Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Aachen, granite columns from, 340 Antiochus IV, 56, 84, 94 Actium, 102, 240, 278 Antiochus, prince of Syria, 198–199 Aegina, Temple of Aphaia Antonius, M. (consul 44), 95, 101, 206, 217, acquisition of sculpture from, 312 221, 227, 246, 252, 367 Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, L. (consul 50), blamed for spoliation, 102 236 has Cicero and Verres proscribed, 137 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (consul 78), 188 Antony, Marc. See Antonius, M. (consul 44) Aemilius Paullus, L. (consul 182), 71, 89, 96, Apelles, 166, 241, 266, 269 295, 335 aphidruma, 94 monument of, 73 Aphrodite, 114 tours Greece, 72–73 of Knidos (statue), 164, 283 Triumph of, 72 statue of, 278. See also Venus victory celebration in Amphipolis, 72 Apollo Belvedere (statue), 321, 324, 329 Aeneas, 20, 63, 107, 237, 241 Apollo, Geloan statue of, 179 Aerarium. See Rome Appian, 80 Aetolians, 40–42, 102 Aquillius, M’. (consul 101), 119 Agathocles, 76, 112, 167 Arch of Titus. See Rome Agrigento, 32, 34 Archaeological Institute of America, 356 bull of Phalaris, 97, 167 Archimedes, 61, 113, 114, 116 sacked by Carthage, 34 globes taken as booty, 65 Temple of Asklepios, 66, 174 Aristogeiton. See Tyrannicides Temple of Herakles, 175 Aristotle, 299 Agyrium (Sicily), 197 library of, 24 Akragas. See Agrigento art Alban Mount, 62, 67 Cicero’s assessments of, 163–170 Alberti, Leandro, 288 definitions, 10, 43, 153–154, 162–163 Alcibiades, 34, 87 for Grand Tourists, 294 Alexander the Great, 70, 98, 231, 266 for triumphal display, 61, 157 at Tyre, 179 Greek private ownership of, 34–35 booty of, 39, 242 histories used by rhetoricians, 166 does not damage sanctuaries, 85 motive for war, 60 painting of, 241 prices of, 163–164, 224, 237 returns statues, 26 Roman private ownership of, 156–157, statues of, 234, 258, 279 210–214, 266–268, 270 tent supports of, 242 sacrilegious use of, 159–160 Alexandria, 58, 235, 329 universal coverage of, 262, 320, 335, 360 as urban exemplar, 100, 113 Asconius Pedianus, Q., 147 obelisks in, 247, 280, 369 Asinius Pollio, C. (consul 40), 238 scholarly standards in, 138 art collection of, 238–240 Ammianus Marcellinus, 218, 246 Triumph of, 238 Appendix, 368 Aspendos, 177, 189 Anahita (Persian deity), 252 Assorus (Sicily), 175 Annius Milo, T. (praetor 55), 136 Astin, A., 96 Antikythera wreck, 209, 218 asylia, 101 413 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information 414 index Athena, 26, 321, 359 examined for sacredness, 70 at Lindos, 68, 283 Greek, 30–33 statue spits blood, 95 Greek display of, 33–34 statues of, 31, 72, 92, 94, 103, 213, 241, 283, Latin terms for, 53 367. See also palladion motive for war, 60 temples of. See Athens, Syracuse Persian, 29–30, 40 Athenaeus, 37, 114, 222 Roman dedication of, 76 Athens selectivity among, 70 Akropolis and national identity, 309 traditional view of, 19 despoliation of Lord Elgin, 309 Braund, S., 271 north wall of Akropolis, 28, 29 Bronze Horses (of San Marco, Venice), 281 Old Temple of Athena, 26 at Constantinople, 280 Parthenon, 130, 177 given voice, 339 Persian sack, 24 in Paris, 340 restoration of temples under Augustus, returned to Venice, 341 103 taken to Paris, 321 sack of Sulla, 24 Bruno, Giordano, 324 Temple of Athena Polias, 29, 359 Bruttians, 68 Temple of Zeus Olympios, 24 Brydone, Patrick, 292, 293 Augustus, 63, 101 interest in geology, 293 construction in Rome, 240–241 Buchner, E., 244 displays plunder, 92 Burke, Edmund, 285, 305 Horologium of, 244, 245 use of Verrines, 305 takes art as plunder in Greece, 92 Butler, S., 9, 123, 133, 146 Byron, Lord (George Gordon), 309 Baldo, G., 9 campaigns against Lord Elgin, 309–310, bamboo, 66, 204 313–314 Bartman, E., 269 Childe Harold, 313, 315 Bassai, Temple of Apollo, 313, 342 philhellenism of, 316 Bassett, S., 276, 277, 282 The Curse of Minerva, 310 Bederman, D., 299, 301 use of Verrines, 314 Belisarius, 317 Beneventum, 206 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. biography, Latin, 227 (consul 143), 164, 211, 213 Bloomer, W. M., 149 display of plundered sculpture, 234 Blucher,¨ Marshal (Prince) G. von, 336, 338 portico of, 234 boar, 128, 175, 204, 368 Caecilius Niger, Q. (quaestor 72), 122 Calydonian Boar, 92, 93, 242, 256, 367 Cahill, N., 35 Boethos (sculptor), 205 Caligula, 252, 253 Herm of Dionysos, 210 destroys statues, 253 Bonaparte, Joseph, 345, 349 seashells as spolia, 59 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon takes Eros of Thespiae, 254 booty takes statues from Athens, 255 account-book for, 89 tries to take image of Zeus, 254 division of, 53, 54 Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (praetor 112), 203 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information index 415 