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Home , Caulonia (ancient city), Dion of Syracuse, Minoa, Paolo Orsi, Phalaris, Timoleon

1 Anaxilaos of Rhegion new city had an important mint that issued with the same types as Rhegion (the STEFANIA DE VIDO only difference being in the legend). Rhegion and its grew in fame and Anaxilaos was tyrant of RHEGION, a Greek colony power. Using Messenian troops, Anaxilaos of Chalcidian origin at the southernmost tip organized campaigns against (see the epi- of . Conflict existed in the city between graphic documents in Olympia). In 484 or 480 the demos and the ancient aristocracy, and he achieved victory in the Olympic competition between the Chalcidian population and the of chariots drawn by mules, celebrated by the colonists from Greek Messenia. In this situa- poet SIMONIDES of Keos, and by a silver tion Anaxilaos, probably a Messenian hege- series minted according to the Euboean-Attic mon ( 6.1.6), took power as tyrant in standard with an image of the chariot victor on 494 BCE (Hdt. 6.23.2; Diod. Sic. 11.48.2). He the reverse and a hare on the obverse. understood the importance of control over While the “Kingdom of the Strait” was at the Strait of (the narrow passage the height of its power, Anaxilaos established between the eastern tip of and the south- an alliance with Terillos, the tyrant of ern tip of ), and in particular over the driven from his city by Theron of Akragas. Greek colony of Zankle (on the Sicilian coast), In 480 the Carthaginian Hamilcar, chief of a which had fallen under the influence of the large army (many mercenaries were paid using Geloan tyrant Hippokrates (see HIPPOKRATES, Rhegion’s silver), landed in Sicily with the help SICILIAN TYRANT). of Anaxilaos and Terillos. They were defeated Anaxilaos stressed his Messenian origin. at Himera by Theron and of Syracuse Around 490, with the help of some (Hdt. 7.165), the new leader of the Greek part Peloponnesians and a force of mercenaries, he of the island. Anaxilaos lost autonomy and expelled the Samians who had settled in Zankle power, and died in 476. and founded there as OIKISTES a new Messene (Messana) (see MESSANA). Two epigraphic SEE ALSO: Gelon, Sicilian tyrant; Magna documents from Olympia dated to the first Graecia; Theron, tyrant of Akragas; Tyranny. decade of the fifth century can be linked to this conquest, a shin guard and a Corinthian REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS helmet bearing a dedication by Rheginoi for a victory against the Geloans. Cacciamo Caltabiano, M. (1993) La monetazione ` Attempting to assert the autonomy of the di Messana con le emissioni di Rhegion nell’eta della tirannide. Berlin. Messenians from the Chalcidians of the west, Luraghi, N. (1994) Tirannidi arcaiche in Sicilia Anaxilaos instituted worship and ritual prac- e Magna Grecia. Florence. tices to emphasize the link with Rhegion. Vallet, G. (1958) Rhe´gion et Zancle. Paris. Doubts remain about the attribution to Various Authors (1987) Lo stretto crocevia di Anaxilaos of coins with the types of the lion’s culture. Atti del XXVI Convegno di Studi head and calf’s head; what is certain is that the Magna Grecia. .

