban Mount, 62, 67 Cicero’s assessments of, 163–170 Alberti, Leandro, 288 definitions, 10, 43, 153–154, 162–163 Alcibiades, 34, 87 for Grand Tourists, 294 Alexander the Great, 70, 98, 231, 266 for triumphal display, 61, 157 at Tyre, 179 Greek private ownership of, 34–35 booty of, 39, 242 histories used by rhetoricians, 166 does not damage sanctuaries, 85 motive for war, 60 painting of, 241 prices of, 163–164, 224, 237 returns statues, 26 Roman private ownership of, 156–157, statues of, 234, 258, 279 210–214, 266–268, 270 tent supports of, 242 sacrilegious use of, 159–160 Alexandria, 58, 235, 329 universal coverage of, 262, 320, 335, 360 as urban exemplar, 100, 113 Asconius Pedianus, Q., 147 obelisks in, 247, 280, 369 Asinius Pollio, C. (consul 40), 238 scholarly standards in, 138 art collection of, 238–240 Ammianus Marcellinus, 218, 246 Triumph of, 238 Appendix, 368 Aspendos, 177, 189 Anahita (Persian deity), 252 Assorus (Sicily), 175 Annius Milo, T. (praetor 55), 136 Astin, A., 96 Antikythera wreck, 209, 218 asylia, 101

413

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information

414 index

Athena, 26, 321, 359 examined for sacredness, 70 at Lindos, 68, 283 Greek, 30–33 statue spits blood, 95 Greek display of, 33–34 statues of, 31, 72, 92, 94, 103, 213, 241, 283, Latin terms for, 53 367. See also palladion motive for war, 60 temples of. See Athens, Syracuse Persian, 29–30, 40 Athenaeus, 37, 114, 222 Roman dedication of, 76 Athens selectivity among, 70 Akropolis and national identity, 309 traditional view of, 19 despoliation of Lord Elgin, 309 Braund, S., 271 north wall of Akropolis, 28, 29 Bronze Horses (of San Marco, Venice), 281 Old Temple of Athena, 26 at Constantinople, 280 Parthenon, 130, 177 given voice, 339 Persian sack, 24 in Paris, 340 restoration of temples under Augustus, returned to Venice, 341 103 taken to Paris, 321 sack of Sulla, 24 Bruno, Giordano, 324 Temple of Athena Polias, 29, 359 Bruttians, 68 Temple of Zeus Olympios, 24 Brydone, Patrick, 292, 293 Augustus, 63, 101 interest in geology, 293 construction in Rome, 240–241 Buchner, E., 244 displays plunder, 92 Burke, Edmund, 285, 305 Horologium of, 244, 245 use of Verrines, 305 takes art as plunder in Greece, 92 Butler, S., 9, 123, 133, 146 Byron, Lord (George Gordon), 309 Baldo, G., 9 campaigns against Lord Elgin, 309–310, bamboo, 66, 204 313–314 Bartman, E., 269 Childe Harold, 313, 315 Bassai, Temple of Apollo, 313, 342 philhellenism of, 316 Bassett, S., 276, 277, 282 The Curse of Minerva, 310 Bederman, D., 299, 301 use of Verrines, 314 Belisarius, 317 Beneventum, 206 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. biography, Latin, 227 (consul 143), 164, 211, 213 Bloomer, W. M., 149 display of plundered sculpture, 234 Blucher,¨ Marshal (Prince) G. von, 336, 338 portico of, 234 boar, 128, 175, 204, 368 Caecilius Niger, Q. (quaestor 72), 122 Calydonian Boar, 92, 93, 242, 256, 367 Cahill, N., 35 Boethos (sculptor), 205 Caligula, 252, 253 Herm of Dionysos, 210 destroys statues, 253 Bonaparte, Joseph, 345, 349 seashells as spolia, 59 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon takes Eros of Thespiae, 254 booty takes statues from Athens, 255 account-book for, 89 tries to take image of Zeus, 254 division of, 53, 54 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (praetor 112), 203

