Passing History 241/1 at O‟ level is nolonger a question of concern to Ugandan UCE students if one reads this recipe for understanding this paper. The simplified approach to O‟level East African history comes with a sole purpose of providing impeccable answers for all questions. I have devoted my time and resources to produce this manuscript which I have Vehemently called the “LUMEN”. It covers well researched questions of East African history suiting the current demand for students sitting UCE history examination, intending to become fully competent citzens. I have absolute belief that the manuscript shall be useful to the reader and fellow teachers in profession. I would like to pay special thanks to the almighty for the spiritual support given to me. In a special way, I extend special thanks to my students of Kakungulu High, H.O.D History Mr. Ssebuggwawo Yusuf, Mr. Musisi Saidi Head teacher Kakungulu High, colleagues especially Mr. Walusimbi Abdu. K. and History department of Kinawa High Kawempe for the guidance, corouge and moral support given to me. Pass history with a distinction 1 The techniques of passing history There are three principles 1) Introduction 2) Body 3) Conclusion Introduction The introduction takes 3-5 paragraphs and it includes all the details like who, where, when and other names. A map It should be drawn but not all questions require a map in the introduction. A map applies on questions concerning; Migrations Kingdoms Coastal towns Trade routes Uganda railway Great trek Kaffir wars The map should bear elements like tittle, frame, key and compass direction. It should be a simple map. The introduction should be on both parts A and B. Body (Points) This involves the construction of a paragraph or an essay. Out lines are discouraged. i. Point statement, a student must state well the points. ii. A simple explanation and example where possible like Luo were looking for pastures since they were pastoralists. iii. The paragraph should be between 2, 3 or 4 lines. iv. The student should give as many points as possible between 15-20 points on a question. Pass history with a distinction 2 v. Proper use of grammar must be emphasized. Conclusions The conclusion should be simple and precise. Conclude both parts A and B e.g. in conclusion the causes were internal and external. Formula. Introduction 3-5 paragraphs (02 marks) Sketch map (02 marks) Body, they should be as many points as possible 20 or 15 at least. Conclusion (01 mark) Pass history with a distinction 3 What is history? History is the study of past events in relation to the present so as to predict the future. It‟s the study of past events in connection with men and his surroundings. Importance of studying history. 1. It helps us to get knowledge about past events. 2. It helps us to know how man lived long ago. 3. It helps us to appreciate other people‟s cultures and norms. 4. It helps us to live and co-exist with people of different cultures and norms. 5. It helps us to get jobs in future e.g. teachers and lawyers. 6. It‟s a very pleasurable and entertaining subject which kills boredom in school. 7. It helps us to develop national feelings hence becoming patriotic in future. 8. It trains the students to judge for themselves what is good and bad. Sources of history. 1. Oral tradition: This is where history is got by word of mouth. It‟s normally given by the old generation to the young people through talking. It‟s given in various forms e.g. legends (stories), myths, poems, songs (hymns) and proverbs. Advantages It‟s is very cheap. It saves time. Researchers get first-hand information. It‟s a source of employment. It‟s very interesting when listening to stories. Disadvantages The accuracy entirely depends on the memory of the informer. Some exaggerate the history hence giving wrong information. Some people can die off with the history. Language barrier requires use of interpreters who might be expensive. 2. Archaeology: This is the study of material remains ( fossils) from the man‟s past. Items studied are skeletons, vessels, tools and weapons (arrows and spears) Pass history with a distinction 4 Stone Age sites in east Africa include Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Fort Jesus in Mombasa and Bigobyamugyenyi (Ssembabule District) Advantages It‟s very useful in telling us about where and how people lived. Information got is very accurate because it‟s got by trained archeologists. It‟s a source of tourist attraction which offers foreign exchange. It offers job opportunities to the archeologists. Researcher gets first-hand information. Disadvantages It can‟t help us to understand the history of languages and social aspects of life. Digging/ excavation of fossils is very tire some. Archeologists are exposed to many accidents e.g. snake bites and collapsing caves. Dating the actual events is very expensive and difficult. It‟s only used by trained archaeologists. 