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ESPAD Report 2019. Results from the European School Survey Project On ESPAD Report 2019 Results from the European School Survey Project on Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs School Survey Project the European Results from Alcohol and Other Drugs The ESPAD Group ESPAD Report 2019 ESPAD Legal notice Union Member State or any institution, agency or other body of the European Union. Send us your feedback about this publication and help us improve We are always interested in hearing feedack and suggestions for improvement from our customers. Use the link below, or scan the QR code on the right, to send us your feedback. ank you. https://europa.eu/!Xy37DU Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Print ISBN 978-92-9497-108-1 doi:10.2810/289970 PDF ISBN 978-92-9497-110-4 doi:10.2810/564360 EPUB ISBN 978-92-9497-109-8 doi:10.2810/892603 © European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 © European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Credits for photos: iStock. Recommended citation: ESPAD Group (2016), ESPAD Report 2015: Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Printed in Luxembourg Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal Tel. +351 211210200 [email protected] I www.emcdda.europa.eu twitter.com/emcdda I facebook.com/emcdda ESPAD Report 2019 Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs ESPAD Group Sabrina Molinaro, Julian Vicente, Elisa Benedetti, Sonia Cerrai, Emanuela Colasante, Sharon Arpa, Pavla Chomynová, Ludwig Kraus, Karin Monshouwer, Stanislas Spilka, Ársæll Már Arnarsson, Olga Balakireva, Begoña Brime Beteta, Elin Kristin Bye, Anina Chileva, Luke Clancy, Zamira Hyseni Duraku, Tatijana Đurišić, Ola Ekholm, Zsuzsanna Elekes, Silvia Florescu, Biljana Kilibarda, Anna Kokkevi, Elsa Lavado, Tanja Urdih Lazar, Martina Markelić, Alojz Nociar, Silvana Oncheva, Kirsimarja Raitasalo, Liudmila Rupšienė, Janusz Sierosławski, Julian Strizek, Lela Sturua, Johan Svensson, Diāna Vanaga, Kyriakos Veresies, Sigrid Vorobjov, Pál Weihe, Rodolfo Cotichini, Loredana Fortunato and Kateřina Škařupová ESPAD Coordination Sabrina Molinaro and Julian Vicente Steering Committee Sharon Arpa, Pavla Chomynová, Ludwig Kraus, Sabrina Molinaro, Karin Monshouwer, Stanislas Spilka and Julian Vicente Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA and ESPAD accept no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of of the partners of the EMCDDA and ESPAD, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 Print ISBN 978-92-9497-547-8 doi:10.2810/970957 TD-03-20-531-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-9497-546-1 doi:10.2810/877033 TD-03-20-531-EN-N © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2020 © European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2020 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EMCDDA copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Photo credits: Envato Elements. Recommended citation: ESPAD Group (2020), ESPAD Report 2019: Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, EMCDDA Joint Publications, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Printed in xxxxxx Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF) YEARS OF MONITORING 1995–2020 Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal Tel. (351) 211 21 02 00 [email protected] I www.emcdda.europa.eu twitter.com/emcdda I facebook.com/emcdda Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................. 7 List of authors .................................................................................................................. 9 Summary.........................................................................................................................12 Introduction ....................................................................................................................20 Background ......................................................................................................................................................21 The 2019 ESPAD report ..............................................................................................................................23 Methodology ..................................................................................................................26 ESPAD 2019 ....................................................................................................................................................26 Trend analysis ..................................................................................................................................................33 Reporting ...........................................................................................................................................................34 The situation in 2019 ...................................................................................................36 Perceived availability of substances ......................................................................................................36 Early onset of substance use ....................................................................................................................39 Cigarette use ...................................................................................................................................................42 E-cigarette use ................................................................................................................................................44 Alcohol use .......................................................................................................................................................46 Illicit drug use ..................................................................................................................................................48 Other substance use ....................................................................................................................................51 Patterns of current use ................................................................................................................................56 Gambling and online gambling ................................................................................................................76 Social media use and gaming ..................................................................................................................81 Trends 1995-2019 ........................................................................................................88 Trends across 30 countries ........................................................................................................................90 Country-specific trends ...............................................................................................................................96 Discussion and conclusion ...................................................................................... 108 Cigarette and e-cigarette use ................................................................................................................. 108 Alcohol use .................................................................................................................................................... 110 Cannabis use ................................................................................................................................................ 111 New psychoactive substance use ........................................................................................................ 112 Pharmaceutical use for non-medical purposes .............................................................................. 114 Gambling ........................................................................................................................................................ 114 Social media use and gaming ............................................................................................................... 116 Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................... 117 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 117 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 119 Collaborating persons ............................................................................................................................... 120 Funding agencies and supporting organisations ........................................................................... 121 References ..................................................................................................................
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