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Dion of Syracuse aristocracy and the popular party broke out again. Herakleides was killed by Dion’s parti- STEFANIA DE VIDO sans, and not long afterwards Kallippos, the new popular leader, murdered Dion (354). The Syracusan Dion, son of Hipparinos, of Dion’s life and character are described in aristocratic birth and brother-in-law of the the sixteenth book of DIODORUS OF SICILY tyrant DIONYSIOS I, was an important statesman (whose source was EPHOROS) and by of the mid-fourth century BCE. in the Life of Dion: the biographer probably Dion was close to the despot, but the death used and, in the central part of of Dionysios I and the accession of his heir and his work, Timonides of Leukas, a friend of son DIONYSIOS II put him in political difficulties. Speusippos and a disciple of the Platonic Acad- The new tyrant forced Dion to leave SYRACUSE, emy. In the ancient literary tradition Dion and he sailed towards the Italian peninsula, represents the opposite of his political enemy then to CORINTH, and finally to . Dion Dionysios II. He was the perfect Platonic had been ’s disciple since 388 (the year of statesman: he was against TYRANNY (he rebuilt Plato’s first visit to Sicily), and in Athens the civic army, public institutions, and the he attended the Platonic , becoming as civic space), practiced PIETAS regarding a close friend of SPEUSIPPOS. In he met the gods and HOMONOIA regarding the citizens, many politicians; at the Olympic Games in 360 ensuring the eudaimonia of the latter. He he announced his expedition to Sicily; in 357 disliked democracy, however, and attempted his fleet set sail from ZAKYNTHOS with many to establish an aristocratic government based MERCENARIES. on philosophical principles (see in particular Dion marched from Minoa to Syracuse with the seventh and eighth Letters attributed a force of Greek and indigenous followers. The to Plato). Syracusans welcomed him and his friends and appointed him “general with full powers” SEE ALSO: Timaeus of Tauromenium. ( autokrator). The subsequent period was marked by chaos: Dion opposed the young REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS despot, sheltering in the Ortygia fortress with his large garrison and Herakleides, a famous Dreher, M. (2000) “Introduzione.” In Plutarco. officer, leader of the popular party. Thus a civil Vite parallele. Dione. Bruto: 87–120. Milan. Muccioli, F. (1999) Dionisio II. Storia e tradizione war (see STASIS) had begun. letteraria. . Dion decided to abandon Syracuse and was Orsi, D. P. (1994) La lotta politica a Siracusa alla warmly received at LEONTINOI. However, he meta` del IV secolo a.C. Le trattative tra Dione soon moved back to Syracuse and headed e Dionisio II. Bari. the troops splendidly, cheered by the local Westlake, H. D. (1994) “Dion and .” In people. He granted amnesty to his political Cambridge ancient history, vol. 6: 693–722. 2nd ed. adversaries, but conflict between the Syracusan Cambridge.

The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, print page 2123. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04086 1 Egesta Despite the non-Greek origins of its inhabitants (see the Archaic pottery from STEFANIA DE VIDO Grotta Vanella), from the fifth century BCE the town assumed a Greek appearance (Camerata Egesta was one of the three poleis of the Elymian Scovazzo 1996): the urban center on the ETHNOS in northwest Sicily: according to Monte Barbaro hill was enclosed by still-visible the tradition, this population descended walls (note the so-called Porta di Valle). from Trojans (Thuc. 6.2.3) or originated from The major monuments are the Doric temple southern Italy (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 79b). (fifth century BCE)(see TEMPLES, GREEK)ona Egesta was in a favorable geographical posi- small hill outside the city dedicated to an tion, near the north coast of the island (on unknown deity (Mertens 1984; another sacred the ancient emporion of Egesta see Strabo area is the temenos of Contrada Mango) and 6.2.5, 272). Beginning from the Late Archaic the Hellenistic theater at the top of Monte period Egesta became the most important Barbaro. Recent excavations brought to light indigenous center of this area as a result of the public area of the agora/forum with several its control over other smaller settlements stoai, the macellum, a cryptoporticus, and, on and, in particular, the sanctuary of Eryx. an upper level, the Hellenistic bouleuterion and Historiographical sources record several con- gymnasium (Ampolo and Parra 2009). Most flicts with the Greek colony of SELINOUS Greek and Latin inscriptions come from this (Thuc. 6.6.1–3; Diod. Sic. 12.82.3), but archaeo- area: they shed light on onomastic, institu- logical, epigraphical, and alphabetic evidence tional, and cultural elements, for example, the testifies to the positive relationships with the role of private euergetai. Greeks (La Genie`re 1978). Egesta played a decisive role in the intervention of ATHENS in SEE ALSO: ; Sicily. Sicily (415–413 BCE; see SICILIAN EXPEDITION) and, after the Syracusan victory, in the begin- ning of the aggressive Punic policies in western REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS Sicily. In the fourth century Egesta became Ampolo, C. and Parra, M. C. (2009) “L’agora di involved in the Sicilian–Punic wars and was : uno sguardo d’assieme tra iscrizioni severely punished by the tyrant AGATHOKLES OF e monumenti.” In C. Ampolo, ed., Agorai di SYRACUSE (Diod. Sic. 21.16). In the First Punic Sicilia, agorai d’Occidente: 125–41. Pisa. War Egesta joined Rome, allegedly in memory Camerata Scovazzo, R. (1996) Segesta I. La carta of the common Trojan origin (cognatio: archeologica. Palermo. La Genie`re, J. de (1978) “Se´geste et l’Helle´nisme.” Cic. Verr. 2.5.83, 125; AENEAS in western Sicily: Me´langes de l’E´cole Franc¸aise de Rome. Antiquite´ Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1.52–3; Verg. Aen. 5), and 90: 33–49. therefore obtained the status of civitas libera et Mertens, D. (1984) Der Tempel von Segesta und immunis (Cic. Verr. 2.3.13). The city continued die dorische Tempelbaukunst des griechischen to exist until Late Antiquity and the medieval Westens in klassischer Zeit. Mainz. age (Muslim mosque and Norman castle: Molinari, A. (1997) Segesta II. Il Castello e la Molinari 1997). moschea (scavi 1989–1996). Palermo.