index 415

Camillus. See Furius Camillus, M. Coelius Antipater, L., 80 (dictator 396) coinage, Greek, 180 Campus Martius. See Rome Assorus, 175 Canova, A., 311, 324, 338 from plunder, 38, 40 Capua, 70 image of Ceres, 173 Carey, S., 264 Thermae (Himera), 180 Carthage, 59, 61, 90, 112, 317, 366 Tyndaris, 180 fall of, 95 coinage, Roman Greek plunder in, 96, 179, 180 early issues of, 59 sacks Agrigento, 34 Colosseum. See Rome sacks Himera, 97 connoisseurship, 166, 203–206, 208, 225, settlers in Sicily, 107, 110 265–269, 282–284, 366 Carthago Nova, 52 as a literary subject, 268 Cassius Dio, 251, 255 conqueror, humane, 19, 86, 95, 302 casts (of antiquities), 308, 311, 317, 342 Constantine I, 104, 220, 247, 277 Catiline. See Sergius Catalina, L. (praetor displays sculpture, 275 68) takes statuary from Rome, 69 Cato. See Portius Cato, M. (consul 195) uses basilica-type as church, 274 Cavenaile, R., 142 uses spolia in churches, 274 Centuripe (Sicily), 185, 197 Constantinople, 220, 243, 275 Ceres, 171, 173 Basilica, 277 and Libera, 172 Baths of Zeuxippos, 278 statue of, 163 Forum, 276 Charlemagne, 287, 340 Hippodrome, 276, 278 Chelidon, 191 pillaged art in, 276–277 Chemtou (Tunisia), 188 sack of (1204), 69, 277, 280, 288 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 288, 297 Constantius II, 218, 242, 247, 277, 280 Chrysas (river), 175 gives Rome an obelisk, 246 Cicero. See Tullius Cicero, M. (consul 63) moves obelisk, 368 Clarke, E. D., 315 Convention on the Protection of Claudius (emperor) Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), repatriates statues, 254–255 355 Claudius Marcellus, M. (consul 222), 61–68, Coponius (sculptor), 234 115 Corinth gifts to cities, 67 art as booty from, 74, 75, 363 inscribed bases, preserved, 67 fights piracy, 22 ovatio of, 61 refounded by Julius Caesar, 100 reputation in Sicily, 99 sack of, 61, 73–74 weeps at Syracuse, 66 sack of lamented by Cicero, 89 Claudius Pulcher, App. (consul 54), 315 visited by Aemilius Paullus, 73 Cleopatra (VII), 100, 101, 103, 241, 242, 246, Corinthian bronzes, 137, 197, 205 247 Cornelius Dolabella, Cn. (praetor 81), 130, Clive, R., 304 177 Cluverius (Philip Cluwer), 290 Cornelius Nepos, 226–227 Cockerell, C. R., 312, 342 use of Verrines, 228–230

416 index

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P. (consul decor, 192–193, 213, 214, 268 147), 179 definition, 192 Appendix, 366 Delacroix, E., 123, 124 appreciated by Cicero, 97 Cicero Accuses Verres, 124 as character in essay, 90 Delos, 28, 31, 130, 177, 189, 193, 207 exemplar of magnanimity, 99 Hermaistai, Apolloniastai, and honorary banquet after death of, 212 Poseidoniastai (HAP), 207 in eighteenth century, 295, 326 international market on, 194, 207 in newspapers (1815), 340 Delphi, 23, 33, 277 inscribed bases, 96–98 attacked by Gauls, 40 no booty for self, 71, 96 history of looting, 255–257 political significance of restitution, Massaliote treasury, 50, 136 182 monument of Aemilius Paullus, 73, 74 praised by Panaetius, 89 plundered by Phocians, 37, 38 reaction to fall of Carthage, 95 Roman gifts to, 49, 50 repatriates plundered art, 96–99 Siphnian treasury, 23, 25 Triumph of, 96 Denon, V., 327, 328, 341 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P. (consul 205), Diana (statues), 155, 168, 178–179, 182, 250 52, 59, 257 dining, Roman, 196–197 as character in essay, 90 expectations inverted, 198–199 Cornell, T. J., 44 Diodorus Siculus, 34, 35, 179 Cowles, F., 9, 203 Dionysios I, 36, 44, 112 Croton, 37, 77, 87, 94 invites Plato to Syracuse, 112 Temple of Hera Lacinia, 77, 81 Dionysos, 58 crucifixion of Roman citizen, 133 captured by pirates, 23 cult images, 163, 164, 171–174, 176 divinatio, 122 taken as plunder, 48, 70, 89, 92 given by Cicero, 122 taken by Verres, 181 Dodona, 42 transfer of, 46 Dodwell, E., 316 cultural heritage Appendix, 369 and national responsibility, 319 critcizes Lord Elgin, 316–317 early statement about (1819), 317 Domitian, 246, 265 cultural property, 285–286, 301 Domus Aurea (Golden House). See Rome and nationalism, 301 dreams Curia. See Rome as warning, 28, 80, 82, 103, 280 curiosities, 204 Dying Gaul (statue), 321, 329 Curse of Akkad, 16 Curtius Rufus, Q., 179 East India Company, 304, 305 Cyrus, King of Persia, 18–19 Eleusis, caryatid taken from, 315 Elgin, Lord (Thomas Bruce), 307 D’Arms, J., 202 despoils Parthenon, 308 Darius, King of Persia, 28 general disapproval of, 315 Datis, Persian admiral intentions in Athens, 308 offers sacrifice at Delos, 28 obtains permit, 308 returns statue, 29 Elia, R., 354 de Souza, P., 22 Elsner, J., 174

