Copyright © 2021, 2019 The Annotated Plutarch A Charlotte Mason Plenary, LLC Pericles The Annotated Plutarch Series All rights reserved. No part of this book may be Volume 2 reproduced in any form or by any electronic or 2nd Edition mechanical means, including information storage Text by Plutarch and Rachel Lebowitz and retrieval systems, without permission in Annotated and edited by Rachel Lebowitz writing from the publisher, except by reviewers, Translation by George Long and Aubrey Stewart who may quote brief passages in a review. Issued in print and electronic formats. Published by A Charlotte Mason Plenary, LLC ISBN: 978-1-954822-14-6 (paperback)

A Charlotte Mason Plenary is an educational company committed to furthering the ideas and educational philosophy of Charlotte Mason. We specialize in customizing curricula for families. :HR̆HUERRNVVWXG\JXLGHVFRXUVHVDQGKRPHVFKRROLQJFRQVXOWDWLRQVLQFOXGLQJVSHFLDOQHHGV consultations, based on the Charlotte Mason method of education.

Visit A Charlotte Mason Plenary at CMPLENARY.COM The Annotated Plutarch Pericles

PLUTARCH’S LIVES MADE EASY

WITH THE

ANNOTATED PLUTARCH SERIES

ORIGINAL TEXT BY PLUTARCH ANNOTATED AND EXPANDED BY RACHEL LEBOWITZ TRANSLATION BY GEORGE LONG AND AUBREY STEWART

PUBLISHED BY A CHARLOTTE MASON PLENARY, LLC The Annotated Plutarch Pericles

PLUTARCH’S LIVES MADE EASY WITH THE ANNOTATED PLUTARCH SERIES

Table of Contents

Preface to Plutarch’s Lives ...... 7 Lesson 1: The Golden Age of Athens ...... 21 Lesson 2: Plutarch’s Introduction ...... 27 Lesson 3: Who was Pericles? ...... 31 Lesson 4: Pericles the Orator ...... 37 Lesson 5: The Great Buildings of Athens ...... 43 Lesson 6: Pericles Takes Over ...... 49 Lesson 7: The First Peloponnesian War ...... 55 Lesson 8: The Second Peloponnesian War ...... 61 Lesson 9: Pericles’ Funeral Speech ...... 67 Lesson 10: The Plague ...... 71 Lesson 11: The Age of Pericles Comes to an End ...... 77 Lesson 12: Pericles and Democracy Today ...... 83 Bibliography ...... 97 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ...... 99

Preface

Preface to Plutarch’s Lives

Plutarch just got a whole lot easier! And more fun too! Thank you for choosing The Annotated Plutarch Series from A ŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶWůĞŶĂƌLJ͘

Why Study Plutarch?

WůƵƚĂƌĐŚǁĂƐĂ'ƌĞĞŬŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĂŶǁŚŽůŝǀĞĚĐ͘ϰϱͲϭϮϬ͘,ĞŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞǀĞƌLJĮƌƐƚďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚĞƌ͘,ĞǁƌŽƚĞďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬĂŶĚZŽŵĂŶŵĞŶŝŶŚŝƐŬLives of the Noble Greeks and Romans͘ƵƚŚĞĚŝĚŶ͛ƚũƵƐƚǁƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞŵĞŶ͕ŚĞĂůƐŽǁƌŽƚĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĞƌŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝǀĞƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŐŝǀĞƵƐĂŐůŝŵƉƐĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐ ǁŚLJŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚŝŶŚĞƌĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͘/ƚŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘ tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶŐƌĞĂƚ͍tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶǁĞĂŬ͍ tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƚLJƌĂŶƚ͍WůƵƚĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁƐƵƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐƚŚĞƐŵĂůů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐŝŶĂŵĂŶ͛ƐůŝĨĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƵƉŚŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘tĞƚŚĞŶ ŐĞƚƚŽƐĞĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘WůƵƚĂƌĐŚĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚũƵĚŐĞĨŽƌƵƐ͘,ĞůĂLJƐƚŚĞŵĂŶ͛ƐůŝĨĞďĞĨŽƌĞƵƐĂŶĚǁĞĂƌĞ ůĞŌƚŽũƵĚŐĞ͘/ƚƚƌƵůLJŝƐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞǁĂLJƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚŵŽƌĂůŝƚLJ͘ ŚĂƌůŽƩĞƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŝŶ &Žƌŵ Ϯ͕ Žƌ ĂďŽƵƚ ϰƚŚ ŐƌĂĚĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ƐƉĞŶƚ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ year reading Stories from the History of Rome ďLJĞĞƐůLJ͘dŚŝƐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĨŽƌWůƵƚĂƌĐŚďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨ ŶĐŝĞŶƚZŽŵĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘dŚĞŶŝŶ&ŽƌŵϮ͕ŽƌĂďŽƵƚϱƚŚŐƌĂĚĞ͕ ƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚĂƌƚĞĚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŽŶĞŽĨWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐLives ĞǀĞƌLJƚĞƌŵ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚĞƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌĂŶĚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘ /ƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŽďĞŵŝƐƐĞĚ͘ Plutarch’s Pericles