3. Written records. This is information that is got from documented sources e.g. magazines, Bible, Koran, newspapers. This information is always stored in libraries. Advantages Written records can be more accurate than oral sources after a long period of time. Information can be translated into a variety of languages. It‟s very easy to store written information in a library. Materials are cheaper than those used in digging up history. It‟s very easy to handle written information. Dis-advantages. It‟s very expensive to compile the work and buying written records. Its time consuming when you have to read many sources. Information can be destroyed by fire, water and termites. Some people tend to write exaggerated and wrong information. The illiterates can‟t benefit from this source. Pass history with a distinction 5 4. Anthropology: This is the study of a society‟s beliefs, culture and customs to tell their past. Advantages It helps us to interprete peoples‟ cultures. It gives first-hand information It saves time because information is got on spot. It helps to give information about society changes. Dis-advantages. It‟s very expensive if one must travel to distant places to study a particular culture. Some societies are hostile which makes it difficult to study them e.g. the Karamojong. Some soceities are wiped out by calamities e.g war which makes it hard to study them. It‟s very expensive because one has to stay in one place for a long time to study their norms. Intermarriages have made it difficult to study the culture of different groups of people. 5. Linguistic study: this is the study and analysis of languages. Advantages. Spoken languages are readily available which makes it easy to analyse them. It helps us to classify and interprete different subjects. It helps us to get information about the origin and culture of early settlers. It helps us to get first-hand information. Dis advantages. Its time consuming. Languages are not static but constantly keep changing and adapting. Some languages are wiped out due to intermarriages. Some languages are difficult to study and understand. Pass history with a distinction 6 EARLY HISTORY OF THE EAST AFRICAN COAST (AD 1000-1500) Who were the early inhabitants of the East African coast before 1000AD? 1. Little is known about these early inhabitants. 2. It is said that they were hunters and food gathers 3. They were at times called bush men or Hottentots. 4. They were also called the Khoisan as known to modern historians. 5. These occupied the Tanzania and Kenya highlands. 6. The Bantu and Cushites later displaced these early inhabitants. 7. The Hadzapi, Sandawe and Ndorobo are said to be some of their survivors. 8. The Bantu came from central Africa and came around 500AD. 9. They occupied towns like Sofala, Malindi, Kilwa and Mombasa. 10. Their main occupation was farming. 11. The Cushites were also among the first inhabitants. 12. They migrated from North or North-eastern Ethiopia due to fights against the Galla herders. 13. They migrated from Northern part of the coast and were cattle keepers. 14. They are classified into the Northern Cushites and Southern Cushites. 15. Examples of Cushites include the Galla, Rendile, Somalis e.t.c. 16. The Arabs and Persians came around 1000 A.D and took over the coast. What was the land of Zenj? 1. It refers to the stretch of land along the Indian Ocean coast between Mogadishu and Cape Delgadro. 2. It was approximately 3,000kilometers long. 3. It stretched 10 miles into the interior of East Africa. 4. Later it came to be the “ Zenj Empire” 5. The name was given to the coastal settlements by the early Arabs and Persians. 6. Zenj was to mean the land of the blacks. 7. It was also called Azania by the Greeks. 8. But it was a misleading interpretation of the East African coast. 9. Such an Empire never existed on the East African coast. 10. The Zenj Empire was made up of different coastal towns e.g. Mogadishu, Brava, Merca, Kismayo, Malindi, Gedi and Kilifi, Kilwa and Sofala. 11. These towns and settlements totaled up to 37 in number. 12. Today, the Zenj survives in the name Zanzibar. Pass history with a distinction 7 13. Its original inhabitants were the Bushmen, followed by the Bantu and Cushites. 14. Later on, the Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Egyptians and Indians came to the coast. What factors led to the rapid growth of the East African coastal states between 1000-1500AD? 1. Between 1000-1500AD, a total of 37 towns had developed along the coast.