index 417

Elymians, 107, 110 Ghiberti, L., 170 Engyion (Sicily), 97, 177, 181 Gibbon, Edward, 271 Enos, R., 141 Goethe, J. W. von, 291 Erasmus, 287 Gore, Charles, 291 Eros (statues), 155, 164, 194, 254, 255 grain supply, 115, 116, 206 Etretria (Euboea), 250 Grand Tour, 291–294 Eupolemos (of Kaleacte), 197 Granius, P., 207, 209 Eusebius, 279 Gratian, 242 evocatio, 48, 76, 94 Gregoire,´ Abbe´ (Henri), 317 exempla, definition, 148 on vandalism, 317–319 exile, implications of, 135 Grotius, Hugo, 287, 297–301 extortion courts, 119, 120 De iure belli ac pacis, 299 De iure praedae, 297 Fabius Maximus, Q. (consul 233), 68 Mare liberum, 298 booty from Tarentum, 68–69 Gruen, E., 14, 70 Triumphs of, 68 Fabius Pictor, C., 164 Habicht, C., 94 Farnese Bull (sculptural group), 239 Hackert, Philipp, 291 Fazello, Tomaso, 288–290 Hadrian, 104, 244, 270, 273 fish ponds, 221–222, 226 Hague Conventions, 350, 351 Fraguier, Abbe´ (Claude Franc¸ois), 294–295 Haluntium (Sicily), 197 Fulvius Flaccus, Q. (consul 179), 77, 78, 94, Hamilton, Sir William, 294, 308 171 Hamilton, W. R., 308, 309, 311, 329 death of, 79 assists Cockerell, 312 loots marble roof of temple at Croton, defends Lord Elgin, 311–312 77 urges repatriation (1815), 331 Fulvius Nobilior, M. (consul 189), 69 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 62, 68, 76, builds temple of Hercules of the Muses, 77, 80 70 owner of statue of Herakles, 266 Triumph of, 69 sets up bilingual inscription at Croton, Furius Camillus, M. (dictator 396), 47–49, 79 51 tests gold column at Croton, 80 Triumph of, 49 Harmodios. See Tyrannicides Harris, W., 146 Gaius, Institutes, 158 Hastings, Warren, 304 Gaul, 136 trial of, 307 Gauls, 44 Heius, C., 163, 193–195, 201, 206–207 attack Delphi, 40 Heliopolis (Egypt), 243, 247, 280, 368 sack Rome, 44–45, 50–52 Henna (Sicily), 163, 171–173 their gold stolen, 76 Hera Lacinia Gavius, P., 133 Temple of, 79 Gela, 179 threatens Hannibal, 80 Gela (Sicily), 97 wrath of, 79 Gellius, Aulus, 147 Herakles, 175, 279 General Orders No. 100, 34, 350, 351 altar at Tyre, 179 Gentili, A., 299 cult image at Agrigento, 163

418 index

Herakles (cont.) Punic, 150, 204 in poisoned tunic, statue of, 224 statue bases, 184, 253, 277 preserved base for statue, 69 threat to, 318 seated statue from Tarentum, 69, 266, 277 inscriptions, Greek, 37 statues of, 194, 265, 278, 292 ID 4, 1754, 207 tries to steal tripod, 23 IG I3 421–432, 34 Herakles Epitrapezios (statue), 265–266, IG II2 1035, SEG 26.121, 31.107, 48.116, 103 267, 269 IG II2 5173–5179, SEG XL.124, 255 Hercules. See Herakles IG XIV.315, 97 Herennia Procula (poet), 254 ML 27, 39 3 Herodotus, 24, 28, 30, 82 Syll. 677, 97 3 depicts religious observance, 29 Syll. 760, 101 east-west parallels, 111 inscriptions, Latin, 120 on olive tree, 359 CIL 6.1163, 31249 ( =ILS 736), 247 Heskith, T., 302 CIL 6.701, 702, 243 Hieron II, 113–115, 295 ILLRP 367, 368, 220 Hieronymous (grandson of Hieron II), 115 ILLRP.326, 97 Hoby, Sir Thomas, 290 ILS 12, 13, 67 Homer, Odyssey, 22 ILS.8769, 97 Horsfall, N., 229 international law, development of, Hortensius Hortalus, Q. (consul 69), 117, 299–300 122, 125, 220, 224, 227, 307 Iulus, son of Aeneas, 237 and Cicero, 125–127 as aedile, 155 Jerome, 147, 280 as collector, 164 Jerusalem, 19, 253 as piscinarius, 221–222 sacred items from, 261, 262 motives in trial of Verres, 127–128 siege of (ce 70), 260 House, Roman, 185–188 Temple at, 261, 262, 263, 352 appropriate use of, 190–191 Temple of Solomon, 18 displays in atrium, 161 jewelry (gems, pearls, rings), 162, 190, 201, first use of Numidian marble, 188 209, 231, 232, 237, 261 lararia, 193 breastplate of pearls, 237 suitability of art for, 90 portrait of Pompey, 232 villas, 187 Josephus (Flavius Josephus), 255, 260, 262 Julian, 242 inscriptions Julius Caesar, C. (consul 59), 90, 100, 136, as ballast, 210 150, 161, 219, 231, 234, 240, 244, 247 as evidence, 98, 123, 146, 172 as humane conqueror, 100–101 as records, 58 assisted by Cicero, 236 bilingual (Greek and Punic), 79, 80 commentary read by Wellington, 348 collected, 291, 308 forestalls looting, 100 commemorative, 30, 74, 96, 97, 183, 228, improves city, 100, 238 255 interest in art, 237 Elamite, 16 plans buildings, 100 for records, 170, 176 refounds Corinth, 73 legal notice, 101, 358 statues of, 241, 242, 279 on buildings, 55, 255, 260 visits Cicero, 216

index 419

Juno, 48. See also Hera Lacinia imports cherry tree, 223 juries Triumph of, 221 as audience, 143–144 use of marble, 223 composition of, 120, 121 Lieber Code, 350 knowledge of art, 154–157 Lieber, Francis, 349 Justinian, 277 Lilybaeum (Sicily), 108, 116, 178 Juvenal, 270–271 Lincoln, Abraham, 349 Satire 8, 270 Lipari Islands, 49, 107 Verres as warning figure, 271 Livy, 45, 46 account of sacrilege at Croton, 78–79 Kairos (sculpture), 283 Appendix, 362, 364 Kelsall, Charles, 296–297 discusses booty, 46, 50 Knidos, 164, 277 on Marcellus at Syracuse, 66–67 Knight, Richard Payne, 291 on sack of Rome, 50–52 Krautheimer, R., 275 on siege of Veii, 47–50 Kuttner, A., 233 views on art as plunder, 91–92 Locri, 76 La Rocca, E., 239 looting Lactantius, 147 (in war) disadvantages of, 53, 298 Laocoon,¨ 321 as a weapon of war, 298 sculptural group, 321, 322, 324, 327, 329, of archaeological sites, 353–355 331, 335, 342 Lucullus. See Licinius Lucullus, L. (consul Lausos, 220, 282 74) as collector, 284 Ludwig I of Bavaria, 312 Leontini (Sicily), 185 Lusieri, G. B., 308, 310 lex Acilia, 120 Lutatius Catulus, Q. (consul 78), 220 lex Calpurnia repetundarum, 119 luxury, 187, 193, 221–223, 232, 264 lex Claudia, 202 criticism of, 225, 251–252 lex Cornelia, 120 dangers of, 232–233 lex Hieronica, 115, 132 enables virtue, 268 libraries, 96, 114, 138, 265, 272, 336 shifts after trial of Verres, 218 in Temple of Peace, 262 Spartan attitude to, 35 in Trajan’s Forum, 239 trade in, 200–210 of Aristotle, 24 Lysippos, 258, 267, 269, 283 of Charlemagne, 287 Apoxyomenos, 259 of Cicero, 215 colossal Zeus at Tarentum, 69 of Lucullus, 223 Granikos monument, 234 of Perseus, 71 Herakles Epitrapezios, 266 of Wellington, 348 seated Herakles at Tarentum, 69, on Palatine, 240 277 protected in Lieber Code, 351 public, built by A. Pollio, 238 Mackenzie, S., 356 public, planned by J. Caesar, 238 Magna Mater (Great Mother), 181 Licinius Lucullus, L. (consul 74), 220, Mahdia wreck, 156, 209, 218, 223 225 Malta, 93, 160, 169, 295, 309, 312 dining, 222 represents outlying islands, 177 fish ponds of, 222 temple of Juno, 149

