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Le Rôle Des Intellectuels Dans Les Transformations Politiques Et Sociales Après L’Apparition De L’Opposition En 2009 Au Kurdistan Irakien Shawnm Yahya Kidir

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Le Rôle Des Intellectuels Dans Les Transformations Politiques Et Sociales Après L’Apparition De L’Opposition En 2009 Au Kurdistan Irakien Shawnm Yahya Kidir Le rôle des intellectuels dans les transformations politiques et sociales après l’apparition de l’opposition en 2009 au Kurdistan irakien Shawnm Yahya Kidir To cite this version: Shawnm Yahya Kidir. Le rôle des intellectuels dans les transformations politiques et sociales après l’apparition de l’opposition en 2009 au Kurdistan irakien. Philosophie. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016PA01H203. tel-01418095 HAL Id: tel-01418095 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01418095 Submitted on 16 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. - École doctorale de philosophie Thèse pour le DOCTORAT en PHILOSOPHIE Par Shawnm Yahya KIDIR « Le rôle des intellectuels dans les transformations politiques et sociales après L’apparition de l’opposition en 2009 au Kurdistan irakien.» Direction de Thèse : Professeur Jean Salem Sous l'égide du jury composé de Rapporteur - Hamit Bozarslan, directeur d'études - École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS). Rapporteur - Daniele Joly, professeur émérite, Département de sociologie, Université de Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK - Adel BAKAWAN, Chargé de cours à l’Université d’Evry, département de Sociologie, département d’Administration Economique et Sociale. Docteur en sociologie à l’Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences sociales de Paris. Date de soutenance 14/Juin/2016 1 Table des matières - Introduction générale……………………………………………………………………….(5---10) -Les problématiques :……………………………………………………..............................(10---12) -Les hypothèses de travail :………………………………………………............................(13) -Méthodologie :………………………………………………………………………………..…(13) Première partie (Cadre théorique et contextualisation philo – sociohistorique) A- La définition des concepts……………………………………………………………………………(14) 1- Le concept du Rôle :……………………………………………………………………….(15---19) 2- Description et analyse du concept de « l’intellectuel » et Qui est l’intellectuel?………. (20—40) 3- Description et analyse du concept de « Transformation ou changement » …………… (41—58) B - La situation des intellectuels et leur influence dans la société kurde…………………..………. (58-61) 1-Le rôle des intellectuels dans la société kurde…………………………………………...… (61-105) 2-Les différents types d’intellectuels dans la société kurde………………………………... (106-142) 3-La responsabilité des intellectuels dans la société kurde………………………………… (142-146) C -La situation culturelle des intellectuels kurdes …………………………………………….. (146-162) 1-Les médias et le rôle des intellectuels dans la liberté d’expression au Kurdistan….. (163-170) 2- Les groupes d’intellectuels et les O.N.G dans la société kurde …………………….. (170-190) 3-La situation et le changement dans le domaine social………………………………… (190-195) 2 Deuxième partie (Enquête de terrain). A-Premier axe : Les obstacles devant les intellectuels dans la société kurde… (196-197) 1- Quelle est la mesure pour être intellectuel dans la société ?............................................ (198-201) 2- Selon les intellectuels kurdes , Quels sont les obstacles au développement politique ? Quel est rôle des intellectuels dans le discours politique? (201-207) 3- Est-ce que la société kurde accepte la vision et les projets des intellectuels ? Si la société n’accepte pas la vision des intellectuels, quels sont les facteurs ?…………………………………(207-213) 4- Les obstacles et la problématique qui empêchent le rôle de l’intellectuel dans la communauté A- Les obstacles subjectifs (personnels)……………………………………………. (214-220) B- Les obstacles objectifs &- La problématique politique………………………………………………………….. (220-226) &- Les coutumes et traditions religieuses et leur impact sur la fonction intellectuelle….. (226-233) &-La problématique économique et son impact sur la fonction intellectuelle………….. (233-237) B - Deuxième axe : Les relations entre les intellectuels et le pouvoir dans la société kurde….. 