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And 'Peripherals' Glossary If you're familiar with computers and computer usage, you prob­ ably won't need this glossary. If you're very familiar with them, you may even find many of the definitions I've used here incom­ plete or inadequate. But then, I didn't do this compilation for you anyway. I did it for those readers who aren't familiar with computer terminology. And for that reason I've tried to keep the definitions as simple and plain-English as I could. If the user doesn't need a lot of technical detail, I didn't provide it; why muddy up the waters unnecessarily? At that, I've had to use an awful lot of cross-referencing; if you look up one word you're apt to find yourself having to chase down two or three others as well. If you want more specifics, I'd suggest you consult one' of the many technical computer texts on the market, where you can find all the detail you could ever want and, probably, then some. Meantime, here, in as clear and non-technical terminology as I could make it, are the meanings of some of the words you'll run into in this book with which you may not be familiar, and some others you won't read here but are likely to encounter in dis­ cussions with computer dealers, software developers and others you'll come in contact with if and when you decide to go into computerization. ASCII. Standardized coding for keystrokes (letters of the alpha­ bet (capitals and lower-case), numerals, punctuation marks, etc.) to permit data interchange among computers. Address. Designated memory location in the CPU. Algorithm. Mathematical equation or formula, usu. expressed in the form of computer programming. 267 COMPUTERIZATION FOR DISTRIBUTION MANAGERS Alternate key. Special key on the keyboard of many computers which, when depressed while another key is struck, produces an alternate result (which varies from one key to another). The key is usually designated, on the keyboard and in user manuals, etc., as "ALT." See also Control key. Arrow keys. Keys used to direct on-screen movement of the cursor in the direction indicated by the arrow. Assembly language. Programming language. BASIC. Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; pro­ gramming language. BDOS. Basic Disk Operating System (see DOS). BIOS. Basic Input-Output System; used to control com­ munications between the CPU and the modem, printer, plotter, etc. BPS. Bits Per Second; the rate by which computer data trans­ mission is measured. Backlit display. Form of LCD display in which contrast and readability are enhanced by low-level lighting emanating from behind the display itself. Backup. Copy of computer program, data file, etc., used for archival purposes in the event the working copy incurs damage or otherwise becomes unusable. Batch processing. Mode of computer operation in which data, etc., is submitted to the computer in a body, and computer processing then takes place while the user is off-line. Often used as an antonym to real time operations (which see). Baud. Measure of the rate of computer data transmission; similar 268 GLOSSARY to (although not entirely identical with, in various technical ways) BPS. Binary. Form of mathematical notation in which all numbers are expressed in terms of powers of two. Bit. Binary digIT; one digit in a number expressed in binary code. Blind prompt. Displayed prompt (which see) offering no indi­ cation as to what command/input options are currently available to the user. Board. Circuitboard used in computers and other electronic equipment; consists of chips, crystals, etc., interlinked by printed circuits. Boot. Start-up of a computer session. Bubble memory. Computer storage memory not using mechan­ ical contrivances; essentially a RAM-like segment of memory used solely for data storage. Must have independent power source (usually a small battery) to retain stored data while the computer is turned off. Buffer. RAM area (usually quite small) used to temporarily store blocks of data during transmission procedures, so that the main RAM is freed for other purposes. Bug. Fault or defect in any computer hardware, firmware or software. Bundle. Term used in reference to software included ("bundled") with hardware purchase. Bus. Circuit nexus used to direct input/output to proper channels. 269 COMPUTERIZATION FOR DISTRIBUTION MANAGERS Byte. Smallest standard grouping of hits (usually eight). For reasons having to do with the limitations of binary math notation, a byte may he regarded as equivalent to a single keystroke (letter of the alphabet, numeral, punctuation mark, etc.). C. Programming language. CCP. Console Command Program; used to control input/output between the CPU and the keyboard, mouse and other user-input devices. COBOL. Common Ordinary Business Operating Language; pro­ gramming language. COPY. The basic copy utility in the MS-DOS (and PC-DOS) operating system (which see). CP/M. Control Program for Microcomputers; most common op­ erating system for eight-bit microcomputers. A version (CP/M-86) also exists for 16-bit computers. CPU. Central Processing Unit. CRT. Cathode Ray Tube; a type of display using a television-like monitor. Cartridge Winchester. Winchester with removable data­ storage medium. Central Processing Unit. The computer's physical "brain," com­ prised of one or more integrated circuit boards. Centronics. Standardized type of parallel port. Chip. Strictly speaking, a silicon chip; but the term is also used to refer to a silicon chip and related circuitry encased in a plastic sheathing and having a multi-prong male plug, inserted into a female socket in a board. 