420 index

Mamertines, 113, 160 University of Pennsylvania Museum Mango, C., 279, 282 (Philadelphia), 358 manubiae, 53, 54 Myron (sculptor), 75, 103, 165, 168, 194, 207, of Augustus, 103, 240–241 251, 265, 269 of Julius Caesar, 100, 237 of Pompey, 233–235 Napoleon, 39, 59, 280, 313, 319, 330 of Vespasian, 260 fills Louvre (Musee´ Napoleon),´ 321 use of, 54 invades Egypt, 329 used to build library, 238 loots art in Italy, 319–320 Marathon, 29 scale of plundering, 320 Marcellus. See Claudius Marcellus, M. stages Triumphal procession, (consul 222) 321 Marcius Barea Soranus, Q. (suffect consul Naram-Sin, 16 ce 52), 258 stele of, 16, 17 Marcus Agrippa. See Vipsanius Agrippa, nationalism, 313 M. in acquisition of art, 312–313 Marseilles, 321. See also Massilia, 50 responsibility for protection of Martial, 265, 269 monuments, 319 Marvin, M., 212–214 natural justice, 299 Masinissa, King, 93, 99, 149, 204 natural law, 300, 301 Massilia, 50, 135, 136 naumachiae (mock sea-battles), 236 mercenaries, 36, 37, 39, 44, 80, 113, 298, Nazi theft of art, 352 305 Nero, 252, 273 Merryman, J. H., 359 attempts earthworks, 258 Metrodorus (painter), 72 likes gigantism, 257 Middleton, Conyers, 295–296 likes gilding, 258 Millar, F., 145, 227 loots Delphi, 255–257 Mithradates VI, 185, 207 melts Penates, 258 Motya, 112 punishes governor, 259 Mt. Etna, 107, 114, 172, 293 takes art for Domus Aurea, 259 Mt. Vesuvius, 117, 162 takes Eros of Thespiae, 254 Mummius, L. (consul 146), 71, 89, 100, 211, Newlands, C., 266 295 Nicholas, L., 352 dedications of, 74 Niebuhr, Barthold G., 349 sacks Corinth, 73 Nikopolis, 102, 278 shields at Olympia, 75 Norman, N., 357 supposed ignorance of art, 74 Nørskov, V., 355 museums Novius Vindex, 266, 268 Archaeological Museum (Palermo), 358 Numidia, 90, 149 British Museum (London), 312, 313, 329, marble from, 188 342, 358, 360 Capitoline Museums (Rome), 69 obelisks, 243–249 J. Paul Getty Museum (Malibu), 357, 358 at Constantinople, 280 Louvre Museum (Paris), 16, 319, 320, 324, Olympia, 33, 72, 256, 277 326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 338, 341, 342 embezzlement, 37 Metropolitan Museum (New York), 357 statue of Zeus, 283 Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), 357 Temple of Zeus, 95

index 421

Olympus (pirates’ city), 54 Plato, 112, 299 Olynthus, 35 Pleminius, Q., 76, 171 orality and literacy, Roman, 146 Pliny the Elder, 151, 164, 169, 183, 188, 217 ovatio. See Triumphs connoisseur of facts, 263–265 on Corinthian bronzes, 205 Palatine library, Heidelberg, 288 on Marcellus’ booty, 65 palladion, 20 use of Cicero, 169–170 at Constantinople, 278 Pliny the Younger, 147 at Rome, 50 plundering, of archaeological sites, 353–356 described by Virgil, 95 Plutarch, 63, 179, 279 Pape, M., 70 Appendix, 365 Papirius Carbo, Cn. (consul 85), 130 on Cicero’s attitude toward money, 134 patron–client relationship, 184, 185 on Marcellus at Syracuse, 65 Pausanias, 29, 93 popularity of (in eighteenth century), Appendix, 367 306 deplores dedication of plundered art, Pollitt, J. J., 165 75 Polybius, 14, 52, 61, 64 description of Corinth, 74 Appendix, 361 on looting at Delphi, 256 criticizes Roman plundering, 82–85 sees booty at Olympia, 75 in newspapers (1815), 340 views on plunder, 92 model of sacking cities, 53 writes about statuary, 174 on context of art, 326 Perga, 177 on fall of Syracuse, 63 Perry, E., 192 on laws of war, 85 Petrarch, 287, 336 on restitution of plunder, 97 Phaselis (pirate city), 160 praises Hieron II, 114 Pheidias, 31, 72, 73, 166, 254, 269, 283 reads inscription of Hannibal, 79 Philip II, 35, 38, 85 views on art as plunder, 86 Philip V, 42, 84 visits sanctuary of Hera at Croton, 79 criticized by Polybius, 85 with Scipio Aemilianus at Carthage, 95 Phocians, 37, 42 Polygnotos, 233 plunder Delphi, 37, 50 Polykleitos, 165, 168, 194, 207, 269 Phoenicia, 179 Pompeii, 291 Pipa, 191, 205 Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (consul 70), 101, 125, piracy, 20–23, 160–161 161, 208, 219 pirates booty of, 231–233 at Delphi, 256 house in Rome, 161, 235 capture Dionysos, 23 Theater of, 233–235 help Romans, 49 Triumphs of, 231 invade harbor of Syracuse, 199–200 villa of, 235 kidnap Julius Caesar, 161 Pompeius Philo, Cn., 197 purchase ship from Verres, 130 Pompey. See Pompeius Magnus, Cn. sack Delos, 207 (consul 70) piscinarii, 221–222 Pomponius Atticus, T., 139, 212, 226–231 Pius VII (Pope), 324 Cicero’s letters to, 287 portrait of, 331 portents, 46, 95, 172 Plataia, 30 sculpture of, 234