1- Du point de vue des intellectuels, quelles sont les relations entre le pouvoir et les intellectuels ? ………………………………………………………………………. (237-247) 2- Jusqu’à quel niveau les intellectuels kurdes peuvent passer leur message à travers les établissements publics, en général, et dans les organes politiques en particulier, tout en gardant leur indépendance ?.................................................................................................... (247-251) 3- Jusqu’à quel point le pouvoir écoute-t’il les projets des intellectuels ou à quel point l’esprit des 3 intellectuels est-il présent dans les projets politiques du KRG ?................................. (251-254) 4- Est-ce que le pouvoir au Kurdistan a mis les intellectuels sous pression ? Est-ce que le pouvoir kurde est une autorité tolérante ?................................................................................. (254- 259) 5- Quels sont les facteurs qui ont créé au Kurdistan un vide entre les intellectuels et le pouvoir ?....................................................................................................................... (260-263) C – Troisième Axe : L’apparition de l’opposition et le point de vue des intellectuels. 1- Comment les intellectuels jugent-ils l’expérience de l’opposition ? Comment les intellectuels protègent-ils leur position entre le pouvoir et l’opposition ?........... (263—267) 2- La critique des intellectuels et ses conséquences. ?............................................ (267—270) 3- Durant les grands changements au Kurdistan, la rue a-t-elle précédé les intellectuels ? …………………………………………………………………………………… (270-274) Conclusion générale …………………………………………………………………………...…. (275—278) Bibliographie …………………………………………………………………………………….…. (279-296) Les annexes 1- Liste des organismes, journaux et partis politiques que nous avons cités ………….… (297—301) 2- La biographie des intellectuels interrogés pour ce travail ………………………….… (302--- 313) 3-Images et caractéristiques de l’intellectuel kurde……………………………………….... (314---321) 4 Introduction Le rôle qu’ont joué les intellectuels dans les transformations politiques et sociales dans la société kurde nous paraît très important, pour diverses raisons. Tout d’abord, il est certain que dans la vie politique de n’importe quelle société, les intellectuels ont des rôles à jouer. Ensuite, les intellectuels kurdes, en raison de l’histoire et de la nature de la composition de la société kurde, ont leur propre particularité. Il nous a donc paru important de les distinguer des autres intellectuels. Il est clair que les intellectuels ont toujours participé, d’une façon ou d’une autre, à la libération du Kurdistan. Il nous semble que si, aujourd’hui, la situation des Kurdes en Irak est largement meilleure que celle de leurs frères dans les autres parties du grand Kurdistan (c’est-à-dire en Turquie, en Iran et en Syrie), c’est aussi grâce aux efforts des intellectuels engagés et patriotes qui ont consacré une grande partie de leur vie et de leurs œuvres au service de la patrie, – et nous citerons quelques exemples de ces intellectuels qui ont participé directement ou indirectement à l’évolution de la société kurde ou au progrès du Kurdistan (dans ce travail, chaque fois que nous utiliserons le mot « Kurdistan », cela concernera uniquement le Kurdistan d’Irak). J’ai mesuré, dès le début, la taille des difficultés rencontrées par ceux qui travaillent sur le rôle des intellectuels dans les changements sociopolitiques qui sont intervenus au sein de la société kurde. J’ai voulu comprendre le rôle des intellectuels dans la constitution de la conscience collective. De même, j’ai essayé de connaître les relations des intellectuels avec la politique, le pouvoir, les partis politiques et la société. En même temps, je voulais analyser les luttes qui existent entre les intellectuels et les organisations politiques et sociales. Il me semble qu’il est important d’identifier également quelles sont les catégories d’intellectuels qui existent dans la société kurde. Chaque fois qu’on approfondit la recherche sur ces questions, on constate que les difficultés quantitatives et qualitatives se multiplient considérablement. Aussi, en étudiant les autres aspects de ces questions, parfois, d’autres sujets viennent se rattacher, et nous sommes obligés de les traiter également. L’une des raisons de ces élargissements dépend de la nature de l’identité de « l’intellectuel » pour laquelle on trouve des centaines de définitions et dont chacune 5 dépend de la situation temporelle, spatiale ainsi que des contextes particuliers. L’une de ces définitions que l’on peut citer ici, à titre d’exemple, est celle qui a été donnée par Edward Saïd : « L’intellectuel est la seule personne qui peut dire la vérité en face de l’autorité, c’est celui qui se fâche très rapidement, mais qui a un langage clair et audacieux ». Pour d’autres chercheurs de tendance de gauche, l’intellectuel est quelqu’un qui réfléchit : à partir de ce point, ces chercheurs se rapprochent de Gramsci. Ainsi on peut dire que tout le monde est intellectuel, mais tout le monde n’a pas la même fonction d’intellectuel dans la société. Nous serons donc peut-être obligé de donner des définitions,
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