How to Use The Annotated Plutarch Guides dŚŝƐ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ 'ƵŝĚĞ ĐŽŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƚĞdžƚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬ͘ zŽƵ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐĞůƐĞƚŽƐƚƵĚLJWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐĞĐƟŽŶƐǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJdŚĞWůĞŶĂƌLJƚŽŚĞůƉ the student: • dŚĞ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞƐLJŽƵďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚŚŝŵƐĞůĨ͘ • ͞tŚŽ͛ƐtŚŽ͟ŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŬĞLJ ƉůĂLJĞƌƐŝŶƚŚŝƐ'ƵŝĚĞ͘ •  WƌŽůŽŐƵĞ ƐĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĞŶĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ŐŝǀĞ LJŽƵ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽďĞŐŝŶLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJ͘ • dŚĞƉŝůŽŐƵĞǁƌĂƉƐƵƉƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJ'ƵŝĚĞ͕ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐŝƚƚŽŵŽƌĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŝĚĞĂƐƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƚĞdžƚ ďLJ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ Just as ŚĂƌůŽƩĞ DĂƐŽŶ ƵƐĞĚ ĞĚŝƚĞĚ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ Lives for ŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƚĞdžƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞĚŝƚĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚůĞŶŐƚŚ ĨŽƌLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͘ŶLJƚŚŝŶŐƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͘zŽƵĐĂŶĨĞĞůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĂďŽƵƚŚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ 'ƵŝĚĞƚŽLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĨŽƌŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƵƐĞ͘ &ŽƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůƚĞdžƚŝƐŝŶƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŽůƵŵŶĂŶĚĂĚĚĞĚĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌĐŽůƵŵŶ͘dŚĞ ĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĚĞĮŶĞǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚƉŚƌĂƐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƚŽĂůůŽǁ LJŽƵƚŽĨƵůůLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞĐĞĂŶĚZŽŵĞ͘All annotated words are in bold type͘dŚĞŐŽĂůŝƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞ ƚĞdžƚƐŽƚŚĂƚƌĞĂĚĞƌƐŵĂLJŐĂŝŶĂĚĞĞƉĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨŝƚĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͘

Translation dŚĞWůĞŶĂƌLJƵƐĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶďLJ'ĞŽƌŐĞ>ŽŶŐĂŶĚƵďƌĞLJ ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ^ƚƵĚLJ 'ƵŝĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ >ŽŶŐ Preface

ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŝƐĞĂƐŝĞƌĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŽĚĂLJ͛ƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůŵĂŬĞƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŽĨWůƵƚĂƌĐŚĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌLJŽƵĂŶĚLJŽƵƌ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘ tĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ďLJ dŚŽŵĂƐ EŽƌƚŚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞĂƌůŝĞƌ&ƌĞŶĐŚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ĚŽŶĞďLJ:ĂĐƋƵĞƐŵLJŽƚŝŶϭϱϱϵ͘ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŝƐ ƚŽŽĨĂƌƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůǁŽƌĚƐ͘ >ŽŶŐĂŶĚ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐLives from the ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů'ƌĞĞŬ͘dŚŝƐŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞ>ŽŶŐƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŵŽƌĞĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ͘ 'ĞŽƌŐĞ >ŽŶŐ ǁĂƐ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬ ĂŶĚ >ĂƟŶ Ăƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽůůĞŐĞŝŶ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͘,ĞǁĂƐĂŵĂũŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƚŽ ^ŵŝƚŚ͛Ɛ ŝĐƟŽŶĂƌLJ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬ ĂŶĚ ZŽŵĂŶ ŶƟƋƵŝƟĞƐ, and also ǁƌŽƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘ƵďƌĞLJ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚ ǁĂƐĂ&ĞůůŽǁĂƚdƌŝŶŝƚLJŽůůĞŐĞŝŶĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͕ŶŐůĂŶĚ͘dŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ >ŝǀĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů 'ƌĞĞŬ ŝŶƚŽ ƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶŐůŝƐŚǀŽůƵŵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞϭϴϴϬƐ͘

Plutarch Resources and Picture Study

/Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐ LJŽƵ ƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ͕ LJŽƵ ǁŝůů ĮŶĚ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŽWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐƐƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĐƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐ͕ƉŽĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚ ŚĞůƉĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƚĞdžƚ͘/ƚŝƐŵLJŝŶƚĞŶƚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞLJŽƵ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽďƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌWůƵƚĂƌĐŚƐƚƵĚLJ ƚŽůŝĨĞ͘ ůůŽĨƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƌĞĨƌĞĞĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƉĂŐĞ ŽĨ dŚĞ WůĞŶĂƌLJ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ / encourage you and your students to take advantage of these ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ /ĨLJŽƵǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ƉƌŝŶƚĞĚĐŽƉŝĞƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐ͕ĂŶĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĞĂĐŚ ƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ͕ǁĞĂůƐŽŽīĞƌĂWůƵƚĂƌĐŚWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ'ƵŝĚĞ͘ dŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐWůƵƚĂƌĐŚWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJŚĞůƉƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐƚĞdžƚƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐďLJĨĂŵŽƵƐĂƌƟƐƚƐ͘ ƌƟƐƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĂŐĞƐŚĂǀĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŶŐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ Plutarch’s Pericles

ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝǀĞƐ͘dŚĞWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƐƚƵĚLJ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞdžƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŵĂŬĞĂĚĞĞƉĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ͘ &ŽƌŵŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐWĂŐĞĂŶĚ the Picture Study for this Guide, go to: ‘ÃÖ½›ÄƒÙù͘‘ÊÃͬÖ½çãƒÙ‘«ͲٛÝÊçّ›Ý

A Thank You

/ ŚŽƉĞ dŚĞ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ^ĞƌŝĞƐ ŵĂŬĞƐ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ŵŽƌĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĨƵŶĨŽƌLJŽƵĂŶĚLJŽƵƌĨĂŵŝůLJ͘/ƐŝŶĐĞƌĞůLJ ŚŽƉĞLJŽƵĐŽŵĞƚŽůŽǀĞWůƵƚĂƌĐŚĂƐŵƵĐŚĂƐ/ĚŽ͊

Sincerely, ZĂĐŚĞů>ĞďŽǁŝƚnj ŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶWůĞŶĂƌLJ Introduction

Plenary Introduction Who was Plutarch?