422 index

Portius Cato, M. (consul 195) suspended after 1814, 330–332 basilica in Forum, 87 voluntary, 358 complains about art, 82, 362 Res gestae (of Augustus), 102, 103, 240 portraiture, honorary, 183–185 restitution, 16, 104. See also repatriation Potter, D., 51 of sacred vessels, 18, 97 praeda, 53 of statuary, 29, 97, 168, 178, 180, 255 praetor, definition, 116 of treasure to sanctuary at Locri, 76 Praxiteles, 155, 164, 194, 207, 250, 254, 266, political significance to Romans of, 182, 269, 283 183 Pritchett, W. K., 30 retribution, divine, 18, 28, 38, 79, 84, 94, property law, 158–160 256 early modern views, 158, 301 Ridgway, B., 70, 154 Prusias II, 84, 94 Riedesel, Baron Joseph H., 292 Prussians Riggsby, A., 190 art returned by Louis XVIII (1814), 330 Roman house. See House, Roman retrieve plundered art (1815), 331 Rome Psammetichus II, 244 Aerarium, 54, 60, 72, 76, 232 Pseudo-Asconius, 148, 287 Ara Pacis, 244 Ptolemy II, 56 Arch of Constantine, 273 public museums. See also nationalism Arch of Titus, 261, 263 acquistions for, 343 Atrium Regium, 87 expansion of (after 1815), 341 Basilica Aemilia, 236 publication, Roman method of, 137 Campus Martius, 56, 236, 240, 243, 244, Pufendorf, Baron S. von, 300, 301 246, 249, 368 Puteoli, 207 Capitoline Hill, 51, 56, 69, 103, 231, 253 Pydna, 14, 71, 73 Circus Maximus, 56, 236, 243, 247, 280 Pyrgi, 37, 45 Colosseum, 55, 260 Pyrrhus, 69, 87, 113, 256 Column of Trajan, 272 Pythagoras, 87 Curia, 87, 242 Domus Aurea, 257, 259, 260 Quatremere` de Quincy, A., 326, 338 Forum (Romanum) as site of trial, 123 Appendix, 370 Forum Boarium, 44, 56 Letters to Miranda reprinted (1815), Forum Iulium, 236 339 Forum of Augustus, 240, 263 on Napoleon’s looting, 326–327 horti Asiniani, 239 uses Verrines in criticism of Napoleon, horti Luculli, 223 326 horti Sallustiani, 91 Quintilian, 125, 141, 147, 165, 283 Porta Capena, 67 Portico of Metellus, 181 Rauh, N., 207 S. Giovanni in Laterano, 273 Redlich, F., 298 Tabularium, 220 relics, Persian, 29 Temple of Apollo (on Palatine), 240, 242 repatriation. See also restitution Temple of Apollo Sosianus, 249, 250 attempted return of paintings, 345–347 Temple of Castor and Pollux, 125, 254, French opposition to (1815), 331–336 255 in London newspapers (1815), 336–340 Temple of Divus Julius, 241