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Kaulonia (Arist. fr. 191 Rose3) and some Pythagoreans (Iambl. VP 267). STEFANIA DE VIDO At the beginning of the twentieth century the Italian archaeologist began Kaulonia was a Greek city in southern Italy, on research on the ancient town. Recent excava- the between KROTON and Lokroi tions have discovered important remains: the ( Marina, RC). It was founded town walls, the built-up area of the fourth to ca. 650 BCE by the ACHAIANS from Kroton third centuries BCE, and above all the important (Ps.-Skymnos 318–22) and from Greek ACHAIA sanctuary on Punta , the Doric peripteros (OIKISTES Typhon from Aigion: Paus. 6.3. temple (Classical age), a great altar, and evi- 11–12) in order to stop the northern territorial dence of peculiar rites (see the lustral tank) and expansion of Lokroi Epizephyroi beyond the of metallurgical workshops. Sagra River. The coinage of Kaulonia is early and inter- In the ancient literary sources the has esting. Epigraphic documents are few and two names: Aulonia, after a peculiar topo- include Archaic graffiti and an Oscan inscrip- graphic element (Greek aulon, “valley”: Hecat. tion. Topographic survey in the territory FGrH 1 F 8), or Kaulonia, after the hero Kaulo, has identified many smaller settlements dating the son of the Amazon Klete (Serv. Aen. 3.553). from the protohistoric age to Late Antiquity. Its history is not well known: during the PELO- PONNESIAN WAR Kaulonia supplied ATHENS with SEE ALSO: . timber for ships (Thuc. 7.25.1–2); after the battle of Elleporos (389/8 BCE) DIONYSIOS I, the REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS tyrant of SYRACUSE, captured and destroyed Kaulonia: he deported its inhabitants to Sicily Iannelli, M. T. (1992) “Monasterace Marina.” In and assigned the chora to the Lokrians (Diod. G. Nenci and G. Vallet, eds., Bibliografia Sic. 14.103, 106). The city was restored soon topografica della colonizzazione greca in Italia afterward and took in DIONYSIOS II (357 BCE: e nelle isole tirreniche, vol. 10: 190–217. Pisa. Diod. Sic. 16.11.3), but it was captured again Parra, M. C., ed. (2001) Kaulonı´a, , Stilida by Campanian troops during the Roman war (e oltre). Contributi storici, archeologici e topografici, vol. 1. Pisa. against Pyrrhos (Paus. 6.3.11–12) and finally Parra, M. C., ed. (2004) Kaulonı´a, Caulonia, Stilida destroyed by the Romans in 209 BCE (Livy (e oltre). Contributi storici, archeologici 27.12.4–6). Kaulonia was a member of the e topografici, vol. 2. Pisa. ACHAIAN LEAGUE in southern Italy (Polyb. Settis, S., ed. (1988) Storia della Calabria, vol. 1: La 2.39.4–7), motherland of a winner at the Pan- Calabria antica. . hellenic games (Dikon son of Kallibrotos: Treziny, H. (1989) Kaulonia I. Sondages sur la Paus. 6.3.11–12), and a refuge for fortification nord (1982–1985). Naples.