270 GLOSSARY Clock speed. The speed at which the computer's CPU operates. Clone. Computer fundamentally identical, in terms of its elec­ tronics, operating system, etc., with another computer. Mostly used to describe microcomputers designed after IBM models, as in PC clone, AT clone, etc. Cold boot. Initial start-up of a computer session accomplished by turning on the power switch. Command-driven. Descriptive of software in which the user directs activities by keying in command sequences. Communications software. Software used to mediate data trans­ mission to and from other computers through a modem or by "hard-wire" connection (interlinkage of computers without a modem). Compatibility. Degree of similarity of computer models. A com­ puter that is compatible with another can run most or all of the same software. Compile. To translate a program from source code to object code (both of which see) so it can be run independently through the medium of only the computer's operating system. This work is done by special "compilers," software intended solely for that purpose. Control key. Special key on the keyboard of a computer which, when depressed while another key is struck, produces an alter­ nate result (which varies from one key to another). Control keystrokes are always used for command purposes. The key is usually designated, on the keyboard and in user manuals, etc., as "CTRL." See also Alternate key. Copy protection. Method of preventing the useful copying of software. Some types of control protection are built into the software itself, while others employ physical means. 271 COMPUTERIZATION FOR DISTRIBUTION MANAGERS Crash. Failure (as applied to software) or destruction (as applied to data storage). Used as a noun and a verb (both transitive and intransitive ). Crippled software. Software with one or more features disabled, used for demonstration purposes. Crystal. Electronic device occasionally used for specific purposes on boards in lieu of chips. Cursor. Display device used to identify on-screen location where the next keystroke of input will be echoed. Sometimes displayed as a solid square, sometimes as a flashing (blinking) square, sometimes as an underscore, etc. DDT. The basic debugging utility in the CP/M operating system (which see). DEBUG. The basic debugging utility in the MS-DOS (and PC­ DOS) operating system (which see). DOS. Disk Operating System; used to control data interchange between the CPU and disk drives or other storage media. Daisy wheel. Specifically, the little plastic or metal wheel ele­ ment of some typewriters and printers on which the characters are embossed. The term is also used to refer to printers that employ daisy wheels. Data. Information, of any type, used and/or stored by the com­ puter. A data file is distinct from a program file, in that the former contains information and the latter the instructions the computer is to follow in dealing with that information. Data-base manager. A type of program whose primary purpose is to store and manipulate masses of data. 272 GLOSSARY Daughterboard. A secondary board in the CPU that contains additional features and works in conjunction with the mother­ board (which see). Debugging. The process of correcting or eliminating bugs (which see), usually from software but sometimes applied to hardware and/or firmware as well. Directory. Listing of all available files. A single computer may have multiple directories, its storage being subdivided in various ways for user convenience. Disk drive. Computer storage medium using flat, electronically encoded disks (similar in appearance to phonograph records). Display. The video-output device to which input keystrokes are echoed, and on which output is visible to the user. Also termed display screen. "Display" is also used as a verb, meaning to exhibit on a display screen. Dot-matrix printer. Form of printer in which mUltiple tiny dots are arrayed in patterns to form print characters. Dumb terminal. Keyboard/display combination not associated with a CPU; used to access other computers through telephone or hard-wire linkages (see On-line). ELD. Electro-Luminescent Display EPROM. Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory; a form of ROM that can be programmed by the user, then erased and re-programmed. Electroluminescence.
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