index 423

Temple of Fortuna Huiusce Diei, 72 concern for visitors, 87 Temple of Hercules of the Muses, 70 responds to looting, 76, 78 Temple of Hercules Pompeianus, 233 Septimius Severus, 275 Temple of Honos and Virtus, 62, 66–68 Sergius Catilina, L. (praetor 68), 136 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Serpent Column, 39, 41, 281, 282 56, 164, 198, 220, 260 at Constantinople, 278 Temple of Mars Ultor, 103, 241 Servilius Caepio, Q. (consul 106), 76 Temple of Peace, 259, 262, 263 Seti I, 243 Temple of Venus Genetrix, 231, 237, 242 Sevres` porcelain factory, 324 Temple of Venus Victrix, 233 Sibylline Books, 172 Temple of Vulcan (Hephaistos), 184 Sicilians Theater of Pompey, 233 as Greeks, 177 Tiber, 246 legal redress, 135 Rome, sacked by Gauls, 44–46, 50–52 petition in Rome, 184 Romulus, 13, 49, 58, 244, 275 want justice, 200 roof tiles, looted from Croton, 78 Sicily, 108 Rosetta Stone, 329 early modern travelers to, 294 geology of, 105–107 sacking cities, Roman methods, 52 Greek past, 110–115 sacred geese, 51 religious fear in, 173 Sallust, 90, 92, 157, 225 Roman province, 115–116 in newspapers (1815), 338 Slave Wars, 118–119 views on plunder, 90–91 wealth of, 115 Samos Silenos (of Kaleacte), 80 looted by Verres, 129, 130, 177, 189 Skidmore, C., 149 looted statues, 251, 283 Slave Wars, 118–119, 173 sanctuary of Hera, 103 Eunus, 118 Sappho (statue in Syracuse), 66, 169, 181, Solomon, Temple of, 18 190 Sopater (of Tyndaris), 180 Sardis, 28, 101, 277 Sosius, C. (consul 32), 250 Sax, J., 318 booty of, 250 Scipio Aemilianus. See Cornelius Scipio Triumph of, 250 Aemilianus, P. (consul 147) Spartacus, 117–119 Scopas, 250 spolia, 53, 70, 88, 274 Scott, John, 340 definitions, 15, 274 account of Napoleonic plunder, 340 Pompey’s selection of, 232 Scylla and Charybdis, 107 term used sarcastically, 190, 200 Segesta (Sicily), 97, 177 spolia opima, 13, 62 looted art, 179 St. Clair, W., 314 Temple at, 178 Standing Rules of Engagement, 352 visited by Cicero, 155 Statius, 265 Selinous, 358 Silvae 4.6, 265 Sempronius Gracchus, C., 120 statuary, importance of, 4 Senate, Roman animated, 279 approval needed for portraits, 183 smashed, 253 business dealings, 202, 209 thrown over, 184

424 index

statues, as plunder. See Aphrodite of destruction of, 18, 25, 42–43 Knidos, Apollo Belvedere, Bronze manubial, 55 Horses, Dying Gaul, Herakles, seated robbery of, 16 Laocoon,¨ Tyrannicides Venus security for, 31 (Medici) Tenes, 177 Sthenius (of Thermae), 180, 206–208 Themistocles, 28 Strabo, 103, 187 Theodosius I, 243, 277 Suetonius, 237, 257, 258, 279 closes sanctuaries, 281 on Nero, 258 obelisk of, 248, 280 on Vespasian, 260 Theodosius II, 280 use of art in biography, 253 Thermae (Himera), 180 Sulla looted statues, 180 death of, 94 Thermon, 42 dedicates plundered statue, 75 sacked by Philip V, 43 modifies judicial procedure, 120 Thespiae (mainland Greece), 100, 164, 254, owned Herakles Epitrapezios, 266 255 plunder in Asia Minor, 90, 157 Thucydides, 22, 86, 93 plunder in Greece, 93 Timaios, 113 represented in painting, 215 Timoleon, 112 sack of Athens, 24 Timomachus, 237 Syracuse, 177, 184, 200 Titus, 259 Arethusa Spring, 132, 199 joint Triumph of, 260 booty from, 64 Tlepolemus and Hieron, 175, 195, 314 guides in, 182 role of, 205 paintings of rulers, 168 Todeschini, C., 357 rivals Alexandria, 113 Tolosa (Toulouse), sacred gold of, 76 sack of, 61, 62, 64, 83 Trajan’s Column, 321 Temple of Asklepios, 181 Treaty of Alexandria (1801), 329 Temple of Athena, 66, 111, 167 Treaty of Paris (1814), 330, 332 Temple of Athena (Duomo), 168 Treaty of Tolentino (1797), 320, 330 Temple of Zeus, 66, 167 trees Temple of Zeus Olympios, 37 Athena’s olive tree, 359 Syracusia (ship), 114 carried in processions, 264 introduced into Italy, 223, 233 tables, of citrus-wood, 201 trial of Verres Tacitus, 139, 258, 261 atmosphere, 145 Talavera, 310 charges, 129 tapestries, 201 corona (bystanders), 144 Attalic, 201, 207 fine paid, 134 Tarentum, 68 jurors in, 143, 144 plundered by Fabius Maximus, 365 legal arguments, 158–161 sack of, 68–69 location, 125 statue taken by Augustus, 242 penalty, 135 Tauromenium (Sicily), 184, 185 scheduling, 125 Tegea, 241 summary of speeches, 133 temples Verres’ guilt, 134 despoiled (Ambracian), 70 trial of Warren Hastings, 304–307