Plutarch, or Plutarkos in Greek, was an ancient Greek historian Plutarch ͬW>KKͲƚĂƌŬͬ ĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘,ĞŝƐŵŽƐƚǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶĨŽƌŚŝƐƚǁŽǁŽƌŬƐ͕Parallel Lives and Moralia͘WůƵƚĂƌĐŚůŝǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůŝƩůĞƚŽǁŶŽĨŚĂĞƌŽŶĞĂ͕ 'ƌĞĞĐĞ͕ĨƌŽŵĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϰϱͲϭϮϬ͘,ŝƐĨĂŵŝůLJĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶǁĞůůͲĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚƚŚĞƌĞĂŶĚŚŝƐĨĂƚŚĞƌǁĂƐĂůƐŽĂŶĂƵƚŚŽƌĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘&ƌŽŵƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉĂƐƐĂŐĞƐŝŶWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐǁƌŝƟŶŐƐ͕ǁĞŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚŚĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂƚƚŚĞĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨƚŚĞŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚďLJ WůĂƚŽ͘ ƵƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞǀĞŶƚŝŶŚŝƐůŝĨĞǁĂƐŚŝƐũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ƚŽZŽŵĞ͘/ƚǁĂƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƟŵĞƚŚĂƚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚŽĸĐŝĂůůLJďĞĐĂŵĞ Ă ZŽŵĂŶ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ŚŝƐ ŶĂŵĞ ƚŽ Lucius Mestrius Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus Plutarchus͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƚƌŝƉ ŚĞ ĚŝĚ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ͬ>KKͲƐŚƵƐD^ͲƚƌĞĞͲƵƐƉůŽŽͲ dZ<ͲƵƐͬ ǁŽƵůĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŚŝƐ Ŭ͕ Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŚĞďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐĂƐƉĂŝƌƐ͕ŽŶĞ'ƌĞĞŬůŝĨĞǁŝƚŚŽŶĞZŽŵĂŶůŝĨĞ͕ŝŶĂŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚƚŚĞƚǁŽůŝǀĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌǀŝƌƚƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ Life of Publicola, a Roman Publicola ͬƉƵďͲ>/,ͲĐƃͲůƵŚͬ ƌŝƐƚŽĐƌĂƚ͕ŝƐƉĂŝƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞLife of Solon͕Ă'ƌĞĞŬƚŚĞŶŝĂŶ͕ďŽƚŚ ŽĨǁŚŽŵǁĞƌĞ^ƚĂƚĞƐŵĞŶ͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ Lives ŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů'ƌĞĞŬŝŶƚŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů 'ƌĞĞŬ ǁĂƐ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ďLJ :ĂĐƋƵĞƐ ŵLJŽƚ ŝŶ ϭϱϱϵ͘ :ƵƐƚ ϮϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ůĂƚĞƌ͕ dŚŽŵĂƐ EŽƌƚŚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͘ EŽƌƚŚ ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŬ͕ďƵƚŝŶƐƚĞĂĚƵƐĞĚŵLJŽƚ͛Ɛ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƉƵďůŝƐŚ ŝƚ ŝŶ ϭϱϳϵ͘ EŽƌƚŚ͛Ɛ ŶŐůŝƐŚ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJďĞĐĂŵĞǀĞƌLJƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝŶŶŐůĂŶĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŝŐŶŽĨ YƵĞĞŶ ůŝnjĂďĞƚŚ /͘ ^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ EŽƌƚŚ͛Ɛ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ĂƐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĨŽƌƐŽŵĞŽĨŚŝƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƉůĂLJƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ :ƵůŝƵƐĂĞƐĂƌ,