Camillus. See Furius Camillus, M. Coelius Antipater, L., 80 (dictator 396) coinage, Greek, 180 Campus Martius. See Rome Assorus, 175 Canova, A., 311, 324, 338 from plunder, 38, 40 Capua, 70 image of Ceres, 173 Carey, S., 264 Thermae (Himera), 180 Carthage, 59, 61, 90, 112, 317, 366 Tyndaris, 180 fall of, 95 coinage, Roman Greek plunder in, 96, 179, 180 early issues of, 59 sacks Agrigento, 34 Colosseum. See Rome sacks Himera, 97 connoisseurship, 166, 203–206, 208, 225, settlers in Sicily, 107, 110 265–269, 282–284, 366 Carthago Nova, 52 as a literary subject, 268 Cassius Dio, 251, 255 conqueror, humane, 19, 86, 95, 302 casts (of antiquities), 308, 311, 317, 342 Constantine I, 104, 220, 247, 277 Catiline. See Sergius Catalina, L. (praetor displays sculpture, 275 68) takes statuary from Rome, 69 Cato. See Portius Cato, M. (consul 195) uses basilica-type as church, 274 Cavenaile, R., 142 uses spolia in churches, 274 Centuripe (Sicily), 185, 197 Constantinople, 220, 243, 275 Ceres, 171, 173 Basilica, 277 and Libera, 172 Baths of Zeuxippos, 278 statue of, 163 Forum, 276 Charlemagne, 287, 340 Hippodrome, 276, 278 Chelidon, 191 pillaged art in, 276–277 Chemtou (Tunisia), 188 sack of (1204), 69, 277, 280, 288 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 288, 297 Constantius II, 218, 242, 247, 277, 280 Chrysas (river), 175 gives Rome an obelisk, 246 Cicero. See Tullius Cicero, M. (consul 63) moves obelisk, 368 Clarke, E. D., 315 Convention on the Protection of Claudius (emperor) Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), repatriates statues, 254–255 355 Claudius Marcellus, M. (consul 222), 61–68, Coponius (sculptor), 234 115 Corinth gifts to cities, 67 art as booty from, 74, 75, 363 inscribed bases, preserved, 67 fights piracy, 22 ovatio of, 61 refounded by Julius Caesar, 100 reputation in Sicily, 99 sack of, 61, 73–74 weeps at Syracuse, 66 sack of lamented by Cicero, 89 Claudius Pulcher, App. (consul 54), 315 visited by Aemilius Paullus, 73 Cleopatra (VII), 100, 101, 103, 241, 242, 246, Corinthian bronzes, 137, 197, 205 247 Cornelius Dolabella, Cn. (praetor 81), 130, Clive, R., 304 177 Cluverius (Philip Cluwer), 290 Cornelius Nepos, 226–227 Cockerell, C. R., 312, 342 use of Verrines, 228–230 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M. Miles Index More information 416 index Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P. (consul decor, 192–193, 213, 214, 268 147), 179 definition, 192 Appendix, 366 Delacroix, E., 123, 124 appreciated by Cicero, 97 Cicero Accuses Verres, 124 as character in essay, 90 Delos, 28, 31, 130, 177, 189, 193, 207 exemplar of magnanimity, 99 Hermaistai, Apolloniastai, and honorary banquet after death of, 212 Poseidoniastai (HAP), 207 in eighteenth century, 295, 326 international market on, 194, 207 in newspapers (1815), 340 Delphi, 23, 33, 277 inscribed bases, 96–98 attacked by Gauls, 40 no booty for self, 71, 96 history of looting, 255–257 political significance of restitution, Massaliote treasury, 50, 136 182 monument of Aemilius Paullus, 73, 74 praised by Panaetius, 89 plundered by Phocians, 37, 38 reaction to fall of Carthage, 95 Roman gifts to, 49, 50 repatriates plundered art, 96–99 Siphnian treasury, 23, 25 Triumph of, 96 Denon, V., 327, 328, 341 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P. (consul 205), Diana (statues), 155, 168, 178–179, 182, 250 52, 59, 257 dining, Roman, 196–197 as character in essay, 90 expectations inverted, 198–199 Cornell, T. J., 44 Diodorus Siculus, 34, 35, 179 Cowles, F., 9, 203 Dionysios I, 36, 44, 112 Croton, 37, 77, 87, 94 invites Plato to Syracuse, 112 Temple of Hera Lacinia, 77, 81 Dionysos, 58 crucifixion of Roman citizen, 133 captured by pirates, 23 cult images, 163, 164, 171–174, 176 divinatio, 122 taken as plunder, 48, 70, 89, 92 given by Cicero, 122 taken by Verres, 181 Dodona, 42 transfer of, 46 Dodwell, E., 316 cultural heritage Appendix, 369 and national responsibility, 319 critcizes Lord Elgin, 316–317 early statement about (1819), 317 Domitian, 246, 265 cultural property, 285–286, 301 Domus Aurea (Golden House). See Rome and nationalism, 301 dreams Curia. See Rome as warning, 28, 80, 82, 103, 280 curiosities, 204 Dying Gaul (statue), 321, 329 Curse of Akkad, 16 Curtius Rufus, Q., 179 East India Company, 304, 305 Cyrus, King of Persia, 18–19 Eleusis, caryatid taken from, 315 Elgin, Lord (Thomas Bruce), 307 D’Arms, J., 202 despoils Parthenon, 308 Darius, King of Persia, 28 general disapproval of, 315 Datis, Persian admiral intentions in Athens, 308 offers sacrifice at Delos, 28 obtains permit, 308 returns statue, 29 Elia, R., 354 de Souza, P., 22 Elsner, J., 174 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87280-5 - Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property Margaret M.