index 425

Triptolemos, 172 Tutmoses III, 247, 280 Triumphs, 55–60 Tyndaris (Sicily), 97, 177, 180, 185 after fall of Carthage, 96 looted statues, 180 awarded by Senate, 58 Tyrannicides (Harmodios and illustrations carried in, 261 Aristogeiton), 26, 183 ovatio, 58, 62, 64 sculpture, 27, 33, 40 records of, 58 Tyre, 179 staged by Napoleon, 59, 321 Troy, 20 UNESCO Agreement (1970), 355 compared to Carthage, 95 UNIDROIT Convention (1995), 355 compared to Constantinople, 278 Urbino, bronze tablets, 120 fall of leads to Rome, 321 Temple of Athena, 20 Valerius Maximus, 99, 148 Tubero, 212 intenions of, 149 Tullius Cicero, M. (consul 63), 1, 109 use of Verrines, 148–150 aesthetic vocabulary of, 169 vandalism, 317–318 anxious about books, 138 Varro, Marcus (historian), 238 Appendix, 363, 366 Vasaly, A., 9, 173 as new man, 182 Vattel, Emmerich de, 300–302 as quaestor in Sicily, 66, 108–109 Vedius Pollio, P., 251–252 Catilinarian orations, 146, 150, 287 Veii, 45 cited by Grotius, 299 image of Juno, 48 concern for visitors in Rome, 88 Roman siege of, 47–48 delivers actio prima, 125, 131 Velia, 133 evaluates art, 163–170 Venice, 288 feigns ignorance of art, 166–167 return of Bronze Horses, 343 gives reasons why restitution matters, 98 Venus houses of, 212–217 Medici Venus, 321, 324, 329 in newspapers (1788), 306–307 sanctuary on Mt. Eryx, 107 in newspapers (1815), 338 statues of, 241 knowledge of Sicily, 108–110 temples of. See Rome Middleton’s biography of, 295 Verres, C. (praetor 74), 116 motives for publishing speeches, 139–140 as collector, 157–158, 202–204 no fees or gifts, 134 as connoisseur, 181, 203–206 observes decorum, 161 colludes with pirates, 132 on Lucullus’ luxury, 225 early career, 129–131 on Marcellus at Syracuse, 65–66 fails to take statues, 174–176 post-antique readers, 286–287 family of, 128 uses art theft as topic, 140–141 father of, 128, 181, 184, 229 uses military terms, 190 house in Rome, 129, 134, 188–190 uses written evidence, 123 life in exile, 135–137 view of sack of Corinth, 89 mistresses of, 191–192 views on art, 210–214 robs private shrine, 193–195 wins divinatio, 122–123 scale of acquisitions, 200–201 Tullius Cicero, Q. (brother of Cicero), 138, son of, 161, 184, 185, 199 216 supervises goldsmiths, 202–203 Tullius Laurea (freedman of Cicero), 217 takes candelabrum, 198–199

426 index

Verres, C. (cont.), Walpole, Sir Robert, 296, 303 takes cult statue from Segesta, 178–179 compared to Verres, 303–304 three year term as governor, 117 Walther, Georg, 290–291 use of profits, 121 Washington Monument, 249 violates sanctuary of Ceres, 171–173 Waterloo, 99, 281, 329, 331 Verrines casualties, 330, 338 Cicero’s purposes in, 153 Waterloo Chamber (Windsor Castle),331 didactic impact, 146–147 Watson, P., 357 discovery of commentary on, 147 Weis, A., 167, 201, 203 early modern studies of, 297 Welch, K., 87 in eighteenth century, 302–306 Wellesley, Arthur. See Wellington, Duke in newspapers (1788), 306–307 of in post-antique period, 288 Wellesley, Lord (Richard), 312 on papyrus, 142 Wellington, Duke of, 99, 310, 329–331, 333, oral and written versions, 141–142 338 Roman audiences for, 143–151 Appendix, 370 Vespasian, 259 complains about looting, 345 construction in Rome, 259–260 punishes looters, 344 joint Triumph of, 260–262 purchases portrait of Cicero (1816), 348 uses manubiae for Colosseum, 55, tries to return paintings, 345–347 260 views on looting, 344 vessels. See also Corinthian bronzes, views on repatriation of art, 332–334 195–196 what he read in India, 347–348 myrrhine (fluorspar), 231, 251 Winckelmann, J. J., 170, 292, 316 taken by Verres, 197–198 Vettia (wife of Verres), 129 Xenophon, 13, 19, 37, 288, 302 Victory (statues), 37, 172, 177, 242, Xerxes, King of Persia, 24, 25 261 uneasy after sack, 28 Vipsanius Agrippa, M., 240, 249 Virgil, 20, 63, 95 Zakynthos, 312 Vitoria, 344 Zeus, 22, 23, 108, 176 aftermath of battle, 345 statue laughs, 95, 254 booty from battle, 345 statues of, 69, 70, 73, 75, 103, 167, 251, 283, Vitruvius, 169, 186, 188, 233 367 Vulca of Veii (sculptor), 164 Ziolkowski, A., 52