13 Plutarch’s Pericles

ŶƚŽŶLJ ĂŶĚ ůĞŽƉĂƚƌĂ, and ŽƌŝŽůĂŶƵƐ, as well as references to WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝĨĞŽĨdŚĞƐĞƵƐfor DŝĚƐƵŵŵĞƌEŝŐŚƚ͛ƐƌĞĂŵ͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƐƉĂŶŶĞĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ŶŐůĂŶĚ ĂƐ ǁĞůů͘ WĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƌĞĂĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ ,ŝƐ ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ 'ĞŽƌŐĞ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ dŚŽŵĂƐ :ĞīĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ ,ĂŵŝůƚŽŶ͕ ĞŶũĂŵŝŶ &ƌĂŶŬůŝŶ͕ďƌĂŚĂŵ>ŝŶĐŽůŶ͕ZĂůƉŚtĂůĚŽŵĞƌƐŽŶ͕ĂŶĚdŚĞŽĚŽƌĞ ZŽŽƐĞǀĞůƚ͕ũƵƐƚƚŽŶĂŵĞĂĨĞǁ͘ Ƶƚ ǁŚLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ we ƌĞĂĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͍tŚĂƚĚŽĞƐƚŚĞŵŽĚĞƌŶ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚŐĂŝŶĨƌŽŵƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĂŶĂŶĐŝĞŶƚƚĞdžƚ͍tŚĂƚĐĂŶǁĞůĞĂƌŶ ĨƌŽŵĂŵĂŶǁŚŽůŝǀĞĚƐŽůŽŶŐĂŐŽ͍KŶůLJĂĨĞǁŽĨƚŚĞŵĞŶŚĞǁƌŽƚĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ŬŶŽǁŶ ƚŽ ƵƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ :ƵůŝƵƐ ĂĞƐĂƌ Žƌ ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ'ƌĞĂƚ͘DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŶĂŵĞƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐLives are ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJƵŶŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŽĚĂLJ͘ǀĞŶ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚŚŝŵƐĞůĨŝƐŶŽƚǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶĞdžĐĞƉƚĂŵŽŶŐƐĐŚŽůĂƌƐ͘^ŽǁŚLJ ƌĞĂĚŚŝƐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͍ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚŚŝŵƐĞůĨďĞůŽŶŐƐƚŽƚŚĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚƐ͕ŚŝƐůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƟŵĞůĞƐƐ͘ ,Ğ ǁĂƐ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŵĞŶ͛Ɛ characters than their deeds, and that is what we have to learn ĨƌŽŵWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͗ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĚŝƐĐĞƌŶŝŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ǁĂƐ ƋƵŝĐŬ ƚŽ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽƵƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĞ ǁƌŽƚĞ ďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐ, ŶŽƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͘/ŶŚŝƐ>ŝĨĞŽĨůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ͕WůƵƚĂƌĐŚƐƚĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚĂŵĂŶ͛Ɛ ®— zÊç <ÄÊó͍ǀĞŶĮĐƟŽŶͲ characterŝƐŽŌĞŶƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚŝŶƐƵďƚůĞǁĂLJƐ͗ al characters in literature have ďĞĞŶ ŬŶŽǁŶ ƚŽ ƌĞĂĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͊ ͞Ă ŵĂŶ͛Ɛ ŵŽƐƚ ďƌŝůůŝĂŶƚ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƉƌŽǀĞ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ ĂƐ ƚŽ ŚŝƐ ƚƌƵĞ dŚĞ ŵŽŶƐƚĞƌ ŝŶ DĂƌLJ ^ŚĞůůĞLJ͛Ɛ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͕ǁŚŝůĞƐŽŵĞƚƌŝŇŝŶŐŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ͕ƐŽŵĞĐĂƐƵĂůƌĞŵĂƌŬŽƌ Ŭ͕Frankenstein, ĮŶĚƐĂďĂŐŽĨ ŬƐ͕ŽŶĞŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŝƐWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ ũĞƐƚ͕ǁŝůůƚŚƌŽǁŵŽƌĞůŝŐŚƚƵƉŽŶǁŚĂƚŵĂŶŶĞƌŽĨŵĂŶŚĞǁĂƐ Lives of the Noble Greeks and ƚŚĂŶƚŚĞďůŽŽĚŝĞƐƚďĂƩůĞ͕ƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĂƌŵŝĞƐ͕ŽƌƚŚĞ Romans͘  /ƚ ŝƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ Ŭ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵŽŶƐƚĞƌůĞĂƌŶƐĂďŽƵƚ ŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƐŝĞŐĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ũƵƐƚĂƐƉŽƌƚƌĂŝƚƉĂŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĂLJ the idea of character͘ ŵŽƐƚĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƚŽƚŚŽƐĞƉĞĐƵůŝĂƌŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨĂĐĞĂŶĚĞLJĞƐ͕ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞůŝŬĞŶĞƐƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐĂƌĞďƵƚůŝƩůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞ ĮŐƵƌĞ͕ƐŽŝƚŝƐŵLJĚƵƚLJƚŽĚǁĞůůĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƵƉŽŶƚŚŽƐĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞǀĞĂůƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƐŽĨŵLJŚĞƌŽĞƐ͛ŵŝŶĚƐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŽĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƚŚĞƉŽƌƚƌĂŝƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůŝǀĞƐ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌ ďĂƩůĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŐƌĞĂƚĚĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚďLJŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘͟