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Phalaris Phalaris was famous for the invention of the bronze bull, first attested in STEFANIA DE VIDO (Pyth. 1.95–6): the tyrant’s victims were put in the hollow beast and, with a fire Phalaris was the first tyrant of Akragas, the kindled beneath, were roasted alive, while Greek colony on the southern coast of Sicily; their screams imitated the bellowing of the he ruled the POLIS in the first half of the sixth bull. Some four centuries later, however, century BCE (570–555 BCE, according to the a new tradition prevailed, according to traditional chronology). Phalaris rose to which Phalaris had been a genuinely humane power from a civic (Arist. Pol. 1310b16–31: ek man: he is so described in the declamations ton timon) or military office (strategos ascribed to and in the letters bearing autokrator: Arist. Rh. 1393b8–12), apparently his own name. with support from the aristocracy and the popular party. During his rule Akragas expanded towards SEE ALSO: Akragas (Agrigentum); Aristocracy, Greek; ; Sicily; Tyranny. , its mother city, and towards the territory of the Sikans in the Valley. Archaeological investigations have confirmed the increase of Greek control in the area. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS In the literary tradition Phalaris is charac- Bianchetti, S. (1987) Falaride e Pseudofalaride: terized as a typical tyrant: cruel, cunning, storia e leggenda. Rome. greedy, and needing an armed bodyguard Luraghi, N. (1994) Tirannidi arcaiche in Sicilia (see POLYAENUS’ Stratagemata). But he was e Magna Grecia: 21–49. Florence. also known for developing urban projects: Murray, O. (1992) “Falaride tra mito e storia.” In public buildings, fortification walls, and L. Braccesi and E. De Miro, eds., e la waterworks. Sicilia greca: 47–60. Rome.

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Selinous bloody crimes; and the “victory” inscription from temple G, which offers an extraordinary STEFANIA DE VIDO catalogue of the major deities of the city. During the Archaic and Classical period Selinous, a Greek colony on the southern coast Selinous occupied a large and well-organized of Sicily, was founded by HYBLAEA site on three hills separated by two small rivers (in 627 BCE: Thuc. 6.4.1–2; in 650 BCE: Diod. (the Selinous/Modione and the Cottone): the Sic. 13.59.4): the first generation of colonists central main settlement area on the occupied the entire urban area, and in a short and on the Manuzza hill (a part of this area was time the POLIS extended its boundaries from the fortified by Hermokrates: Diod. Sic. 13.6.3); Mazaro River (EMPORION: Diod. Sic. 11.86.2) to the western “Gaggera” hill, with the sanctuary Minoa (apoikia of Selinous: Hdt. 5.46.2). of Malophoros/Meilichios; and the eastern Fruitful relations with other Greek colonies “Marinella” hill, on which stand temples E and non-Greek neighbors (Pheonicians and (a Heraion), F, and G. Elymians) are documented by personal names on the epigraphic texts (defixiones and funerary SEE ALSO: Apoikia (overseas settlement); stones) and by the early coinage; but according Aristocracy, Greek; Colonization, Greek; to the literary sources Selinous often came Heraion sanctuary; Hermokrates of Syracuse; into conflict with Elymian EGESTA because of ; Meilichios, theoi meilichioi; territorial disputes and issues regarding Purification, Greek; Sicily; Theron, tyrant of rights of intermarriage, and these were decisive Akragas; ; Tyranny. pretexts for the intervention of ATHENS in 415 (Thuc. 6.6.1–2) and in 409 (Diod. Sic. 13.43, 56–9). The latter event in REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS particular led to the destruction of the Greek city by the Carthaginians; the site was occupied Antonetti, C. and De Vido, S., eds. (2009) Temi by a small Punic group until its final relocation selinuntini. Pisa. to Lilybaeum in 250 (Diod. Sic. 24.1.1). Arena, R. (1989) Iscrizioni greche arcaiche di Selinountian society was typically aristocratic Sicilia e Magna Grecia, vol. 1: Iscrizioni di Megara and was threatened by internal political strife Iblea e . Milan. Jameson, M. H., Jordan, D. R., and Kotansky, and by (Theron: POLYAENUS Strat. 1.28; R. D. (1993) A ‘lex sacra’ from Selinous. Peithagoras and Euryleon: Hdt. 5.46). The most Durham, NC. important epigraphic documents date to the Marconi, C. (2007) Temple decoration and beginning of the Classical period: a bronze cultural identity in the Archaic Greek world: the inscription from OLYMPIA, with an agreement metopes of Selinus. Cambridge. between Selinous and a group of political exiles; Mertens, D. (2003) Selinus I. Die Stadt und ihre the lex sacra on purification rites following Mauern. Mainz.

