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Plutarch's Pericles.Indd Copyright © 2021, 2019 The Annotated Plutarch A Charlotte Mason Plenary, LLC Pericles The Annotated Plutarch Series All rights reserved. No part of this book may be Volume 2 reproduced in any form or by any electronic or 2nd Edition mechanical means, including information storage Text by Plutarch and Rachel Lebowitz and retrieval systems, without permission in Annotated and edited by Rachel Lebowitz writing from the publisher, except by reviewers, Translation by George Long and Aubrey Stewart who may quote brief passages in a review. Issued in print and electronic formats. Published by A Charlotte Mason Plenary, LLC ISBN: 978-1-954822-14-6 (paperback) A Charlotte Mason Plenary is an educational company committed to furthering the ideas and educational philosophy of Charlotte Mason. We specialize in customizing curricula for families. :HR̆HUERRNVVWXG\JXLGHVFRXUVHVDQGKRPHVFKRROLQJFRQVXOWDWLRQVLQFOXGLQJVSHFLDOQHHGV consultations, based on the Charlotte Mason method of education. Visit A Charlotte Mason Plenary at CMPLENARY.COM The Annotated Plutarch Pericles PLUTARCH’S LIVES MADE EASY WITH THE ANNOTATED PLUTARCH SERIES ORIGINAL TEXT BY PLUTARCH ANNOTATED AND EXPANDED BY RACHEL LEBOWITZ TRANSLATION BY GEORGE LONG AND AUBREY STEWART PUBLISHED BY A CHARLOTTE MASON PLENARY, LLC The Annotated Plutarch Pericles PLUTARCH’S LIVES MADE EASY WITH THE ANNOTATED PLUTARCH SERIES Table of Contents Preface to Plutarch’s Lives .......................................................................7 Lesson 1: The Golden Age of Athens ............................................21 Lesson 2: Plutarch’s Introduction .............................................27 Lesson 3: Who was Pericles? .....................................................................31 Lesson 4: Pericles the Orator ..............................................................37 Lesson 5: The Great Buildings of Athens ..............................43 Lesson 6: Pericles Takes Over ...............................................................49 Lesson 7: The First Peloponnesian War ....................................55 Lesson 8: The Second Peloponnesian War ...........................61 Lesson 9: Pericles’ Funeral Speech ..................................................67 Lesson 10: The Plague ........................................................................................71 Lesson 11: The Age of Pericles Comes to an End ............77 Lesson 12: Pericles and Democracy Today ..........................83 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 97 ABOUT THE AUTHOR .........................................................................................99 Preface Preface to Plutarch’s Lives Plutarch just got a whole lot easier! And more fun too! Thank you for choosing The Annotated Plutarch Series from A ŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶWůĞŶĂƌLJ͘ Why Study Plutarch? WůƵƚĂƌĐŚǁĂƐĂ'ƌĞĞŬŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĂŶǁŚŽůŝǀĞĚĐ͘ϰϱͲϭϮϬ͘,ĞŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞǀĞƌLJĮƌƐƚďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚĞƌ͘,ĞǁƌŽƚĞďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬĂŶĚZŽŵĂŶŵĞŶŝŶŚŝƐŬLives of the Noble Greeks and Romans͘ƵƚŚĞĚŝĚŶ͛ƚũƵƐƚǁƌŝƚĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞŵĞŶ͕ŚĞĂůƐŽǁƌŽƚĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĞƌŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝǀĞƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŐŝǀĞƵƐĂŐůŝŵƉƐĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐ ǁŚLJŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚŝŶŚĞƌĐƵƌƌŝĐƵůƵŵ͘/ƚŝƐ ĂďŽƵƚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘ tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶŐƌĞĂƚ͍tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶǁĞĂŬ͍ tŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂƚLJƌĂŶƚ͍WůƵƚĂƌĐŚƐŚŽǁƐƵƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐƚŚĞƐŵĂůů ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐŝŶĂŵĂŶ͛ƐůŝĨĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƵƉŚŝƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘tĞƚŚĞŶ ŐĞƚƚŽƐĞĞƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚŽƐĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘WůƵƚĂƌĐŚĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚũƵĚŐĞĨŽƌƵƐ͘,ĞůĂLJƐƚŚĞŵĂŶ͛ƐůŝĨĞďĞĨŽƌĞƵƐĂŶĚǁĞĂƌĞ ůĞŌƚŽũƵĚŐĞ͘/ƚƚƌƵůLJŝƐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞǁĂLJƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚŵŽƌĂůŝƚLJ͘ ŚĂƌůŽƩĞƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ ŝŶ &Žƌŵ Ϯ͕ Žƌ ĂďŽƵƚ ϰƚŚ ŐƌĂĚĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ƐƉĞŶƚ Ă ǁŚŽůĞ year reading Stories from the History of Rome ďLJĞĞƐůLJ͘dŚŝƐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĨŽƌWůƵƚĂƌĐŚďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨ ŶĐŝĞŶƚZŽŵĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘dŚĞŶŝŶ&ŽƌŵϮ͕ŽƌĂďŽƵƚϱƚŚŐƌĂĚĞ͕ ƚŚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚĂƌƚĞĚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŽŶĞŽĨWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐLives ĞǀĞƌLJƚĞƌŵ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚĞƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌĂŶĚĐŝƟnjĞŶƐŚŝƉƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘ /ƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŽďĞŵŝƐƐĞĚ͘ Plutarch’s Pericles How to Use The Annotated Plutarch Guides dŚŝƐ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ 'ƵŝĚĞ ĐŽŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƚĞdžƚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬ͘ zŽƵ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐĞůƐĞƚŽƐƚƵĚLJWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐĞĐƟŽŶƐǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJdŚĞWůĞŶĂƌLJƚŽŚĞůƉ the student: • dŚĞ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŐŝǀĞƐLJŽƵďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚŚŝŵƐĞůĨ͘ • ͞tŚŽ͛ƐtŚŽ͟ŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŬĞLJ ƉůĂLJĞƌƐŝŶƚŚŝƐ'ƵŝĚĞ͘ • WƌŽůŽŐƵĞ ƐĞƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĞŶĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ŐŝǀĞ LJŽƵ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽďĞŐŝŶLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJ͘ • dŚĞƉŝůŽŐƵĞǁƌĂƉƐƵƉƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJ'ƵŝĚĞ͕ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐŝƚƚŽŵŽƌĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐŝǀĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŝĚĞĂƐƚŽƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ƚĞdžƚ ďLJ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ Just as ŚĂƌůŽƩĞ DĂƐŽŶ ƵƐĞĚ ĞĚŝƚĞĚ ǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ Lives for ŚĞƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƚĞdžƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞĚŝƚĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚůĞŶŐƚŚ ĨŽƌLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͘ŶLJƚŚŝŶŐƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͘zŽƵĐĂŶĨĞĞůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞĂďŽƵƚŚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ 'ƵŝĚĞƚŽLJŽƵƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĨŽƌŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƵƐĞ͘ &ŽƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůƚĞdžƚŝƐŝŶƚŚĞŝŶŶĞƌ ĐŽůƵŵŶĂŶĚĂĚĚĞĚĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŝŶƚŚĞŽƵƚĞƌĐŽůƵŵŶ͘dŚĞ ĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĚĞĮŶĞǀŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJǁŽƌĚƐĂŶĚƉŚƌĂƐĞƐĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĂŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƚŽĂůůŽǁ LJŽƵƚŽĨƵůůLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŶĐŝĞŶƚ'ƌĞĞĐĞĂŶĚZŽŵĞ͘All annotated words are in bold type͘dŚĞŐŽĂůŝƐƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞ ƚĞdžƚƐŽƚŚĂƚƌĞĂĚĞƌƐŵĂLJŐĂŝŶĂĚĞĞƉĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨŝƚĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͘ Translation dŚĞWůĞŶĂƌLJƵƐĞƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶďLJ'ĞŽƌŐĞ>ŽŶŐĂŶĚƵďƌĞLJ ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ^ƚƵĚLJ 'ƵŝĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ >ŽŶŐ Preface ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŝƐĞĂƐŝĞƌĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŽĚĂLJ͛ƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůŵĂŬĞƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŽĨWůƵƚĂƌĐŚĞĂƐŝĞƌĨŽƌLJŽƵĂŶĚLJŽƵƌ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘ tĞ ĐŚŽƐĞ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ďLJ dŚŽŵĂƐ EŽƌƚŚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞĂƌůŝĞƌ&ƌĞŶĐŚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ĚŽŶĞďLJ:ĂĐƋƵĞƐŵLJŽƚŝŶϭϱϱϵ͘ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŝƐ ƚŽŽĨĂƌƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͛ƐŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůǁŽƌĚƐ͘ >ŽŶŐĂŶĚ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐLives from the ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů'ƌĞĞŬ͘dŚŝƐŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞ>ŽŶŐƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶŵŽƌĞĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ͘ 'ĞŽƌŐĞ >ŽŶŐ ǁĂƐ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬ ĂŶĚ >ĂƟŶ Ăƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽůůĞŐĞŝŶ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͘,ĞǁĂƐĂŵĂũŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƚŽ ^ŵŝƚŚ͛Ɛ ŝĐƟŽŶĂƌLJ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬ ĂŶĚ ZŽŵĂŶ ŶƟƋƵŝƟĞƐ, and also ǁƌŽƚĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘ƵďƌĞLJ^ƚĞǁĂƌƚ ǁĂƐĂ&ĞůůŽǁĂƚdƌŝŶŝƚLJŽůůĞŐĞŝŶĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͕ŶŐůĂŶĚ͘dŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ >ŝǀĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů 'ƌĞĞŬ ŝŶƚŽ ƐĞǀĞƌĂůŶŐůŝƐŚǀŽůƵŵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞϭϴϴϬƐ͘ Plutarch Resources and Picture Study /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ĂƐ LJŽƵ ƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ 'ƵŝĚĞ͕ LJŽƵ ǁŝůů ĮŶĚ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŽWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐƐƚŽƌLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐůĂƐƐŝĐƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐ͕ƉŽĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚ ŚĞůƉĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƚĞdžƚ͘/ƚŝƐŵLJŝŶƚĞŶƚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞLJŽƵ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽďƌŝŶŐLJŽƵƌWůƵƚĂƌĐŚƐƚƵĚLJ ƚŽůŝĨĞ͘ ůůŽĨƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƌĞĨƌĞĞĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƉĂŐĞ ŽĨ dŚĞ WůĞŶĂƌLJ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘ / encourage you and your students to take advantage of these ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘ /ĨLJŽƵǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞŚŝŐŚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ƉƌŝŶƚĞĚĐŽƉŝĞƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐ͕ĂŶĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĞĂĐŚ ƉĂŝŶƟŶŐ͕ǁĞĂůƐŽŽīĞƌĂWůƵƚĂƌĐŚWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ'ƵŝĚĞ͘ dŚĞĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶLJŝŶŐWůƵƚĂƌĐŚWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJŚĞůƉƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐƚĞdžƚƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐĂůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐďLJĨĂŵŽƵƐĂƌƟƐƚƐ͘ ƌƟƐƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞĂŐĞƐŚĂǀĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŶŐƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ Plutarch’s Pericles ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝǀĞƐ͘dŚĞWŝĐƚƵƌĞ^ƚƵĚLJĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƐƚƵĚLJ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƚĞdžƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ŵĂŬĞĂĚĞĞƉĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ͘ &ŽƌŵŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐWĂŐĞĂŶĚ the Picture Study for this Guide, go to: ÃÖ½ÄÙù͘ÊÃͬÖ½çãÙ«ͲÙÝÊçÙÝ A Thank You / ŚŽƉĞ dŚĞ ŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ^ĞƌŝĞƐ ŵĂŬĞƐ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ŵŽƌĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĨƵŶĨŽƌLJŽƵĂŶĚLJŽƵƌĨĂŵŝůLJ͘/ƐŝŶĐĞƌĞůLJ ŚŽƉĞLJŽƵĐŽŵĞƚŽůŽǀĞWůƵƚĂƌĐŚĂƐŵƵĐŚĂƐ/ĚŽ͊ Sincerely, ZĂĐŚĞů>ĞďŽǁŝƚnj ŚĂƌůŽƩĞDĂƐŽŶWůĞŶĂƌLJ Introduction Plenary Introduction Who was Plutarch? Plutarch, or Plutarkos in Greek, was an ancient Greek historian Plutarch ͬW>KKͲƚĂƌŬͬ ĂŶĚƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘,ĞŝƐŵŽƐƚǁĞůůͲŬŶŽǁŶĨŽƌŚŝƐƚǁŽǁŽƌŬƐ͕Parallel Lives and Moralia͘WůƵƚĂƌĐŚůŝǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞůŝƩůĞƚŽǁŶŽĨŚĂĞƌŽŶĞĂ͕ 'ƌĞĞĐĞ͕ĨƌŽŵĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϰϱͲϭϮϬ͘,ŝƐĨĂŵŝůLJĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶǁĞůůͲĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚƚŚĞƌĞĂŶĚŚŝƐĨĂƚŚĞƌǁĂƐĂůƐŽĂŶĂƵƚŚŽƌĂŶĚ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚĞƌ͘&ƌŽŵƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉĂƐƐĂŐĞƐŝŶWůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛ƐǁƌŝƟŶŐƐ͕ǁĞŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚŚĞƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĂƚƚŚĞĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨƚŚĞŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚďLJ WůĂƚŽ͘ ƵƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞǀĞŶƚŝŶŚŝƐůŝĨĞǁĂƐŚŝƐũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ƚŽZŽŵĞ͘/ƚǁĂƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƟŵĞƚŚĂƚWůƵƚĂƌĐŚŽĸĐŝĂůůLJďĞĐĂŵĞ Ă ZŽŵĂŶ ĐŝƟnjĞŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ŚŝƐ ŶĂŵĞ ƚŽ Lucius Mestrius Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus Plutarchus͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚŝƐ ƚƌŝƉ ŚĞ ĚŝĚ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ͬ>KKͲƐŚƵƐD^ͲƚƌĞĞͲƵƐƉůŽŽͲ dZ<ͲƵƐͬ ǁŽƵůĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŚŝƐ Ŭ͕ Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŚĞďŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĞƐĂƐƉĂŝƌƐ͕ŽŶĞ'ƌĞĞŬůŝĨĞǁŝƚŚŽŶĞZŽŵĂŶůŝĨĞ͕ŝŶĂŶ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚƚŚĞƚǁŽůŝǀĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌǀŝƌƚƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ Life of Publicola, a Roman Publicola ͬƉƵďͲ>/,ͲĐƃͲůƵŚͬ ƌŝƐƚŽĐƌĂƚ͕ŝƐƉĂŝƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞLife of Solon͕Ă'ƌĞĞŬƚŚĞŶŝĂŶ͕ďŽƚŚ ŽĨǁŚŽŵǁĞƌĞ^ƚĂƚĞƐŵĞŶ͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ Lives ŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů'ƌĞĞŬŝŶƚŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů 'ƌĞĞŬ ǁĂƐ ĚŽŶĞ ŝŶ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ďLJ :ĂĐƋƵĞƐ ŵLJŽƚ ŝŶ ϭϱϱϵ͘ :ƵƐƚ ϮϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ůĂƚĞƌ͕ dŚŽŵĂƐ EŽƌƚŚ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚ͘ EŽƌƚŚ ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ'ƌĞĞŬ͕ďƵƚŝŶƐƚĞĂĚƵƐĞĚŵLJŽƚ͛Ɛ &ƌĞŶĐŚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƉƵďůŝƐŚ ŝƚ ŝŶ ϭϱϳϵ͘ EŽƌƚŚ͛Ɛ ŶŐůŝƐŚ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJďĞĐĂŵĞǀĞƌLJƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝŶŶŐůĂŶĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŝŐŶŽĨ YƵĞĞŶ ůŝnjĂďĞƚŚ /͘ ^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ EŽƌƚŚ͛Ɛ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ĂƐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĨŽƌƐŽŵĞŽĨŚŝƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƉůĂLJƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ :ƵůŝƵƐĂĞƐĂƌ, 13 Plutarch’s Pericles ŶƚŽŶLJ ĂŶĚ ůĞŽƉĂƚƌĂ, and ŽƌŝŽůĂŶƵƐ, as well as references to WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ>ŝĨĞŽĨdŚĞƐĞƵƐfor DŝĚƐƵŵŵĞƌEŝŐŚƚ͛ƐƌĞĂŵ͘ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͛Ɛ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƐƉĂŶŶĞĚ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ŶŐůĂŶĚ ĂƐ ǁĞůů͘ WĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƌĞĂĚ WůƵƚĂƌĐŚ͘ ,ŝƐ ƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ 'ĞŽƌŐĞ tĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕ dŚŽŵĂƐ :ĞīĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ ,ĂŵŝůƚŽŶ͕ ĞŶũĂŵŝŶ &ƌĂŶŬůŝŶ͕ďƌĂŚĂŵ>ŝŶĐŽůŶ͕ZĂůƉŚtĂůĚŽŵĞƌƐŽŶ͕ĂŶĚdŚĞŽĚŽƌĞ
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