14 Introduction

And it was in his intro to the Life of Timoleon that he wrote: Timoleon ͬƚƵŚͲDQͲůĤͲƵŶͬ ͞/ƚ ǁĂƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŬĞ ŽĨ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ / ĮƌƐƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŽŽŬ ƚŽ ǁƌŝƚĞ ďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐ͕ďƵƚ/ƐŽŽŶďĞŐĂŶƚŽĚǁĞůůƵƉŽŶĂŶĚĚĞůŝŐŚƚŝŶƚŚĞŵ ĨŽƌŵLJƐĞůĨ͕ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƌŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞďĞƐƚŽĨŵLJĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞŵLJ ŽǁŶůŝĨĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŽŵĂŬĞŝƚůŝŬĞƚŚĂƚŽĨƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽǁĞƌĞƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌŚŝƐƚŽƌLJĂƐŝƚǁĞƌĞĂŵŝƌƌŽƌďĞĨŽƌĞŵĞ͘LJƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ ďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐ͕ǁĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĞĂĐŚŵĂŶĂƐĂŐƵĞƐƚŝŶƚŽŽƵƌŵŝŶĚƐ͕ and we seem to understand their character as the result of ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĂĐƋƵĂŝŶƚĂŶĐĞ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞǁĞŚĂǀĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝƌ ĂĐƚƐƚŚĞďĞƐƚĂŶĚŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŵĞĂŶƐŽĨĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂŶŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŵ͘tŚĂƚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞĐŽƵůĚ͛ƐƚƚŚŽƵŐĂŝŶƚŚĂŶƚŚŝƐ͍ Quotes are from WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝǀĞƐ͗ Translated from the Greek ďLJƵͲ tŚĂƚŵŽƌĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞůĞǀĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƌŽǁŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͍͟ ďƌĞLJ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚ͕D͕͘͘ĂŶĚ'ĞŽƌŐĞ CharacterʹŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐĂŶĚŽƵƌŽǁŶ͘dŚĂƚŝƐǁŚĂƚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚƵƌŐĞƐ >ŽŶŐ͕D͕͘͘sŽůƵŵĞϭ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶϭϴϰϰ͘ ƵƐƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ͘

15

Who’s Who in Plutarch’s Life of Pericles

Pericles͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ^ƚĂƚĞƐŵĂŶŽĨƚŚĞŶƐ͕'ƌĞĞĐĞ͖ůŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJ ϰϵϱͲϰϮϵ >ĂŵƉŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ĂƐŽŽƚŚƐĂLJĞƌĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞƌŽĨŽƌĂĐůĞƐ dŚƵĐLJĚŝĚĞƐ͕ƐŽŶŽĨDĞůĞƐŝƵƐ͘͘͘͘͘ ƚŚĞŶŝĂŶƐƚĂƚĞƐŵĂŶ͖ŚĞĂĚŽĨƚŚĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟǀĞƉĂƌƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŶƐ and rival to Pericles Thucydides͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Greek historian who wrote ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞWĞůŽƉŽŶŶĞƐŝĂŶtĂƌ Phidias͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ĨĂŵŽƵƐ'ƌĞĞŬĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚĂŶĚƐĐƵůƉƚŽƌ͖ĨƌŝĞŶĚŽĨWĞƌŝĐůĞƐ ĂůůŝĐƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚ/ĐƟŶƵƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 'ƌĞĞŬĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐǁŚŽďƵŝůƚƚŚĞWĂƌƚŚĞŶŽŶƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŝŽŶ of Phidias ŶĂdžĂŐŽƌĂƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ă'ƌĞĞŬƐĐŝĞŶƟƐƚĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͖WĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͛ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ Cimon͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Athenian statesman; a rival to Pericles Tolmides͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ƚŚĞŶŝĂŶ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞWĞůŽƉŽŶŶĞƐŝĂŶtĂƌ >ĂŵĂĐŚƵƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ƚŚĞŶŝĂŶ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞWĞůŽƉŽŶŶĞƐŝĂŶtĂƌ WůĞŝƐƚŽĂŶĂdž͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ <ŝŶŐŽĨ^ƉĂƌƚĂĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞWĞůŽƉŽŶŶĞƐŝĂŶtĂƌ Cleandridas͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ^ƉĂƌƚĂŶ'ĞŶĞƌĂůĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞWĞůŽƉŽŶŶĞƐŝĂŶtĂƌ ƐƉĂƐŝĂ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ WĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͛ƐĞĐŽŶĚǁŝĨĞ Socrates͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 'ƌĞĞŬƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĞƌŽĨtĞƐƚĞƌŶƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJ

17

Lesson 1 The Golden Age of Athens

Lesson 1 The Golden Age of Athens

͞dŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞďŝƌƚŚŽĨWĞƌŝĐůĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ ĚĞĂƚŚŽĨƌŝƐƚŽƚůĞŝƐ͘͘͘ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŵĞŵŽƌĂďůĞŝŶƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘͟ - Percy Bysshe Shelley

͞&ƌĞĞĚŽŵ ǁĂƐ Ă 'ƌĞĞŬ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌLJ͟ ƐĂLJƐ ĚŝƚŚ ,ĂŵŝůƚŽŶ ŝŶ ŚĞƌ ŬdŚĞĐŚŽŽĨ'ƌĞĞĐĞ͘^ŚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐƐƚŽƌLJ͗KŶĐĞĂŶ ƚŚĞŶŝĂŶĂƌŵLJ͕ĨĂƌĨƌŽŵŚŽŵĞĂŶĚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚĞĚďLJŐƌĞĂƚůLJƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ͕ŚĂĚƚŽƚƌLJƚŽďƌĞĂŬƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵĂƐĂůĂƐƚĐŚĂŶĐĞ͘dŚĞŝƌ ůĞĂĚĞƌŵĂĚĞĂƐŚŽƌƚƐƉĞĞĐŚďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞLJƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ͘͞zŽƵůŝǀĞ͕͟ŚĞƚŽůĚ ƚŚĞŵ͕͞ŝŶƚŚĞŽŶůLJĨƌĞĞĐŝƚLJŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘/ŶƚŚĞŶƐĂůŽŶĞƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌĨĞƌĞǁŝƚŚĂŵĂŶ͛ƐĚĂŝůLJůŝĨĞ͘͟;ƉŐϭϮͿ ^ŽƐĂŝĚWĞƌŝĐůĞƐƚŽŚŝƐƐŽůĚŝĞƌƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ĮŌŚ ĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ͕ ƚŚĞŶƐ ƌŽƐĞ ƚŽ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉŽĨŽŶĞŵĂŶ͗WĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͘dŚŝƐƐŵĂůůƐƉĂŶŽĨŽŶĞͲŚƵŶĚƌĞĚ Athena was the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, as well as LJĞĂƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ŬŶŽǁŶ ƚŽ ƵƐ ƚŽĚĂLJ ďLJ ƚǁŽ ĂƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƌĂŌƐ͘ ^ŚĞ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůĞƉŚƌĂƐĞƐ͗͞dŚĞ'ŽůĚĞŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞŶƐ͟ŝƐĂůƐŽ͞dŚĞ ĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌ ŽĨ ĞƵƐ͘ ƚŚĞŶĂ ƉůĂLJƐ ŐĞŽĨWĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͘͟ ĂŬĞLJƌŽůĞŝŶďŽƚŚƚŚĞIliad and the KĚLJƐƐĞLJ ďLJ ,ŽŵĞƌ͘ ^ŚĞ ŝƐ ƵƚƚŚĞƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞŶƐďĞŐŝŶƐĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞďŝƌƚŚŽĨ referred to as Minerva in Roman WĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂĐŝƚLJǁŚŽƐĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĐĂŶƐƟůůďĞƐĞĞŶĂŶĚĨĞůƚŝŶ ŵLJƚŚŽůŽŐLJ͘ Cecrops ͬ^ͲŬƌŽƉƐͬ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƌŵŽĚĞƌŶǁŽƌůĚ͘tŚĂƚŵĂĚĞƚŚŝƐĂŶĐŝĞŶƚĐŝƚLJƐŽƐƉĞĐŝĂů͍ ĮƌƐƚ ŬŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŶƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ƐĂLJ To know Athens is to know the Greek goddess Athena͘ he was a real king; others say his ƐƚŽƌLJŝƐƐŝŵƉůLJĂůĞŐĞŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ůĞŐĞŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ǁĂƐ ĮƌƐƚ ƌƵůĞĚ ďLJ Ă ŬŝŶŐ ŶĂŵĞĚ ŚĞǁĂƐŚĂůĨŵĂŶ͕ŚĂůĨƐĞƌƉĞŶƚŽƌ Cecrops͕ǁŚŽŵĂĚĞƚŚĞĐŝƚLJƐŽďĞĂƵƟĨƵůƚŚĂƚŝƚĐĂƵŐŚƚƚŚĞĂƩĞŶƟŽŶ ĮƐŚ͘ ŽĨƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŬŐŽĚƐŽŶDŽƵŶƚKůLJŵƉƵƐ͘ŽƚŚPoseidon and Athena Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea, earthquakes, storms, ĨŽƵŐŚƚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŚŽŶŽƌŽĨďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŝƚLJ͛ƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŽƌ͕ĂƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶ ĂŶĚŚŽƌƐĞƐ͘,ĞŝƐǀĞƌLJŝůůͲƚĞŵͲ dŚĞ^ƚŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞŶƐďLJ,ŽǁĂƌĚƵƚůĞƌ͗ ƉĞƌĞĚ͘,ĞŝƐĂůƐŽƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐ EĞƉƚƵŶĞŝŶZŽŵĂŶŵLJƚŚŽůŽŐLJ͘ ͞dŚĞŝƌƐƚƌƵŐŐůĞƚŽŽŬƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĂĐŽŶƚĞƐƚďĞĨŽƌĞĂũƵƌLJŽĨƚŚĞ ŐŽĚƐŽĨKůLJŵƉƵƐ͕ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĞĂĐŚƐƚƌŽǀĞƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŐŝŌǁŚŝĐŚ

21

OTHER RESOURCES BY A CHARLOTTE MASON PLENARY

THE ANNOTATED CHARLOTTE MASON SERIES ,ŽŵĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͶsŽůƵŵĞϭ WĂƌĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŚŝůĚƌĞŶͶsŽůƵŵĞϮ ^ĐŚŽŽůĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͶsŽůƵŵĞϯ KƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐͶsŽůƵŵĞϰ &ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌͶsŽůƵŵĞϱ WŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚLJŽĨĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͶsŽůƵŵĞϲ KƌŝŐŝŶĂůhŶĂďƌŝĚŐĞĚdĞdžƚďLJŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚďLJZĂĐŚĞů>ĞďŽǁŝƚnj

THE PLENARY PLUTARCH SERIES WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝĨĞŽĨWƵďůŝĐŽůĂ͗ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚĚŝƟŽŶ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝĨĞŽĨWĞƌŝĐůĞƐ͗ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚĚŝƟŽŶ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝĨĞŽĨ:ƵůŝƵƐĂĞƐĂƌ͗ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚĚŝƟŽŶ KƌŝŐŝŶĂůdĞdžƚďLJWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚĂŶĚdžƉĂŶĚĞĚďLJZĂĐŚĞů>ĞďŽǁŝƚnj

CHARLOTTE MASON COURSES sŽůƵŵĞϲŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶŽƵƌƐĞ DϭϬϭŽƵƌƐĞ &ŝŶĚŝŶŐzŽƵƌtĂLJǁŝƚŚŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶ͛ƐϮϬWƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ

CONSULTATIONS ^ƉĞĐŝĂůEĞĞĚƐŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶƐďLJŵLJŽĚŬŝŶ͕Ě^ DzŽƵƌtĂLJ,ŽŵĞƐĐŚŽŽůŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶƐďLJZĂĐŚĞů>ĞďŽǁŝƚnj

&ŽƌĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůŝƐƚŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŽƌĨŽƌŵŽƌĞŝŶĨŽĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ƉůĞĂƐĞ ƐĞĞŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶWůĞŶĂƌLJĂƚ͗

CMPLENARY.COM