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Timoleon landed at , and then arrived at RHEGION, the base of subsequent operations STEFANIA DE VIDO against the Carthaginians and the tyrants of the island (in particular Hiketas of LEONTINOI). Timoleon, son of Timainetos (Diod. Sic. He moved from Rhegion and, with the help 16.65.2, 90.1; cf. Plut. Tim. 3.2; 39.5), a Corin- of local dynasts (above all Andromachos of thian aristocrat, was a protagonist on the Tauromenium, father of the historian TIMAEUS Sicilian and Syracusan scene in the second OF TAUROMENIUM) and Sicilian cities (Taurome- half of the fourth century BCE. nium, Adranon, Tyndaris, Katane), he took In 344 the Syracusans, oppressed by many over SYRACUSE, expelling Hiketas and DIONYSIOS tyrants who had held power successively, II. It was a rapid progression: in 342/1 he began decided to ask for help from their motherland, a series of military interventions to strike down and CORINTH sent Timoleon as general all the tyrannies and to obtain money to pay (strategos). He was a man already advanced in his MERCENARIES. With the support of many years but known for his political and military Greek and indigenous communities he built a skills, as well as for his love for liberty. In actual great SYMMACHIA and defeated the Carthaginian fact, FREEDOM (ELEUTHERIA) was the propagan- army in the famous battle of the Krimisos distic key word used to describe his action on River in western Sicily (Diod. Sic. 16.79.6–80; the island, as shown by the honorific decree Plut. Tim. 27–9). Finally, in 338, he signed voted by the Syracusans at his death: a peace treaty with CARTHAGE. “he deposed tyrants, defeated the barbarians, This victory was celebrated both in Sicily recolonized the Greek cities; he gave freedom and at home (in Corinth and ). to Sicily” (Diod. Sic. 16.90.1; Plut. Tim. 39.5). Timoleon rewrote the political layout of Timoleon left northwest Greece with ten Greek Sicily: he guaranteed AUTONOMY to all ships from Corinth, LEUKAS, and CORCYRA, cities, eliminated all tyrannies, hit hard against

Figure 1 Gold hemidrachm or 30 litrai (ca. 2.14 g) issued by Syracuse, 344–335 BCE. Obverse: Head of Eleutherios and legend SYRAKOSION. Reverse: Pegasus. Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society.

The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, print pages 6761–6762. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04316 2 pirates and rebel mercenaries, and promoted “Pegasi,” the typical silver coinage issued by the revival of the island with a call for settlers Corinth and by its colonies in western Greece open to all Greeks. He then reformed the and in Sicily, is well attested: in addition to politeia (constitution) of Syracuse with paying the mercenaries, these issues stressed the help of Kephalos and finally retired to the strong link between Corinth and its most private life. important colony. The historical and biographical tradition on Timoleon is unanimous in painting him as a SEE ALSO: Coinage, Greek; Colonization, Greek; virtuous, modest, and pious man (numerous Sicily; Strategoi; Tauromenium (); favorable wonders accompanied his expedi- Tyranny. tion): see Book 16 in DIODORUS OF SICILY – who probably relied on Timaeus for the positive representation of Timoleon – and PLUTARCH’s REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS Life of Timoleon. Plutarch underlined the com- bination of virtue (arete) and fortune (tyche) Micciche´, C., ed. (forthcoming) Timoleonte e la in one man. Sicilia nella seconda meta` del IV secolo a.C. Convegno nazionale (Caltanissetta, 22–23 maggio Archaeological research has long been 2010). committed to verifying the importance of this Smarczyk, B. (2003) Timoleon und die period, and in particular Timoleon’s action in Neugru¨ndung von Syrakus.Go¨ttingen. the agricultural revival of the countryside. Sordi, M. (1961) Timoleonte. There are also important numismatic data: in Palermo. the second half of the fourth century the circu- Talbert, R. J. (1974) Timoleon and the revival of lation throughout the island of the so-called Greek Sicily, 344–317 BC. Cambridge.