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1 Anaxilaos of Rhegion new city had an important mint that issued coins with the same types as Rhegion (the STEFANIA DE VIDO only difference being in the legend). Rhegion and its tyrant grew in fame and Anaxilaos was tyrant of RHEGION, a Greek colony power. Using Messenian troops, Anaxilaos of Chalcidian origin at the southernmost tip organized campaigns against Locri (see the epi- of Italy. Conflict existed in the city between graphic documents in Olympia). In 484 or 480 the demos and the ancient aristocracy, and he achieved victory in the Olympic competition between the Chalcidian population and the of chariots drawn by mules, celebrated by the colonists from Greek Messenia. In this situa- poet SIMONIDES of Keos, and by a silver coin tion Anaxilaos, probably a Messenian hege- series minted according to the Euboean-Attic mon (Strabo 6.1.6), took power as tyrant in standard with an image of the chariot victor on 494 BCE (Hdt. 6.23.2; Diod. Sic. 11.48.2). He the reverse and a hare on the obverse. understood the importance of control over While the “Kingdom of the Strait” was at the Strait of Messina (the narrow passage the height of its power, Anaxilaos established between the eastern tip of Sicily and the south- an alliance with Terillos, the tyrant of HIMERA ern tip of Calabria), and in particular over the driven from his city by Theron of Akragas. Greek colony of Zankle (on the Sicilian coast), In 480 the Carthaginian Hamilcar, chief of a which had fallen under the influence of the large army (many mercenaries were paid using Geloan tyrant Hippokrates (see HIPPOKRATES, Rhegion’s silver), landed in Sicily with the help SICILIAN TYRANT). of Anaxilaos and Terillos. They were defeated Anaxilaos stressed his Messenian origin. at Himera by Theron and Gelon of Syracuse Around 490, with the help of some (Hdt. 7.165), the new leader of the Greek part Peloponnesians and a force of mercenaries, he of the island. Anaxilaos lost autonomy and expelled the Samians who had settled in Zankle power, and died in 476. and founded there as OIKISTES a new Messene (Messana) (see MESSANA). Two epigraphic SEE ALSO: Gelon, Sicilian tyrant; Magna documents from Olympia dated to the first Graecia; Theron, tyrant of Akragas; Tyranny. decade of the fifth century can be linked to this conquest, a shin guard and a Corinthian REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS helmet bearing a dedication by Rheginoi for a victory against the Geloans. Cacciamo Caltabiano, M. (1993) La monetazione ` Attempting to assert the autonomy of the di Messana con le emissioni di Rhegion nell’eta della tirannide. Berlin. Messenians from the Chalcidians of the west, Luraghi, N. (1994) Tirannidi arcaiche in Sicilia Anaxilaos instituted worship and ritual prac- e Magna Grecia. Florence. tices to emphasize the link with Rhegion. Vallet, G. (1958) Rhe´gion et Zancle. Paris. Doubts remain about the attribution to Various Authors (1987) Lo stretto crocevia di Anaxilaos of coins with the types of the lion’s culture. Atti del XXVI Convegno di Studi sulla head and calf’s head; what is certain is that the Magna Grecia. Naples. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, print pages 408–409. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04029 1 Dion of Syracuse aristocracy and the popular party broke out again. Herakleides was killed by Dion’s parti- STEFANIA DE VIDO sans, and not long afterwards Kallippos, the new popular leader, murdered Dion (354). The Syracusan Dion, son of Hipparinos, of Dion’s life and character are described in aristocratic birth and brother-in-law of the the sixteenth book of DIODORUS OF SICILY tyrant DIONYSIOS I, was an important statesman (whose source was EPHOROS) and by PLUTARCH of the mid-fourth century BCE. in the Life of Dion: the biographer probably Dion was close to the despot, but the death used Timaeus and, in the central part of of Dionysios I and the accession of his heir and his work, Timonides of Leukas, a friend of son DIONYSIOS II put him in political difficulties. Speusippos and a disciple of the Platonic Acad- The new tyrant forced Dion to leave SYRACUSE, emy. In the ancient literary tradition Dion and he sailed towards the Italian peninsula, represents the opposite of his political enemy then to CORINTH, and finally to ATHENS. Dion Dionysios II. He was the perfect Platonic had been PLATO’s disciple since 388 (the year of statesman: he was against TYRANNY (he rebuilt Plato’s first visit to Sicily), and in Athens the civic army, public institutions, and the he attended the Platonic Academy, becoming AGORA as civic space), practiced PIETAS regarding a close friend of SPEUSIPPOS. In Greece he met the gods and HOMONOIA regarding the citizens, many politicians; at the Olympic Games in 360 ensuring the eudaimonia of the latter. He he announced his expedition to Sicily; in 357 disliked democracy, however, and attempted his fleet set sail from ZAKYNTHOS with many to establish an aristocratic government based MERCENARIES. on philosophical principles (see in particular Dion marched from Minoa to Syracuse with the seventh and eighth Letters attributed a force of Greek and indigenous followers. The to Plato). Syracusans welcomed him and his friends and appointed him “general with full powers” SEE ALSO: Timaeus of Tauromenium. (strategos autokrator). The subsequent period was marked by chaos: Dion opposed the young REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS despot, sheltering in the Ortygia fortress with his large garrison and Herakleides, a famous Dreher, M. (2000) “Introduzione.” In Plutarco. officer, leader of the popular party. Thus a civil Vite parallele. Dione. Bruto: 87–120. Milan. Muccioli, F. (1999) Dionisio II. Storia e tradizione war (see STASIS) had begun. letteraria. Bologna. Dion decided to abandon Syracuse and was Orsi, D. P. (1994) La lotta politica a Siracusa alla warmly received at LEONTINOI. However, he meta` del IV secolo a.C. Le trattative tra Dione soon moved back to Syracuse and headed e Dionisio II. Bari. the troops splendidly, cheered by the local Westlake, H. D. (1994) “Dion and Timoleon.” In people. He granted amnesty to his political Cambridge ancient history, vol. 6: 693–722. 2nd ed. adversaries, but conflict between the Syracusan Cambridge. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, print page 2123. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04086 1 Egesta Despite the non-Greek origins of its inhabitants (see the Archaic pottery from STEFANIA DE VIDO Grotta Vanella), from the fifth century BCE the town assumed a Greek appearance (Camerata Egesta was one of the three poleis of the Elymian Scovazzo 1996): the urban center on the ETHNOS in northwest Sicily: according to Monte Barbaro hill was enclosed by still-visible the tradition, this population descended walls (note the so-called Porta di Valle). from Trojans (Thuc. 6.2.3) or originated from The major monuments are the Doric temple southern Italy (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 79b). (fifth century BCE)(see TEMPLES, GREEK)ona Egesta was in a favorable geographical posi- small hill outside the city dedicated to an tion, near the north coast of the island (on unknown deity (Mertens 1984; another sacred the ancient emporion of Egesta see Strabo area is the temenos of Contrada Mango) and 6.2.5, 272). Beginning from the Late Archaic the Hellenistic theater at the top of Monte period Egesta became the most important Barbaro. Recent excavations brought to light indigenous center of this area as a result of the public area of the agora/forum with several its control over other smaller settlements stoai, the macellum, a cryptoporticus, and, on and, in particular, the sanctuary of Eryx. an upper level, the Hellenistic bouleuterion and Historiographical sources record several con- gymnasium (Ampolo and Parra 2009). Most flicts with the Greek colony of SELINOUS Greek and Latin inscriptions come from this (Thuc. 6.6.1–3; Diod. Sic. 12.82.3), but archaeo- area: they shed light on onomastic, institu- logical, epigraphical, and alphabetic evidence tional, and cultural elements, for example, the testifies to the positive relationships with the role of private euergetai. Greeks (La Genie`re 1978). Egesta played a decisive role in the intervention of ATHENS in SEE ALSO: Punic wars; Sicily. Sicily (415–413 BCE; see SICILIAN EXPEDITION) and, after the Syracusan victory, in the begin- ning of the aggressive Punic policies in western REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS Sicily. In the fourth century Egesta became Ampolo, C. and Parra, M. C. (2009) “L’agora di involved in the Sicilian–Punic wars and was Segesta: uno sguardo d’assieme tra iscrizioni severely punished by the tyrant AGATHOKLES OF e monumenti.” In C. Ampolo, ed., Agorai di SYRACUSE (Diod. Sic. 21.16). In the First Punic Sicilia, agorai d’Occidente: 125–41. Pisa. War Egesta joined Rome, allegedly in memory Camerata Scovazzo, R. (1996) Segesta I. La carta of the common Trojan origin (cognatio: archeologica. Palermo. La Genie`re, J. de (1978) “Se´geste et l’Helle´nisme.” Cic. Verr. 2.5.83, 125; AENEAS in western Sicily: Me´langes de l’E´cole Franc¸aise de Rome. Antiquite´ Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1.52–3; Verg. Aen. 5), and 90: 33–49. therefore obtained the status of civitas libera et Mertens, D. (1984) Der Tempel von Segesta und immunis (Cic. Verr. 2.3.13). The city continued die dorische Tempelbaukunst des griechischen to exist until Late Antiquity and the medieval Westens in klassischer Zeit.
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  • Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult

    Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult

    ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period.
  • Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World

    Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World

    P a g e | 1 CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Text prepared by Erdal Yavuz Ancient Greece as “the Ancestor”! "Yet this entire body of peoples(of the East) In the Greek city states by 5th century B.C. and in Rome by remains excluded from our conside 2nd century B.C. slavery became a dominant form. It was the ration, because hitherto it has not high number of slaves used in all production that permitted a appeared as an independent element in the "freedom" and "democracy" to a non-laboring population. series of phases that Reason has assumed However these systems couldn't reproduce themselves due to in the world" the lack of incentive for productivity and invention which also Hegel, The Philosophy of History. caused their rapid disintegration and evolution to other systems. Most historical observations as well as Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World: contemporary approaches revolve around the structural A Brief Survey as well as cultural and ideological differences between east “Classical Greece” till now is considered as a and west. Even today the prediction on a certain “clash of cultural ancestor of “the” Western Civilization. It is a civilizations” is somehow based on this long-lasting tradition continued by the Roman culture, Islamic approach to “the other”. science and philosophy, “rediscovered” by the From the start of history “the East” was the Renaissance and so forth. Greek culture itself was based advanced region with prosperous cities, developed on the heritage of Minoa, Mycenae as well as Egypt and economy within relatively centralized states. On the other the other Middle Eastern civilizations.